05_40_00_COLD-FORMED_METAL_FRAMING.pdf

WEST POI NT ELEMENTARY SCHOOL REPLACEMENT W91236-15-D-0014

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COLD- FORMED METAL FRAMI NG

05/15

PART 1 GENERAL

1. 1 REFERENCES

The publ i cat i ons l i s t ed bel ow f or m a par t of t hi s speci f i cat i on t o t he ext ent r ef er enced. The publ i cat i ons ar e r ef er r ed t o wi t hi n t he t ext by t he basi c desi gnat i on onl y.

AMERI CAN CONCRETE I NSTI TUTE I NTERNATI ONAL ( ACI )

ACI 318 ( 2014; Er r at a 1- 2 2014; Er r at a 3- 5 2015;

Er r at a 6 2016) Bui l di ng Code Requi r ement s f or St r uct ur al Concr et e and Comment ar y

AMERI CAN I RON AND STEEL I NSTI TUTE ( AI SI )

AI SI S100 ( 2012) Nor t h Amer i can Speci f i cat i on f or t he Desi gn of Col d- For med St eel St r uct ur al Members

AI SI S200 ( 2007) Nor t h Amer i can St andar d f or Col d- For med St eel Fr ami ng - Gener al Provision

AI SI S201 ( 2007) Nor t h Amer i can St andar d f or Col d- For med St eel Fr ami ng - Pr oduct Dat a

AI SI S202 ( 2011) Code of St andar d Pr act i ce f or Col d- f or med St eel St r uct ur al Fr ami ng

AI SI S211 ( 2007) Nor t h Amer i can St andar d f or Col d- For med St eel Fr ami ng - Wal l St ud Design

AI SI S214 ( 2012) Nor t h Amer i can St andar d f or Col d- For med St eel Fr ami ng – Tr uss Desi gn

AMERI CAN WELDI NG SOCI ETY ( AWS)

AWS D1. 1/ D1. 1M ( 2015; Er r at a 1 2015; Er r at a 2 2016) St r uct ur al Wel di ng Code - St eel

AWS D1. 3/ D1. 3M ( 2008; Er r at a 2008) St r uct ur al Wel di ng Code - Sheet St eel

ASTM I NTERNATI ONAL ( ASTM)

ASTM A1003/ A1003M ( 2015) St andar d Speci f i cat i on f or St eel Sheet , Car bon, Met al l i c- and Nonmet al l i c- Coat ed f or Col d- For med Fr ami ng Members

ASTM A123/ A123M ( 2013) St andar d Speci f i cat i on f or Zi nc

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( Hot - Di p Gal vani zed) Coat i ngs on I r on and St eel Pr oduct s

ASTM A153/ A153M ( 2016) St andar d Speci f i cat i on f or Zi nc Coat i ng ( Hot - Di p) on I r on and St eel Hardware

ASTM A307 ( 2014) St andar d Speci f i cat i on f or Car bon St eel Bol t s and St uds, 60 000 PSI Tensi l e Strength

ASTM A370 ( 2016) St andar d Test Met hods and Def i ni t i ons f or Mechani cal Test i ng of St eel Pr oduct s

ASTM A653/ A653M ( 2015; E 2016) St andar d Speci f i cat i on f or St eel Sheet , Zi nc- Coat ed ( Gal vani zed) or Zi nc- I r on Al l oy- Coat ed ( Gal vanneal ed) by t he Hot - Di p Pr ocess

ASTM C1007 ( 2011a) St andar d Speci f i cat i on f or I nst al l at i on of Load Bear i ng ( Tr ansver se and Axi al ) St eel St uds and Rel at ed Accessories

ASTM C1513 ( 2013) St andar d Speci f i cat i on f or St eel Tappi ng Scr ews f or Col d- For med St eel Fr ami ng Connect i ons

ASTM C955 ( 2015; E2015) Load- Bear i ng ( Tr ansver se and Axi al ) St eel St uds, Runner s ( Tr acks) , and Br aci ng or Br i dgi ng f or Scr ew Appl i cat i on of Gypsum Panel Pr oduct s and Met al Pl ast er Bases

ASTM E329 ( 2014a) St andar d Speci f i cat i on f or Agenci es Engaged i n t he Test i ng and/ or I nspect i on of Mat er i al s Used i n Construction

ASTM E488/ E488M ( 2015) St andar d Test Met hods f or St r engt h of Anchor s i n Concr et e and Masonr y El ement s

ASTM F1941 ( 2010) St andar d Speci f i cat i on f or El ect r odeposi t ed Coat i ngs on Thr eaded Fast ener s ( Uni f i ed I nch Scr ew Thr eads

(UN/UNR))

ASTM F2329 ( 2013) Zi nc Coat i ng, Hot - Di p, Requi r ement s f or Appl i cat i on t o Car bon and Al l oy St eel Bol t s, Scr ews, Washer s, Nut s, and Speci al Thr eaded Fast ener s

I NTERNATI ONAL CODE COUNCI L ( I CC)

I CC I BC ( 2015) I nt er nat i onal Bui l di ng Code

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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE ( DOD)

UFC 3- 301- 01 ( 2013; wi t h Change 1) St r uct ur al Engineering

1. 2 SUBMITTALS

Gover nment appr oval i s r equi r ed f or submi t t al s wi t h a " G" desi gnat i on;

submi t t al s not havi ng a " G" desi gnat i on ar e f or i nf or mat i on onl y. When used, a desi gnat i on f ol l owi ng t he " G" desi gnat i on i dent i f i es t he of f i ce t hat wi l l r evi ew t he submi t t al f or t he Gover nment . Submi t t al s wi t h an " S" ar e f or i ncl usi on i n t he Sust ai nabi l i t y Not ebook, i n conf or mance t o Sect i on 01 33 29, SUSTAI NABI LI TY REPORTI NG. Submi t t he f ol l owi ng i n accor dance wi t h Sect i on 01 33 00 SUBMI TTAL PROCEDURES:

SD- 02 Shop Dr awi ngs

Fr ami ng Component s; G, AE

SD- 03 Pr oduct Dat a

St eel St uds, Joi st s, Tr acks, Br aci ng, Br i dgi ng and Accessor i es

SD- 05 Desi gn Dat a

Met al Fr ami ng Cal cul at i ons; G, A/ E

SD- 07 Cer t i f i cat es

Load- Bear i ng Col d- For med Met al Fr ami ng

Welds

SD- 11 Cl oseout Submi t t al s

Recycl ed Cont ent of St eel Pr oduct s; S

1. 3 DELI VERY, STORAGE, AND HANDLI NG

St eel f r ami ng and r el at ed accessor i es shal l be st or ed and handl ed i n accor dance wi t h t he AI SI S202, " Code of St andar d Pr act i ce f or Col d- For med St eel St r uct ur al Fr ami ng" .

1. 4 LOAD- BEARI NG COLD- FORMED METAL FRAMI NG

I ncl ude t op and bot t om t r acks, br aci ng, f ast eni ngs, and ot her accessor i es necessar y f or compl et e i nst al l at i on. Fr ami ng member s shal l have t he st r uct ur al pr oper t i es i ndi cat ed. Wher e physi cal s t r uct ur al pr oper t i es ar e not i ndi cat ed, t hey shal l be as necessar y t o wi t hst and al l i mposed l oads.

Desi gn f r ami ng i n accor dance wi t h AI SI S100. Non- l oad- bear i ng met al f r ami ng, f ur r i ng, and cei l i ng suspensi on syst ems ar e speci f i ed i n Sect i on 09 22 00 SUPPORTS FOR PLASTER AND GYPSUM BOARD. Met al suspensi on syst ems f or acoust i cal cei l i ngs ar e speci f i ed i n Sect i on 09 51 00 ACOUSTI CAL

CEILINGS.

Submi t mi l l cer t i f i cat es or t est r epor t s f r om i ndependent t est i ng agency, qual i f i ed i n accor dance wi t h ASTM E329, showi ng t hat t he st eel sheet used i n t he manuf act ur e of each col d- f or med component compl i es wi t h t he mi ni mum yi el d st r engt hs and uncoat ed st eel t hi ckness speci f i ed. Test r epor t s shal l

SECTI ON 05 40 00 Page 3 be based on t he r esul t s of t hr ee coupon t est s i n accor dance wi t h ASTM A370.

1. 5 MAXI MUM DEFLECTI ON

Def l ect i ons of s t r uct ur al member s shal l not exceed t he mor e r est r i c t i ve of t he l i mi t at i ons of I CC I BC and UFC 3- 301- 01.

1. 6 QUALI TY ASSURANCE

a. Engi neer i ng Responsi bi l i t y : Pr epar at i on of Shop Dr awi ngs, desi gn cal cul at i ons, and ot her st r uct ur al dat a by a r egi st er ed pr of essi onal engi neer . Desi gn cal cul at i ons ar e r equi r ed f or non- l oad bear i ng c l addi ng and sof f i t s t uds.

b. Test i ng Agency Qual i f i cat i ons: An i ndependent t est i ng agency, accept abl e t o aut hor i t i es havi ng j ur i sdi ct i on, qual i f i ed accor di ng t o ASTM E329 f or t est i ng i ndi cat ed.

c. Pr oduct Test s: Mi l l cer t i f i cat es or dat a f r om a qual i f i ed i ndependent t est i ng agency i ndi cat i ng st eel sheet compl i es wi t h r equi r ement s, i ncl udi ng base- met al t hi ckness, y i el d st r engt h, t ensi l e st r engt h, t ot al el ongat i on, chemi cal r equi r ement s, and met al l i c- coat i ng t hi ckness.

d. Wel di ng Qual i f i cat i ons: Qual i f y pr ocedur es and per sonnel accor di ng t o t he f ol l owi ng:

(1) AWS D1. 1/ D1. 1M, " St r uct ur al Wel di ng Code - St eel " .

(2) AWS D1. 3/ D1. 3M, " St r uct ur al Wel di ng Code - Sheet St eel " .

e. AI SI Speci f i cat i ons and St andar ds: Compl y wi t h:

(1) AI SI S100, " Nor t h Amer i can Speci f i cat i on f or t he Desi gn of Col d- For med St eel St r uct ur al Member s" .

(2) AI SI S200, " Nor t h Amer i can St andar d f or Col d- For med St eel Fr ami ng

- Gener al Pr ovi s i on" .

(3) AI SI S201, " Nor t h Amer i can St andar d f or Col d- For med St eel Fr ami ng

- Pr oduct Dat a" .

(4) AI SI S202, " Code of St andar d Pr act i ce f or Col d- For med St eel St r uct ur al Fr ami ng" .

(5) AI SI S211, " Nor t h Amer i can St andar d f or Col d- For med St eel Fr ami ng

- Wal l St ud Desi gn" .

1. 6. 1 Dr awi ng Requi r ement s

Submi t f r ami ng component s t o show si zes, t hi cknesses, l ayout , mat er i al desi gnat i ons, met hods of i nst al l at i on, and accessor i es i ncl udi ng t he following:

a. Cr oss sect i ons, pl ans, and/ or el evat i ons showi ng component t ypes and l ocat i ons f or each f r ami ng appl i cat i on; i ncl udi ng shop coat i ngs and mat er i al t hi cknesses f or each f r ami ng component .

b. Connect i on det ai l s showi ng f ast ener t ype, quant i t y, l ocat i on, and ot her i nf or mat i on t o assur e pr oper i nst al l at i on.

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c. Dr awi ngs depi ct i ng panel conf i gur at i on, di mensi ons, component s, l ocat i ons, and const r uct i on sequence i f t he Cont r act or el ect s t o i nst al l pr ef abr i cat ed/ pr ef i ni shed f r ames.

1. 6. 2 Desi gn Dat a Requi r ed

Submi t met al f r ami ng cal cul at i ons wi t h desi gn cr i t er i a and st r uct ur al l oadi ng t o ver i f y s i zes, t hi ckness, and spaci ng of member s and connect i ons s i gned and seal ed by a r egi st er ed pr of essi onal engi neer . Show met hods and pr act i ces used i n i nst al l at i on. Desi gn dat a i s r equi r ed f or non- l oad bear i ng c l addi ng and sof f i t s t uds.

PART 2 PRODUCTS

2. 1 STEEL STUDS, JOI STS, TRACKS, BRACI NG, BRI DGI NG AND ACCESSORI ES

Fr ami ng component s shal l compl y wi t h ASTM C955 and t he f ol l owi ng.

a. Recycl ed Cont ent of St eel Pr oduct s: Pr ovi de pr oduct s wi t h an aver age r ecycl ed cont ent of st eel pr oduct s so post consumer r ecycl ed cont ent pl us one hal f of pr econsumer r ecycl ed cont ent not l ess t han 25 per cent .

b. St eel Sheet : ASTM A1003/ A1003M, St r uct ur al Gr ade, Type H, met al l i c coat ed, of gr ade and coat i ng wei ght as f ol l ows:

( 1) Gr ade: As r equi r ed by st r uct ur al per f or mance.

( 2) Coat i ng: G60 ( Z180) , A60 ( ZF180) , AZ50 ( AZ150) , or GF30 ( ZGF90) .

c. St eel St uds: Manuf act ur er ' s st andar d C- shaped st eel st uds, of web dept hs i ndi cat ed, punched, wi t h st i f f ened f l anges, and as f ol l ows:

( 1) Mi ni mum Base- Met al Thi ckness: 0. 0428 i nch.

( 2) Fl ange Wi dt h: 1- 5/ 8 i nches.

d. St eel Tr ack: Manuf act ur er ' s st andar d U- shaped st eel t r ack, of web dept hs i ndi cat ed, unpunched, wi t h st r ai ght f l anges, and as f ol l ows:

( 1) Mi ni mum Base- Met al Thi ckness: Mat chi ng st eel st uds.

( 2) Fl ange Wi dt h: 1- 1/ 4 i nches.

e. Fl oor Tr uss Member s: Manuf act ur er ' s st andar d C- shaped st eel sect i ons, of web dept hs i ndi cat ed, unpunched, wi t h st i f f ened f l anges, and as follows:

( 1) Mi ni mum Base- Met al Thi ckness: As i ndi cat ed.

( 2) Fl ange Wi dt h: As i ndi cat ed, mi ni mum at t op and bot t om chor ds connect i ng t o sheat hi ng or di r ect l y f ast ened const r uct i on.

2. 1. 1 St uds and Joi st s of 54 mi l s ( 0. 054 I nch) and Heavi er

Gal vani zed st eel , ASTM A653/ A653M and ASTM A1003/ A1003M, SS Gr ade 50, G60.

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2. 1. 2 St uds and Joi st s of 43 mi l s ( 0. 043 I nch) and Li ght er

St uds and Joi st s of 43 mi l s ( 0. 043 I nch) and Li ght er , Tr ack, and Accessor i es ( Al l t hi cknesses) : Gal vani zed st eel , ASTM A653/ A653M and ASTM A1003/ A1003M, SS, Gr ade 33 33, 000 psi G60.

2. 1. 3 Si zes, Thi ckness, Sect i on Modul us, and Ot her St r uct ur al Pr oper t i es

Si ze and t hi ckness as i ndi cat ed and/ or as r equi r ed.

2. 2 MARKINGS

St uds and t r ack shal l have pr oduct mar ki ngs st amped on t he web of t he sect i on. The mar ki ngs shal l be r epeat ed t hr oughout t he l engt h of t he member at a maxi mum spaci ng of 4 f eet on cent er and shal l be l egi bl e and easi l y r ead. The pr oduct mar ki ng shal l i ncl ude t he f ol l owi ng:

a. An I CC number .

b. Manuf act ur er ' s i dent i f i cat i on.

c. Mi ni mum del i ver ed uncoat ed st eel t hi ckness.

d. Pr ot ect i ve coat i ng desi gnat or .

e. Mi ni mum yi el d st r engt h.

2. 3 CONNECTIONS

2. 3. 1 St eel - To- Concr et e Connect i ons

a. Post - I nst al l ed Concr et e Anchor s: Adhesi ve or expansi on anchor s f abr i cat ed f r om cor r osi on- r esi st ant mat er i al s wi t h al l owabl e l oad capaci t i es i n accor dance wi t h I CC- ES AC193 and ACI 318 gr eat er t han or equal t o t he desi gn l oad as det er mi ned by t est i ng per ASTM E488/ E488M conduct ed by a qual i f i ed t est i ng agency.

b. Power - Act uat ed Fast ener s: Fabr i cat ed f r om cor r osi on- r esi st ant mat er i al s wi t h al l owabl e l oad capaci t i es i n accor dance wi t h I CC- ES AC 70 gr eat er t han or equal t o t he desi gn l oad as det er mi ned by t est i ng per ASTM E1190 conduct ed by a qual i f i ed t est i ng agency

2. 3. 2 St eel - To- St eel Connect i ons

a. Scr ews: ASTM C1513, cor r osi on- r esi st ant - coat ed, sel f - dr i l l i ng, sel f - t appi ng st eel scr ews of t he t ype and si ze i ndi cat ed. Pr ovi de l ow- pr of i l e head beneat h sheat hi ng and manuf act ur er ' s st andar d el sewher e. El ect r opl at ed t o a mi ni mum of 5 mi cr on z i nc coat i ng per ASTM F1941 or hot - di pped gal vani zed per ASTM A123/ A123M or

ASTM A153/ A153M.

b. Bol t s: ASTM A307 coat ed by hot - di p pr ocess per ASTM F2329 or z i nc- coat ed by mechani cal - deposi t i on pr ocess per ASTM B695, Cl ass 55.

c. Wel di ng El ect r odes: Compl y wi t h AWS st andar ds.

2. 4 PLASTI C GROMMETS

Suppl y pl ast i c gr ommet s f or st ud webs as r ecommended by st ud manuf act ur er , SECTI ON 05 40 00 Page 6 t o pr ot ect el ect r i cal wi r es and pl umbi ng pi pi ng. Pr event met al - t o- met al cont act bet ween wi r i ng/ pi pi ng and st uds.

2. 5 SEALER GASKET

Cl osed- cel l neopr ene f oam, 1/ 4- i nch t hi ck, sel ect ed f r om manuf act ur er ' s st andar d wi dt hs t o mat ch wi dt h of bot t om t r ack on concr et e s l ab or foundation.

PART 3 EXECUTI ON

3. 1 FASTENING

Fast en f r ami ng member s t oget her by wel di ng or by usi ng sel f - dr i l l i ng, sel f - t appi ng scr ews. El ect r odes and scr ew connect i ons shal l be as r equi r ed and i ndi cat ed i n t he desi gn cal cul at i ons.

3. 1. 1 Welds

Al l wel di ng shal l be per f or med i n accor dance wi t h AWS D1. 3/ D1. 3M, as modi f i ed by AI SI S100. Al l wel der s, wel di ng oper at i ons, and wel di ng pr ocedur es shal l be qual i f i ed accor di ng t o AWS D1. 3/ D1. 3M. Submi t cer t i f i ed copi es of wel der qual i f i cat i ons t est r ecor ds showi ng qual i f i cat i on i n accor dance wi t h AWS D1. 3/ D1. 3M. Al l wel ds shal l be c l eaned and coat ed wi t h r ust i nhi bi t i ve gal vani z i ng pai nt . Do not f i el d wel d mat er i al s l i ght er t han 43 mi l s.

3. 1. 2 Screws

Scr ews shal l be of t he sel f - dr i l l i ng sel f - t appi ng t ype, s i ze, and l ocat i on as i ndi cat ed and/ or as r equi r ed. Scr ew penet r at i on t hr ough j oi ned mat er i al s shal l not be l ess t han t hr ee exposed t hr eads. Mi ni mum spaci ngs and edge di st ances f or scr ews shal l be as speci f i ed i n AI SI S100. Scr ews cover ed by sheat hi ng mat er i al s shal l have l ow pr of i l e heads.

3. 1. 3 Anchors

Anchor s shal l be of t he t ype, s i ze, and l ocat i on as i ndi cat ed and/ or as required.

3. 1. 4 Powder - Act uat ed Fast ener s

Powder - act uat ed f ast ener s shal l be of t he t ype, s i ze, and l ocat i on as indicated.

3. 2 INSTALLATION

I nst al l col d- f or med f r ami ng i n accor dance wi t h ASTM C1007 and AI SI S200.

I nst al l col d- f or med st eel f r ami ng accor di ng t o AI SI S202 and t o manuf act ur er ' s wr i t t en i nst r uct i ons unl ess mor e st r i ngent r equi r ement s ar e indicated.

3. 2. 1 Tracks

Pr ovi de accur at el y al i gned r unner s at t op and bot t om of st uds. I nst al l seal er gasket under bot t om of t r ack on concr et e s l ab or f oundat i on. Anchor t r acks as i ndi cat ed i n desi gn cal cul at i ons. But t wel d j oi nt s i n t r acks or spl i ce wi t h st ud i nser t s. Fast ener s shal l be at l east 3 i nches f r om t he

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3. 2. 2 Studs

Cut st uds squar e and set wi t h f i r m bear i ng agai nst webs of t op and bot t om t r acks. Posi t i on st uds ver t i cal l y i n t r acks and space as i ndi cat ed i n desi gn. Do not spl i ce st uds. Pr ovi de at l east t wo st uds at j ambs of door s and ot her openi ngs 2 f eet wi de or l ar ger . Pr ovi de j ack st uds over openi ngs, as necessar y, t o mai nt ai n i ndi cat ed st ud spaci ng. Pr ovi de t r i pl ed st uds at cor ner s, posi t i oned t o r ecei ve i nt er i or and ext er i or f i ni shes. Fast en st uds t o t op and bot t om t r acks by wel di ng or scr ewi ng bot h f l anges t o t he t r acks. Fr amed wal l openi ngs shal l i ncl ude header s and suppor t i ng component s as shown on t he dr awi ngs. Header s shal l be i nst al l ed i n al l openi ngs t hat ar e l ar ger t han t he st ud spaci ng i n a wal l . I n cur t ai n wal l const r uct i on, pr ovi de f or ver t i cal movement wher e st uds connect t o t he st r uct ur al f r ame. Pr ovi de hor i zont al br aci ng i n accor dance wi t h t he desi gn cal cul at i ons and AI SI S100. Br aci ng shal l be not l ess t han t he f ol l owi ng:

LOAD HEIGHT BRACING

Wi nd l oad onl y Up t o 10 f eet One r ow at mi d- hei ght

Over 10 f eet Rows 5' - 0" o. c. maxi mum

Axi al l oad Up t o 10 f eet Two r ows at 1/ 3 poi nt s

Over 10 f eet Rows 3' - 4" o. c. maxi mum

3. 2. 3 Joists

a. Pr ovi de a st ud di r ect l y under each j oi st . The maxi mum spaci ng of st uds as i ndi cat ed shal l be mai nt ai ned.

b. I nst al l , br i dge, and br ace col d- f or med st eel j oi st s accor di ng t o AI SI S200, AI SI S214, AI SI ' s " Code of St andar d Pr act i ce f or Col d- For med St eel St r uct ur al Fr ami ng, " and manuf act ur er ' s wr i t t en i nst r uct i ons unl ess mor e st r i ngent r equi r ement s ar e i ndi cat ed.

c. I nst al l t empor ar y br aci ng and suppor t s. Mai nt ai n br aces and suppor t s i n pl ace, undi st ur bed, unt i l ent i r e i nt egr at ed suppor t i ng st r uct ur e has been compl et ed and per manent connect i ons t o f r ami ng ar e secur ed.

d. Do not al t er , cut , or r emove f r ami ng member s or connect i ons of j oi st s.

3. 2. 4 Er ect i on Tol er ances

a. Fr ami ng member s whi ch wi l l be cover ed by f i ni shes such as wal l boar d, pl ast er , or cer ami c t i l e set i n a mor t ar set t i ng bed, shal l be wi t hi n t he f ol l owi ng l i mi t s:

( 1) Layout of wal l s and par t i t i ons: 1/ 4 i nch f r om i nt ended position;

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( 2) Pl at es and r unner s: 1/ 4 i nch i n 8 f eet f r om a st r ai ght l i ne;

( 3) St uds: 1/ 4 i nch i n 8 f eet out of pl umb, not cumul at i ve; and

( 4) Face of f r ami ng member s: 1/ 4 i nch i n 8 f eet f r om a t r ue plane.

b. Fr ami ng member s whi ch wi l l be cover ed by cer ami c t i l e set i n dr y- set mor t ar , l at ex- por t l and cement mor t ar , or or gani c adhesi ve shal l be wi t hi n t he f ol l owi ng l i mi t s:

( 1) Layout of wal l s and par t i t i ons: 1/ 4 i nch f r om i nt ended position;

( 2) Pl at es and r unner s: 1/ 8 i nch i n 8 f eet f r om a st r ai ght l i ne;

( 3) St uds: 1/ 8 i nch i n 8 f eet out of pl umb, not cumul at i ve; and

( 4) Face of f r ami ng member s: 1/ 8 i nch i n 8 f eet f r om a t r ue plane.

- - End of Sect i on - -

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