20160628_RichmondInner_TierI_Full.pdf

RICHMOND INNER HABOR FEDERAL NAVIGATION CHANNEL

2016 MAINTENANCE DREDGING

TIER I EVALUATION

June 2016

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers San Francisco District Engineering and Technical Services Division Planning Branch Environmental Section B

USACE Richmond Inner Harbor 2016 Maintenance Dredging, Tier I Evaluation

Page i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................... iii

1.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

1.1 Purpose of Tier I Evaluation

1.2 Project Description

1.2.1 Spills and Anthropogenic Concerns

1.3 Planned Dredging Episode and Current Volume of Material

1.4 Sampling and Testing Schedule

2.0 HISTORICAL DREDGED MATERIAL PLACEMENT AND VOLUMES

3.0 SEDIMENT TESTING HISTORY AT RIH

3.1 Most Recent Tier III Evaluation Results for 2015 Dredging Cycle

3.1.1 Results of Conventional and Chemical Analyses

3.1.2 Results of Water Column and Benthic Toxicity Testing

3.1.3 Results of Bioaccumulation Testing

3.1.4 2015 DMMO Suitability Determination

3.2 Sampling and Analysis Results for 2012 Dredging Cycle – First Event, Full Tier III Evaluation in February 2012

3.2.1 Results of Conventional and Chemical Analyses

3.2.2 MET Bioassay Results

3.2.3 Results of Water Column Toxicity Testing

3.2.4 Results of Bioaccumulation Testing

3.2.5 Results of Benthic Toxicity Testing and DMMO Meeting Results

3.3 Sampling and Analysis Results for 2012 Dredging Cycle – Second Event, High Resolution Testing for Chemistry and Benthic Toxicity in July 2012

3.3.1 Bulk Sediment Chemistry Results

3.3.2 Results of Benthic Bioassays

3.3.3 July 2012 High Resolution Sampling Event Conclusions

3.3.4 Final Suitability Determination for the 2012 Dredging Cycle

4.0 TIER I PROPOSAL

5.0 REFERENCES

Page ii

FIGURES

Figure 1. Vicinity Map - Richmond Inner Harbor, Alcatraz Island Placement Site (SF-11), and SF-

DODS

Figure 2. USEPA Superfund Site - Referenced Channel Locations Figure 3. October 2014 Composite Sampling Areas and Sample Locations Figure 4. February 2012 Composite Sampling Areas

TABLES

Table 1. March 2016 Estimated Dredge Quantities Table 2. RIH Sediment Testing Cycles Table 3. RIH Historical Dredging Volumes Table 4. October 2014 - Tissue Analytes who concentrations exceeded SF_DODS Referene Tissue Database Values Table 5. October 2014 - Comparison of Nereis virens Steady State Corrected 28-day Tissue Concentrations Exceeding the SF-DODs Reference Database Upper Total PCBs Bound to USACE ERED Database Table 6. October 2014 - Comparison of Tissue Burden Levels to USFDA Action Levels Table 7. Summary of Sampling and Analytical Results for 2015 Dredging Cycle Table 8. February 2012 Select Sediment Chemistry Results Table 9. February 2012 Total and Un-ionized Ammonia Concentrations for the MET Bivalve Larvae Toxicity Tests - Undiluted Elutriate Table 10. February 2012 Total and Un-ionized Ammonia Concentrations for the 48-hour Standard Elutriate Test Bivalve Larvae Toxicity Tests - Undiluted Elutriate Table 11. Select July 2012 High Resolution Chemistry Results Table 12. July 2012 Benthic Bioassay Results

APPENDICES

Appendix A. March 2016 Condition Survey Appendix B. Five Year Sampling and Testing Schedule from 2014 Master SAP Appendix C. Past Sampling and Testing Results Appendix D. Past Sampling Locations

Page iii

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

CRRP .........................Cullinan Ranch Tidal Restoration Project CY ..............................cubic yards DDT ...........................dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane DI-WET .....................Modified Waste Extraction Test using de-ionized water DMMO .......................Dredged Material Management Office HWRP ........................Hamilton Wetland Restoration Project MET ...........................Modified Elutriate Test MLLW .......................Mean Lower Low Water MWRP .......................Montezuma Wetland Restoration Project O&M ..........................Operations and Maintenance PAHs ..........................Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PCBs ..........................Polychlorinated Biphenyls RIH .............................Richmond Inner Harbor Federal navigation channel SF ...............................San Francisco SF-10 ..........................San Pablo Bay Placement Site SF-11 ..........................Alcatraz Placement Site SFRWQCB ................San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board TOC............................Total Organic Carbon USACE ......................United States Army Corps of Engineers WQOs ........................Water Quality Objectives

1.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

1.1 Purpose of Tier I Evaluation

The purpose of this Tier I Evaluation is to provide an adequate assessment of existing sampling and testing data to the Dredged Material Management Office (DMMO) members to support:

a. Concurrence with the applicability of a Tier I exclusion from testing the material proposed to be dredged within the Richmond Inner Harbor Federal navigation channel (RIH) from Stations 0+00 to 193+00 during the 2016 dredging cycle.

b. A determination that the material to be dredged in 2016 is suitable for unconfined aquatic placement in-Bay or at the San Francisco Deep Ocean Disposal Site (SF-DODS), and for placement as cover material at beneficial re-use sites such as the Montezuma Wetland Restoration Site (MWRP) or Cullinan Ranch Restoration Project (CRRP).

Please note that maintenance dredging will be deferred in 2016 starting from Composite Area 6 at Station 193+00 to the end of the Federal navigation channel at Station 236+00. This area is not included in this Tier I exclusion request.

1.2 Project Description

RIH provides commercial navigation access to marine terminals. RIH is located on the east side of central San Francisco Bay within the boundaries of Contra Costa County. The channel runs southeast from Point Richmond to the focal point at Point Potrero, from which the channel turns north.

Without maintenance dredging, continued shoaling would make navigation hazardous for deep draft commercial vessels entering and exiting this channel. This channel is dredged annually by the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), San Francisco District, under its Operations and Maintenance (O&M) program. RIH’s congressionally authorized project depth is -38 feet mean lower low water (MLLW). The channel will be dredged to the congressionally authorized project depth plus an allowable over-depth of two feet (one foot paid and a second foot unpaid). RIH is anticipated to be dredged during the summer and fall seasons of 2016.

Most adjacent land uses are commercial and industrial, with some open space and water-oriented housing.

Brooks Island, near the channel, is a protected part of the East Bay Regional Parks District. Additionally, an United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) listed Superfund Site is located at the Lauritzen and Parr Channels, along the Santa Fe Channel within RIH (Figure 2). Maintenance dredging of the Santa Fe Channel (Stations 213+00 to 236+00) is deferred in 2016 due to issues with the total dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) concentrations. Maintenance dredging will end at Station 193+00 in 2016, which is anterior of the Santa Fe Channel (Figure 1 and Appendix A).

1.2.1 Spills and Anthropogenic Concerns

The United Heckathorn Superfund Site at the Lauritzen and Parr Channels is located along the Santa Fe Channel within the Richmond Inner Harbor. The Superfund site consists of approximately five acres of land and fifteen acres of marine sediments located within the two channels. Contaminants were accumulated from 1947 through 1966 when several companies including, R.J. Prentiss, Heckathorn and Company, United Heckathorn, United Chemetrics, and Chemwest Inc. used the site to formulate, package, and grade pesticides from chemical manufacturers. Ninety-five percent of United Heckthorn’s operations involved DDT.

In March 1990, the USEPA listed the United Heckathorn Site on the Federal Superfund list and began to direct efforts to remediate the twenty-acre contaminated area. Beginning in 1997, cleanup actions, such as dredging and capping upland areas, were implemented in order to remove the contaminated soils. Much of the site was cleared of various chemicals; however, unacceptable levels of DDT and dieldrin still remained in the waters and sediments of Lauritzen Channel after the cleanup actions were complete.

In 2002, additional investigations discovered several locations with concentrations above cleanup goals, including one particularly high concentration. In addition, a buried outfall was discovered during low tides and was found to contain extremely high levels of DDT. Further investigation of these areas took place through 2007 in order to determine the contribution from each source to the remaining contamination. The USEPA is in the process of addressing the remaining contamination located within the Lauritzen and Parr Channels.

Since the samples were collected in October 2014, no spills or anthropogenic concerns that could potentially impact RIH sediment quality have been reported.

Figure 1. Vicinity Map - Richmond Inner Harbor, Alcatraz Island Placement Site (SF-11), and SF-DODS

Figure 2. USEPA Superfund Site - Referenced Channel Locations

1.3 Planned Dredging Episode and Current Volume of Material

Based on the most recent hydrographic survey conducted from March 15 through 22, 2016, the current shoaling present in RIH is moderate throughout the channel with the highest shoaling occurring in Reaches 4, 9, and 10. Some maintenance dredging is needed in all ten reaches of RIH in 2016. Removing shoaled sediment down to the historically maintained depth of -38 feet MLLW plus two feet of allowable overdepth in RIH will produce approximately 416,667 cubic yards (CY).

The amount of shoaled sediment down to project depth is 35,092 CY. The first foot of overdepth (which is paid) contains approximately 190,778 CY of sediment, increasing the projected volume to approximately 225,880 CY. The second foot of overdepth (which is unpaid) contains approximately 190,778 CY, increasing the total possible dredged volume to approximately 416,668 CY, as listed in Table

1. A copy of the March 2016 hydrographic survey is included in Appendix A.

As noted above, the most recent condition survey conducted in March 2016 showed that removing shoaled sediment down to the project depth plus two feet of allowable overdepth will produce approximately 416,668 CY of dredged material. However, in USACE’s 2016 Addendum to Integrated Alternatives Analysis for the USACE O&M dredging program, USACE proposes to dredge up to 350,000 CY and place 200,000 CY at a beneficial re-use site and 150,000 CY at SF-DODS.

For the purposes of this Tier I Evaluation, USACE is requesting a Tier I waiver from testing all of the available sediment from the mud line to project depth (-38 MLLW) plus two feet of allowable overdepth (416,668 CY) and a suitability determination for in-Bay, SF-DODS, and beneficial re-use site placement based on the results of the most recent Tier III Evaluation. The USACE will not place RIH sediment at in-Bay sites in 2016; however, since the analytical results meet suitability requirements for in-Bay placement, USACE is including in-Bay placement in this Tier I waiver request.

Table 1. March 2016 Estimated Dredge Quantities

Richmond Inner Harbor Reaches*

Composite

Areas3

Volume of Shoaled Material (CY) Total Estimated

Volume (CY) Channel Dredge

Depth (CY) Upper Overdepth

(CY) 1

Lower Overdepth

(CY) 2

Reach 0

(Stations 0+21 – 12+00)

Composite Area 1

9 3,864 3,864 7,737

Reach 1 (Stations 12+00 – 30+00) 17 6,750 6,750 13,517

Reach 2 (Stations 30+00 – 43+68) 121 8,948 8,948 18,017

Reach 3 (Stations 43+68 – 56+00) 427 5,008 5,008 10,443

Reach 4 (Stations 56+00 – 86+00)

Composite Area 2 7,331 38,314 38,314 83,959

Reach 5 (Stations 86+00 – 100+00) Composite

Area 3

3,166 11,637 11,637 26,440

Reach 6 (Stations 100+00 – 114+00) 2,546 9,367 9,367 21,280

Reach 7 (Stations 114+00 – 133+00) Composite

Area 4

4,262 15,402 15,402 35,066

Reach 8 (Stations 133+00 – 151+00) 5,459 19,861 19,861 45,181

Reach 9 (Stations 151+00 – 173+00) Composite

Area 5

5,510 34,170 34,170 73,850

Reach 10 (Stations 173+00 – 193+00) 6,244 37,467 37,467 81,178

TOTAL 35,092 190,788 190,788 416,668

Notes: *Maintenance dredging in Composite Area 6 through the end of the Federal channel (Station 193+00 -236+00) is deferred in 2016; thus, estimated dredge quantities are not included in this table.

1 The upper overdepth category is paid and contains the shallowest one foot beyond the project depth in all of the channels.

2 The lower overdepth category is unpaid and contains a single lower (deeper) foot in all of the channels.

3 The composite areas are from 2015 Sampling and Analysis Report (Atkins and PER, 2015) .

1.4 Sampling and Testing Schedule

The present multi-year sampling and testing schedule for RIH covers a five calendar year period in which test results are valid for three years (Table 2). RIH is on a 3-year cycle for Tier III Evaluation.

Appendix B shows the overall 5-year sampling and testing schedule that includes all channels in the San Francisco Bay Area that are maintained under the USACE O&M Program that was included in the USACE Master Sampling and Analysis Plan (approved in 2014).

Table 2. RIH Sediment Testing Cycles

Testing Required

(Completed)

2015* (Completed)

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Tier I (No Testing)

Tier III, MET (3-yr cycle)

Tier I (No Testing)

Tier I (No Testing)

Tier III, MET

(3-yr cycle)

Tier I (No Testing)

Tier I (No Testing)

*Samples were collected just prior to the 2014 dredging episode to support a suitability determination for the 2015 dredging cycle.

2.0 HISTORICAL DREDGED MATERIAL PLACEMENT AND VOLUMES

Table 3 provides a summary of approximate RIH dredge volumes for the past 10 years. Dredged material has historically been placed in-Bay at SF-11, at SF-DODS, the Hamilton Wetlands Restoration project (HWRP), and MWRP.

Table 3. RIH Historical Dredging Volumes

Calendar Year Dredged Volume (CY) Placement Site

2005 61,747 SF-11

2006 617,908 SF-DODS

2007 631,001 SF-DODS

2008 11,000 SF-11

2009 388,439 HWRP

2010 277,961 HWRP

2011 389,888 SF-DODS

2012 508,717 SF-DODS

2013 151,843 SF-11

2014 411,287 MWRP, SF-DODS

2015 359,651 MWRP, SF-DODS

10-Year Average 346,313

3.0 SEDIMENT TESTING HISTORY AT RIH

3.1 Most Recent Tier III Evaluation Results for 2015 Dredging Cycle The USACE conducted a full Tier III Evaluation of the material to be dredged from RIH (excluding Composite Area 6 from Station 193+00 to the end of the Federal navigation channel at Station 236+00) to support the 2015 dredging episode. Please see Appendix C for a summary of past sampling data and Appendix D for past sampling locations at RIH.

A summary of the 2015 analytical results from Atkins North America, Inc. and Pacific EcoRisk (2015) is as follows.

From October 6 through 10, 2014, sediment samples were collected to project depth plus two feet of allowable overdepth (mud line to 40 feet MLLW) from each of 5 designated Composite Areas with 26 total sample locations. Composite samples of sediments from four (4) or six (6) discrete locations within each area were generated and conventional and chemistry tests, modified elutriate tests (MET), modified waste extraction tests (DI-WET), benthic and water column toxicity tests, and bioaccumulation tests were conducted. A Z-layer consisting of the top 6 inches of the post-dredged mud line (40-40.5 feet MLLW) to represent the material to be left in place after dredging was collected with each sediment core. Lastly, reference sediments were collected from four locations at the San Pablo Bay in-Bay placement site (SF-

10) on October 15, 2014. Figure 3 shows the composite areas and sample locations for the samples collected in October 2014 to support the 2015 dredging cycle. A summary of the sampling and analysis results is provided in Table 4.

3.1.1 Results of Conventional and Chemical Analyses

Conventional parameters included total organic carbon (TOC), total solids, and grain size. Chemical analyses included trace metals, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides, butyltins (also referred to as organotins), and dioxins. The results of the conventional and chemical analyses of the sediments were compared to:

• San Francisco (SF) Bay ambient sediment concentrations;

• SF Bay sediment Bioaccumulation Trigger Level;

• SF Bay sediment mercury and PCB TMDL thresholds;

• CRRP sediment screening levels [where they differ from the SF Bay ambient concentrations; and

• MWRP sediment screening levels [where they differ from the SF Bay ambient concentrations.

RIH composite samples were composed of high amounts of fine grained materials (silt and clay less than 0.0625mm). Sediments ranged from approximately 98.8 percent to 100 percent fines.

Concentrations of cadmium in all composite samples exceeded San Francisco Bay ambient sediment concentrations (0.33 milligrams per kilogram; mg/kg) and MWRP sediment screening levels (0.33 mg/kg). Cadmium concentrations ranged from 0.367 mg/kg to 0.413 mg/kg. Otherwise, all sediment chemistry constituent concentrations detected in the samples were lower than the screening criteria listed above.

Modified Elutriate Test (MET) and DI-Waste Extraction Test (DI-WET) analytical chemistry results were compared to SF Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board (SFRWQCB) Basin Plan Marine Water Quality Objectives (WQOs). The results of the MET and DI-WET testing showed that none of the metals concentrations exceeded the SFRWQCB Basin Plan WQOs or MWRP placement screening criteria. Therefore, any decant water from the placement of dredged material at an upland site would be in compliance with applicable waste discharge requirements and any metals concentrations in leachate would be below WQOs.

Figure 3. October 2014 Composite Sampling Areas and Sample Locations

3.1.2 Results of Water Column and Benthic Toxicity Testing

Multiple bioassay tests were conducted on each area composite sample to evaluate the toxicity of RIH sediment and elutriate samples on several test organisms. These tests included:

• A 96 hour MET sediment elutriate survival test (water column toxicity test) with the mysid shrimp Americamysis bahia.

• Three Standard Elutriate Tests (SET) Water Column Toxicity tests, including:

o A 48-hour SET sediment elutriate embryo-larval survival and development test with the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, o A 96-hour mysid survival test with Americamysis bahia, and o A 96-hour fish survival test with Menidia beryllina.

• Two Solid-Phase Sediment (Benthic) Toxicity Tests, including:

o A 10 day amphipod bulk-sediment survival test with the amphipod Ampelisca abdita, and o A 10 day juvenile polychaete bulk-sediment survival test with the polychaete Neanthes arenaceodentata.

The MET elutriate bioassay results indicated that none of the RIH composite samples exhibited toxicity to the mysid shrimp, Americamysis bahia.

The SET elutriate bioassay results indicated that none of the RIH elutriate samples exhibited toxicity to the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, the mysid Americamysis bahia, or the fish Menidia beryllina. The narrative water quality objective was met for each of the sediment elutriate tests.

Benthic sediment bioassay results indicated that none of the RIH composite samples exhibited toxicity to the amphipod Ampelisca abdita and the polychaete Neanthes arenaceodentata.

3.1.3 Results of Bioaccumulation Testing

Sediment bioaccumulation testing was conducted using the bivalve M. nasuta and the polychaete N.

virens. Bioaccumulation testing was performed on all 5 RIH composite samples. Negative Lab Control treatments were tested concurrently with the bioassays and consisted of “clean” sediment collected from near the vicinity from which the N. virens was originally collected.

Per guidance by the DMMO, PCB concentrations were determined in the bioaccumulation test tissues.

The M. nasuta and N. virens tissue concentrations were compared to the SF-DODS reference database;

tissue analytes for which the measured concentration exceeded the database range of concentrations are listed in Table 4. The results of the tissue analyses (performed by Calscience) are summarized in Appendix C.

Table 4. October 2014 - Tissue Analytes who concentrations exceeded SF_DODS Referene Tissue Database Values

Sample ID Macoma nasuta Tissues Nereis virens Tissues RIH-2015-1 none total PCBs RIH-2015-2 none total PCBs RIH-2015-3 none total PCBs RIH-2015-4 none total PCBs RIH-2015-5 none total PCBs

Analysis of the RIH bioaccumulation test organism tissues for total PCBs indicated that these compounds would not accumulate above the SF-DODS reference database screening levels for bivalves; however, N.

virens total PCBs tissue concentrations were above the SF-DODS polychaete reference database screening levels for each site composite sample. As a result, further assessment of the N. virens tissue concentrations for total PCBs was performed (i.e., comparison to available USFDA action levels and USACE ERED effects data).

As the bioaccumulation tests were 28-days in duration and may not represent “steady-state” conditions for some of the compounds that exceeded the SF-DODS reference site database values, an estimation of steady-state was performed for each compound using available information prior to comparison to TRV values. For compounds for which there was no steady-state correction factor, steady-state was estimated based on the compounds’ octanol-water partitioning coefficient (Kow), as per the ITM.

The lowest TRV was selected, regardless of species, to ensure that a conservative screening was applied.

None of the tissue concentrations exceeded the “effects” benchmark TRV values; summaries of the selected TRV values relative to the mean test organism tissue concentrations in each sample are presented in Table 5. These TRV values were not exceeded by any test sample tissue concentration from the Richmond Inner Harbor proposed dredge sediment.

Table 5. October 2014 - Comparison of Nereis virens Steady State Corrected 28-day Tissue Concentrations Exceeding the SF-DODs Reference Database Upper Total PCBs Bound to USACE ERED Database.

Site Chemical Units (wet wt)

Mean Tissue Concentration

Steady State

Correction Factor

Steady State Corrected

Mean Tissue Concentratio n

TRV Exceedance of TRV?

RIH-2015-1 PCB Congeners µg/kg 3.35 1.85A 6.20 127 no RIH-2015-2 PCB Congeners µg/kg 2.71 1.85A 5.01 127 no RIH-2015-3 PCB Congeners µg/kg 4.40 1.85A 8.14 127 no RIH-2015-4 PCB Congeners µg/kg 3.53 1.85A 6.53 127 no RIH-2015-5 PCB Congeners µg/kg 5.77 1.85A 10.7 127 no

Steady-state corrrected tissue results were compared to available USFDA action levels. The total PCBs in RIH tissue samples did not exceed the reported action levels (Table 6).

Table 6. October 2014 - Comparison of Tissue Burden Levels to USFDA Action Levels.

Compound

USFDA

Action Level (mg/kg)

Steady-state Corrected Highest Concentration in Richmond Inner Harbor Tissues (mg/kg)

RIH-2015-1 RIH-2015-2 RIH-2015-3 RIH-2015-4 RIH-2015-5

Total PCBs 2.0 0.00620 0.00501 0.00814 0.00653 0.0107

The depth at SF-DODS is approximately 3000 meters. At this depth, there is substantial “dilution” of any dredged materials as they are dispersed through the water column during the settling process and deposit onto the benthic “mudline”. Given this dilution and the reduction in any eventual bioaccumulation of the subsequent bedded sediments at SF-DODS that should be expected (relative to the bioaccumulation in M.

nasuta and N. virens in the current “non-diluted” sediments), it seems unlikely that significant uptake of PCBs by resident benthic organisms would occur.

3.1.4 2015 DMMO Suitability Determination The results of the aforementioned tests were presented at the DMMO meeting on March 25, 2015 and are summarized in Table 7 below. USACE recommended that RIH sediments are suitable for unconfined aquatic placement in-Bay or at SF-DODS. The sediments were also recommended to be suitable for placement at an upland beneficial re-use site such as CRRP or MWRP.

In a memorandum for the record dated April 1, 2015, the DMMO determined that the sediment to be dredged is suitable for unconfined aquatic disposal at SF-DODS and placement at upland/beneficial re-use sites. In a memorandum for the record dated June 18, 2015, the sediment from RIH was determined to be suitable for unconfined aquatic disposal at an in-Bay disposal site even though USACE did not intend to place the sediment at an in-Bay disposal site in 2015.

Table 7. Summary of Sampling and Analytical Results for 2015 Dredging Cycle

Sample

ID

Bulk Sediment Chemistry Exceedances

MET

Chem

Bioassays

Bioacc. SF Bay Ambient

SF Bay Bioaccumulation

Threshold and

TMDL

MWRP and

CRRP

Acceptanc e Criteria

SF-DODS

Solid Phase

(Benthic)

Water Column MET

RIH-

2015-1 Cadmium None

Cadmium

(MWRP

only)

Arsenic, Mercury, total

DDTs, total PAHs, and total PCBs

Pass Pass LPC Pass Pass No TRV

Exceedance

RIH-

2015-2 Cadmium None

Cadmium

(MWRP

only)

Arsenic, Mercury, total

DDTs, total PAHs, and total PCBs

Pass Pass

LPC

Pass Pass No TRV

Exceedance

RIH-

2015-3 Cadmium None

Cadmium

(MWRP

only)

Arsenic, Mercury, total

DDTs, total PAHs, and total PCBs

Pass Pass

LPC

Pass Pass No TRV

Exceedance

RIH-

2015-4 Cadmium None

Cadmium

(MWRP

only)

Arsenic, Mercury, total

DDTs, total PAHs, and total PCBs

Pass Pass

LPC

Pass Pass No TRV

Exceedance

RIH-

2015-5 Cadmium None

Cadmium

(MWRP

only)

Arsenic, Mercury, total

DDTs, total PAHs, and total PCBs

Pass Pass

LPC

Pass Pass No TRV

Exceedance

3.2 Sampling and Analysis Results for 2012 Dredging Cycle – First Event, Full Tier III Evaluation in February 2012

Two sampling and testing events were conducted in 2012 to support the 2012 dredging episode. First, a full Tier III Evaluation of the majority of the Richmond Inner Harbor Federal navigation channel was conducted, including Composite Area 6 but excluding the Santa Fe Channel from Stations 213+00 to 236+00. The detailed results of this sampling and testing event are presented in the Port of Richmond Inner Harbor 2012 Maintenance Dredging Sampling and Analysis Results, dated May 2012 (Kinnetic, 2012a). Please note that maintenance dredging is deferred in Composite Area 6 in 2016 and results for this composite are not discussed here.

Sediment samples for testing were collected at twenty-five (25) locations within RIH in February 2012 (Figure 4). The RIH dredge footprint was divided into six composite areas (RIH-1 through RIH-6) with four cores located in each. An extra fifth core was added for one of the composite areas (Potrero Turn at RIH-5). All cores were advanced to the project elevation of -38 feet MLLW plus an additional two feet to cover overdredge allowance. The 2012 composite areas are similar to those sampled for the 2015 dredging cycle.

The composite samples were analyzed for the following:

• Total metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Ag, and Zn).

• Butyltins.

• Chlorinated pesticides.

• PCB congeners.

• PAHs.

• Dioxins.

• Total and dissolved metals and total suspended solids from a modified (effluent) elutriate test

(MET) prepared from the composite samples and site water.

• Bivalve larvae bioassays on the MET extracts.

• Whole sediment bioassays using amphipods and polychaete worms.

• Water column suspended particulate phase bioassays using mysids, teleost fish, and bivalve larvae.

• Bioaccumulation exposures using clams and polychaete worms.

After review of sediment chemistry data and consultation with the DMMO agencies, tissue samples generated from the bioaccumulation exposures were analyzed for PCB congeners. To assess water quality effects from the return of decant during placement at an upland site, modified elutriates were also prepared from the composite sediment samples. These elutriates (METs) were analyzed for total suspended solids and total and dissolved metals and subjected to 48-hour bivalve larvae bioassays.

3.2.1 Results of Conventional and Chemical Analyses

In general, most constituent concentrations in the six RIH composited sediments were comparable to or below San Francisco Bay ambient sediment concentrations, SF-DODS reference sediment concentrations, and CRRP screening criteria (Table 8).

Except for Area RIH-4, total DDT in the composite samples were comparable to the San Francisco Bay ambient concentration and the CRRP screening criterion. Total DDT in the Area RIH-4 sample was less than half the ambient concentration and CRRP criterion.

Table 8. February 2012 Select Sediment Chemistry Results

Analyte Name

RIH Sediment Composite Samples Cullinan Ranch

Screening Criteria

SFEI

Ambient

Sediment Concentrations (2016)

TMDL

Limits RIH-1 RIH-2 RIH-3 RIH-4 RIH-5

Mercury (mg/kg) 0.23 0.269 0.287 0.319 0.276 0.43 0.33 (in 2012, the value was 0.43 mg/kg) 0.469

Total DDTs (µg/kg) 7.3 7.5 7.3 2.6 9 7 4.68 (in 2012, the value was 7 µg/kg) --

Total PCBs (µg/kg) 4.8 11 8.1 14 9.9 22.7 18.3 28.7

The results of the MET testing showed that no metal concentrations exceeded San Francisco Bay Basin Plan WQOs at the time.

3.2.2 MET Bioassay Results

Mean percent normal alive among site sediments was zero in all undiluted (100%) elutriates and ranged from 0 to 14 percent for the 50 % dilutions. By definition, the MET samples did not meet the San Francisco Bay Basin Plan narrative objective of 90% survival for no toxicity in undiluted elutriates.

There is good reason to believe that ammonia played a factor in the reduced normal development of the bivalve larvae in the MET samples since unionized ammonia values in all samples were above the un-ionized ammonia EC50 value of 0.120 mg/L (Table 9).

Figure 4. February 2012 Composite Sampling Areas

Table 9. February 2012 Total and Un-ionized Ammonia Concentrations for the MET Bivalve Larvae Toxicity Tests - Undiluted Elutriate

Site

Total Ammonia (mg/L) Unionized Ammonia (mg/L)

Initiation Termination Initiation Termination Lab Control <0.5 <0.5 NC NC

Receiving Water 0.5 <0.5 0.007 v

RIH-1 11.6 11.8 0.195 0.497

RIH-2 21 21 0.453 1.311

RIH-3 18.5 20 0.382 1.005

RIH-4 11.8 11.6 0.243 0.546

RIH-5 14 13.8 0.338 0.724

3.2.3 Results of Water Column Toxicity Testing

Mean percent normal alive Mytilus embryos ranged from 0 to 95 percent after 48-hour exposure to undiluted elutriates prepared from all the RIH composite samples. With the exception of the RIH-6 sample, undiluted elutriates from all composite samples exhibited a statistically significant reduction in percent normal alive embryos relative to the dilution water (laboratory control). Areas RIH-2 and RIH-3 also exhibited a significant reduction in the 50% elutriate concentration. Calculated EC50s for these RIH samples ranged from 34.4% to 89.7% for all samples except for RIH-6. Calculated LC50s for all sites were greater than 100% elutriate. After dilution modeling for placement SF-DODs using calculated EC50 values, the Limiting Permissible Concentration was not exceeded in any sample for placement at SF-DODS using a Hopper Dredge.

There was no observed toxicity to mysid shrimp for any of the RIH standard elutriate test samples at the 96-hour test termination. All samples exceeded 90% survival including laboratory controls.

Significant reduced mean survival of Silverside fish (Menidia) relative to controls was determined for the undiluted elutriates from Areas RIH-1, RIH-2, RIH-3 and RIH-5. There was also significantly reduced mean survival in the 50% elutriate from RIH-3, and in the 1%, 10% and 50% elutriates from Area RIH-5.

Calculated LC50s for Areas RIH-2 and RIH-3 were 94.1% and 87.1% elutriate, respectively and greater than 100% elutriate for all other areas. After dilution modeling for placement at SF-DODs using calculated LC50 values, the Limiting Permissible Concentration was not exceeded for the RIH-2 and RIH-3 samples.

Therefore all RIH samples did not exceed the limiting permissible concentration.

Like the MET bivalve bioassays, ammonia may have played a significant factor in the reduced normal development of Mytilus embryos and reduced survival of Silverside fish in the standard elutriate suspended particulate phase testing. Unionized ammonia values in all samples were comparable to or above the unionized ammonia EC50 value of 0.120 mg/L for mussel larvae and unionized ammonia concentrations in two of the composite samples were higher than the 96-hour LC50 of 0.9 mg/l for unionized ammonia for Menidia in the USEPA ECOTOX database (Table 10).

Table 10. February 2012 Total and Un-ionized Ammonia Concentrations for the 48-hour Standard Elutriate Test Bivalve Larvae Toxicity Tests - Undiluted Elutriate

Site Total Ammonia (mg/L) Unionized Ammonia (mg/L)

Initiation Termination Initiation Termination Lab Control <0.5 <0.5 NC NC

SF-10 5.0 6.7 0.040 0.121

RIH-1 9.2 11.8 0.132 0.319

RIH-2 15.4 18.4 0.221 0.581

RIH-3 15.5 19.8 0.223 0.547

RIH-4 8.4 10.4 0.113 0.263

RIH-5 11.3 13.9 0.238 0.449

3.2.4 Results of Bioaccumulation Testing

The 28 day bioaccumulation tests were run on sediments from the Inner Harbor using a clam (Macoma nasuta) and a worm (Nereis virens). Mean survival of Macoma in the laboratory control was 95 percent, and was between 95 and 98 percent in the four site sediments. Mean survival of Nereis in the laboratory control was 98 percent, and was between 96 and 100 percent in the four site sediments. These results indicated that Macoma and Nereis did not have a toxic response after 28-days of exposure to Inner Harbor sediments.

Tissues of clams and worms that were exposed to five replicates of each composite and control sample were analyzed for moisture content, percent lipids, and PCB congeners.

Numerous PCB congeners were detected in the clams and worms exposed to the RIH test sediments. Most mean total PCB values in clam tissues were slightly higher than the MDL and all values were well below the maximum mean clam tissue concentration (4.2 µg/kg total Aroclors) in the SF-DODs database and the

3.0 ppm FDA Action Level for PCBs in red meat. Mean total PCB concentrations in most RIH worm tissues were about a magnitude higher than in the RIH clam tissues but still well below the FDA action level. Comparable or slightly lower concentrations were detected in the baseline tissues (4.7 µg/kg) and in the worm tissues generated from exposure to control sediments indicating that PCBs were present in the worms prior to the bioaccumulation exposures. Historically according to the SF-DODS database, PCB Aroclors were never detected in worm tissues after 28-day exposures to SF-DODS sediments.

Inspection of the bioaccumulation test results against SF-DODs database and baseline tissue results, and statistical comparisons against control tissues revealed that concentrations of PCB congeners in test tissues were minor despite statistically significant difference between the control tissues and tissues from some areas.

3.2.5 Results of Benthic Toxicity Testing and DMMO Meeting Results Benthic bioassays were undertaken on sediment samples from RIH. During this first 2012 study, the preferred amphipod, Ampelisca abdita, was seasonally unsuitable for testing use during the time of the scheduled Richmond Harbor sediment testing, resulting in poor control survival. A second test using Rhepoxynius abronius also did not meet Test Acceptability Criteria. A third amphipod test was also conducted on the RIH sediments using Eohaustorius estuaries as the test organism. The Eohaustorius estuaries results indicated acceptable control survival, were accepted by the DMMO, and a suitability determination was made for the RIH sediments. However, since reference sediment toxicity data is not available in the SF-DODS sediment database for the offshore SF-DODS disposal site for Eohaustorius estuaries, the DMMO evaluated the Richmond Inner Harbor sediments for amphipod toxicity using the home sediment control results (95% survival). The resulting suitability determination was that the RIH sediments, with the exception of Area RIH-2, were not suitable for disposal offshore at SF-DODS based on the February 2012 set of data.

Results from this initial study were provided in a report to USACE and the DMMO and were presented at the May 30, 2012 DMMO meeting. A memorandum for record was received from the DMMO on June 15, 2012 documenting their findings. Discussions led the DMMO members suggest additional sampling and high resolution testing of the unsuitable sediments for amphipod toxicity, accompanied by supporting chemical analyses. This additional sampling and testing was recommended to confirm the initial toxicity results, and if toxicity still exists, further refine where the identified toxicity problems persist to identify the maximum volume of suitable material and minimize the volume of unsuitable material.

3.3 Sampling and Analysis Results for 2012 Dredging Cycle – Second Event, High Resolution Testing for Chemistry and Benthic Toxicity in July 2012

The second sampling and testing event included limited high resolution testing of Composite Areas 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 only to determine suitability for unconfined aquatic placement at SF-DODS. This high resolution event was requested by DMMO due to numerous amphipod failures in the bioassay tests during the first full Tier III Evaluation of the entire Federal channel earlier in 2012. The detailed results of this sampling and testing event are presented in the Port of Richmond Inner Harbor 2012 Maintenance Dredging High Resolution Sediment Testing Sampling and Analysis Results, dated August 2012 (Kinnetic, 2012b). Again, please note that Composite Area 6 results are not discussed here because maintenance dredging is deferred in this area in 2016.

The high resolution testing was conducted as follows:

• The original 2012 locations were re-sampled (unless the more recent shoaling distribution forced location changes) and two new locations were added and sampled as well (Composite Area 0).

Sediment samples for testing were collected at twenty-two (22) locations within RIH in July 2012.

• One sediment composite sample was formed for every two higher resolution core locations that represented material from the mudline to an elevation of 40 feet MLLW (project elevation plus two feet for overdepth allowance). The overall RIH dredge footprint was divided into eleven (11) composite areas containing two cores each.

• Acute solid phase toxicity testing was performed on the sediment composite samples using a healthy, in season batch of the amphipod Ampelisca abdita.

• Composite samples were analyzed for the same constituents as the original 2012 event, with the exception of dioxins.

The higher resolution composite samples were compared to SF-DODS sediment database concentrations, San Francisco Bay ambient sediment concentrations, bioaccumulation trigger threshold values, and sediment criteria for CRRP.

3.3.1 Bulk Sediment Chemistry Results

The only detected analyte that exceeded screening values in RIH-1 through RIH-5B was total DDT. Total DDT was elevated above the CRRP criterion and the SF Bay ambient concentration in several high resolution composite areas. The average total DDT concentration for RIH-1 to RIH-5B was 7.1 µg/kg.

Select results are listed in Table 11.

Table 11. Select July 2012 High Resolution Chemistry Results

Analyte Name

RIH Sediment Composite Samples SF-

DODS

(Range)

Cullinan Ranch

Screening Criteria

SF Bay (2012)

RIH-0 RIH-1A RIH-1B RIH-3A RIH-3B RIH-4A RIH-4B RIH-5A RIH-5B

Mercury (mg/kg) 0.193 0.239 0.209 0.276 0.29 0.297 0.301 0.299 0.324 0.1-0.2 0.43 0.43

Copper (mg/kg) 42 44.6 43.2 52.1 53.9 55.1 55.9 52.8 58.1 10.3 -

86.3 68.1 68.1

Zinc (mg/kg) 107 114 109 128 136 135 140 133 141 60.8 -

288 158 158

Total DDTs (µg/kg) 8.2 10.6 7.9 <0.85 6.2 4.4 9.4 3.5 12.9 ND-2.1 7 7

Total PCBs (µg/kg) <0.6 1.34 <0.65 <0.82 2.27 1.53 4.69 3.24 <0.82 ND 22.7 21.6

Dieldrin (µg/kg) <0.62 <0.64 <0.66 <0.82 <0.80 <0.79 <0.78 <0.83 <0.83 ND 0.72 0.44

3.3.2 Results of Benthic Bioassays

Survival data for the 10-day acute benthic bioassays using Ampelisca abdita are summarized in Table 9.

The negative laboratory control for these tests showed 98 percent mean survival, meeting the minimum test acceptability criterion of 90% mean survival (Table 12).

Table 12. July 2012 Benthic Bioassay Results

Site Mean % Survival

Standard Deviation Site Mean %

Survival Standard Deviation

Lab Control 98 4.5 RIH-4A 100 0.0

RIH-0 99 2.2 RIH-4B 99 2.2

RIH-1A 100 0.0 RIH-5A 99 2.2

RIH-1B 98 2.7 RIH-5B 97 6.7

RIH-3A 99 2.2 RIH-6A 97 4.5

RIH-3B 99 2.2 RIH-6B 98 4.5

3.3.3 July 2012 High Resolution Sampling Event Conclusions

Chemistry data from the higher resolution samples collected in July 2012 were in general agreement with those data generated from the February 2012 samples. However, total PCBs were somewhat lower in the higher resolution composite samples compared to the February 2012 composite samples. Despite elevated levels of contaminants in some of the higher resolution composite samples; there was no observed toxicity in the 10-day acute solid phase bioassays using Ampelisca abdita. Mean survival in all test samples and the control sample ranged from 97 to 100%, well above the SF-DODS database mean survival of 90.5%.

3.3.4 Final Suitability Determination for the 2012 Dredging Cycle In a memorandum for record received on August 28, 2012, the DMMO members determined that the sediment represented by composites RIH-0 through RIH-5 was suitable for placement at SF-DODS, MWRP, and Winter Island. The DMMO also determined that the same sediment was suitable for placent at CRRP if concurrence is received from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

4.0 TIER I PROPOSAL

Based on the assessment of the existing sampling and testing results in this Tier I Evaluation, along with the fact that no new spills or anthropogenic events occurred in the area, USACE proposes that a Tier I exclusion from testing the RIH sediment (except for Composite Area 6 from Station 193+00 to the end of the Federal navigation channel at Station 236+00) in 2016 is justified and appropriate. The USACE also proposes that the material to be dredged from RIH in 2016 is suitable for unconfined aquatic placement in-Bay and at SF-DODS, and for placement at upland/beneficial reuse sites. Please note that USACE will not place RIH sediment at in-Bay sites in 2016; however, since the analytical results meet suitability requirements for in-bay placement, USACE is including in-Bay placement in this Tier I waiver request.

Questions or comments regarding this plan should be directed to Ms. Roxanne Grillo (415-503-6859) from the Environmental Section B of the USACE, San Francisco District.

5.0 REFERENCES

Atkins North America, Inc. and Pacific EcoRisk (Atkins and PER), 2015. Sampling and Analysis Results for Sediment Samples Collected from the Richmond Inner Harbor Final Report, USACE Contract No. W912P7-11-D-0001. March.

Kinnetic Laboratories, Inc (Kinnetic), 2012a. Port of Richmond Inner Harbor 2012 Maintenance Dredging Sampling and Analysis Results. USACE Contract No. W912P7-12-C-0006. May.

Kinnetic, 2012b. Port of Richmond Inner Harbor 2012 Maintenance Dredging Higher Resolution Sediment Testing Sampling and Analysis Results. USACE Contract No. W912P7-12-C-0006.

August.

United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), 2014. Master Sampling and Analysis Plan, USACE SF-District O&M Dredging Program.

USACE, 2016. Revised Integrated Alternative Analysis for the Operation and Maintenance Dredging of the San Francisco Bay Federal Navigation Channels Years 2014-2018 – 2016 Addendum. June.

United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 2012. United Heckathorn Co. March.

Appendix A.

March 2016 Condition Survey

Sy m bo l

D es cr ip tio n

D at e Ap pr

D

AT

E

C O

N

TR

A C

T N

O

S O

LI

C

IT

AT

IO

N

N O

D E

S

IG

N E

D B

Y

C H

E C

K E

D B

Y:

S

U B

M

IT

T E

D B

Y:

D

R A

W N

/M A

P B

Y:

B R

A N

C H

/S E

C T

IO

N

S H

E E

T N

O

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

San Francisco District 1455 Market San Francisco CA 94103

RI

CH

MO

ND

IN

NE

R

HA

RB

OR

CO

ND

ITI

ON

SU

RV

EY

-22 M

AR

CH

, 1 4 A

PR

IL

16CA

LIF

OR

NI

A

AL

AM

ED

A

CO

UN

TY

40.0 39.4 39.2 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.1 39.0 39.3 39.8 40.3 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.2 40.2 40.2 40.2 40.2 40.7 40.8 40.9 41.2 41.4 41.2 41.5 41.7 41.5 41.6 41.7 41.6 41.5 41.5 41.5 41.9

42.1 42.4 43.2 42.3 42.2 42.4 42.8 43.1 42.5 42.4 42.4 42.5 42.5 42.3 42.2 42.7 43.0 41.7 41.6 41.2 40.9 40.9 41.0 41.1 41.2 40.8 40.8 40.7 40.5 40.0

37.5 38.1 39.3 39.5 38.0 37.9 38.1 38.1 38.3 38.5 39.0 39.1 39.9 39.6 39.3 39.2 39.1 39.1 39.2 39.6 40.0 40.2 40.3 40.6 40.7 40.8 40.7 40.6 40.8 41.2 41.5 41.5 41.6 41.6 41.6

42.0 42.3 42.1 42.1 42.1 42.2 42.3 42.3 42.1 42.2 42.1 41.8 41.7 41.9 41.6 41.3

42.3 42.2 40.9 40.8 40.7 40.7 40.6 40.7 40.7 40.5 40.5 40.3 40.1

38.7 39.1 38.7 38.9 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 39.2 39.0 39.1 38.6 37.9 37.8 38.5 38.4 38.1 38.0 38.3 38.8 38.7 38.5 38.7 39.0 39.5 39.9 40.1 40.1 40.4 40.6 40.9 41.0 41.0 41.0 41.4 41.6 41.8 41.1

42.1 41.3 41.8 41.3 41.1 41.2 41.1 40.7 40.6 40.7 40.8 40.8 40.4 40.4 40.0 40.0 40.3 40.4 40.5 40.7 40.8 40.4 40.2 40.0 39.8 39.5

39.2 38.9 39.0 38.9 38.9 39.0 39.2 39.3 39.0 38.5 38.2 38.2 38.9 39.3 39.3 39.3 39.0 39.3 39.2 39.1 39.0 38.6 38.7 39.3 38.9 39.9 39.1 39.1 39.4 39.7 39.8 40.5 40.4 40.7 40.8 41.0 41.3 41.1 41.2 40.1 40.3 40.5 40.3 40.1 39.9 39.7 39.8 40.0 40.0 39.9 40.0 40.0 39.8 39.4 40.1 39.5 39.6 39.6 39.6 39.6 39.6 39.5 39.1

35.1 38.5 39.0 38.8 39.1 38.8 39.0 39.2 39.0 38.9 39.0 39.1 39.1 39.1 39.1 39.0 39.4 39.4 39.1 39.3 39.1 39.2 39.2 39.3 38.8 38.9 38.7 39.7 39.4 39.8 39.8 40.3 40.6 40.5 40.4 40.4 40.8 41.2 40.7 40.6 39.9 39.7 39.5 39.6 39.0 38.5 38.8 38.8 39.0 38.9 39.1 39.4 39.1 38.6 38.6 38.3 38.7 38.5 38.4 38.7 38.8 38.6 38.2

34.4 34.9 36.0 38.3 39.0 38.8 38.9 38.8 39.1 39.1 39.1 39.2 38.9 38.1 38.1 38.4 38.8 39.1 39.0 39.1 38.5 39.2 39.3 39.0 38.9 39.4 39.1 39.4 38.6 39.4 40.1 40.1 40.9 40.8 41.1 41.1 41.0 40.3 40.3 39.8 39.2 38.9 38.6 38.5 38.3 38.1 38.0 38.9 38.1 38.2 38.2 38.2 38.2 38.0 38.1 38.3 39.1 39.3 37.9 38.1 38.8 38.4 37.3

35.5 35.2 35.6 35.8 38.2 39.1 38.8 38.7 38.4 38.9 39.1 38.8 39.0 39.3 38.9 39.5 39.3 39.0 39.0 39.3 39.8 38.9 39.5 38.8 39.1 39.3 39.8 39.3 38.9 40.2 39.6 40.4 40.8 41.0 41.4 41.0 41.0

39.2 39.3 39.7 38.7 38.5 39.0 39.3 39.1 39.0 39.4 39.6 39.8 38.4 38.3 38.3 38.3 38.3 38.2 38.3 38.6 39.0 38.8 37.8 36.8

35.5 35.9 35.4 34.9 35.6 38.6 39.5 39.4 39.3 39.3 39.2 39.4 39.8 38.4 38.9 38.9 39.8 38.8 39.3 38.9 38.9 39.1 39.2 39.1 38.9 39.2 38.5 39.9 39.4 39.7 40.5 41.1 41.1 41.1 41.4 40.8 40.4 40.2 39.5 38.3 38.9 39.7 39.1 39.4 39.2 38.7 39.8 38.6 38.4 38.6 38.4 38.4 38.6 38.2 38.1 38.2 38.5 38.2 36.7 36.2

30.7 32.0 33.7 35.1 35.3 35.0 34.8 35.1 38.7 39.0 38.9 38.6 39.0 38.9 39.1 39.2 39.4 39.3 39.4 39.6 39.6 39.2 39.0 39.0 38.7 39.0 38.9 38.8 39.1 40.1 40.2 40.3 40.4 41.2 41.0 41.1 40.6 40.2 40.3 38.8 38.6 39.0 39.3 39.5 38.9 39.1 39.2 39.2 38.7 38.7 38.7 38.9 38.6 38.3 38.1 38.5 38.7 38.8 36.6 36.2

31.1 30.1 29.9 31.2 30.9 31.8

33.1 33.8 34.7 35.3 35.7 38.6 39.1 38.7 39.1 39.6 39.0 39.3 39.1 39.0 39.2 39.4 39.3 38.9 39.3 39.1 38.8 38.4 39.0 39.2 39.2 39.4 40.7 41.1 41.1 40.9 40.9 40.8 41.2 40.0 39.1 38.4 38.5 39.4 39.2 39.4 38.3 38.3 38.4 38.4 38.6 38.9 38.5 38.3 38.3 38.2 38.6 38.5 36.2 36.2 36.4

31.3 31.0 30.5 30.0 31.3 30.6 31.7 31.3

33.7 35.0 35.4 35.7 36.2 39.4 39.1 39.1 39.0 39.6 39.4 39.3 39.3 39.2 39.3 39.3 39.1 39.5 37.8 39.3 39.1 39.3 39.3 39.6 40.5 41.4 41.5 41.5 41.2 40.5 39.2 39.2 39.1 38.4 38.5 38.4 39.0 39.1 39.3 39.1 39.2 39.0 38.7 38.6 38.4 39.6 38.9 39.2 39.2 36.4 36.2 36.1 35.5

30.3 30.3 31.7

32.3 32.7 32.1 32.2 33.5 35.1 35.0 36.9 34.6 35.7 38.6 38.9 39.0 39.2 39.2 39.0 39.1 38.7 39.0 39.4 39.3 39.1 38.3 38.3 38.9 38.9 39.7 41.0 41.2 40.9 40.7 41.2 41.2 40.4 40.0 39.8 38.9 38.7 38.5 38.9 39.3 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.2 39.0 39.0 38.6 38.6 38.5 39.0 39.2 36.8 37.2 37.0 35.8 35.0

31.3 31.2 31.1

32.5 33.4 34.0 34.1 34.3 34.0 33.8 33.8 33.8 36.6 38.7 38.7 38.8 39.0 38.7 39.2 39.6 39.5 39.3 39.2 39.3 39.5 39.6 39.4 38.7 38.6 40.0 40.4 40.8 41.0 40.9 40.6 40.8 39.9 39.8 39.4 39.3 39.2 39.1 39.1 39.3 39.7 39.5 39.1 39.1 39.1 39.1 38.8 39.2 38.2 38.7 38.6 37.1 35.9 35.3 34.4 33.7

29.8 30.3 30.5 31.7

32.6 33.3 33.7 34.5 35.3 35.2 34.5 33.8 36.3 38.0 38.7 38.9 39.0 38.5 38.7 39.0 39.2 39.1 39.1 38.9 39.0 39.0 38.9 38.4 38.6 38.9 40.3 41.0 40.7 40.8 39.8 39.6 40.9 40.2 39.6 39.6 39.4 39.3 39.4 39.7 39.7 39.3 39.1 39.1 39.0 39.0 39.0 38.9 38.7 38.8 37.7 37.0 36.0 35.0 34.0 33.0

27.7 28.4 29.0 29.6 29.5 31.0

32.6 33.4 34.2 33.0 33.0 33.8 34.1 38.1 38.9 38.9 39.1 38.5 38.4 38.6 38.6 38.9 39.7 39.4 38.8 38.9 38.0 38.1 38.5 38.9 40.0 40.4 40.1 40.4 40.0 39.9 40.0 39.8 39.4 39.2 39.1 39.1 39.3 39.0 39.1 38.7 38.7 38.9 39.0 39.2 39.3 39.1 39.1 38.6 37.8 36.9 35.6 34.1 31.9 31.1

28.3 28.7 29.0 29.0 29.3 29.4 30.3 31.0 31.8

32.0 33.0 34.9 37.7 38.6 38.6 38.4 38.9 39.2 39.0 39.5 39.3 39.0 38.9 39.0 39.0 38.2 38.6 38.6 39.7 40.0 40.3 40.2 41.1 40.8 39.5 40.1 39.5 39.4 39.3 39.1 39.1 39.1 38.9 38.6 38.5 38.4 38.6 38.7 39.4 38.8 38.7 38.8 38.8 38.5 36.1 33.9 33.4 33.0 32.7 32.5

27.2 27.7 28.2 29.3 30.4 31.6

32.6 33.0 33.1 32.8 35.3 38.3 39.0 39.0 39.2 38.9 39.1 39.2 39.5 38.8 39.6 39.6 39.2 38.9 39.3 38.5 38.3 39.0 39.5 40.7 40.1 41.0 40.6 40.3 40.2 39.8 39.7 39.5 39.2 39.5 39.3 39.0 38.8 38.7 38.7 38.8 38.8 38.7 38.5 39.0 39.6 39.2 37.2 35.9 35.9 35.3 34.5 33.7 32.7 31.1

27.0 26.2 27.4 28.0 29.6 31.9

32.8 32.6 32.9 33.6 37.8 38.9 38.8 38.5 38.3 38.8 39.0 38.9 38.9 39.0 38.7 38.7 39.0 38.9 38.2 38.4 39.3 39.8 39.8 40.5 40.7 40.4 40.2 39.8 39.5 39.7 39.7 39.3 39.1 39.0 39.0 39.0 39.0 38.9 38.8 38.9 39.0 38.7 38.8 39.1 39.6 37.9 36.4 35.8 34.6 32.6 30.4 28.7 27.3

26.8 27.8 27.0 26.9 28.9 29.2 31.1 31.9 31.8

34.2 38.9 39.1 39.2 38.1 38.8 39.0 38.7 38.9 38.7 39.2 38.7 38.8 38.9 38.1 39.0 38.5 39.2 38.9 39.1 40.3 40.5 39.8 39.7 39.4 39.2 39.2 39.2 38.8 38.7 38.7 38.7 38.2 38.3 38.4 38.4 38.4 38.7 38.7 38.6 38.9 39.3 38.0 36.4 35.4 34.3 32.8 31.0

29.7 29.2 29.3 29.2

25.9 26.7 27.5 28.4 29.7 31.2 31.3 31.5

34.7 38.5 39.0 38.9 39.2 39.3 39.4 39.1 38.8 39.0 38.7 38.9 39.0 38.7 38.4 38.9 38.6 39.5 38.8 39.5 40.2 40.0 39.5 39.4 39.2 39.0 39.2 39.2 38.8 38.3 38.4 38.6 38.2 38.1 38.8 39.0 39.3 38.6 38.5 39.2 39.6 39.3 37.4 35.5 34.5 33.8 32.0 31.0 30.0 29.8 29.9 29.9 30.0

25.7 26.6 29.5 30.4 31.3 31.2

32.0 34.0 38.7 38.9 39.1 38.8 39.1 39.3 39.4 38.9 38.5 38.4 38.9 38.8 38.1 38.2 38.6 38.4 39.2 39.4 39.6 40.5 39.3 39.4 39.5 38.9 39.0 39.0 38.9 38.5…