Exhibit 1_National Mounted Warrior Museum Exhibit Plan.pdf

NATIONAL MOUNTED WARRIOR MUSEUM

EXHIBIT PLAN

5 JANUARY 2020

OUTDOORS:

Artifact caption for CCN 446192: 32’ length x 12’ width x 8’ height; Weight (132,000lbs.)

M1 Abrams Tank The M1 Abrams Main Battle Tank (MBT) is a fully tracked, low silhouette, land combat assault weapons system. It is named for Gen. Creighton Abrams, whom Gen. George Patton called “the best tank commander in the Army” during World War II.

Designed to outfight Soviet tanks, Abrams tanks did just that in the Gulf War, knocking out 160 of Iraq’s Russian-built tanks without the loss of a single Abrams. The impact of the Abrams’ main projectile equals that of an eleven-ton truck hitting a square inch target at 70 miles-per-hour.

Offering unprecedented protection to its crew, the XM1 prototype was produced in 1978 and tested by the Ordnance Corps. M1 production began in 1980. The modified M1A1 appeared in 1985 and the M1A2 in 1986. The tank’s 105-mm. gun became a 120-mm.

smoothbore in the M1A1 and later versions, capable of engaging enemies at 4,000

S@C/78!B'!@/?@'G&/!=.C&LG;')C;%!7S7)&D!@<);D@).G@%%S!@/E<7)7!@.D!);!@GG;<')!=;C!@!

?@C.&)S!;=!=@G);C78!

./0123"34+/5!"#$!%$&'()$*!+',,!)$$%!-.!%.!&./$!(*01#'2!+.*3!

-.!$)#0)2$!-#$!-$2#)'20,!%*0+')(&!4$,.+5!

M)6(%&%('$%*+:3!

UC&-X! ! ! !!! W!3G;DD@'/&C4!(<''&C4!%;@/&C4!/C.?&C9!

2&.(*)X ,#54555Y,WW4555!N;<'/7!

Z&'()*X! ! ! !!!!! "#!=&&)!

2./)*X!! ! ! !!!!! ,#!=&&)!!

[&.(*)X!! ! ! !!!!! 0!=&&)!

\C.D@CS!BCD@D&')X!!!!!! ! R,X!,5VLDD8!C.=%&/!6;C&!(<'!

! !! ! R,B,]R,B#X!,#5LDD8!7D;;)*!6;C&!(<'!

>&G;'/@CS!BCD@D&')X!! ! R#!8V5!G@%.6&C!D@G*.'&!(<'!

! !!! ! R#W5!O8H#LDD8!D@G*.'&!(<'!

NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN!

))))(*+$!!%&'(%!#"+$,(-./012(&3(4567899/(:;<(

4=9>(?/122(&3(876(@=A9;B6B(@=(<C6(6DC@:@<(B6E@F=G(

DONATION

BOX!

DONATION

DONATION

BOX!

SECTION 1.0:

Clockwise from top right: Donation box, Gift shop kiosk, donor recognition wall, donor recognition wall, reception desk.

DESIGN NOTE: Need kiosk for Oral History videos gathered by Mounted Warrior Foundation (some on website already). Editable for additional videos added as they are gathered.

Section 1.1: (Section title)

SEVEN PRINCIPLES OF MOUNTED WARFARE

DESIGN NOTE: The Rotunda holds sections 1.0 through 1.11.

There are three major exhibit elements in the rotunda. Section 1 is an introductory text panel. Section 1.1 is a title reading “Principles of Mounted Warfare.” Sections 1.2-1.7 are text panels that each define one characteristic of mounted warfare accompanied by a graphic. These should be prominently placed so as to be read before the visitor exits the rotunda and enters the gallery. The question is, should they also be read before the visitor encounters the second major element in the rotunda?

Desirable, but not imperative.

The second major element is a circular or oval platform, several inches off the floor, simulating grassy and earthen terrain. On it will be three displays, facing in different directions. Section 1.8 is a full-size reproduction horse with a mounted “Buffalo Soldier” in

c. 1876 uniform. Section 1.9 is a World War I FT-17 tank with one uniformed enlisted Soldier mannequin sitting in the driver’s hatch or on the turret. Section 1.11 is single Soldier wearing Army

Combat Uniform/OCP Scorpion Pattern in full battle gear launching a Raven handheld drone.

The third element relates closely to the second, being a small scout helicopter (1.10), but it is not on the platform but hanging from the ceiling, either over or adjacent to the oval or circular platform. It has one pilot mannequin.

SECTION 1:

The National Mounted Warrior Museum

Welcome to an overview of mounted warfare in U.S. military history

For thousands of years, soldiers took advantage of the speed and agility of the horse in warfare. In the United States, by 1941, horses were giving way to motorized vehicles, although horses remained in use throughout World War II, though not in combat.

Despite the change, the principles of mounted warfare endured—especially a focus on lightning quickness. Today’s mounted units ride into battle in advanced tanks and infantry fighting vehicles, self-propelled artillery, and helicopters, seeing the enemy using sophisticated automated intelligence systems, with advanced communications for command and control. Speed, agility, technology, and adaptability remain the constants of mounted warfare.

Mounted warfare is not limited to cavalry units, but this museum mostly tells the story through the experiences of two mounted units headquartered at Fort Hood—the 3d Cavalry Regiment and the 1st Cavalry Division, and the overseas deployments of III Corps, also headquartered here. Besides giving an overview of mounted warfare, this museum serves as the unit history museum for the 3d Cavalry Regiment and for the 1st Cavalry Division.

Upload map of Army Museum Enterprise sites (wait for latest map before the opening)

The U.S. Army Museum Enterprise operates dozens of museums across the country.

Many of them cover aspects of mounted warfare.

Section 1.1 (Title):

PRINCIPLES OF MOUNTED WARFARE

DESIGN NOTE: Each of the seven principles of mounted warfare has (1) a name (2) a definition (3) a supporting graphic illustration, and (4) a caption describing the illustration.

Section 1.2:

Mobility (Tactical): The ability of friendly forces to move and maneuver freely on the battlefield relative to the enemy. Army Doctrinal Publication 3.90 (2019)

Graphic caption: (order image from Ft. Sill)

Field Artillery on the Move is reproduced from an original oil on canvas painting by Michael Whelan, 1916. Fort Sill National Historical Landmark and Museum

Section 1.3:

Firepower: Fires is the related tasks and systems that provide collective and coordinated use of Army indirect fires, air and missile defense, and joint fires through the targeting process.

(FIELD MANUAL M 3-09: Field Artillery Operations and Fire Support Headquarters, 2014)

Graphic caption: (CMH Image)

The Cavalry Advances, a scene from Operation DESERT STORM, is reproduced from an original watercolor on paper painting by Capt. Mario H. Acevedo. It shows the effects of integrated firepower in 1991. U.S. Army Center of Military History

Section 1.4:

Flexibility: The employment of a versatile mix of capabilities, formations, and equipment for conducting operations. Army Doctrinal Publication 3.90 (2019)

Graphic caption: (CMH image)

Night Attack, Persian Gulf, reproduced from an original watercolor on paper painting by Capt. Mario Acevedo in 1991, demonstrates the U.S. ability in the Gulf War to fight by day or night. U.S. Army Center of Military History Section 1.5:

Shock: The application of combat power to paralyze enemies and disrupt their capacity to plan and execute timely responses to changes in tactical and operational environments

Desert Storm, Iraq, is reproduced from an original oil on canvas painting by Lt. Col.

Frank Thomas, 1991. The artist wrote, “Our youthful soldiers, their very lives at stake, show how the indomitable American fighting spirit and the hard training had forged the world’s most high tech armored force into a powerful DESERT STORM.” U.S. Army Center of Military History Section 1.6:

Communication: The ability to sustain command and control processes through the transmission, receipt, and sharing of information via multiple media

Radio Man, Italy, World War II, ts repoduced from an original gouache on paper painting by Tech. Sgt. Ludwig Mactarian, 1945. U.S. Army Center of Military History Section 1.7:

Sustainment: The provision of logistics, financial management, personnel services, and health care support necessary to maintain operations until successful mission completion. Army Doctrinal Publication 4.0 (2019)

Graphic caption:

Saigon Docks is reproduced from an original oil on canvas painting by William Linzee Prescott, 1967. U.S. Army Center of Military History

Section 1.8:

DIORAMA: A reproduction horse with a mounted, mannequin Buffalo Soldier uniformed c. 1876. Image below is for reference only.

Diorama caption:

The “Buffalo Soldier”

The first era in mounted warfare—the warrior on horseback— lasted for thousands of years.

During the American Civil War, African Americans were allowed to join units called United States Colored Troops. After the war, Congress created six African American regiments, later reduced to four, with white officers. The African American Soldiers of the 9th and 10th Cavalry, and the 24th and 25th Infantry, were very active in the American West. Their nickname, “Buffalo Soldiers,” continued in use until the racial integration of the Army after 1948. The 9th Cavalry continues its service today with the 1st Cavalry Division.

Section 1.9:

DIORAMA: One Soldier wearing WWI enlisted uniform sitting in the drivers hatch or on the turret.

Diorama caption (CCN 77210): 16’ 5” length x 5’ 9” width x 7’ 6” height; Weight (14,800 lbs.)

Renault FT Tank

This World War I tank symbolizes the conversion of mounted warfare to tracked and wheeled motor vehicles in the 1900s.

To overcome enemy trenches in World War I, the British first developed the tank, so-called because early ones were disguised as water storage tanks. They provided mobility and protected firepower to neutralize enemy resistance without the attackers suffering catastrophic losses to enemy fire.

The U.S. did not have tanks when it entered World War I in 1917. This French Renault FT-17 was sent to the United States as the first research and development (R&D) vehicle in the history of U.S. armored warfare, to help accelerate American tank production. This is a hybrid—the hull is from a combat FT-17 used by the United States Tank Corps in France, fitted with a U.S. M1917 turret. It is missing a gun.

After 1918, the rapid downsizing of the U.S. tank force and some twenty years of debate marked the slow progress made toward a truly mechanized army.

DESIGN NOTE: Designer will perform some graphic work to enhance the technical drawings below:

Specifications Crew: 2 (commander, driver) Weight: 14,800 pounds Length: 16 feet 5 inches Width: 5 feet 9 inches Height: 7 feet 6 inches Primary Armament: 37-mm. cannon Secondary Armament: 8-mm. Hotchkiss machine gun

SECTION 1.10:

DIORAMA: Helicopter suspended from ceiling above. One pilot mannequin and one CE (door gunner/observer) mannequin.

Uniforms: Flight suits worn in Vietnam in1970-72; painted helmets, body armor vests. Gear: CE: Machine Gun; Frag grenades; Incendiary grenades; White Phosphorus; Crew did NOT carry a map; M-16 or CAR-15 and smoke grenades. Image immediately below is for reference only.

Diorama caption: (CCN 449545): 30’ 4” length x 26’ 4” width x 8’ 2” height; Weight (1,229 lbs.)

OH-6 Cayuse Helicopter

The helicopter transformed mobility in mounted warfare. Reconnaissance has been a primary duty of cavalry units. Most early helicopters and later, smaller ones like this OH-6A Cayuse Light Observation Helicopter, were principally used as scout vehicles.

In the early 1940s, Igor Sikorsky perfected the single rotor helicopter concept and built a practical design for the United States military. His primary target was the Navy and Coast Guard, for vertical rescue of personnel on sinking ships. The potential of rescuing personnel downed in ground combat attracted the Army’s attention and a few helicopters were used in the Pacific and China-India-Burma Theater. By the Korean War, medical evacuations were frequent—think of the television show M*A*S*H.

With the advent of the turbine engine, and large helicopters such as the Huey and Chinook, the doctrine of “Air Mobility” emerged. A battlefield commander could move an entire force and its equipment by helicopter and dictate the terms of battle. Today’s Army doctrine incorporates “Air Assault” tactics.

DESIGN NOTE: Designer will perform some graphic work to enhance the technical drawings below:

Specifications:

Crew: 2 (pilot, copilot); 2-4 passengers Empty weight: 1,229 pounds Length: 30 feet 4 inches with rotor Width/Rotor diameter: 6 feet 3 inch Fuselage; 26 feet 4 inch Rotor Height: 8 feet 2 inches Primary Armament: 7.62-mm. machine gun

SECTION 1.11:

DIORAMA of a Soldier wearing Army Combat Uniform/OCP Scorpion Pattern in full battle gear launching a Raven handheld drone. Image below is for reference https://www.dvidshub.net/image/183369/us-soldiers-secure-area-while-iraqi-soldiers-search

RQ-11B Raven Throughout history, the mounted warrior has ridden on or in a platform—be it be a horse, tank, other armored vehicle, or helicopter. But, in this scene, are things reversed so that the human is the platform?

The RQ-11B Raven is a hand-launched Small Unmanned Aircraft System (SUAS) that provides reconnaissance, surveillance, target acquisition and force protection during both day and night operations. Aircraft flight modes include fully autonomous navigation, altitude hold, loiter and return home capabilities. The SUAS is operated by two Soldiers and has a rucksack-portable design. No specific military occupational specialty is required and operator training only requires about 10 days.

Specifications:

Crew: 2 Operators Weight: 4.2 pounds Length: 3 feet Width/Wingspan: 4 feet 6 inches

EXIT ROTUNDA>>>ENTER GALLERIES (12,424

SF)

SECTION 2.0 (Title):

U.S. MOUNTED WARFARE TO 1941

Section 2.1:

THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR

Why we fought: To share the cost of maintaining troops in America to keep peace with Native Americans, Great Britain’s Parliament levied taxes on the American colonies.

The colonists argued that only their colonial assembles could tax them—giving rise to the slogan “No taxation without representation.”

British retaliation for the Boston Tea Party sparked revolution. Hostilities began in 1775.

The Continental Congress established an army that, with men and money from Britain’s traditional enemy, France, secured America’s independence after eight years of war.

Mounted Warfare: Mounted units, expensive to maintain, played a supplementary role to infantry formations, but the Continental Congress authorized dragoon regiments in December 1776. They relied upon the horse for mobility but could fight mounted or dismounted. Dragoons performed reconnaissance, security, and raids. Their outstanding combat operations included the Battles of Cowpens and Guildford Courthouse in the Carolinas. Mounted militia units reinforced the dragoons on the battlefield, attacking British outposts and suppressing Loyalists supporting the Crown.

In The Battle of Cowpens a detachment of the 1st and 3d Continental Light Dragoons under command of Lt. Col. William Washington remained on horseback to clash with the British 17th Light Dragoons under Lt. Col. Banastre Tarleton in a notable American victory on 17 January 1781. Reproduced from an oil on canvas painting courtesy of the artist, Don Troiani.

Lee’s Legion at Guilford Court House [North Carolina, 15 March 1781], reproduced from an original pastel by Alonzo Chappel, shows mounted and dismounted dragoons of “Lighthorse Harry” Lee’s Legion. The carbine and pistol were a dragoon’s firepower, the horse his mobility, and the saber his shock weapon. The bugler provided communication in proximity to the enemy.

A shortage of firearms, particularly carbines, limited the dragoons’ ability to fight dismounted, so Congress reorganized the dragoons into legions in 1780. These combined arms formations included both mounted dragoons and dismounted Soldiers equipped as light infantry. Virginia Museum of History and Culture, Richmond

Graphic caption for CCN 872906, 872907; Weight 2.5 lbs.; Overall Length 38 in. with 32 in. blade.

The dragoon sword could be a devastating and psychologically intimidating shock weapon when employed in a mounted charge. Jeremiah Snow, Sr., of Springfield, Connecticut, made this Continental Army example with its scabbard. U.S. Army Center of Military History

Interactive: Weighted handle to simulate the weight of a Dragoon and/or Cavalry saber and offer insight into what it was like to control a horse while also wielding the weapon.

Not a full reproduction, but a simple handle that may look like a saber grip with guard, which can be pulled up as if picking up and holding out a saber and offering resistance to simulate weight.

Section 2.2 DELETED

Section 2.3:

THE WAR OF 1812

Why we fought: The United States declared war on Great Britain in June 1812, largely because it interfered with American trade with Napoleonic Europe. The United States also hoped to seize British Canada, either as a conquest or bargaining chip. Much of the military action occurred along the United States-Canada border, although British raids also occurred along the United States coastline. Both sides ended the war in December 1814 without making concessions about the issues that started the conflict.

Mounted Warfare: Because the care and feeding of horses was expensive, the U.S.

Army relied on volunteer state mounted regiments to provide tactical mobility during contingencies. In nearly every war before World War I, volunteer cavalry outnumbered the U.S. professional mounted force. As the war of 1812 began, United States mounted forces numbered only 800 troopers and cavalry actions were rare.

In autumn 1813, Col. Richard Johnson’s militia regiment of Mounted Kentucky Rifles routed the British 45th Regiment of Foot at the Battle of the Thames in Canada.

Reproduced from an oil on canvas painting courtesy of the artist, Don Troiani

Artifact caption for CCN 882680; 22” high; 10” deep x 8 ¼” wide.

The imposing height of this U.S. Army light dragoon helmet, used in the War of 1812, made the wearer seem larger in a mounted charge and may have been intended to have a demoralizing or shock effect on the enemy. Such “pattern caps” were made under contract by Henry Cressman of Philadelphia, a maker of hats and accouterments.

The metal banding around the thick leather helmet protected against saber blows. U.S.

Army Center of Military History

Section 2.4

THE WESTWARD MOVEMENT

Congress disbanded the cavalry after the War of 1812, but only a mounted force could cover a nation that tripled in size with acquisition of the Louisiana Purchase (1803), Florida (1819), Texas (1845), and Oregon (1846).

Congress created a Regiment of Dragoons to replace a poorly disciplined Battalion of Mounted Rangers. Their effectiveness in the Seminole War in Florida prompted creation of a second regiment.

In 1846, the Army created a different type of mounted unit—the Regiment of Mounted Riflemen, to safeguard the Oregon Trail. It merged the mobility of the dragoon with the infantryman’s firepower by equipping it with rifles rather than muskets.

Graphic caption for 1907 map; Available in color or black and white pdf at https://etc.usf.edu/maps/pages/2800/2807/2807.htm Maps ETC License Maps ETC is copyright © 2007-2012 by the University of South Florida.

DIORAMA: A Mounted Rifleman mannequin with reproduction uniform, reproduction Model 1841 U.S. “Mississippi” rifle, and reproduction Model 1840 heavy cavalry saber, ideally on a base providing a 360 degree view of the rider.

The image below is for reference only:

The Mounted Rifleman provided the mobility of the cavalry and the accurate firepower of the infantry.

The horse gave mobility. The Grimsley saddle provided comfort for long periods on horseback. The saddle bags provided sustainment. The Mounted Rifleman uniform was similar to that of dragoons, except for the trousers being dark rather than light blue.

His firepower consisted of a Model 1841 “Mississippi Rifle” that provided long range accuracy. He was issued a Model 1836 pistol with flintlock firing mechanism, replaced in 1847 by the Whitneyville-Walker Colt revolver. The Model 1840 Heavy Dragoon Saber, nicknamed “Old Wristbreaker” because of it weighed two and one-half pounds, was for shock action.

Section 2.5A:

THE MEXICAN WAR

Why we fought: Admitting Texas to the U.S. as a state in 1845 triggered conflict with Mexico, which never recognized Texas’ independence from Mexico in 1836. Diplomatic efforts failed to resolve issues with the new state’s disputed southern border. U.S.

President James K. Polk’s determination to expand the United States to the Pacific Ocean at Mexico’s expense brought the two countries to war.

Mounted Warfare: Gen. Zachary Taylor invaded northern Mexico in 1846. Gen.

Winfield Scott landed at Vera Cruz in 1847 with a column that advanced toward and captured Mexico City. Volunteer cavalry—the Texas Mounted Rifles—performed the light cavalry work—reconnaissance and security—for both generals. Dragoons mainly played a supporting role in the major battles, except at Rescaca de la Palma, where one squadron executed a mounted charge that helped to break Mexican resistance. The Regiment of Mounted Riflemen mostly fought dismounted.

Graphic caption: CMH has 1 MB file; from American Military History (CMH, 1989)

The two Regular Army dragoon regiments participated in the principal campaigns in Mexico, New Mexico, and California. In Mexico, the Regiment of Mounted Riflemen fought dismounted at Cerro Gordo, Contreras, Churubusco, and on 13 September 1847 participated in the assault on the fortress of Chapultepec. This led to the capture of Mexico City, virtually ending the war. U.S. Army Center of Military History

Graphic caption: (order rights@cartermuseum.org)

Mounted troops, probably Col. John Francis Hamtramck’s 1st Virginia Volunteers, enter Saltillo, Mexico, near the Buena Vista battlefield. The Virginia Volunteers are an example of auxiliaries providing a critically needed mobile adjunct to the infantry, artillery, and engineer focused U.S. Army of the early to mid-1800s. Amon Carter Museum, Ft. Worth, Texas

Graphic caption (Ft. Hood image):

Persifor Frazer Smith (1798–1858) was the first commander of the Regiment of Mounted Riflemen under Gen. Winfield Scott. Before taking command of the Mounted Rifles, he was brevetted to brigadier general for his gallant actions in the Battle of Monterrey under Gen. Zachary Taylor, and again brevetted to major general following Contreras, Churubusco, and the capture of Mexico City. Smith became military governor of Mexico City and oversaw the evacuation of U.S. forces.

Battle of Chapultepec, 1847, reproduced from an original oil on canvas painting by eyewitness James Walker in 1848. U.S. Army Center of Military History

The day after capturing Chapultepec Castle, opening the road into Mexico City, two Soldiers of the Regiment of Mounted Riflemen raised the United States flag over the Mexican National Palace while Captain Porter of Company F unfurled the regimental standard from the balcony. The units’ tactical flexibility, reliant upon their horses for mobility, but fighting as dismounted infantry, helped them to execute a difficult assault upon a fortified complex.

Framed graphic caption for (The case is 52" x 50" x 1 ½ “)

The Regiment of Mounted Riflemen presented its unit flag to Gen. Winfield Scott, who gave it to the State Department, which gave it to Congress, which lost it. Ladies of Col.

Smith’s hometown raised $225—a considerable sum in those days—to make another.

This is a reproduction of that fragile replacement.

2.5B:

Interactive to be produced by fabricator. Push button narrated quotation:

VOICE ONE: “As recounted by Private Sam McCurdy of Company D, Regiment of Mounted Riflemen, after the Battle of Contreras General Winfield Scott addressed the unit in these words”:

VOICE TWO (Stentorian):

“Brave Rifles, Veterans – you have been baptized in fire and blood and come out steel. Where bloody work was to be done, “the Rifles” was the cry, and there they were. All speak of them in terms of praise and admiration. What can I say? What shall I say? Language cannot express my feelings of gratitude for your gallant conduct in the terrible conflict of yesterday and this morning. But, my brave boys, in the course of one hour more you will be engaged in a more sanguinary engagement than the one you have just passed through, and I hope and trust that you will take the same noble stand you did yesterday and this morning. And now, men of the Rifle Regiment, you may rest assured that a grateful country will reward you for your gallant deeds through this campaign. Goodbye for the present, and God bless you all.”

VOICE ONE: The words “Brave Rifles” are incorporated in the 3d Cavalry insignia because the present unit traces its lineage to the Regiment of Mounted Rifles.

DESIGN NOTE: Image below goes with the media element

General Winfield Scott at Contreras, depicted in the painting Brave Rifles-Veterans, by Don Prechtel. In contrast to the slovenly Zachary Taylor, Scott always appeared in full uniform, was seen by many as pompous, and was nicknamed “Old Fuss and Feathers.”

He also was prone to Napoleonic style addresses to the troops. These factors may have led to his defeat as the Whig candidate for president in 1852, but he was nonetheless the most distinguished American commander between George Washington and Ulysses Grant. Courtesy of the artist.

Section 2.5C:

FIREPOWER UPDATE!

Artifact caption for CCN 613603: Length 48.5 in. Weight 9 lbs. 4 oz.

The Model 1841 Percussion Rifle, often called the Mississippi Rifle, was the rifle of the Regiment of Mounted Riflemen in the Mexican War. Capable of firing three rounds per minute, it also saw use by some other units and continued in service into the Civil War.

Artifact caption for CCN 193337. Weight 4 lbs., 9 oz.; Length 15.5 in.

The revolver was an American invention. The Model 1847 “Walker Colt” Revolver, the first successful American military repeating pistol, was designed by Samuel H. Walker (commander of Company C) and Samuel Colt. One thousand such revolvers were produced for the Regiment of Mounted Riflemen, but very few were issued during the Mexican War. This pistol is a reissue by Colt in 1981.

Artifact caption for CCNs: 193786/193320. Weight 2.5 lbs.; Length 42 in.

The Model 1840 Heavy Cavalry Saber (shown here with scabbard), dubbed “The Old Wristbreaker” by cavalry troopers, was used extensively in the Mexican War, including by the Mounted Riflemen. A shock weapon in cavalry charges, it began to be replaced by the Model 1860 Light Cavalry Saber during the Civil War but was occasionally used in later frontier campaigns.

Section 2.6:

The American Horse

Prehistoric horses died out in North America and there were no more until the Spanish brought some over when they conquered Mexico in 1521. Native American life was transformed by them.

Other Spaniards brought horses into Florida in the 1500s; the English brought them to Virginia about 1619; and the French introduced them into Canada, also in the 1600s. By 1750 horses were found in most parts of the continent. Horse populations then increased naturally and many became wild. The acquisition of horses transformed Native American buffalo hunting and, especially, warfare. Guns, acquired through trade or raiding, did likewise.

A Conquistador, by Frederic Remington, Getty Images

DESIGN NOTE: Interactive involving correctly matching names with images of horse equipment—saddle, bridle, harness, spurs &c.

SECTION 2.7:

THE MOUNTED RIFLEMEN AND NATIVE AMERICANS

Why we fought: After the Mexican War, mounted regiments provided security for the newly acquired territories and the new waves of settlers heading west, particularly during the California Gold Rush of 1849. In 1855, two new cavalry regiments were created, distinctive in organization from the dragoons and mounted riflemen.

Mounted Warfare: The small regular army struggled to protect settlers across the vast plains. The three mounted regiments’ quick mobility proved invaluable, usually bringing enough firepower to end engagements quickly. Small troops and squadrons built a legacy of independent operations that remains a trait of mounted forces.

The Mounted Riflemen established military posts along the Oregon Trail. The main body arrived in Oregon City in November 1849 and protected settlers there for two years. In June 1856 the Mounted Riflemen were ordered to Texas where they conducted operations against the Apache, Kiowa, Navaho, Comanche and Ute peoples.

Comparative Visualization Projection of the Distances Covered by Mounted Riflemen

The Mobility of the Mounted

Riflemen

Killeen to Austin Texas

Jefferson Barracks to Oregon

Jefferson Barracks, MS to Central Texas

N. Texas Border to Mexico

Washington D.C. to Portland, Oregon (context)

Central Texas to New Mexico Border

Via visitor activated push button (wall/ digital table) or motion sensor (floor) the “Trails” would complete themselves from one point to another with dotted lines as often seen to denote traveling across a map.

The background being a subdued image of the continental United States. Environmental stimulus such as the sound of horse hooves on grass, rider commands (to horse), the sound of wind, crickets etc. To simulate cross country travel on horseback in the wilderness. Map could be the same as the map graphic already in place for section 2.4: Western Movement or following section 2.7: Mounted Riflemen & Native Americans.

DESIGN NOTE: An original uniform on loan for a fixed period from the Arizona Historical Society. A reproduction exists for rotation.

Artifact caption for loan from the Arizona Historical Society. Weight ___ lbs., __ oz.; Length ___ inches. Displayed on a conservation form. Subject to rotation.

This is an original Mounted Rifleman’s uniform, c. 1855. The rifleman’s company letter was worn on the hat with the stamped brass trumpet and green hat cord. The 1854 Pattern Jacket was shared by all mounted men, with the color of the trim identifying the branch of service.

Artifact caption for CCN 193637: Weight 10 lbs.; Length 24 x 30 x 3 inch frame

Guidons served to identify the unit, served as a rally point, and by indicating the unit’s location, facilitated communication. Company D of the Mounted Riflemen carried this guidon in the 1850s. Green was the color of the Mounted Riflemen branch of service.

Artifact caption for CCN 467187; Weight 1 oz.; Length 1 ½“ x 2 ¾ “ :

Between 1833 and 1861 the Army fielded three different types of mounted units:

dragoons, mounted riflemen, and cavalry. Each was considered as a separate branch of the service, reflected in distinctive uniforms. This is a Pattern 1858 trooper’s hat badge for a Mounted Riflemen.

Artifact caption for CCN 611646; Weight 3 oz.; Length 2 x 3 inches

This is a Mounted Riflemen officer’s branch of service insignia, Pattern 1850, worn as a hat badge. The use of the vertical trumpet on today’s 3d Cavalry regimental distinctive unit and shoulder sleeve insignia links the modern Soldier and the Regiment of Mounted Riflemen.

Artifact caption for CCN 193783; Weight 1 lb., 12 oz.; Length 18 inches

This is one of 1,000 knives made exclusively for the Regiment of Mounted Riflemen in 1849 by the Ames Manufacturing Company of Chicopee, Massachusetts, at a cost of $4 each. It was the first knife issued to the U.S. Army and the only one until adoption of the Model 1880 Hunting Knife.

Artifact caption for CCN 193297; Weight 1 lb., Length 10 inches in diameter

This broken pewter plate from the mid–1850s was found at the site of Fort Craig, New Mexico. It is marked “Co. C RMR” (see arrow) about one inch from the edge near the top of the left half, which denotes Company C, Regiment of Mounted Riflemen.

Artifact caption for CCN 193832; Weight 7 lbs., 4 oz.; Length 37.5 inches

The Model 1852 .52 caliber single-shot percussion Sharps Carbine replaced the Model 1841 “Mississippi” rifle because its short barrel was easier to use on horseback. Loaded from the breech rather than from the muzzle, it also allowed the trooper to increase his rate of fire from three to about seven rounds per minute. Weighing about seven pounds, the carbines were issued to the regiment in test quantities as early as 1853. The Sharp’s Carbine provided increased firepower against Native Americans who could only acquire equivalents by trade or capture in battle.

Artifact caption for CCN 467201; Weight 1 oz.; Length 1 inch diameter

This Mounted Riflemen’s button, Pattern 1855, has “R” on the breast of the eagle, indicating that the wearer was a trooper of the Regiment of Mounted Riflemen. Buttons with the branch of service initial were worn from 1833 until discontinued at the beginning of the Civil War.

Graphic caption for (no CCN); Weight 2 oz; Length 3.5 inch x 4.5 inch. oval. Not framed.

This is a reproduction of a daguerreotype of Washington Lafayette Elliot, eighth colonel of the 3d Cavalry Regiment, believed to have been taken c. 1856, when he was the Mounted Riflemen’s regimental quartermaster.

Section 2.8A

THE CIVIL WAR

Why we fought: After decades of sectional tensions over the issue of slavery, Abraham Lincoln election in 1860, on a platform of banning slavery in the territories acquired from Mexico, led seven southern states to secede. After an attack on Fort Sumter, South

Carolina, Lincoln called for volunteers to suppress the rebellion, causing four more states to secede. Civil war raged from April 1861 until April 1865. It ended in national reunification and, soon afterward, the total abolition of slavery.

Mounted Warfare: Over one million square miles of battlefield space demanded mounted units. U.S. Cavalry reconnaissance and courier duties expanded to include security, screen, guard, raid, and seizure of critical objectives. The scope of cavalry operations grew from regiments and divisions to entire mounted corps. The organizational evolution of the Army of the Potomac’s Corps of Cavalry set the precedent for the current 1st Cavalry Division and III Corps at Fort Hood.

Cavalry relied upon the horse for mobility but often fought dismounted, exemplified by Brig. Gen. John Buford’s cavalry division at the Battle of Gettysburg. Mounted charges against formed infantry armed with rifled muskets were ineffective but could still generate shock among unprepared targets or from unexpected directions.

Graphic caption:

Charge of the 8th Pennsylvania at the Battle of Chancellorsville. Reproduced from an original oil on canvas painting courtesy of the artist, Don Troiani

Graphic caption: Civil War Treasures from the New-York Historical Society, [Digital ID, New-York Historical Society, [Digital ID, nhnycw/ac ac03129];

http://memory.loc.gov.ammem.ndipcoop/nhihtml/cwnyhshome.html

The addition of state forces to the U.S. Cavalry helped to tip the balance of cavalry power during the Civil War. The recruiting poster provides a romantic notion of the cavalry trooper’s role, in stark contrast to the reality of one’s actual duties in the field, and the growing emphasis on fighting dismounted. New-York Historical Society

Section 2.8B:

THE CIVIL WAR:

THE MOUNTED RIFLES BECOME THE 3D CAVALRY

In August 1861 the Army re-designated all of its mounted units as cavalry. At the beginning of the Civil War, the mounted branch of the Army consisted of the 1st and 2d Regiments of Dragoons, the Regiment of Mounted Riflemen, the 1st and 2d Cavalry, and the newly organized 3d Cavalry. The word “Regiment” was not part of the official name for the newer organizations because, at that time, the regiment was the basic echelon of Army organization. Units were presumed to be regiments unless otherwise stated. The chart shows the reorganization of the mounted units.

Original Designation New Designation

1st Regiment of Dragoons 1st Cavalry

2d Regiment of Dragoons 2d Cavalry

Regiment of Mounted Riflemen 3d Cavalry

1st Cavalry 4th Cavalry

2d Cavalry 5th Cavalry

3d Cavalry 6th Cavalry

Section 2.8C:

THE 3D CAVALRY REGIMENT

Confederate movement up the Rio Grande River Valley threatened U.S. control of New Mexico Territory. In July 1861, two companies encountered Confederate forces at Mesilla, New Mexico. Fort Fillmore was surrendered, but three companies successfully engaged at Fort Thorn.

In February 1862, four companies fought in the Battle of Valverde, shortly followed by Glorieta Pass. The Confederates were forced to retreat and, in April, were engaged by the 3d Cavalry near Albuquerque and Peralto.

In December 1862 the Regiment moved to Memphis, Tennessee, and assumed a rear area security mission. The regiment skirmished with Confederate forces at Barton Station, Cane Creek, and Dickinson's Station, Alabama.

In 1863 it reconnoitered in advance of General William T. Sherman’s army during its movement to break the Confederate siege of Knoxville, Tennessee. From May 1864 to war’s end fought local guerillas, patrolled, and escorted wagon trains near Little Rock, Arkansas.

The print “Town and Valley of Mesilla” shows the site of the first Civil War engagement in New Mexico Territory. Cline College, University of Northern Arizona

Valverde, a modern rendering of the Confederate lancer attack at one of the largest engagements west of the Mississippi River, the battle of Valverde, New Mexico. The indecisive action did not deter the Confederates, but the destruction of their supplies at Glorieta Pass the following month did. Reproduced from an original oil on canvas painting courtesy of the artist, Don Troiani.

Graphic caption: (on Wikipedia, track down, probably LC or NARA)

Gen. Peter Joseph Osterhaus commanded the 3d Cavalry Regiment during several engagements in Alabama.

Section 2.8D DELETED

Section 2.8E:

THE 5TH CAVALRY

The 5th Cavalry participated in 125 engagements and saw its regimental command change an astounding thirty-four times. Although defeated, it offered the last coherent battlefield resistance during the July 1861 Battle of Bull Run. In June 1862, the regiment made two successful mounted charges during the Seven Days’ Battle that saved U.S.

artillery batteries from capture.

Three regimental squadrons accompanied Brig. Gen. William W. Averell’s force across the Rappahannock River, in March 1863, and fought at Kelly’s Ford, Virginia. The 5th fought in one of the largest cavalry engagements, Brandy Station, Virginia, and at Trevilian Station. They helped break Gen. Lunsford Lomax’s line at Tom’s Brook in October 1864. Finally, 5th Cavalry troopers served as the Honor Guard for General Robert E. Lee’s surrender at Appomattox.

Artifact caption for CCN258659; 33 x 36 x 22” deep on conservation form. A duplicate exists for rotation.

The Pattern 1855 Cavalry Shell Jacket provided protection, comfort, and kept the rider’s equipment above his waist. This example was once a bugler’s jacket but the distinctive lacing has been removed.

The 5th Cavalry fought in the Battle of Brandy Station, Virginia, perhaps the largest cavalry action of the Civil War. Reproduced from an original painting courtesy of the artist, Don Troiani.

Section 2.9:

Artifact caption for CCN 200332; 4 ¼” x 39”

“The Yankees could load on Sunday and fired all week”

—A Confederate

The U.S. Spencer Carbine was one of the most widely used Civil War firearms. It fired breech-loaded .52 caliber metallic cartridges loaded in the butt stock and chambered into the receiver by lever action. The Spencer’s rate of fire was limited only by the user’s speed and ammunition supply.

Artifact caption for CCN 193345; weight 7 lbs., length 37 2/3 in. inches

The U.S. Army Model 1858 .54 caliber Starr carbine was a lever action, breech-loading, single-shot rifle produced by Starr Arms Company of Yonkers, New York. Primarily used by cavalry, the Starr Carbine was a rival to the Sharps Carbine. The Model 1858 was designed to fire paper cartridges but later models were chambered to use metal cartridges.

Section 2.10A:

LATER WARS VS. NATIVE AMERICANS

Why we fought: When the Civil War ended, westward migration accelerated, triggering the emergence of new towns, railroad construction, and intensified activities by mineral prospectors. Friction with Native Americans intensified as the latter sought to survive and protect their way of life. The U.S. government responded with a reservation policy and relied upon the Army to implement it.

Mounted Warfare: Nomadic American Indians of the Great Plains relied on ponies acclimated to the region for mobility, which they used to evade or fight on their terms, often confounding slower moving U.S. Army columns dependent on wagon supplies.

The Army sometimes responded with winter campaigns when Native Americans often remained in one place for long periods. Scouts from other tribes often provided the tracking skills to locate the villages.

In spring and summer months, the Army relied on multiple columns, whose concentric movements constrained the Native Americans. Both types of operations generally resulted in surrender and acceptance of relocation to a reservation. The need to understand, locate, and bring to battle an elusive enemy foreshadowed the challenges the U.S. Army would in later counterinsurgency operations.

Graphic caption: (Buy print)

Retreat to Higher Ground, a numbered print by Frank McCarthy, illustrates the frontier cavalry doctrine that when surprised by hostile American Indians, troopers would retreat to a defensible position and dismount, form a line, and then return disciplined, aimed volleys of fire.

Section 2.10B:

LATER WARS VS. NATIVE AMERICANS:

THE 3D CAVALRY IN THE SOUTHWEST

“. . . the Indians proved then and there that they were the best cavalry soldiers on Earth. In charging up towards us, they exposed little of their person, hanging on with one arm around the neck of the horse, firing and lancing from underneath the horse’s necks so that there was no part of the Indian at which we could aim.”

—Capt. Anson Mills, Company M Commander, 3d U.S. Cavalry, recollected 2 March 1917

After the Civil War, the 3d Cavalry Regiment returned to the West. From Fort Union, New Mexico Territory, it searched for Mescalero Apache, Navajo, and Comanche raiders. It also conducted regular patrols, escorted travelers and settlers, hunted Army deserters and horse thieves, and provided security to Union Pacific Railroad surveying parties. In February 1870 the regiment departed to the Arizona Territory and fought more than thirty engagements against Apaches. It subsequently participated in the 1876 operations against the Sioux and Cheyenne in Montana and participated in the Battles of Powder River and Rosebud Creek.

Saving Captain Henry depicts the Battle of the Rosebud on 17 June 1876. Lakota and Cheyenne warriors fought with persistence throughout the battle. The 3d Cavalry’s Capt. Guy V. Henry was wounded in the face and was about to be killed when Crow and Shoshoni scouts and other members of his unit mounted an assault and were able to save him. © George Capps, the artist, and used by permission

Section 2.10C:

LATER WARS VS. NATIVE AMERICANS:

TWO CONTRASTING CAMPAIGNS

The Red River War of 1874 was a large-scale effort by the Army to finally defeat the Comanche in north Texas. The 4th, 6th, and 10th regiments of cavalry featured prominently in the relentless pursuit of the remaining tribal holdouts until the region was pacified.

By contrast, the 7th Cavalry’s campaign to force Lakota and Cheyenne nations back onto reservations led to disaster. On 25 June 1876, Lt. Col. George A. Custer and 647 Soldiers and scouts from the 7th U.S. Cavalry attacked a large Lakota and Cheyenne camp in the Little Bighorn Valley. Capt. Frederick W. Benteen and three companies detached to search out enemies encamped to the south. Maj. Marcus A. Reno moved to charge the village with another three companies. Custer swung north with five companies to catch his prey in a pincer movement, but the Native Americans checked and routed Reno. They shifted their strength against Custer, killing him and the 210 men of his immediate command.

He Died With His Boots On shows Custer and his men moments before being overwhelmed at the Battle of the Little Bighorn. Courtesy of the artist, Kirk Stirnweiss

Artifact caption for CCN 193328; Weight 7lb, 3oz; Length 41 inches

The Model 1873 Springfield .45–55 caliber single-action percussion carbine, weighing seven pounds, was adopted as the standard cavalry weapon.

Artifact caption for CCN 613589; Weight 3 lbs.; Length 34 inch x 16 inch collar x 33 inch sleeve

Michael A. McGann, of Company F, 3d U.S. Cavalry, wore this Pattern 1888 coat. As first sergeant of Company F, McGann received the Medal of Honor for gallantry in action at the Battle of Rosebud Creek, Montana Territory, on 17 June 1876. McGann’s career began when he enlisted in Company F on 21 February 1868. He was promoted from sergeant major to ordnance sergeant at Fort McIntosh, Texas, on 6 March 1891 and ordered to duty at Fort Yates, North Dakota. McGann retired there on 18 July 1903.

DESIGN NOTE: Rotate artifact below with the one above.

Artifact caption for CCN 192797; Weight 2lb, 7oz; Length 33 inches; 15 ½ in Collar x 32" Sleeve, U.S. Cavalry Pattern 1888 enlisted man’s dress coat, c. 1895.

Artifact caption for CCN 61159; Weight 3oz; Length 2 ¼ x 4 ½ inches

The Congressional Medal of Honor was created in the Civil War. This one was awarded to Cpl. Charles A. Bessey of Company A, 3d U.S. Cavalry, “for gallantry in action” near Elkhorn Creek, Wyoming, 13 January 1877. Corporal Bessey was looking for cut telegraph wires near Elkhorn Creek when he and his four man detachment were ambushed by fourteen Native Americans. All five troopers were wounded but Bessey assisted the others and held off the enemy until they gave up and departed. His family displayed this medal in their home in Biloxi, Mississippi, until Hurricane Katrina destroyed the house in 2005.

Artifact caption for CCN 193680; Weight 2oz; Length 1 ½ “ x 3 “

U.S. Army Indian Wars Campaign Medal, c. 1910. A considerable period elapsed between the events for which this medal was awarded and the medal’s production.

Artifact caption for CCN 193401: Weight 12oz; Length 2.5 x 3 ½ inches

Model 1874 U.S. Army belt plate, Hanger Pattern.

Artifact caption for CCN 193316; Weight 1lb, 0oz; Length 9 ¼ " x 1.5" x 7"

For sustainment, Soldiers were issued salt pork as part of their rations. They tried different means of storing it so that its grease would not leach out and stain their clothing and equipment. To solve the problem, the Army introduced this Pattern 1872 tinned iron meat can that could be carried in saddle bags or an infantry haversack.

Artifact caption for CCN 193098; Weight 1lb, 2oz; Length 47 ¾ x 2 ½ inches

Metallic-cased ammunition, impervious to weather, enhanced Army sustainment.

Ammunition no longer needed to be enclosed in enclosed leather cases. Continuing experimentation by the Army led from leather pouches to leather loops that slid over waist belts for carrying ammunition, as shown in this Pattern 1876 Cartridge Belt.

Copper cartridge cases corroded from prolonged contact with leather, so leather loops were replaced by cotton duck loops sewn to leather belts such as this example.

Artifact caption for CCNs 193077/193078; Weight 0lb, 13oz; Length 7 ¾ " x 3"

The same canteen was issued to both infantry and cavalry until 1885. At that time, the Army began procuring canteens with the short strap and hook. This Pattern 1878 canteen is modified with a short strap. The hook is missing.

Artifact caption for CCN 192947; Weight 0lb, 5oz; Length 4 ½ x 8 inches

U.S. 3d Cavalry enlisted man's forage cap, late 1800s.

Artifact caption for CCN 192795; weight 12.5 oz.; length 8” x 11” x 14”

This Pattern of 1881 officer’s dress helmet was worn with the full dress uniform. The plumes on these helmets were made either of buffalo or yak hair. The helmet was stored in the black metal can. The small black object is a cover that replaced the plume when the helmet was worn at funerals.

Artifact caption for CCN 192792

Artifact caption for CCNs 192793/192794; Weight 0lb, 8oz; Length 11" x 7.5" x 1" inches (PR)

Until the late 1800s, armies rarely left their quarters during winter. When the U.S. Army began campaigning in winter during the Indian Wars, it discovered that the harsh weather on the Northern Plains required specialized cold weather clothing for sustainment of the force. These muskrat fur items were adopted in 1878.

Section 2.11:

Bicycle Soldiers

The 1890s fad of bicycling led the U.S. Army to employ this lightweight form of transportation in experiments to improve mobility. In 1896, Lt. James A. Moss, the White regimental commander of the African American 25th Infantry at Fort Missoula, Montana, wrote to his commanding officer, “Consider replacing the horse with the bicycle. . . . A bike does not have to be fed, watered and rested and would be less likely to quit from exhaustion. . . . . A bike is small and quieter than a horse. Thus, a soldier could sneak up on the enemy.”

Col. Andrew Sheridan Burt forwarded the proposal to Commanding General Nelson A.

Miles who approved and ordered formation of a bicycle corps. The 25th Infantry conducted rides through the West, including one to Yellowstone National Park in 1896 (shown here). In 1897, there was a forty-one day, 1900 mile ride from Missoula, Montana, to St. Louis, Missouri. Because bikes then lacked gears, they had to be pushed up steep grades.

DESIGN NOTE: DIORAMA of a private of the 24th Infantry regiment in c. 1890s uniform standing beside his bicycle with full gear. The backdrop of the diorama is the hi-res photograph below of the unit at Yellowstone National Park and the ground simulates the ground of the photograph. The bicycle is outfitted with replica gear carried by each of the Soldiers. These included shelter half with poles, blankets, cooking utensils, arms and ammunition, clothing, bicycle parts and personal effects.

The 25th Infantry Regiment at Yellowstone National Park. Courtesy of Maureen and Mike Mansfield Library, University of Montana, Missoula

Upload image of the bicycle when purchased

Artifact caption:

None of the original bicycle are still in existence. The original bicycles were returned to the Spalding Bicycle Company after the experiment was completed. This modern bicycle is very similar to the original and is outfitted with replica gear carried by each of the Soldiers. These included shelter half with poles, blankets, cooking utensils, arms and ammunition, clothing, bicycle parts and personal effects.

Graphic Caption: (digital file at Fort Hood)

Soldiers of the 25th Infantry ford a river by carrying their bikes overhead. Courtesy of Maureen and Mike Mansfield Library, University of Montana, Missoula Section 2.12A:

THE…