PUHE_C5_RipReport.pdf

Road Inventory and Condition Assessment

Pu’ukohola Heiau National Historic Site

PUHE

Cycle 5 Report

Prepared By: Federal Highway Administration Road Inventory Program (RIP) Data Collected: 04/2014 Report Date: 11/2014

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Sources: Esri, GEBCO, NOAA, National Geographic, DeLorme, HERE, Geonames.org, and other contributors

Pu’ukohola Heiau National Historic Site in

Hawaii

Sources: Esri, HERE, DeLorme, TomTom, Intermap, increment P Corp., GEBCO, USGS, FAO, NPS, NRCAN, GeoBase, IGN, Kadaster NL, Ordnance Survey, Esri Japan, METI, Esri China (Hong Kong), Pu’ukohola Heiau National Historic Site

KAUAI

OAHU

MOLOKAI

MAUILANAI

DCV = Data Collection Vehicle

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION PAGE

1 INTRODUCTION 1-1

2 PARK ROUTE INVENTORY

Route ID, Subcomponent, and Changes Reports 2-1

3 PARK SUMMARY INFORMATION

Paved Route Miles and Percentages by Functional Class and PCR 3-1 DCV Road Condition Summary 3-3 Parkwide DCV Condition Summary 3-4

4 PARK ROUTE LOCATION MAPS

Route Location Key Map 4-1 Route Location Area Map 4-2 Route Condition Key Map – PCR Mile by Mile 4-3 Route Condition Area Map – PCR Mile by Mile 4-4

5 PAVED ROUTE CONDITION RATING SHEETS 5-1

6 MANUALLY RATED PAVED ROUTE CONDITION RATING SHEETS 6-1

6A: Condition Rating Sheets from April 2014 6-2 6B: Condition Rating Sheets from January 2012 6-4

7 PARKING AREA CONDITION RATING SHEETS 7-1

7A: Condition Rating Sheets from April 2014 7-2 7B: Condition Rating Sheets from January 2012 7-6

8 PARKWIDE / ROUTE MAINTENANCE FEATURES SUMMARIES

Parkwide Maintenance Features Summary 8-1 Route Maintenance Features Summary 8-2 Structure List 8-3

9 ROUTE MAINTENANCE FEATURES ROAD LOGS 9-1

10 APPENDIX

Explanation of Changes to the RIP Index Equations and Determination of PCR 10-1 Explanation of the Condition Descriptions 10-2 Description of Pavement Treatment Types 10-3 Description of Automated Vehicle Ratings 10-4

Description of Rating System 10-5 Surface Distresses 10-6 Index Formulas 10-14 Data Collection Vehicle Subsystems 10-18

Description of Manual Ratings 10-21 Description of Manual Rating Methods 10-22 Visual Inspection Method for Manually Rating Secondary Roads 10-23 Distress Measurement Method for Manually Rating Primary Roads 10-24 Method for Manually Rating Paved Parking areas and Non-Linear Roads 10-27 Curb Inspection and Treatments 10-28 GPS on Manually Rated Roads (MRR) 10-29

Geodatabase – Background and Metadata 10-30 Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations 10-31

Section 1 Introduction

1-1

INTRODUCTION

The Federal Highway Administration, (FHWA), in the mid 1970s, was charged with the task of identifying surface condition deficiencies and corrective priorities on National Park Service (NPS) roads and parkways. Additionally, FHWA was tasked with establishing an integrated maintenance features inventory, locating features such as culverts, guardrails, and signs, among others, along NPS roads and parkways. As a result, in 1976 the NPS and FHWA entered into an MOA (Memorandum Of Agreement) which established the RIP (Road Inventory Program). This MOA was terminated and revised in 1980 to establish a new MOA aiming to update RIP data and develop a long-range program to improve and maintain NPS roads to designated condition standards and establish a maintenance management program.

The FHWA completed this initial phase of the RIP in the early 1980s. As a result of this effort, each NPS site included in the study received a RIP Report known as the “Brown Book” which included the information collected during this first RIP phase.

In the 1990s, the effort was again renewed to update and maintain the RIP data. By this time the computer age was upon us and a process was employed that relied heavily on electronic data collection and computer technology. A cyclical program was developed and the RIP completed two cycles of data collection from 1994 to 2001. Cycle 1, starting in 1994, was conducted in 44 “large parks” (parks containing 10 or more paved route miles). Cycle 2 began in 1997 and comprised 79 large parks and 5 small parks totaling 4,874 paved route miles. Each of these parks received a RIP Report known as the “Blue Book”. Cycle 3, from 2001 to 2004, was conducted in all parks, large and small, that contained any paved routes, including parking areas and, again, each park received a RIP Report and associated electronic files.

Cycle 4 was initiated in the spring of 2006 covering 86 large parks and several associated small parks consisting of 5,553 paved route miles and 6,232 paved parking areas. Data collection has been completed for Cycle 4 and all data has been delivered to the NPS.

In 2005, the FHWA began implementing the use of a Pavement Management System (PMS) to assist the NPS in prioritizing Pavement Maintenance and Rehabilitation activities. The PMS used by FHWA is the Highway Pavement Management Application (HPMA) and this software has the ability to store inventory and condition data from RIP and forecast future performance using prediction models. Outputs include performance and condition reports at the National, Regional, Park, or Route level. A regional prioritized list and optimization have been produced for most regions and the Federal Highway Deferred Maintenance is calculated via the HPMA.

In an effort to improve the accuracy of treatment recommendations and pavement condition descriptions, an extensive study was completed throughout 2010 that has resulted in changes to the RIP condition reporting method, specifically the distresses and indexes that comprise the Pavement Condition Rating (PCR). It was determined that a better representation of PCR could

1-2 be achieved by modifying the relative impact certain distresses would have on the overall rating.

The changes that were implemented were endorsed by management at both the FHWA and NPS in October 2010. These changes will allow greater use of RIP and HPMA data for not simply condition data reporting, but also as a reliable tool for project identification and selection.

Because of these changes, the PCR Condition ratings reported in Cycle 5 do not directly relate to the condition ratings reported in previous cycle RIP Reports. For more detailed information about the changes, see Section 3 and Section 10 in this RIP Report.

Cycle 5 has launched in the summer of 2010 and will again comprise all parks, large and small, that are served by paved roads and/or parking areas. For Cycle 5, the decision was made to collect condition data in large parks on Functional Class 1, 2, and 7 paved routes only, as well as any new routes that were previously not collected. In small parks, all paved routes and parking areas will be collected. As a result, this will include 81 large parks with 4,459 paved route miles and 231 small parks with 529 paved route miles and associated paved parking areas.

Since 1984, the Road Inventory Program has been funded through the Federal Lands Highway Park Roads and Parkways (PRP) Program. Currently, coordination of the RIP with FLH is under the NPS Washington Headquarters Park Facility Management Division. The FLH Washington office coordinates policy and prepares national reports and needs assessment studies for Congress.

In 1998, the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21) amended Title 23 U.S.C., and inserted Section 204(a)(6) requiring the FHWA and NPS, to develop by rule, a Pavement Management System (PMS) applied to park roads and parkways serving the National Park System.

FLH is responsible for the accuracy of all data presented in this report. Any questions or comments concerning the contents of this report should be directed to the national RIP Coordinator located in Sterling, Virginia.

Respectfully, FHWA RIP Team

FHWA/Eastern Federal Lands FHWA/Central Federal Lands 21400 Ridgetop Circle 12300 West Dakota Ave Sterling, VA 20166 Lakewood, CO 80228

(703) 404-6371 (720) 963-3556

Section 2 Park Route Inventory

Section 3 Park Summary Information

PUHE: PAVED ROUTE MILES AND PERCENTAGES

BY FUNCTIONAL CLASS AND PCR

Pavement Condition Rating (PCR) Poor (0-60) Fair (61-84) Good (85-94) Excellent (95-100) TOTAL

F.C. MILES % MILES % MILES % MILES % MILES

1 0.02 3.45% 0.05 8.62% 0.06 10.34% 0.45 77.59% 0.58

Totals 0.02 3.45% 0.05 8.62% 0.06 10.34% 0.45 77.59% 0.58

Note:

Explanation of the Excellent, Good, Fair and Poor Condition Descriptions

In addition to the RIP Index changes that have been implemented in Cycle 5, we will also aim to provide greater assistance in translating excellent/good/fair/poor categories into pavement needs categories. The PCR can be used to indicate the place in the Pavement Life Cycle and the types of treatments that should be considered now and into the future.

Excellent/New: PCR of 95-100. Pavements in this range will require only spot repairs

The information in this table is derived from the PMS_20 table in the Park database, which only contains processed data from routes collected with the Data Collection Vehicle (DCV). Information for Manually Rated Routes (MRR) and Parking Areas is not reported in this table. Only Functional Class 1, 2, & 7 routes, and any new routes not previously collected by RIP, are collected in Large Parks.

Good: PCR of 85-94. Pavements in this range will likely be candidates for Preventive Maintenance. Examples include Chip and Slurry Seals, Micro Surfacing and Thin Overlays.

Fair: PCR of 61-84. Pavements in this range will likely be candidates of Light Rehabilitation (L3R). Examples include single-lift overlays up to 2.5 inches in total thickness, milling and overlays.

Poor: PCR of 0-60. Pavements in this range will likely be candidates of Heavy Rehabilitation or Reconstruction (H3R or 4R). Examples include Pulverization, Multiple Lift Overlays, and Reconstruction.

3-1

At this time, specific Maintenance and Rehabilitation activities should be evaluated and recommended at the project level. Site-specific conditions that influence treatment type should be determined based on performing a subsurface investigation and/or pavement condition survey, and not be based solely on RIP data. Additionally, RIP produces a snapshot of conditions the year in which the data was collected. For further information or to obtain additional Pavement Management System’s data from our Highway Pavement Management Application (HPMA) please contact the Eastern Federal Lands pavement team.

3-2

PUHE: DCV ROAD CONDITION SUMMARY

DCV - Data Collection Vehicle

ROUTE

NUMBER ROUTE NAME

FUNCT

CLASS

PAVED

LENGTH

SURFACE

TYPE

AVERAGE

SURFACE

CONDITION

RATING (SCR)

AVERAGE

PAVEMENT

CONDITION

RATING (PCR)

0010 PARK HEADQUARTERS ENTRANCE ROAD 1 0.15 ASPHALT 90 90

0011 VISITOR CENTER EXIT ROAD 1 0.08 ASPHALT 87 87

0100 SPENCER BEACH PARK ROAD 1 0.35 ASPHALT 100 100

Data Collected 04/2014

90 87

90 87

0010 0011 0100

SC

R

/P C

R

ROUTE NUMBER

DCV ROAD CONDITION SUMMARY

AVERAGE SURFACE

CONDITION RATING (SCR)

AVERAGE PAVEMENT

CONDITION RATING (PCR)

3-3

PUHE: PARKWIDE DCV CONDITION SUMMARY

AVERAGE

PAVEMENT

CONDITION

RATING (PCR)

AVERAGE

ROUGHNESS

CONDITION

INDEX (RCI)

AVERAGE

SURFACE

CONDITION

RATING (SCR)

AVERAGE

RUT INDEX

AVERAGE

ALLIGATOR

CRACKING

INDEX

AVERAGE

LONGITUDINAL

CRACKING

INDEX

AVERAGE

TRANSVERSE

CRACKING

INDEX

AVERAGE

PATCHING

INDEX

96 N/A 96 100 100 96 96 100

All Index values are based on Data Collection Vehicle (DCV) driven roads that were collected in Cycle-5.

Roughness data is only collected on routes with lengths greater than 0.5 miles and a posted speed limit of 25 MPH or greater.

Data Collected 04/2014

N/A

100 100

96 96

AVERAGE PAVEMENT

CONDITION RATING

(PCR)

AVERAGE ROUGHNESS

CONDITION INDEX (RCI)

AVERAGE SURFACE

CONDITION RATING

(SCR)

AVERAGE RUT INDEX AVERAGE ALLIGATOR

CRACKING INDEX

AVERAGE

LONGITUDINAL

CRACKING INDEX

AVERAGE

TRANSVERSE

CRACKING INDEX

AVERAGE PATCHING

INDEX

R

AT

IN

G

CYCLE 5 PARKWIDE CONDITION SUMMARY

3-4

Section 4 Park Route Location Maps

Copyright:© 2013 National Geographic Society, i-cubed

4-1º

Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site Route Location Map

Key Map

0.095 0 0.0950.0475 Miles

Cycle 5 Collected Routes

Rte 0901

Rte 0900

Rte 0902

Rte 0400

Rte 5270

Rte

Rte 0010

Rte 0011

Copyright:© 2013 National Geographic Society, i-cubed

4-2º0.08 0 0.080.04 Miles

Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site Route Location Map

Area 1

Unique colors used to differentiate routes

Copyright:© 2013 National Geographic Society, i-cubed

4-3º0.08 0 0.080.04 Miles

Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site Route Condition Map PCR - Mile by Mile

Key Map

Note: Only routes collected by the DCV in Cycle-5 are displayed.

* If the PCR rating is not available for a section, the SCR rating will be displayed. See appendix for definitions and formulas.

PCR

(61 - 84)

Fair (85 - 94)

Good (95 - 100)

Excellent No Data (0 - 60)

Poor

Rte

Rte 0010

Rte 0011

Copyright:© 2013 National Geographic Society, i-cubed

4-4º0.08 0 0.080.04 Miles

Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site Route Condition Map PCR - Mile by Mile

Area 1

* If the PCR rating is not available for a section, the SCR rating will be displayed. See appendix for definitions and formulas.

PCR

(61 - 84)

Fair (85 - 94)

Good (95 - 100)

Excellent No Data (0 - 60)

Poor

Section 5 Paved Route

Condition Rating Sheets

Copyright:© 2013 National Geographic Society, i-cubed º

* If the PCR rating is not available for a section, the SCR rating will be displayed. See appendix for definitions and formulas.

PCR

(61 - 84)

Fair (85 - 94)

Good (95 - 100)

Excellent No Data (0 - 60)

Poor

Rte 0010

ROUTE: 0010 PARK HEADQUARTERS ENTRANCE ROAD

PUHE : PU'UKOHOLA HEIAU NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE

COLLECTED: 4/18/2014

PACIFIC WEST REGION TOTAL LENGTH: 0.15 Miles Section Number 0 Section Length (mi) 0.15 Cross Section Information

Number of Lanes 1 Paved Width (ft) 18 Lane Width (ft) 13

Roadway Condition Information SCR (Surface Condition Rating) 90 PCR (Pavement Condition Rating) 90

Distress Index Values Structural Crack Index 90 Transverse Cracking Index 93 Patching Index 100 Rutting Index 99 Roughness Condition Index (RCI) NC

NOTES:

Structural Crack Index is a combination of the Longitudinal Cracking Index and Alligator Cracking Index.

See Section 10 for explanation of SCR, PCR, & all Distress Index Values.

NC - Not Collected N/A - Not Applicable 5-1

R O

U T

E : 0

PA

R

K H

E A

D Q

U A

R T

E R

S E

N T

R A

N C

E R

O A

D

* If the PCR rating is not available for a section, the SCR rating will be displayed. See appendix for definitions and formulas.

PCR

(61 - 84)

Fair (85 - 94)

Good (95 - 100)

Excellent No Data (0 - 60)

Poor

Rte 0011

ROUTE: 0011 VISITOR CENTER EXIT ROAD

PUHE : PU'UKOHOLA HEIAU NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE

COLLECTED: 4/18/2014

PACIFIC WEST REGION TOTAL LENGTH: 0.08 Miles Section Number 0 Section Length (mi) 0.08 Cross Section Information

Number of Lanes 2 Paved Width (ft) 20 Lane Width (ft) 10

Roadway Condition Information SCR (Surface Condition Rating) 87 PCR (Pavement Condition Rating) 87

Distress Index Values Structural Crack Index 93 Transverse Cracking Index 87 Patching Index 100 Rutting Index 99 Roughness Condition Index (RCI) NC

NOTES:

Structural Crack Index is a combination of the Longitudinal Cracking Index and Alligator Cracking Index.

See Section 10 for explanation of SCR, PCR, & all Distress Index Values.

NC - Not Collected N/A - Not Applicable 5-2

R O

U T

E : 0

V

IS

IT

O

R C

E N

T E

R E

X

IT

R O

* If the PCR rating is not available for a section, the SCR rating will be displayed. See appendix for definitions and formulas.

PCR

(61 - 84)

Fair (85 - 94)

Good (95 - 100)

Excellent No Data (0 - 60)

Poor

Rte 0100

ROUTE: 0100 SPENCER BEACH PARK ROAD

PUHE : PU'UKOHOLA HEIAU NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE

COLLECTED: 4/18/2014

PACIFIC WEST REGION TOTAL LENGTH: 0.35 Miles Section Number 0 Section Length (mi) 0.35 Cross Section Information

Number of Lanes 2 Paved Width (ft) 29 Lane Width (ft) 11

Roadway Condition Information SCR (Surface Condition Rating) 100 PCR (Pavement Condition Rating) 100

Distress Index Values Structural Crack Index 100 Transverse Cracking Index 100 Patching Index 100 Rutting Index 100 Roughness Condition Index (RCI) NC

NOTES:

Structural Crack Index is a combination of the Longitudinal Cracking Index and Alligator Cracking Index.

See Section 10 for explanation of SCR, PCR, & all Distress Index Values.

NC - Not Collected N/A - Not Applicable 5-3

R O

U T

E : 0

SP

E

N C

E R

B E

A C

H P

A R

K R

O

Section 6 Manually Rated Paved Route

MANUALLY RATED PAVED ROUTE CONDITION RATING SHEETS

Manually rated roads are non-linear roads or roads not suitable for the Data Collection Vehicle (DCV). The manually rated roads at Pu’ukohola Heiau National Historic Site (PUHE) were collected twice in Cycle 5 by the Road Inventory Program (RIP).

January 2012: First manual collection (no automated vehicle collection) April 2014: Automated vehicle and second manual collection

Following the 2012 data collection effort, the RIP Automated Data Collection Vehicle (DCV) visited Hawaii in April of 2014 to perform automated collection on all NPS paved roads. During the DCV collection visit, a second manual condition assessment was performed on parking areas and manually rated roads and the previous Cycle 5 manual condition ratings were updated.

The 2014 condition assessment at PUHE incorporated new manual rating methodologies designed to improve the identification of treatment recommendations and pavement condition descriptions for Manually Rated Routes. These new methodologies will be used in future Cycle 6 collections and were included in this 2014 Final Cycle 5 Report. A detailed description of the new manual rating procedures can be found in the Appendix of this Report.

To facilitate comparisons of the 2012 and 2014 manual ratings, both condition rating sheets for each route are included in this final Cycle 5 Report.

Section 6A: Updated Ratings from April of 2014 Section 6B: Previous Ratings from January of 2012

SECTION 6A

FROM

APRIL 2014

Curb Type

Surface TypeUser AccessFMSS NumberInspection Date

Curb Reveal (Inches)Area (Sq. Ft.) Lane Miles (11' Widths) Curb Recommendation

Curb & Gutter Type

Culverts Drop Inlets Gates

Condition Rating / PCRPavement Recommendation

NOT APPLICABLE

Rte. 5270

Rte. 0400

Rte. 0902

0 110 220

Feet

FROM ROUTE 5270 (STATE ROUTE 270)

TO ROUTE 0902 (MAINTENANCE FACILITY PARKING AREA)

4/8/2014

10,301

NO CURB

PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE GOOD / 90

NO CURB AND GUTTER

0.18

108666 PUBLIC ASPHALT

N/A

Route Condition Legend – Pavement Condition Rating (PCR)

See Appendix for definitions and formulas Poor Fair Good Excellent Not Rated(0 - 60) (61- 84) (85 - 94) (95 - 100)

ROUTE 0400: MAINTENANCE FACILITY ACCESS ROAD

Manual Rating

Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site

0 0 2

SECTION 6B

JANUARY 2012

Route Number

Public / Non Public Surface TypeDate Visited Area (sq ft) Lane Miles *

Culverts Drop Inlets PCRGates Curb & Gutter Curb

Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site

MAINTENANCE FACILITY ACCESS ROAD

FROM ROUTE 5270 (STATE ROUTE 270)

TO ROUTE 0902 (MAINTENANCE FACILITY PARKING AREA)

* Lane miles are based on 11' lane widths

0400 NONPUBLIC 1/19/2012 10301 0.177

0 0 2 NO NO 90

GOOD

AS

90 0 90 18045 Feet 6-1

MRP Route 0400

2012 RATING

01001010000000000000

Section 7 Parking Area

PARKING AREA CONDITION RATING SHEETS

Parking areas at Pu’ukohola Heiau National Historic Site (PUHE) were collected twice in Cycle 5 by the Road Inventory Program (RIP).

January 2012: First manual collection (no automated vehicle collection) April 2014: Automated vehicle and second manual collection

Following the 2012 data collection effort, the RIP Automated Data Collection Vehicle (DCV) visited Hawaii in April of 2014 to perform automated collection on all NPS paved roads. During the DCV collection visit, a second manual condition assessment was performed on parking areas and manually rated roads and the previous Cycle 5 manual condition ratings were updated.

The 2014 condition assessment at PUHE incorporated new manual rating methodologies designed to improve the identification of treatment recommendations and pavement condition descriptions for Manually Rated Routes. These new methodologies will be used in future Cycle 6 collections and were included in this 2014 Final Cycle 5 Report. A detailed description of the new manual rating procedures can be found in the Appendix of this Report.

To facilitate comparisons of the 2012 and 2014 manual ratings, both condition rating sheets for each route are included in this final Cycle 5 Report.

Section 7A: Updated Ratings from April of 2014 Section 7B: Previous Ratings from January of 2012

SECTION 7A

APRIL 2014

Curb Reveal (Inches)Area (Sq. Ft.) Lane Miles (11' Widths) Curb Recommendation

Curb & Gutter Type

Culverts Drop Inlets Gates

Condition Rating / PCRPavement Recommendation

NOT APPLICABLE

Rte. 0010 Rte. 0900

0 70 140

Feet

FROM END OF ROUTE 0010 (PARK HEADQUARTERS ENTRANCE ROAD)

TO PARKING

4/8/2014

8,243

NO CURB

PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE GOOD / 90

NO CURB AND GUTTER

0.14

104734 PUBLIC ASPHALT

N/A

Route Condition Legend – Pavement Condition Rating (PCR)

See Appendix for definitions and formulas Poor Fair Good Excellent Not Rated(0 - 60) (61- 84) (85 - 94) (95 - 100)

ROUTE 0900: PARK HEADQUARTERS PARKING LOT

Manual Rating

0 0 0

Curb Reveal (Inches)Area (Sq. Ft.) Lane Miles (11' Widths) Curb Recommendation

Curb & Gutter Type

Culverts Drop Inlets Gates

Condition Rating / PCRPavement Recommendation

Rte. 0011

Rte.

Rte. 0901

0 160 320

Feet

FROM ROUTE 0100 (SPENCER BEACH PARK ROAD)

TO ROUTE 0011 (VISITOR CENTER EXIT ROAD)

4/8/2014

18,796

CONCRETE CURB

PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE GOOD / 90

NO CURB AND GUTTER

0.32

108664 PUBLIC ASPHALT

DO NOTHING

Route Condition Legend – Pavement Condition Rating (PCR)

See Appendix for definitions and formulas Poor Fair Good Excellent Not Rated(0 - 60) (61- 84) (85 - 94) (95 - 100)

ROUTE 0901: VISITOR CENTER PARKING LOT

Manual Rating

0 0 1

Curb Reveal (Inches)Area (Sq. Ft.) Lane Miles (11' Widths) Curb Recommendation

Curb & Gutter Type

Culverts Drop Inlets Gates

Condition Rating / PCRPavement Recommendation

Rte. 0902

Rte. 0400

0 70 140

Feet

FROM ROUTE 0400 (MAINTENANCE FACILITY ACCESS ROAD)

TO PARKING

4/17/2014

5,795

CONCRETE CURB

PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE GOOD / 90

NO CURB AND GUTTER

0.10

108667 NONPUBLIC ASPHALT

DO NOTHING

Route Condition Legend – Pavement Condition Rating (PCR)

See Appendix for definitions and formulas Poor Fair Good Excellent Not Rated(0 - 60) (61- 84) (85 - 94) (95 - 100)

ROUTE 0902: MAINTENANCE FACILITY PARKING AREA

Manual Rating

0 0 1

SECTION 7B

JANUARY 2012

Public / Non Public Surface TypeDate Visited Area (sq ft) Lane Miles *

Culverts Drop Inlets PCRGates Curb & Gutter Curb

125 0 125 25062.5 Feet º

* Lane miles are based on 11' lane widths

Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site

PARK HEADQUARTERS PARKING LOT

FROM END OF ROUTE 0010 (PARK HEADQUARTERS ENTRANCE ROAD)

7-

TO PARKING

0900 PUBLIC 1/19/2012 8243 0.142 AS

0 0 0 NO NO GOOD

Route 0900

2012 RATIN

Public / Non Public Surface TypeDate Visited Area (sq ft) Lane Miles *

Culverts Drop Inlets PCRGates Curb & Gutter Curb

200 0 200 400100 Feet º

* Lane miles are based on 11' lane widths

Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site

VISITOR CENTER PARKING LOT

FROM ROUTE 0100 (SPENCER BEACH PARK ROAD) AT MP 0.25 (ON RIGHT)

7-

TO ROUTE 0011 (VISITOR CENTER EXIT ROAD)

0901 PUBLIC 1/19/2012 18796 0.324 AS

0 0 1 NO CONCRETE GOOD

Route 0901

Public / Non Public Surface TypeDate Visited Area (sq ft) Lane Miles *

Culverts Drop Inlets PCRGates Curb & Gutter Curb

80 0 80 16040 Feet º

* Lane miles are based on 11' lane widths

Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site

MAINTENANCE FACILITY PARKING AREA

FROM ROUTE 0400 (MAINTENANCE FACILITY ACCESS ROAD)

7-

TO PARKING

0902 NONPUBLIC 1/19/2012 5795 0.114 AS

0 0 1 NO CONCRETE GOOD

Route 0902

2012 RATIN

Section 8 Parkwide/Route

Maintenance Features Summaries

PUHE: PARKWIDE MAINTENANCE FEATURES SUMMARY

Includes DCV, MRL, MRP & PKG routes collected in Cycle-5

FEATURE LINEAR FEET COUNT

BRIDGE -- 0

CATTLE GUARD -- 0

CULVERT -- 2

CURB 0 --

DROP INLET -- 0

GATE -- 7

GUARD/GUIDE RAIL 0 --

CABLE 0 --

NON-CABLE 0 --

GUARD/GUIDE WALL 0 --

BOLLARD 0 --

TEMPORARY BARRIER 0 --

NON TEMP/BOLLARD 0 --

INTERSECTION -- 11

LOW WATER CROSSING 0 0

MILE MARKER -- 0

OVERPASS -- 0

PARK BOUNDARY -- 2

PAVED DITCH 0 --

PULLOUT 0 0

RAILROAD CROSSING -- 0

RETAINING WALL 21 1

SIGN -- 46

STATE BOUNDARY -- 0

TRAFFIC LIGHT -- 0

TUNNEL 0 0

Data Collected 04/2014

Notice: Culverts and drop inlets were marked by NPS and inventoried by RIP in Cycle 5 on all DCV driven routes. Culverts and drop inlets were also collected on all Manually Rated Routes and Paved Parking areas. Those totals are reflected below.

8-1

PUHE: DCV ROUTE MAINTENANCE FEATURES SUMMARY

FEATURE R

O

U T

E

PA

R

K H

E A

D Q

U A

R T

ER

S

E N

T R

A N

C E

R O

A D

R O

U T

E

V

IS

IT

O

R C

E N

T E

R E

X

IT

R O

A D

R O

U T

E

SP

E

N C

E R

B E

A C

H P

A R

K R

O A

D

UNIT

BRIDGE EACH

CATTLE GUARD EACH

CULVERT EACH

CURB LINEAR FEET

DROP INLET EACH

GATE EACH

GUARD/GUIDE RAIL LINEAR FEET

CABLE LINEAR FEET

NON-CABLE LINEAR FEET

GUARD/GUIDE WALL LINEAR FEET

BOLLARD LINEAR FEET

TEMPORARY BARRIER LINEAR FEET

NON TEMP/BOLLARD LINEAR FEET

INTERSECTION EACH

LOW WATER CROSSING EACH

LOW WATER CROSSING LINEAR FEET

MILE MARKER EACH

OVERPASS EACH

PARK BOUNDARY EACH

PAVED DITCH LINEAR FEET

PULLOUT EACH

PULLOUT LINEAR FEET

RAILROAD CROSSING EACH

RETAINING WALL EACH

RETAINING WALL LINEAR FEET

SIGN EACH

STATE BOUNDARY EACH

TRAFFIC LIGHT EACH

TUNNEL EACH

TUNNEL LINEAR FEET

Data Collected 04/2014

0 0 0

0 0 0

Notice: Culverts and drop inlets were marked by NPS and inventoried by RIP in Cycle 5.

21 0

0 0

0 1

8-2

STRUCTURE LIST

No data available for this section.

Data Collected 04/2014 8-3

Section 9 Route Maintenance Features

Road Logs

MILEPOST

TO

MILEPOST FEATURE SIDE COMMENT

ROUTE 0010: PARK HEADQUARTERS ENTRANCE ROAD

PUHE: ROUTE MAINTENANCE FEATURES ROAD LOG

Culverts and drop inlets were marked by NPS and inventoried by RIP in Cycle 5 on all paved routes.

Notice:

0.000 ROUTE BEGIN N/A FROM ROUTE 0100 (SPENCER BEACH PARK ROAD)0.000

0.000 INTERSECTION RIGHT ROUTE 0100 (SPENCER BEACH PARK ROAD)0.000

0.000 INTERSECTION LEFT ROUTE 0100 (SPENCER BEACH PARK ROAD)0.000

0.007 SIGN LEFT REGULATORY, STOP0.007

0.008 GATE N/A N/A0.008

0.010 SIGN RIGHT REGULATORY, GRAPHIC SIGN NO TEXT0.010

0.010 SIGN LEFT GUIDE, UNABLE TO READ FROM VIDEO0.010

0.010 SIGN LEFT REGULATORY, GRAPHIC SIGN NO TEXT0.010

0.011 SIGN RIGHT GUIDE, UNABLE TO READ FROM VIDEO0.011

0.033 SIGN RIGHT REGULATORY, SPEED LIMIT 150.033

0.138 SIGN LEFT REGULATORY, SPEED LIMIT 150.138

0.150 INTERSECTION N/A ROUTE 0900 (PARK HEADQUARTERS PARKING LOT)0.150

0.150 ROUTE END N/A TO ROUTE 0900 (PARK HEADQUARTERS PARKING LOT)0.150

9-1Data Collected 04/2014

TO

MILEPOST FEATURE SIDE COMMENT

ROUTE 0011: VISITOR CENTER EXIT ROAD

PUHE: ROUTE MAINTENANCE FEATURES ROAD LOG

Culverts and drop inlets were marked by NPS and inventoried by RIP in Cycle 5 on all paved routes.

Notice:

0.000 ROUTE BEGIN N/A FROM ROUTE 0901 (VISITOR CENTER PARKING LOT)0.000

0.000 INTERSECTION N/A ROUTE 0901 (VISITOR CENTER PARKING LOT)0.000

0.007 SIGN RIGHT REGULATORY, SPEED LIMIT 50.007

0.007 SIGN RIGHT REGULATORY, EXIT0.007

0.059 SIGN RIGHT REGULATORY, UNABLE TO READ FROM VIDEO0.059

0.059 SIGN RIGHT WARNING, GRAPHIC SIGN NO TEXT0.059

0.067 GATE N/A N/A0.067

0.068 SIGN LEFT REGULATORY, UNABLE TO READ FROM VIDEO0.068

0.068 SIGN RIGHT REGULATORY, UNABLE TO READ FROM VIDEO0.068

0.069 SIGN RIGHT WARNING, UNABLE TO READ FROM VIDEO0.069

0.075 RETAINING WALL RIGHT N/A0.071

0.080 SIGN RIGHT REGULATORY, UNABLE TO READ FROM VIDEO0.080

0.080 SIGN RIGHT REGULATORY, STOP0.080

0.081 SIGN N/A REGULATORY, UNABLE TO READ FROM VIDEO0.081

0.081 SIGN N/A REGULATORY, UNABLE TO READ FROM VIDEO0.081

0.081 SIGN N/A REGULATORY, LITTER0.081

0.081 SIGN LEFT REGULATORY, NO PARKING ANY TIME0.081

0.081 INTERSECTION N/A PAVED PARKING (SPENCER BEACH COUNTY PARK PARKING /

NON-NPS )

0.081

0.081 PARK BOUNDARY N/A N/A0.081

0.081 ROUTE END N/A TO SPENCER BEACH COUNTY PARK PARKING LOT0.081

9-2Data Collected 04/2014

TO

MILEPOST FEATURE SIDE COMMENT

ROUTE 0100: SPENCER BEACH PARK ROAD

PUHE: ROUTE MAINTENANCE FEATURES ROAD LOG

Culverts and drop inlets were marked by NPS and inventoried by RIP in Cycle 5 on all paved routes.

Notice:

0.000 ROUTE BEGIN N/A FROM ROUTE 5270 (STATE ROUTE 270)0.000

0.000 INTERSECTION LEFT ROUTE 5270 (STATE ROUTE 270)0.000

0.000 INTERSECTION RIGHT ROUTE 5270 (STATE ROUTE 270)0.000

0.000 SIGN N/A WARNING, GRAPHIC SIGN NO TEXT0.000

0.000 PARK BOUNDARY N/A N/A0.000

0.003 SIGN LEFT REGULATORY, STOP0.003

0.027 INTERSECTION RIGHT ROUTE 0010 (PARK HEADQUARTERS ENTRANCE ROAD)0.027

0.034 SIGN RIGHT GUIDE, PU'UKOHOLA HEIAU VISITOR CENTER PARK

HEADQUARTERS

0.034

0.034 SIGN RIGHT GUIDE, SAMUEL SPENCER COUNTY BEACH PARK AT OHAI

ULA OPEN 6:00 AM - 9:00 PM

0.034

0.039 GATE N/A N/A0.039

0.040 SIGN LEFT REGULATORY, ROAD CLOSED0.040

0.040 SIGN RIGHT REGULATORY, ROAD CLOSED0.040

0.041 SIGN RIGHT WARNING, GRAPHIC SIGN NO TEXT0.041

0.041 SIGN LEFT WARNING, GRAPHIC SIGN NO TEXT0.041

0.051 SIGN RIGHT REGULATORY, SPEED LIMIT 250.051

0.056 CULVERT N/A N/A0.056

0.094 SIGN RIGHT WARNING, 14%0.094

0.094 SIGN RIGHT WARNING, USE LOW GEAR0.094

0.106 CULVERT N/A N/A0.106

0.166 SIGN RIGHT REGULATORY, UNABLE TO READ FROM VIDEO0.166

0.204 SIGN RIGHT REGULATORY, UNABLE TO READ FROM VIDEO0.204

0.245 SIGN RIGHT GUIDE, PU'UKOHOLA HEIAU NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE0.245

0.248 INTERSECTION RIGHT ROUTE 0901 (VISITOR CENTER PARKING LOT)0.248

0.289 SIGN RIGHT WARNING, GRAPHIC SIGN NO TEXT0.289

0.335 SIGN LEFT REGULATORY, SPEED LIMIT 250.335

0.347 SIGN RIGHT REGULATORY, 3-WAY0.347

0.347 SIGN RIGHT REGULATORY, STOP0.347

0.352 INTERSECTION RIGHT PAVED PARKING (SPENCER BEACH COUNTY PARK PARKING /

NON-NPS )

0.352

9-3Data Collected 04/2014

TO

MILEPOST FEATURE SIDE COMMENT

ROUTE 0100: SPENCER BEACH PARK ROAD

PUHE: ROUTE MAINTENANCE FEATURES ROAD LOG

Culverts and drop inlets were marked by NPS and inventoried by RIP in Cycle 5 on all paved routes.

Notice:

0.352 SIGN N/A WARNING, GRAPHIC SIGN NO TEXT0.352

0.352 SIGN N/A REGULATORY, UNABLE TO READ FROM VIDEO0.352

0.352 SIGN N/A REGULATORY, NO KAYAKS OR SIMILAR DEVICES ALLOWED

[HAZARDOUS TO SWIMMERS]

0.352

0.352 SIGN N/A REGULATORY, NO DRUGS DOGS ALCOHOL VIOLATERS WILL

BE PROSECUTED

0.352

0.352 SIGN N/A REGULATORY, DO NOT LEAVE ANIMALS IN PARK0.352

0.352 SIGN N/A REGULATORY, ABSOLUTELY NO DRUGS, ALCOHOL OR DOGS

ALLOWED IN THIS PARK VIOLATERS WILL BE PROSECUTED

0.352

0.352 SIGN N/A GUIDE, SPENCER PARK AT 'OHAI'ULA BEACH DEPT. OF PARKS

& RECREATION COUNTY OF HAWAII

0.352

0.352 INTERSECTION LEFT PAVED PARKING (SPENCER BEACH COUNTY PARK ACCESS

ROAD / NON-NPS )

0.352

0.352 SIGN N/A WARNING, WARNING0.352

0.352 ROUTE END N/A TO SPENCER BEACH COUNTY PARK ACCESS ROAD (STOP

SIGN)

0.352

9-4Data Collected 04/2014

Section 10 Appendix

10-1

Explanation of Changes to the RIP Index Equations and Determination of PCR

In 2005, the FHWA began implementing the use of a Pavement Management System to assist the National Park Service in prioritizing Pavement Maintenance and Rehabilitation activities.

The PMS used by FHWA is the Highway Pavement Management Application (HPMA) and this software has the ability to store inventory and condition data from RIP and forecast future performance using prediction models. Outputs include performance and condition reports at the National, Region, Park, or Route level. A regional prioritized list and optimization have been produced for most regions and the Federal Highway Deferred Maintenance is calculated via the HPMA as well.

In an effort to improve the accuracy of treatment recommendations and pavement condition descriptions in relation to the distresses and indexes that comprise the Pavement Condition Rating (PCR), an extensive study was completed throughout 2010 that resulted in changes to the Road Inventory Program condition reporting method and specifically, the calculation of PCR. It was determined that a better representation of PCR could be achieved by modifying the relative impact certain distresses would have on the overall rating.

Through the use of HPMA data, it was noted that false failure indicators existed with the existing PCR model, and that it would be necessary to reduce their impact. The distresses affected in this way were Rutting and Roughness. Conversely, experience showed that roadways with extensive cracking present were often shown to have a high PCR. Therefore, the crack index models were adjusted to be more sensitive to changes in crack severity or quantity. It was also determined that these issues were not due to a problem with data acquisition (i.e. the RIP “van”), but with the way the collected data was processed. The final change was to provide guidance on when to use the Roughness Condition Index (RCI) in the PCR calculation. Roughness data is of little value to determining overall condition on routes that, due to their length or geometrics, have lower vehicle operating speeds. Therefore, in Cycle 5, only routes that have lengths of one half mile or greater and posted speed limits of 25 mph or greater will have RCI reported and included in the PCR calculations.

The changes that were implemented were endorsed by management at both the FHWA and NPS.

In order to show the effectiveness of these changes, several sites were ground truth tested to ensure that an improvement was achieved between the relationship of PCR and the actual Maintenance and Rehabilitation needs that were represented. These changes will allow greater use of RIP and HPMA data for not simply condition data reporting, but also as a reliable tool for project identification and selection.

10-1

Explanation of the Condition Descriptions ement System’s data from our Highway

Pa ve m en t C on di tio n Ra tin g

Pavement Age

Condition Categories and Treatments

Reconstruction

POOR/Heavy Rehabilitation

GOOD/Preventive Maintenance GOOD/PreventiveGOOD/P i MMMaintMainiMaiM i tenatena EXCELLENT/Localized Repairs Only

FAIR/Light Rehabilitation

10-2

Description of Pavement Treatment Types

• Light Rehabilitation (L3R)

• Heavy Rehabilitation (H3R) –

Description of Automated Vehicle Ratings

10-3

DESCRIPTION OF RATING SYSTEM

The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), National Park Service Road Inventory Program (NPS-RIP), collects condition data on paved roads, parkways, and parking areas in park units nationwide. Road surface condition data is collected using an automated Data Collection Vehicle (DCV). Roads having brick, cobblestone, or wood surfaces are not normally surveyed with the DCV, but are manually rated for the purpose of assigning a condition rating. Unpaved roads, parkways, and parking areas are not currently being evaluated for condition. Paved campground pads and driveways are also not currently being evaluated for condition.

The FHWA RIP is implemented based on the premise that an accurate pavement surface condition assessment can be accomplished using automated crack detection technology as applied to digital images. Various methods of pavement condition assessment have been developed over the years with varying degrees of accuracy and acceptance. The use of digital photography to record pavement images and subsequent crack detection and classification has undergone continuous improvements over the past decade. Digital cameras with increasingly superior resolution and high definition have become more affordable, and the proprietary programming code and algorithms have been improved in crack detection software.

With the use of high quality digital photography and automated crack detection software, FHWA RIP is tasked with executing a pavement condition assessment on about 5000 miles of National Park Service roads and parkways. Foremost in setting up the basis of pavement distress identification is employing the distress identification protocols used by FHWA. There is no single distress identification system that is universal among entities conducting a program of distress identification. For the purpose of the NPS-RIP, FHWA employs distress identification protocols that are specific to this program.

FHWA has referenced the “Distress Identification Manual for the Long-Term Pavement Performance Program”, Publication No. FHWA-RD 03-031, June 2003, as the point-of-reference for distress types on NPS pavement. The FHWA RIP distress types are similar to those described in the LTPP manual with some modifications. The document, “Distress Identification Manual for the NPS Road Inventory Program, Cycle 5, 2010-2013” was developed using the “Distress Identification Manual for the Long-Term Pavement Performance Program” as a guideline. Definitions of severity levels based on crack width contained in this document adhere to the LTPP Distress ID Manual. Modifications have been made to the definition of Alligator and Longitudinal Cracking and determination of Alligator Cracking severity. This manual also addresses Rutting and Roughness and its application to NPS-RIP.

In 2010, FHWA RIP began the fifth cycle of data collection in national parks. For Cycle 5, data will be collected in approximately 81 large parks (10 or more paved route miles) on Functional Class 1, 2, and 7 routes plus any new routes or parking areas previously not collected, totaling an estimated 4,459 paved route miles. Additionally, 231 small parks will be collected comprising approximately 529 paved route miles and associated paved parking areas. The data is used to support the National Park Service road maintenance program and Pavement Management System (PMS) developed and maintained by FHWA.

10-4

This “Distress Identification Manual for the NPS Road Inventory Program, Cycle 5, 2010- 2013” will be used as a reference resource in crack detection and classification, determination of distress severity and extent, and in the calculation of distress index values for the FHWA RIP Cycle 5.

10-5

SURFACE DISTRESSES

Surface Condition Rating - SCR

Surface distresses are measured in the primary lane only. In the classification and measurement of all paved surface condition data, results will be reported in the database in record intervals of

0.02 miles (105.6 feet) (smallest granularity) along the route.

Surface distresses determined from digital images Transverse Cracks Longitudinal Cracks Alligator Cracks Patching/Potholes

Surface distress measured by DCV (Data Collection Vehicle) LRMS (Laser Rut Measuring System)

Rutting

Each of the five surface distresses is assigned a computed surface distress index

Transverse Crack Index Longitudinal Crack Index Alligator Crack Index Patching/Pothole Index Rutting Index

Surface distress data are classified as listed above, measured for severity, and quantified for extent. Classification, severity, and extent of these five surface distresses comprise the three main elements for calculation of SCR (Surface Condition Rating).

In addition to the five surface distresses, a Structural Crack Index is computed, which is a combination of the Longitudinal Crack Index and the Alligator Crack Index. The Structural Crack Index is then used in lieu of the LC and AC indices to compute SCR.

Roughness Condition Index - RCI

Additional condition data measured by DCV (lasers and accelerometers) Roughness (IRI)

Roughness is measured by FHWA’s DCV and reported as International Roughness Index (IRI) in inches/mile. Using IRI, the Roughness Condition Index (RCI) is computed.

10-6

Pavement Condition Rating - PCR

Using the SCR (computed from the five surface distresses) and the RCI, an overall Pavement Condition Rating (PCR) is computed. The formula for PCR is:

Asphalt PCR = (0.60 * SCR) + (0.40 * RCI) Concrete PCR = RCI

A detailed description of each distress index formula, roughness index formula, SCR and PCR is provided in this document beginning on page 8.

Each classified surface distress will fall into one or more severity…LOW, MEDIUM, or HIGH based on criteria listed. For each severity, an extent is established based on the measured quantity of the distress within that severity. Within each severity individual distresses are assigned a Maximum Allowable Extent (MAE). For example, LOW severity transverse cracking may be allowed up to 21.1 cracks within a 0.02 interval before it reaches MAE and fails.

The index formulas are based on a scale of 0-100. A PCR index value of 100 would indicate a “new” road with no measurable distresses or rough ride. A PCR value of 60 is determined to be terminable serviceability and the road is considered failed. The range of index values with condition descriptors is:

POOR (<=60), FAIR (61 - 84), GOOD (85 - 94), EXCELLENT (95 - 100)

Index values are generally computed based on cumulative deducts of the measured severities.

As shown in the index formulas below, as any single severity reaches or exceeds MAE, the index computes to a value of 60 or less, and the road fails for that 0.02 interval.

Note: As a result of a unique combination of measured surface distresses and IRI, index values occasionally compute to less than 0 or greater than 100. In this instance, an index value < 0 defaults to 0. Index values > 100 default to 100. For all indices, a higher value indicates a better road condition, and a lower value indicates a poorer road condition.

On the following page, Table 1 summarizes the different types of distresses measured.

10-7

TABLE 1: Distress Summary

*Note: Roughness is measured on concrete roadways, but surface distresses and rutting are not measured. For concrete, PCR = RCI

ASPHALT-SURFACED PAVEMENT DISTRESS TYPES with RUTTING and ROUGHNESS

DISTRESS TYPE UNIT OF

MEASURE…

…CONVERTED TO DEFINED

SEVERITY

LEVELS?

MEASURED BY

Alligator Cracking Square Feet Percent of Lane Per 0.02 Mile Yes

Digital Image Crack Detection Software

Transverse Cracking Linear Feet Number of Cracks Per

0.02 Mile Yes

Digital Image Crack Detection Software

Longitudinal Cracking Linear feet Percent of Lane Length

Per 0.02 Mile Yes Digital Image Crack Detection Software

Patching/Potholes Square Feet Percent of Lane Per 0.02 Mile No

Digital Image Crack Detection Software

Rutting Inches Rut Depth Per 0.02 Mile Yes DCV – Laser Rut Measuring System (LRMS)

Roughness IRI *RCI Per 0.02 Mile No DCV – Lasers /Accelerometers

10-8

ALLIGATOR CRACKING

Description

Alligator cracking is considered a combination of fatigue and block cracking. It is a series of interconnected cracks in various stages of development. Alligator cracking develops into a many-sided pattern that resembles chicken wire or alligator skin. It can occur anywhere in the road lane. Alligator cracking must have a quantifiable area.

Severity Levels

LOW

An area of cracks with no or very few interconnecting cracks and the cracks are not spalled. Cracks are <= 0.25 in (6mm) in mean width. Cracks in the pattern are no further apart than 1 foot (0.328 m). May be sealed cracks with sealant in good condition and a crack width that cannot be determined.

MEDIUM

An area of interconnected cracks that form a complete pattern. Cracks may be slightly spalled. Cracks are >0.25 in. (6 mm) and <= 0.75 in. (19 mm) or any crack with a mean width <= 19 mm and adjacent low severity cracking. Cracks in the pattern are no further apart than 6 in. (150 mm).

HIGH

An area of interconnected cracks forming a complete pattern. Cracks are moderately or severely spalled. Cracks are >0.75 in (19mm) or any crack with a mean width <= 0.75 in (19mm) and adjacent medium to high severity random cracking.

A combination of observed crack width and crack pattern is used to determine overall severity of alligator cracking. Based on above description of each severity, the highest level of crack width and crack pattern determines overall severity. Table 2 illustrates this.

TABLE 2: Alligator Crack Severity Levels

ALLIGATOR CRACKING SEVERITY

LEVELS

Crack Pattern

LOW MED HIGH

Cr ac k

W id th

LOW

L M H

MED M M H

HI H H H

10-9

LONGITUDINAL CRACKING

Description

Longitudinal cracking occurs predominantly parallel to the pavement centerline. It can occur anywhere within the lane. Longitudinal cracks occurring in the wheelpath may be noteworthy.

Severity Levels

LOW

Cracks with a mean width of < 0.25 in. (6 mm). Sealed cracks with sealant in good condition and a width that cannot be determined.

MED

Cracks with a mean width > 0.25 in. (6 mm) and <= 0.75 in. (19 mm). Also, any crack with a mean width < 0.75 in. (19 mm) and adjacent random low severity cracking.

HIGH

Cracks with a mean width > 0.75 in. (19 mm). Also, any crack with a mean width < 0.75

in. (19 mm) and adjacent random medium to high severity cracking.

TRANSVERSE CRACKING

Description

Transverse cracking occurs predominantly perpendicular to the pavement centerline. It can occur anywhere within the lane.

Severity Levels

LOW

Cracks with a mean width of < 0.25 in. (6 mm). Sealed cracks with sealant in good condition and a width that cannot be determined.

MED

Cracks with a mean width > 0.25 in. (6 mm) and <= 0.75 in. (19 mm). Also, any crack with a mean width < 0.75 in. (19 mm) and adjacent random low severity cracking.

HIGH

Cracks with a mean width > 0.75 in. (19 mm). Also, any crack with a mean width < 0.75

in. (19 mm) and adjacent random medium to high severity cracking.

10-10

PATCHING AND POTHOLES

Description

Patching is an area of pavement surface that has been removed and replaced with patching material or an area of pavement surface that has had additional patching material applied. Patching may encompass partial-lane or full-lane width. On full-lane width patching;

the total, contiguous length of a patch may not exceed 0.30 mi. (0.48 km). Any full-lane width patch exceeding 0.30 mi. in length is considered a pavement change, not a patch for the purposes of distress analysis. Patching must have a quantifiable area.

Potholes are bowl-shaped holes of various sizes occurring in the pavement surface.

Severity Levels

There are no stratified severities for Patching/Potholes. They either are present or they are not.

RUTTING

Description

Rutting is a longitudinal surface depression in the wheelpath.

Severity Levels

LOW

Ruts with a measured depth 0.20” and 0.49”

MED

Ruts with a measured depth 0.50” and 0.99”

HIGH

Ruts with a measured depth 1.00”

Ruts < 0.20” are not included in the distress calculations.

10-11

ROUGHNESS

Description

Roughness is the measurement of the unevenness of the pavement in the direction of travel. It is measured in units of IRI (International Roughness Index), inches per mile, and is indicative of ride comfort.

Severity Levels

There are no stratified severity levels for roughness. The roughness (or smoothness) of a road surface can be defined by IRI in the following table.

TABLE 3: IRI

IRI Descriptions

Type of Road Typical IRI ( in/mile )

New Road, no noticeable roughness <90

Small level of roughness 90 – 126

Road of average roughness 126 – 190

Road with above average roughness 190 – 253

Road with severe roughness 253 – 380

Nearly impassable >380

10-12

INDEX FORMULAS

Note: All index formulas listed below contain MAE applicable to 0.02 mile (105.6 feet) interval.

Alligator Crack Index

AC_INDEX = 100 – 40 * [(%LOW / 35) + (%MED / 15) + (%HI / 5)]

Where:

The values %LOW, %MED and %HI report the percentage of the observed pavement (0.02 mile, primary lane) that contains alligator cracking within the respective severities.

These values range from 0 to 100.

%LOW = Percent of total area (primary lane, 0.02 in length), low severity %MED = Percent of total area (primary lane, 0.02 in length), medium severity %HI = Percent of total area (primary lane, 0.02 in length), high severity

Percent of total area is computed as:

square foot area of alligator crack severity

0.02 mile * lane width

In AC_INDEX, the denominators 35, 15, and 5 are the Maximum Allowable Extents (MAE) for each severity. In other words, we will allow up to 35% of low severity alligator cracking for a 0.02 interval before failure, 15% for medium severity, and so on.

As you can see, if any single severity reaches MAE the resulting index value is 60, or failure.

Longitudinal Crack Index

LC_INDEX = 100 – 40 * [(%LOW / 175) + (%MED / 75) + (%HI / 25)]

Where:

The values %LOW, %MED, and %HI report the length of longitudinal cracking within each severity as a percent of the section length (0.02 mile, primary lane).

These values are 0 and can exceed 100.

%LOW = Percent of interval length (primary lane, 0.02 in length), low severity %MED = Percent of interval length (primary lane, 0.02 in length), medium severity %HI = Percent of interval length (primary lane, 0.02 in length), high severity

Percent of interval length is computed as:

length of respective longitudinal cracking

0.02 mile (105.6 feet)

10-13

In LC_INDEX, the denominators 175, 75, and 25 are the Maximum Allowable Extents (MAE) for each severity. In other words, we will allow up to 175% of low severity alligator cracking for a 0.02 interval before failure, 75% for medium severity, and so on.

As you can see, if any single severity reaches MAE the resulting index value is 60, or failure.

Structural Crack Index

SC_INDEX = [100 - ((100 - AC_INDEX) + (100 - LC_INDEX))]

Structural Crack Index is a combination of Alligator Cracking and Longitudinal Cracking, and is used in the SCR formula in lieu of AC and LC separately.

Transverse Crack Index

TC_INDEX = 100 – 40 * [(LOW / 21.1) + (MED / 4.4) + (HI / 2.6)]

Where:

The values LOW, MED and HI report a count of the total number of transverse cracks (reported to three decimals) within each severity level, where one transverse crack is equal to the lane width. These values are 0.

LOW = Number of cracks in interval (primary lane, 0.02 in length), low severity MED = Number of cracks in interval (primary lane, 0.02 in length), medium severity HI = Number of cracks in interval (primary lane, 0.02 in length), high severity

Number of cracks is computed as:

Total length of transverse cracks

Lane width

In TC_INDEX, the denominators 21.1, 4.4, and 2.6 are the Maximum Allowable Extents (MAE) for each severity. In other words, we will allow up to 21.1 low severity transverse cracks for a 0.02 interval before failure, 4.4 cracks for medium severity, and so

on. As you can see, if any single severity reaches MAE the resulting index value is 60, or failure.

10-14

Patching Index

PATCH_INDEX = 100 – 40 * (%PATCHING / 80)

Where:

The value %PATCHING reports the percentage of the observed pavement (0.02 mile, primary lane) that contains patching/potholes. This value ranges from 0 to 100.

%PATCHING = Percent of total area (primary lane, 0.02 in length)

Percent of total area is computed as:

square foot area of patching/potholes

0.02 mile * lane width

There are no severity levels for patching. It either exists or does not.

In PATCH_INDEX, the denominator 80 is the Maximum Allowable Extent (MAE) for each severity. In other words, we will allow up to 80% patching for a 0.02 interval before failure. As you can see, if patching/potholes reaches MAE the resulting index value is 60, or failure.

Rutting Index

RUT_INDEX = 100 – 40 * [(%LOW / 535) + (%MED / 205) + (%HI / 40)]

Where:

20 rut depth…