NIST D F Studies Industry Day presentation.pptx

Disaster and Failure Studies Program Overview Disaster and Studies Program National Institute of Standards and Technology U.S. Department of Commerce

Industry Day January 31, 2012

NIST Disaster and Failure Studies

Mexico City, Mexico (1985) Loma Prieta, CA (1989) Northridge, CA (1994) Kobe, Japan (1995) Kocaeli, Turkey (1999) Maule, Chile (2010)* Christchurch, NZ (2011)*

* Ongoing Camille, MS/LA (1969) Alicia, Galveston, TX (1983) Hugo, SC (1989) Andrew, FL (1992) Mitch and Georges, LAC (1998)

Katrina and Rita, MS, LA (2005) Skyline Plaza Apartments, Bailey’s Crossroads, VA (1973) Willow Island Cooling Tower, WV (1978) Kansas City Hyatt Regency, Kansas City, MO (1981) Riley Road Interchange, East Chicago, IN (1982) Harbor Cay Condominium, Cocoa Beach, FL (1981) L’Ambiance Plaza, Hartford, CT (1987) Ashland Oil Tank Collapse, Floreffe, PA (1988) U.S. Embassy, Moscow, USSR (1987) Murrah Federal Building, Oklahoma City, OK (1995) World Trade Center Disaster, New York, NY (2001) Dallas Cowboys Indoor Practice Facility (2009) Jarrell, TX (1997) Spencer, SD (1998) Oklahoma City, OK (1999) Joplin, MO (2011)* DuPont Plaza Hotel, San Juan, PR (1986)

First Interstate Bank Building, Los Angeles, CA (1988) Loma Prieta Earthquake, CA (1989) Hillhaven Nursing Home (1989) Pulaski Building, Washington, DC (1990) Happyland Social Club, Bronx, NY (1990) Oakland Hills, CA (1991) Hokkaido, Japan (1993) Watts St, New York City (1994) Northridge Earthquake, CA (1994) Kobe, Japan (1995) Vandalia St, New York City (1998) Cherry Road, Washington, DC (1999) Keokuk, IA (1999) Houston, TX (2000) Phoenix, AZ (2001) Cook County Administration Building Fire (2003) The Station Nightclub, RI (2003) Sofa Super Store Fire, Charleston, SC, (2007) Witch Creek & Guejito, CA, WUI Fire (2007) Amarillo, TX, WUI Fire (2011)

© 2011 iStockphoto.com/Serhiy Zavalnyuk. Used with permission © 2011. iStockphoto.com/Siarhei Kaspiarovich. Used with permission © 2011 Shutterstock/Diagon. Used with permission © 2011 Shutterstock/Diagon. Used with permission © 2011 iStockphoto.com/Ani_Ka. Used with permission

NIST Disaster and Failure Studies

Results Probable technical cause Lessons learned: successes and failures Improvements to standards, codes, practices, technologies Future research priorities NIST Authorities & Roles:

NCST Act (2002): building failures, evacuation and emergency response procedures NIST Act (1950, as amended): structural investigations; fire-resistive building materials; materials, mechanisms, structures, components, and systems) Fire Prevention and Control Act (1974): fire investigations NEHRP Reauthorization Act (2004): earthquakes National Windstorm Impact Reduction Act (2004): wind, storms and floods National Response Framework: structural and fire safety; disaster operations and situation assessment; urban and industrial hazard analysis; recovery A program focus: Develop and maintain archival disaster and failure database of hazards, performance of buildings and infrastructure, evacuation and emergency response, and related factors (e.g., mitigation, response)

Typical Study Objectives Establishing likely technical factors responsible for damage, failure/successful performance of buildings/infrastructure in aftermath of disaster/failure event.

Evaluating technical aspects of evacuation and emergency response procedures that contributed to extent of survival and injuries and fatalities sustained.

Determining procedures and practices that were used in design, construction, operation and maintenance of buildings/infrastructure.

Recommending, as necessary, specific improvements to standards, codes, and practices as well as any research and other appropriate actions based on study findings.

NIST promotes, enables, and tracks adoption of recommendations through improved standards, codes, and practices as well as any research and other appropriate actions based on study findings.

Types of NIST Disaster and Failure Studies Preliminary Reconnaissance: a field study at a disaster or failure site to gather information and to help determine if a technical investigation is warranted.

Technical Investigation: a fact-finding study that will likely result in recommendations for improvements to standards, codes, and practices and/or new knowledge. Studies may range anywhere from:

limited scope, i.e., based on data collection and interpretation, modest analytical efforts, and judgment of technical experts, to extensive scope, i.e., based on in-depth technical study—including extensive use of data, models, analytical and computational tools, laboratory and/or field experiments, and/or interviews.

NIST’s Role in Disaster and Failure Studies NIST may use any one or a combination of the study options below in conducting a preliminary reconnaissance or a technical investigation:

NIST may lead post-event studies. In many cases, these types of studies may involve a preliminary reconnaissance followed by a technical study that may include the characterization of the hazard, the safety and performance of buildings and structures, and the associated emergency response and evacuation procedures. Private sector and academic experts may be involved in these studies through contracts. Other public sector experts may also be involved in these studies.

NIST may coordinate or participate in post-event studies. These types of studies may involve significant participation and/or coordination by other federal agencies with mission responsibilities and expertise.

NIST may sponsor or participate in private sector-led post-event studies. In many cases, these types of studies may a involve preliminary reconnaissance followed by a technical study that is limited in scope. NIST participation may be limited to guidance, oversight, and/or serving as a technical expert. These types of studies may involve significant private sector leadership and participation augmented with public sector experts.

NIST may provide technical assistance in the reconstruction process for international disaster and failure events at the request of U.S. agencies, industry, private organizations, governments of other nations, or international organizations.

International Disaster and Failure Events NIST may conduct reconnaissance of international disaster or failure events when lessons can be learned for the U.S.

NIST involvement in international disaster or failure studies generally are undertaken:

in cooperation with other U.S. agencies, industry or private organizations, governments of other nations, or international organizations for the purpose of establishing or improving practices, codes, and standards in the U.S.

The decision criteria and guidelines for conducting studies are not intended to preclude situations where NIST is requested by other U.S. agencies, industry, private organizations, governments of other nations, or international organizations to provide technical assistance, on a reimbursable basis, in the reconstruction process for international disaster and failure events.

These procedures are not intended to preclude situations where NIST is requested by other U.S. agencies, industry, private organizations, governments of other nations, or international organizations to provide technical assistance, on a reimbursable basis, in the reconstruction process for international disaster and failure events.

Recent Deployments 2010 Maule, Chile, earthquake 2011 Christchurch, New Zealand, earthquake 2011 Amarillo, TX, wildland-urban interface fire 2011 Joplin, MO, tornado

New Zealand Earthquake Amarillo WUI fire © 2011 Karen Slagle, Used with permission

St. John’s Hospital Joplin Tornado

Chile Earthquake

The Home Depot, Joplin Tornado

Initially authorized by Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977 and periodically re-authorized on 2-5 year intervals since (new reauthorization being considered in S 646 and HR 1379).

2011 combined enacted NEHRP budgets for 4 agencies: $126.6M ($4.1M for NIST).

NEHRP mission focus: Develop, disseminate, and promote knowledge, tools, and practices for earthquake risk reduction – through coordinated, multidisciplinary, interagency partnerships among the NEHRP agencies and their stakeholders-that improve the nation’s earthquake resilience in public safety, economic strength, and national security.

Four agencies each have distinct roles that do not overlap, from earthquake monitoring and basic research to implementation via national model building code adoptions.

Most prominent NEHRP impacts over time:

The single most significant achievement has been the development and continuous improvement of recommended provisions for the nation’s model building codes and standards.

NEHRP-supported advances in earthquake process characterization; earthquake hazard and risk assessment; seismic instrumentation, monitoring, and data analysis; and rapid notification of earthquake events and their potential effects have been nothing short of revolutionary.

The NEHRP agencies, principally NSF and USGS, have developed new generations of scientists and engineers via providing grants and contracts that have supported cutting-edge research at academic institutions across the U.S.

The NEHRP agencies, again principally NSF and USGS, have been responsible for establishing and maintaining many of the nation’s advanced earthquake data collection and research facilities.

Statutory requirements: Interagency Coordinating Committee (ICC) that includes directors/administrators of the four NEHRP agencies and of OMB and OSTP, and Advisory Committee on Earthquake Hazards Reduction (ACEHR) that is composed of 16 leading earthquake professionals from around U.S.

ACEHR’s last meeting was being conducted at NIST on day of the 3/11/11 Great Japan Earthquake and Tsunami.

NIST is also U.S. lead agency for U.S.-Japan Cooperative Program on Natural Resources (UJNR) Panel on Wind and Seismic Effects.

In addition to its NEHRP Lead Agency role, NIST’s Earthquake Risk Mitigation R&D Program contributes to NEHRP via problem-focused (applied) research that focuses on:

Technical support for seismic practice and model building code development.

Support for development of performance-based earthquake engineering concepts and guidelines.

Technical resources to improve seismic engineering practices.

Making evaluated technologies available to practicing professionals in the design and construction communities.

* Did not deploy due to concerns with staff safety; coordination with Panel on Wind and Seismic Effects of The United States-Japan Cooperative Program in Natural Resources (UJNR)

National Construction Safety Team Act - PL 107-231 Authorizes Director of NIST to establish and deploy Teams, to the maximum extent practicable, within 48 hours of an event (pending NCST Act reauthorization in Congress, S.646, authorizes NIST Director to make a decision to deploy within 72 hours of an event).

Tailored to events involving substantial loss of life or that pose significant potential for substantial loss of life.

Modeled by Congress after the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)

NIST is the designated lead agency to assess:

Building performance Emergency response Evacuation procedures Investigation priority (except for NTSB and criminal acts) Prohibits interference with search and rescue efforts

NCST Advisory Committee Objectives and Duties:

Advise the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology on carrying out the Act by:

Providing advice on the functions of National Construction Safety Teams, hereinafter referred to as Teams, as described in section 2(b)(2) of the Act Providing advice on the composition of Teams under section 3 of the Act Providing advice on the exercise of authorities enumerated in sections 4 and 5 of the Act Providing such other advice as necessary to enable the Director to carry out the Act Review and provide advice on the procedures developed under section 2(c)(1) of the Act Review and provide advice on the reports issued under section 8 of the Act Function solely as an advisory body, in accordance with the provisions of the Federal Advisory Committee Act Annual Report:

An evaluation of Team activities, along with recommendations to improve the operation and effectiveness of Teams An assessment of the implementation of the recommendations of Teams and of the advisory committee

Sample Impacts of Disaster and Failure Studies World Trade Center (2001) U.S. model building code changes adopted for fireproofing strength, installation, and inspection; fire-resistance rating; structural integrity U.S. model building code changes adopted for occupant evacuation; fire service access; active fire protection systems; emergency responder communications The Station Nightclub Fire (2003) Sprinklers, restricted festival seating, crowd manager, and egress inspection recordkeeping requirements for new and existing facilities adopted in NFPA 101 (Life Safety Code) Jarrell, TX, Tornado (1997) Enhanced Fujita (EF) Tornado Intensity Scale adopted by NOAA’s National Weather Service Northridge Earthquake (1994) Design guidelines for seismic rehabilitation of existing welded steel frame buildings adopted by American Institute of Steel Construction Hurricane Andrew (1992) Upgraded wind load provisions adopted in HUD’s Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards DuPont Plaza Hotel Fire, San Juan PR (1986) Passage of the Hotel-Motel Sprinkler Act L’ Ambiance Plaza, Hartford CT (1982) Improvements in OSHA’s safety and inspection requirements for lift-slab construction

Fire & Emergency Services Academics Industry Suppliers Stakeholders and Contributors

NIST

Disaster and Failure Studies

Construction Industry Fire Protection Engineering Codes and Standards Organizations Structural Engineering and Design Government Agencies Insurance, Testing labs General Public

Disaster and Failure Event Studies and Data Repository FY 2012 (+$1.8M)* NIST will develop a prototype disaster and failure database, i.e., a National Disaster and Failure Events Database.

NIST will collect and analyze data and artifacts to improve the understanding of hazards, the real-world performance of buildings and infrastructure during disaster and failure events at both the component and the system levels, associated emergency response and evacuation procedures, and technical, social, and economic factors that affect pre-disaster mitigation activities and post-disaster response efforts.

The results of disaster and failure studies will lead to recommendations to provide disaster-resilience at the structure and community levels through improvements to building codes, standards, and practices and identification of gaps in current knowledge about buildings, infrastructure, emergency response, and human behavior.

NIST will create and maintain the database to facilitate disaster and failure studies and widely disseminate the data, findings, and recommendations from these studies.

Other federal agencies, state and local governments, research institutions and industry organizations that are engaged in parallel efforts and can provide input for the database will be engaged in the development of the database. For example, developing the earthquake module of the database, NIST will engage with FEMA, NSF, and USGS.

*Pending FY 2012 Appropriations

Problem Statement

A comprehensive archival repository of disaster and failure data does not currently exist. Data that are gathered during and after an event may be lost or inaccessible relatively soon after.

A repository is needed to preserve data to enable the study and analysis of the current event as well as future disaster events.

Repository Purpose

The repository will serve as a national archival database where NIST and other organizations can store the results of the study and analysis of disaster and failure events.

The results of these studies and analyses will lead to recommended improvements to codes, standards, practices and/or new knowledge.

By making these data available, NIST hopes to enable the efficient dissemination of data on disaster and failure events.

Repository Scope

As the database grows, it will include data on significant hazard events; how buildings and other structures performed during those events; associated emergency response and evacuation procedures; and the technical, social and economic factors that affect pre-disaster mitigation activities and post-disaster response efforts.

Levels of Access

View-Only Access for Team (Data that are reviewed by team but not collected and preserved by NIST.)

Team-Only Access (Data collected by team are available only to the team for the purposes of the study.)

Team-Only Use in Reports and Publications (Data are available to the team for analysis and may be used in reports and publications. It may not be viewed by the public outside of a Team publication or presentation.)

Unrestricted Public Access (Data will be available for viewing and downloading without restriction on a publicly accessible website.)

Disaster and Failure Database

Not Part of Database

NIST Repository Workplan Phase 1 – World Trade Center database High level of interest in data collected Goal of releasing before 10-year anniversary Phase 2 – Chile earthquake pilot Phase 3 – Full scale implementation

Phase 1 – World Trade Center Data previously released from NIST’s 7-year investigation on the collapses of three buildings at New York City’s World Trade Center Over 94,000 photos and videos Computer simulations Complete set of technical reports Repository created and managed by NIST Website publically released in August 2011

Phase 2 – Chile Earthquake Pilot Chile Earthquake database Recommendations for scaling-up to other earthquakes and disaster and failure events

Chile Earthquake Pilot Develop event-specific, web-based repository Data-rich event that will also support the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) Opportunity to leverage with the Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES) NIST retained a contractor to assist with obtaining data previously collected by others (American Society of Civil Engineers - ASCE, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute - EERI, and Los Angeles Tall Buildings Council study teams)

Chile Earthquake Pilot – Milestones

System Design – January 2012 Beta System Development – March 2012 Production System Development – June 2012 System Assessment – August 2012 Includes recommendations for scale-up of Phase 2

Phase 2: Key NIST Steps – FY 2012 Implement the HUB at NIST Evaluate the effectiveness and performance of the HUB from an IT standpoint (security, data type testing) Evaluate the HUB with different domains and other events (Joplin, Amarillo) Provide results to the contractor to see if they can improve the HUB Set minimum requirements for data to be accepted by the repository (quality, data formats, legal/copyright/use)

Phase 3 – Full-Scale Implementation Develop cost estimate to maintain, update, operate and improve accessibility of the repository Finalize user requirements and expand repository Populate with selected high-impact historical and future events Disseminate information to stakeholder / user community Maintain ongoing communication with stakeholder / user community

Draft Scope of Work Work will include, but is not limited to the fields of engineering, the physical sciences, forensic sciences, and/or emergency management in one or more areas of strategic importance to EL, namely:

(1) Performance of buildings and infrastructure in the following hazards:

Earthquakes Wind-related hazards (hurricanes, tornadoes, windstorms) Fire related hazards (community scale fires in the wildland-urban interface, structural fires) Water-related hazards (storm, surge, flood, tsunami) Human-made hazards (accidental, criminal, or terrorist) Failures in service or during construction

(2) Evacuation and emergency response procedures, including occupant behavior and fire protection

(3) Disaster resilience of structures and communities, including prevention, mitigation, response, and recovery at the scale of a single facility, a neighborhood, a community, or a region.

Task 1 – Conduct disaster and failure studies Task 2 – Identify, organize and conduct training Task 3 – Develop and maintain a disaster and failure database Task 4 – Provide administrative and technical expertise to help NIST fulfill its responsibilities under the NCST Task 5 – Develop and implement interview-based collection strategy

Maintain a directory of experts for potential study teams Assist with event monitoring and analysis to support the state-of-readiness of the program Provide logistical and administrative support to field deployments including the preparation and maintenance of program documents Assist with the collection, transportation, preservation, storage, maintenance and security of data and artifacts collected Provide subject matter expertise for field assessment of damaged buildings and infrastructure

Provide subject matter expertise for the modeling and simulation of failure scenarios and analysis of data collected. (This may include both field and laboratory small and full-scale testing and analyses) Provide subject matter expertise for the technical support of study deliverables and research and development Provide assistance with interviews of building occupants and/or emergency responders to support the study of the emergency response and evacuation process/procedures Provide assistance with study deliverables which may require writing, technical editing, graphic support and web design / hosting expertise Assist with providing outreach on the recommendations and findings of the study such as presentation at conferences and delivery of technical papers

Task 2 – Identify, organize and conduct training Field data and artifacts collection, transportation, preservation and storage Field health and safety Scenario-based exercises for potential team members in the public and private sectors, including other partnering program agencies

Task 3 – Develop and maintain a disaster and failure database Provide assistance with analysis of the requirements for database design and data collection standards Evaluate technical solutions for the database design Complete database design and implementation including geospatial integration of datasets Manage and input data collected from both past and future disaster and failure studies Coordinate with other agencies/associations

Task 4 – Provide support for NCST Act and other statutes Catalog, file, manage and maintain records, documents, reports and other information created by NIST related to disaster studies Provide logistics support for workshops, forums and meetings Provide project management support to include GANTT charts to document program tasks, projects, schedule, dependencies and costs Gather information, write, edit, proof and prepare NCST annual reports and other documents, reports and outreach materials in draft and final format for inclusion in web sites, program brochures, and other communication vehicles

Task 4 – Provide support for NCST Act and other statutes Coordinate and plan informational and team building events including workshops and meetings Identify, attend, facilitate, manage or lead high-level interagency workshops and/or meetings as requested Plan, facilitate and organize meetings and communications for the National Construction Safety Team Advisory committee including logistical arrangements

Task 5 – Interview-based collection strategy Manage compliance with Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA), if applicable, including survey instrument design and statistical methods Obtain private and/or NIST Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval, if applicable; this may involve documentation of survey methods, training for interview personnel, qualification and commitment of mental health resources for interviewers and subjects, or additional information required by the IRB Ensure compliance with any other applicable legal agreements established between NIST and interview subjects

Task 5 – Interview-based collection strategy Design and implement data collection methods in accordance with PRA and IRB requirements, possibly including structured or unstructured face-to-face interviews, telephone interviews, electronic or paper surveys, focus groups, or other collection methods Retain, train, and manage interview personnel during the execution of the interview protocols, including quality assurance planning for data (i.e., ensuring that the data is complete, accurate, and will interface with the disaster and failures database at NIST) and compliance with interview protocols by authorized and trained personnel Manage travel and other logistics (including documentation of authorized expenses) for interview staff while deployed

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