Phase_I_ESA_Report_805_Qunnipiac_Avenue_New_Haven_-_20251105.pdf

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Phase I Environmental Site Assessment

805 Quinnipiac Avenue (a.k.a. 460 Lexington Avenue) New Haven, Connecticut

05 November 2025 Valid 26 August 2025 to 22 February 2025

EKI C50249.00

EKI ENVIRONMENT & WATER, INC. www.ekiconsult.com 80 Eastern Boulevard, Suite 5 • Glastonbury, CT 06033

DRAFT

PHASE I ENVIRONMENTAL SITE ASSESSMENT

805 Quinnipiac Avenue (a.k.a. 460 Lexington Avenue) New Haven, Connecticut

Report Date:

05 November 2025

User of Report:

Ms. Helen Rosenberg City of New Haven Office of Economic Development 165 Church Street New Haven, CT 06510

Prepared by:

EKI Environment & Water, Inc.

80 Eastern Boulevard, Suite 5 Glastonbury, Connecticut 06033

(860) 325-7771 www.ekiconsult.com

Environmental Professionals Statements:

We declare that, to the best of our professional knowledge and belief, we meet the definition of Environmental Professional as defined in 40 CFR Section 312.10.

We have the specific qualifications based on education, training, and experience to assess a property of the nature, history, and setting of the Subject Property. We have developed and performed all appropriate inquiries in conformance with the standards and practices set forth in 40 CFR Part 312.

Nayantara Joseph, PhD Timothy O. Myjak, LEP Environmental Engineer Project Manager

Key Phase I Task Dates:

Date of Environmental Database Report: 26 August 2025 Date Environmental Lien Search was Performed: 28 August 2025 Date Site Reconnaissance was Performed: 23 September 2025 Date Interviews were Performed/Questionnaire: 3 September 2025 Date On-line Regulatory Databases were Searched: 26 August 2025 Date Agency File Reviews were Performed: 28 August 2025 http://www.ekiconsult.com/

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Phase I Environmental Site Assessment 805 Quinnipiac Avenue (a.k.a. 460 Lexington Avenue)

New Haven, Connecticut

1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1-1

1.1 Phase I ESA Tasks Performed ........................................................................................... 1-1

1.2 Limitations, Deviations, and Exceptions of Assessment .................................................... 1-2

1.3 Additional Services ......................................................................................................... 1-3

2 DESCRIPTION OF SUBJECT PROPERTY .................................................................................. 2-1

2.1 Subject Property Location, Setting, Current Uses and Ownership ..................................... 2-1

2.2 Topography and Surface Water Characteristics ................................................................ 2-1

2.3 Geology and Hydrogeology ............................................................................................. 2-1

2.4 Natural Diversity and Radon ........................................................................................... 2-2

2.5 Adjoining Properties ....................................................................................................... 2-2

3 HISTORICAL USE OF THE SUBJECT PROPERTY ....................................................................... 3-1

3.1 Historical City Directory Listings for Subject Property ....................................................... 3-2

4 OBSERVATIONS MADE DURING SITE RECONNAISSANCE ....................................................... 4-1

4.1 Adjoining Properties ....................................................................................................... 4-3

5 REVIEW OF PRIOR ENVIRONMENTAL REPORTS AND OTHER DOCUMENTS ............................ 5-1

6 INFORMATION PROVIDED BY OWNER AND USER ................................................................. 6-1

6.1 Summary of Owner Questionnaire .................................................................................. 6-1

6.2 Summary of User Questionnaire ...................................................................................... 6-1

6.3 Interviews with Key Site Persons ..................................................................................... 6-1

7 RESULTS OF REGULATORY AGENCY DATABASE SEARCH AND FILE REVIEWS .......................... 6-1

7.1 Results of EDR Database Search for Subject Property ....................................................... 7-1

7.2 Offsite, Nearby and Upgradient Chemical Release Sites ................................................... 7-2

7.3 Search and Review of Online Environmental Regulatory Databases .................................. 7-2

7.4 Results for Off-Site Upgradient Properties ....................................................................... 7-3

7.5 Review of Agency Files for Subject Property .................................................................... 7-3

7.6 Results of Environmental Lien Search .............................................................................. 7-3

8 NON-ASTM SCREENING ....................................................................................................... 8-1

8.1 Hazardous Building Materials .......................................................................................... 8-1

8.2 Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) ..................................................................... 8-2

9 SUMMARY OF PHASE I ESA FINDINGS AND OPINIONS .......................................................... 9-1

9.1 Identified Phase I ESA Gaps ............................................................................................. 9-1

10 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................... 10-1

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FIGURES

Figure 1 Subject Property Location Figure 2 Subject Property Site Plan and Adjacent Properties Figure 3 Subject Property Groundwater Classifications

APPENDICES

Appendix A Historical Sources of Information Appendix B Selected Photographs Taken During Site Reconnaissance Appendix C Prior Reports for Subject Property Appendix D Completed User and Owner Questionnaire Appendix E EDR Radius MapTM Report Appendix F Environmental Regulatory Agency File Information Appendix G EDR Lien Search Report Appendix H Resumes for Preparers of Phase I ESA Report

Phase I Environmental Site Assessment

Executive Summary New Haven, Connecticut

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

EKI Environment & Water, Inc. (EKI) prepared this Phase I Environmental Site Assessment (ESA) for the City of New Haven (Client) regarding the property at 805 Quinnipiac Avenue (a.k.a 460 Lexington Avenue) in New Haven, Connecticut (Subject Property; see Figure 1). The Subject Property consists of one parcel of land, identified by the City of New Haven Tax Assessor’s Office as parcel ID: 100/ 1023/ 01200. The Subject Property is an approximately 2.17-acre property that is currently improved with one commercial two-story building (former school) that is approximately 29,771 square feet in size. It is our understanding that the City of New Haven may redevelop the Subject Property in the near future.

This Phase I ESA was performed by EKI in general conformance with the scope and limitations of ASTM International (ASTM) Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process, Designation: E1527-21 and the requirements issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) in 40 CFR Part 312, Standards and Practices for All Appropriate Inquiries, Final Rule (Final EPA AAI Rule). The ASTM E1527-21 standard and the Final EPA AAI Rule similarly prescribe accepted reasonable efforts to identify conditions indicative of releases and threatened releases of hazardous substances on, at, in, or to the Subject Property, e.g., Recognized Environmental Conditions (RECs). ASTM E1527-21 also prescribes measures to identify historical RECs, controlled RECs, Business Environmental Risks, and de minimis conditions at a property. On 15 December 2022, the U.S. EPA approved the use of ASTM E1527-21 to achieve “all appropriate inquiries”, the investigation required to establish diligence-based defenses to liability under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA).

Findings

RECs: ASTM E1527-21 defines a REC as “(1) the presence of hazardous substances or petroleum products in, on, or at the Subject Property due to a release to the environment; (2) the likely presence of hazardous substances or petroleum products in, on, or at the Subject Property due to a release or likely release to the environment; or (3) the presence of hazardous substances or petroleum products in, on, or at the Subject Property under conditions that pose a material threat of a future release to the environment.”

Additionally, this Phase I ESA was conducted in general accordance with the protocols included in the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection’s (CTDEEP’s) Site Characterization Guidance Document (SCGD) (2007, updated December 2010) to include the identification of Areas of Concern (AOC). The CTDEEP SCGD defines AOCs as locations or areas at a site where hazardous waste and or hazardous substances (including petroleum products) have been or may have been used, stored, treated, handled, disposed of, spilled, and/or released into the environment. Note that not all AOCs meet the definition of RECs. This Phase I ESA also provides information that may be used to evaluate whether the Subject Property may be an “Establishment”, as the term is defined in the Connecticut Property Transfer Act.

AOCs: CTDEEP’s SCGD defines AOCs as locations or areas where hazardous waste and/or hazardous substances (including petroleum products) have been or may have been used, stored, treated, handled, disposed of, spilled, and/or released into the environment.

One AOC was identified for the Subject Property as summarized below:

• Hydraulic elevator system: One hydraulic elevator was observed within the Subject Property building. A small hydraulic reservoir is in a subgrade basement utility room adjacent to the

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elevator. No staining or evidence of a release was observed on the concrete floor adjacent to this reservoir. Although there was no evidence of a release of hydraulic oil, the hydraulic reservoir is considered an AOC as it was an area used to store hazardous substances or petroleum products.

Three RECs were identified at the Subject Property in the performance of this Phase I ESA. Two of these RECs also met the definition of an AOC. The RECs and AOCs identified are summarized below.

• Incinerator: the “Addition Boiler Room & Details” plan also indicates that an incinerator was located in the Subject Property’s building. The incinerator’s chimney is also depicted on a plan titled “Exist. Exter. Elevations”. No additional information concerning the incinerator was provided or identified, including its use, waste type, period of operation, or ash management practices. Because no documentation was identified confirming the incinerator’s removal, closure, or waste-handling practices, “the presence or likely presence of hazardous substances or petroleum products on, at, in, or to the Subject Property” associated with the incinerator cannot be ruled out. As a result, the historic presence of an incinerator on the Subject Property is considered a REC as well as an AOC.

• 10,000-gallon Abandoned Heating Oil Underground Storage Tank (UST): Records indicate that a 10,000-gallon heating oil UST (Tank ID: A1) was permanently closed and abandoned in-place off the north central side of the Subject Property former school building. This UST was installed on the Site on 1 December 1965. The date the tank was abandoned was not available and there were also no records available to document if the tank was properly closed in accordance with Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection (CTDEEP) UST Closure requirements. Given that the tank's anticipated service life has long since passed, there is a material threat of release due to the potential for the steel tank to corrode and given that the age of the tank exceeds its design life, there is a material threat of release of fuel oil due to corrosion, this abandoned UST represents both a REC and an AOC for the Site.

• Potential PFAS Release from Historical Firefighting Activities: The EDR includes a listing describing an automobile fire that occurred on the Subject Property in 1997, which was extinguished by the New Haven Fire Department using water stored in an apparatus tank. Although no AFFF was reported to have been used, published studies have shown that PFAS can persist in fire truck water and foam delivery systems even after rinsing (Dahlbom, 2025). Given that perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) were designated as CERCLA hazardous substances, the firefighting water may be a potential source of hazardous substances to the environment. Since there is no additional documentation about the quality of the firefighting water or environmental analytical data, this listing is considered a REC.

Historical RECs: ASTM E1527-21 defines an HREC as “a previous release of hazardous substances or petroleum products affecting the Subject Property that has been addressed to the satisfaction of the applicable regulatory authority or authorities and meeting unrestricted use criteria established by the applicable regulatory authority or authorities without subjecting the Subject Property to any controls (for example, activity and use limitations or other property use limitations).”

• No HRECs were identified for the Subject Property in the performance of this Phase I ESA.

Controlled RECs: ASTM E1527-21 defines a Controlled REC (CREC) as a “recognized environmental condition affecting the Subject Property that has been addressed to the satisfaction of the applicable

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regulatory authority or authorities with hazardous substances or petroleum products allowed to remain in place subject to implementation of required controls.”

• No CRECs were identified for the Subject Property in the performance of this Phase I ESA.

Business Environmental Risks: ASTM E1527-21 defines a business environmental risk (BER) as “a risk which can have a material environmental or environmentally-driven impact on the business associated with the current or planned use of a parcel of commercial real estate.” The following BERs were identified for the Subject Property:

• Based on the date of construction of the Subject Property building (1965), asbestos-containing materials (ACMs) are likely to be present. Based on available records, manifests available indicate that ACMs have been abated and disposed of from the Subject Property building between 2005 and 2017.

• Based on the age of the Subject Property building (1965), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and lead-based paint may be present in and on the Site building. Based on available records, manifests available indicate that PCBs have been remediated from the Subject Property building during 2017.

• The Subject Property is in a Radon Zone 1 area, which is predicted to have indoor radon levels above the Action Level that the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommends mitigation.

de minimis conditions: ASTM E1527-21 defines a de minimis condition as “condition related to a release that generally does not present a threat to human health or the environment and that generally would not be the subject of an enforcement action if brought to the attention of appropriate governmental agencies.”

• No de minimis conditions were identified for the Subject Property in the performance of this Phase I ESA.

Connecticut Property Transfer Act: Based on the available information, the Subject Property does not appear to meet the definition of an “Establishment” under the Connecticut Transfer Act. However, a final determination or opinion as to whether any future transaction is subject to the Connecticut Transfer Act should be reviewed by legal counsel.

Data Gaps

According to ASTM E1527-21 a “data gap” is lack of or inability to obtain information required by the ASTM standard that affects the ability of the environmental professional to identify conditions indicative of releases or threatened releases to the Subject Property, despite good faith efforts made by the environmental professional. The following data gaps were identified:

• Lack of documentation describing the quality of the water used to extinguish the automobile fire;

• Lack of documentation describing the closure of the 10,000-gallon fuel oil UST; and

• As of the writing of this report, a response has not been received by EKI from the Health

Department.

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None of these dap gaps are considered significant as additional information was available that allowed for the evaluation of RECs at the Subject Property.

No other data gaps were identified in the performance of this Phase I ESA.

This Executive Summary does not contain all of the information, including observations, findings, and opinions, presented in the full Phase I ESA report. This Phase I ESA report should be read in its entirety to obtain a more complete understanding of the information and issues identified regarding the Subject Property and to aid in the evaluation of risks, decision-making, and/or actions taken by Client based on this information.

Section 1 805 Quinnipiac Avenue (a.k.a 460 Lexington Avenue) Description of Subject Property New Haven, Connecticut

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1 INTRODUCTION

EKI Environment & Water, Inc. (EKI) prepared this Phase I Environmental Site Assessment (ESA) for the City of New Haven (Client) regarding the property at 805 Quinnipiac Avenue (a.k.a 460 Lexington Avenue) in New Haven, Connecticut (Subject Property; see Figure 1). The Subject Property consists of one parcel of land, identified by the City of New Haven Tax Assessor’s Office as parcel ID: 100/ 1023/ 01200. The Subject Property is an approximately 2.17-acre parcel currently improved with one 29,771 square foot, two-story school building. It is our understanding that the City of New Haven may redevelop the Subject Property in the near future.

The Subject Property is bordered by Quinnipiac Avenue and several residences to the west; Fairmount Park to the east; and residences to the north and south (see Figure 2).

This Phase I ESA was performed by EKI in general conformance with the scope and limitations of ASTM International (ASTM) Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process, Designation: E1527-21 (ASTM, 2021), and the requirements issued by the U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) in 40 CFR Part 312, Standards and Practices for All Appropriate Inquiries, Final Rule (Final EPA AAI Rule). The ASTM E1527-21 standard and the Final EPA AAI Rule similarly prescribe accepted reasonable efforts to identify conditions indicative of releases and threatened releases of hazardous substances on, at, in, or to the Subject Property, such as Recognized Environmental Conditions (RECs). ASTM E1527-21 also prescribes measures to identify historical RECs, controlled RECs, Business Environmental Risks, and de minimis conditions at a property. On 15 December 2022, the U.S. EPA approved the use of ASTM E1527-21 to achieve “all appropriate inquiries”, the investigation required to establish diligence-based defenses to liability under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA).

This Phase I ESA was additionally conducted in general accordance with the protocols included in the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection (CTDEEP) Site Characterization Guidance Document (SCGD) to identify conditions indicative of Areas of Concern (AOCs), which is defined as “locations or areas at a site where hazardous waste and or hazardous substances (including petroleum products) have been or may have been used, stored, treated, handled, disposed, spilled, and/or released to the environment.”

EKI’s services were performed in accordance with EKI’s Agreement with the Client, dated 14 August 2025.

The purpose of this Phase I ESA is to identify conditions indicative of releases and threatened releases of hazardous substances on, at, in, or to the Subject Property, i.e., RECs, in accordance with ASTM E1527-21 and AOCs in accordance with the SCGD. In addition, this Phase I ESA will evaluate whether the Subject Property may be an “Establishment” as the term is defined in the Connecticut Property Transfer Act.

1.1 Phase I ESA Tasks Performed

EKI performed the following tasks as part of this Phase I ESA:

• Reviewed available historical land use information for the Subject Property, adjoining properties, and surrounding area (e.g., historical Sanborn maps, if available), historical aerial photographs, historical USGS topographic maps, and historical City Directories obtained from Environmental Data Resources, Inc. (EDR) (see Appendix A);

• Performed a reconnaissance of the Subject Property to observe the current conditions and setting of the Subject Property and adjoining properties (see photographs in Appendix B), and to interview a User representative;

Description of Subject Property New Haven, Connecticut

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• Reviewed available reports and documents prepared for the Subject Property provided by the User (see report in Appendix C);

• Reviewed the responses to a User Questionnaire, completed by a representative of the User of this Phase I ESA report, and an Owner Questionnaire, completed by a representative of the current owner of the Subject Property (see Appendix D);

• Purchased and reviewed an environmental regulatory agency database report for the Subject Property and surrounding area prepared by LightBox EDR (referred to as an EDR Radius Map Report; see Appendix E);

• Searched for environmental reports for the Subject Property and selected nearby hydraulically upgradient reported chemical release sites (if reported) on the CTDEEP online databases, and reviewed available files;

• Requested publicly available files for the Subject Property from certain environmental regulatory and public agencies and reviewed files provided to EKI (see agency responses and files received in Appendix F); and

• Purchased and reviewed an Environmental Lien Search report for the Subject Property, prepared by EDR (see Appendix G).

1.2 Limitations, Deviations, and Exceptions of Assessment

This assessment did not include an audit of current facility operations for compliance with hazardous material usage laws, regulations, or permits, including occupational health and safety issues. This Phase I ESA by EKI did not include an assessment of “non-scope considerations” as listed in Section 13.1.5 of ASTM E1527-21, other than a screening-level, desktop assessment of the potential presence of hazardous building materials at the Subject Property. In addition, an evaluation of whether the Subject Property may be an “Establishment” as the term is defined in the Connecticut Property Transfer Act was also conducted as part of this assessment.

1.3 Reliance On Phase I ESA

This report was prepared pursuant to the Agreement between EKI and the Client and, as such, is for the sole benefit, use and reliance of the Client. Unless specifically authorized in writing in an agreement acceptable to EKI in its reasonable discretion, reliance on this report by any other entity is not permitted or authorized. Reliance on the information contained in this report by any third party without authorization by EKI does not make such entity a third-party beneficiary of EKI’s work product. Any such unauthorized reliance on, modification of, or use of this report, including any of its information or conclusions, will be at such third party’s sole risk. The User of this report, as defined by ASTM E1527-21, is the City of New Haven (Client).

The conclusions and recommendations presented herein are our professional opinion. They are not a warranty or guaranty as to the presence, absence, or extent of contamination on the Subject Property or of releases from or near the Subject Property. The facts presented herein are based on available information obtained by EKI and represent existing conditions at the Subject Property at the time the information was collected.

1.4 Non-Scope Considerations

As part of this Phase I ESA, EKI collected information for the evaluation of whether the Subject Property may be an “Establishment” as defined in the Connecticut Property Transfer Act. Additionally, a screening-

Description of Subject Property New Haven, Connecticut

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level, desktop assessment of the potential presence of hazardous building materials at the Subject Property was conducted. No other additional services beyond those required by ASTM E1527-21 and outlined within the SCGD were performed by EKI as part of this Phase I ESA.

Section 2 805 Quinnipiac Avenue (a.k.a 460 Lexington Avenue) Description of Subject Property New Haven, Connecticut

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2 DESCRIPTION OF SUBJECT PROPERTY

2.1 Subject Property Location, Setting, Current Uses and Ownership

The Subject Property consists of one parcel of land identified by the City of New Haven Tax Assessor’s Office as parcel 100/ 1023/ 01200. The Subject Property is approximately 2.17 acres and is currently improved with one 29,771 square-foot, two-story former school building. Surrounding the Subject Property building were landscaped areas on all sides, asphalt parking to the north and south, and an outdoor children’s playscape enclosed by chain-link fencing to the north. The Subject Property building was previously occupied by the Quinnipiac Real World Math STEM School, which closed in 2021, and has remained vacant ever since. The Subject Property is bordered by Quinnipiac Avenue and several residences to the West; Fairmount Park to the east; and residences to the north and south (see Figure 2).

The Subject Property is connected to both municipal water and sewer service from the City of New Haven.

Electricity is supplied to the Subject Property by United Illuminating (UI). The Subject Property building is currently heated by natural gas. Additional information regarding the Subject Property building and setting is included in Section 4 of this report.

2.2 Topography and Surface Water Characteristics

The Subject Property slopes moderately from the east to the west at a surface elevation of approximately 51 feet above mean sea level (ft msl) based on the EDR database report. The closest waterbody to the Site is the Quinnipiac River, located approximately 200 feet west of the Subject Property (FWS, 2025). Based on the local topography and the location of the nearby river, the inferred groundwater flow direction is towards the west. The State of Connecticut classifies the Quinnipiac River as a Class SB surface water.

Class SB surface waters are coastal and marine waters designated for high-quality uses, including marine fish, shellfish, and wildlife habitat; commercial shellfish harvesting for transfer to approved areas for purification; recreation; industrial water supply; and navigation (CTDEEP, 2022).

EKI did not observe any surface water or wetland features on the Subject Property during the Site reconnaissance.

2.3 Geology and Hydrogeology

In a review of the “Surficial Material Maps of Connecticut”, the Site is shown to be underlain by thin glacial till deposits, generally less than 10 to 15 feet thick (Stone, 1992). According to the “Bedrock Geology Map of Connecticut”, bedrock beneath the Subject Property and vicinity is mapped as the New Haven Arkose, a reddish, poorly sorted arkose sandstone (Rodgers, 1985).

According to the CTDEEP Water Classification Map for New Haven, Connecticut (CTDEEP, 2018), groundwater beneath the Subject Property is classified as GB on the west side of the parcel, and GA or GAA may not meet current standards on a small portion of the east side of the parcel. The location of the border between the two groundwater classification areas is shown in Figure 3.

• GB groundwater is defined as industrial process water and cooling waters, and baseflow for hydraulically connected water bodies, and is presumed not suitable for human consumption without treatment.

• Class GA designated groundwater uses include existing private and potential public or private supplies of water suitable for drinking without treatment and baseflow for hydraulically-connected surface water bodies. Whereas Class GAA classified groundwater uses include existing or potential public water supply suitable for drinking without treatment and baseflow for

Section 2 805 Quinnipiac Avenue (a.k.a 460 Lexington Avenue) Description of Subject Property New Haven, Connecticut

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hydraulically-connected surface water bodies. Note, however, that the GA or GAA area is currently described as possibly not meeting the GA or GAA standards.

The current CTDEEP Aquifer Protection Area map also indicates that this Subject Property is not situated within an Area of Contribution to any Public Water Supply Wells, nor is it located in an Aquifer Protection Area (CTDEEP, 2022).

According to the Federal Emergency Management Agency Flood Insurance Rate Map online search and the EDR Database report, the Subject Property is not located in a designated flood zone area (FEMA, 2025).

2.4 Natural Diversity and Radon

According to the CTDEEP Natural Diversity Data Base Areas for New Haven, Connecticut map (CTDEEP, 2024), western portions of the Subject Property are listed on the State and Federal Listed Species area

(CTDEEP, 2024).

According to the EDR report, the Subject Property is in a Federal EPA Radon Zone 1. The average indoor radon level in Zone 1 areas is predicted to be greater than four picocuries per liter (pCi/L). The EPA recommends mitigation when the radon level exceeds four pCi/L.

2.5 Adjoining Properties

From the Subject Property and publicly accessible areas, EKI observed the following adjoining properties and uses at the time of the site reconnaissance.

• To the north: Residences listed as 813 Quinnipiac Avenue and 3 Runo Terrace.

• To the south: Residences listed as 439 and 442 Lexington Avenue and 773 Quinnipiac Avenue.

• To the east: Fairmount Park listed as 90 Clifton Street.

• To the west: Several residences listed as 779, 783, 789, 797, 800, and 806 Quinnipiac Avenue.

Section 3 805 Quinnipiac Avenue (a.k.a 460 Lexington Avenue) Historical Use of the Subject Property New Haven, Connecticut

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3 HISTORICAL USE OF THE SUBJECT PROPERTY

Information on historical uses of the Subject Property and the immediate vicinity was obtained from the following sources, which are included in Appendix A of this report:

• Historical aerial photographs for the Subject Property and vicinity provided by EDR for available years between 1934 and 2023;

• Sanborn Mapping for the Subject Property and vicinity provided by EDR for available years between 1901 and 1973;

• Historical USGS topographic maps for the Subject Property and vicinity provided by EDR for available years between 1892 and 2021; and

• Historical City Directory information provided by EDR for available years between 1941 and 2022.

Time Period Historical Land Use – Subject Property Historical Land Use – Adjoining Properties 1892-1921 The Subject Property is shown in the 1892 topographic map as being undeveloped. By 1901, a structure listed as being occupied by a school had been constructed on the north portions of the Subject Property. According to Sanborn mapping, the building was heated using a furnace.

On topographic maps, Quinnipiac Avenue is shown as developed west of the Subject Property. Sanborn mapping from 1901 shows residential structures present on adjacent properties to the north, south, and west of the Subject Property. Adjacent properties to the east are shown as undeveloped.

1924-1949 In the 1924 Sanborn map and the 1934 aerial photographs, the school structure is shown in the northeast portion of the Subject Property. No other significant changes were noted.

No significant changes were observed for adjacent or surrounding properties.

1951-1970 Between 1951 and 1963, the former school structure located in the northern portion of the Subject Property is shown to have remained unchanged. Between 1963 and 1966, the former school structure was no longer visible, and the present-day school structure was constructed (according to the City of New Haven Assessor’s Office, the present-day school building was developed in 1965).

Additional development on the south and west sides of the Subject Property is observed during this time period. No other significant changes were observed for other adjacent or surrounding properties.

1972-1991 The Subject Property remains relatively unchanged.

No significant changes were observed for adjacent or surrounding properties, except for an athletic field observed on the 1980 aerial photograph east of the Subject Property.

2014-Present The Subject Property remains essentially unchanged and is observed in its present-day configuration.

Adjacent properties remain essentially unchanged and are observed in their present-day configurations.

Historical Use of the Subject Property New Haven, Connecticut

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3.1 Historical City Directory Listings for Subject Property

The EDR City Directory listings (Appendix A) provides listings for 805 Quinnipiac Avenue (a.k.a 460 Lexington Avenue) between 1941 and 2022. The City Directory residential listings for the Subject Property are detailed below:

805 Quinnipiac Avenue:

2022:

No listing

2017:

No listing

2014:

No listing

2010:

No listing

2005:

No listing

2000:

No listing

1995:

No listing

1992:

No listing

1988:

No listing

1974:

No listing

1967:

Quinnipiac School

1962:

Quinnipiac School

1957:

Quinnipiac Avenue School

1954:

Quinnipiac Avenue School

1949:

Quinnipiac Avenue School

1945:

Quinnipiac Avenue School

1941:

Quinnipiac Avenue School

460 Lexington Avenue:

2022:

Paige Korwek Quinnipiac Real World Math STEM School Quinnipiac School

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2017:

No listing

2014:

City of New Haven

2010:

No listing

2005:

No listing

2000:

City of New Haven Education Department

1995:

Quinnipiac School

1992:

Quinnipiac School

1988:

Quinnipiac School

1974:

Quinnipiac School

1967:

No listing

1962:

No listing

1957:

No listing

1954:

No listing

1949:

No listing

1945:

No listing

1941:

No listing

Residential listings are also reported for surrounding properties located along Quinnipiac Avenue, Lexington Avenue, Runo Terrace between 1941 and 2022. The EDR City Directory does not have listings available for years prior to 1941.

Section 4 805 Quinnipiac Avenue (a.k.a 460 Lexington Avenue) Observations Made During Site Reconnaissance New Haven, Connecticut

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4 OBSERVATIONS MADE DURING SITE RECONNAISSANCE

On 23 September 2025, Mr. Don Wilson and Ms. Nayantara Joseph of EKI conducted a walk-through visual reconnaissance of the Subject Property. Accompanying Mr. Wilson and Ms. Joseph was Mr. Jeffrey Moreno and Mr. James Wankowicz of the City of New Haven. Mr. Wilson is an Environmental Professional as defined in 40 CFR Section 312.10, and as defined by ASTM 1527-21 (see professional resumes in Appendix H).

Key observations of the Subject Property, and adjoining areas, are discussed below. Selected photographs taken during the walk-through of the Subject Property by EKI are presented in Appendix B of this report.

Subject Property Reconnaissance Observations

Bu ild in g

Co ns tr uc tio n

General Building Uses

There is one, two-story commercial building (former school) located on the Subject Property, constructed primarily of brick, steel, and concrete. The approximately 29,771 square-foot building is currently vacant. Surrounding the Subject Property building were asphalt parking and drives to the north and south, and landscaped grounds to the north, south, east, and west. In addition, there was a children’s playscape area enclosed by chain-link fencing just north of the building. The Subject Property is currently connected to both municipal water and sewer and is heated by natural gas.

Number of building stories

Two.

Ancillary Structures None.

Basement floor The Subject Property building is primarily slab on grade construction; however, two small subgrade basement utility rooms are located in the northern portion of the building.

Basement conditions The concrete floor in both subgrade basement utility rooms was observed to be in good condition with no visible staining or cracking.

In te rio r a nd E xt er io r

Hazardous Substances and Petroleum

Products in connection with identified uses

No bulk storage of hazardous or petroleum chemical products was observed during site reconnaissance. However, EKI did observe small quantities of building maintenance products and cleaning and disinfecting products within the building maintenance storage closets. No evidence of leaks or spills from these containers and products was observed during the Site reconnaissance.

Storage Tanks None observed.

Unusual Odors

(strong, noxious, or pungent)

None observed.

Pools of Liquids None observed.

Drums, Totes, other

Bulk Containers (conditions, leaks, staining)

None observed.

Sumps, clarifiers, drains Floor drains were observed in the kitchen and restroom areas throughout the building. According to Mr. Wankowicz, all drains are connected to the sanitary sewer system.

Hazardous Substances None observed.

Observations Made During Site Reconnaissance New Haven, Connecticut

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and Petroleum Product Containers not in Connection with Identified Uses

Unidentified Substance Containers

None observed.

Hydraulic equipment (elevators, lifts)

One hydraulic elevator was observed within the Subject Property building (Figure 2). A small hydraulic reservoir is located in a subgrade basement utility room adjacent to the elevator. No staining or evidence of a release was observed on the concrete floor adjacent to this reservoir. Although there was no evidence of a release of hydraulic oil, the hydraulic reservoir is considered an AOC as it was an area used to store hazardous substances or petroleum products.

Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)-containing equipment

None observed.

Transformers (pad-mounted or pole)

None observed.

In te rio r a nd E xt er io r Stains or Corrosion of

Walls or Floors None observed.

Ventilation of Sub- Grade Parking Levels (if any)

NA

Pits, Ponds, or Lagoons associated with Waste

Disposal

None observed.

Other Key Observations

Ex te rio r

Stained Soil or Pavement

None observed.

Stressed Vegetation None observed.

Obvious Fill Areas or

Debris Dumping None observed

Solid Waste Solid waste is disposed of in two waste dumpsters located on the northern portions of the Subject Property. No staining or evidence of a release was observed in the vicinity of either of the dumpsters.

Aboveground Storage Tanks

None observed.

Underground Storage Tanks (vents, fill pipes)

Suspect heating oil piping (that was capped) was observed along the eastern wall of the subgrade boiler utility room. No evidence of any staining was observed beneath these suspect heating oil pipes (see Section 7.1 for further discussion related to an onsite abandoned 10,000-gallon heating oil underground storage tank (UST)).

Wastewater (Industrial/ Domestic)

None observed.

Wells (Water Supply or

None observed.

Observations Made During Site Reconnaissance New Haven, Connecticut

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Monitoring) Septic/Leach Field

Systems; Cesspools None observed.

Storm Water Drainage (Municipal, dry wells)

Several catch basins were observed in the paved areas surrounding the Subject Property building. According to Mr. Wankowicz, all catch basins are connected to the municipal stormwater system.

Other Key Observations

Ad jo in in g Ar ea s

Manufacturing, industrial, or bulk chemical storage or distribution?

None observed.

Chemical use, storage or disposal?

None observed.

Ad jo in in g Ar ea s

Groundwater monitoring wells, grouted boreholes or other indicators of past investigations/ remedial actions?

None observed.

Observed current or indications of past gasoline service stations, dry cleaners, machine shops, or auto repair facilities?

None observed.

Other Key Observations None observed

4.1 Adjoining Properties

From the Subject Property and publicly accessible areas, EKI observed the following adjoining properties and uses at the time of the site reconnaissance.

To the north: Residences listed as 813 Quinnipiac Avenue and 3 Runo Terrace.

To the south: Residences listed as 439 and 442 Lexington Avenue and 773 Quinnipiac Avenue.

To the east: Fairmount Park listed as 90 Clifton Street.

To the west: Several residences listed as 779, 783, 789, 797, 800, and 806 Quinnipiac Avenue.

Section 5 805 Quinnipiac Avenue (a.k.a 460 Lexington Avenue) Review of Prior Environmental Reports and Other Documents New Haven, Connecticut

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5 REVIEW OF PRIOR ENVIRONMENTAL REPORTS AND OTHER DOCUMENTS

EKI was not provided with, nor identified, any previously prepared environmental assessment, investigation, or remediation reports for the Subject Property during this Phase I assessment. However, the User provided EKI with thirty-eight different building plans. Two of these plans are untitled and undated; however, the remaining 36 plans are associated with an “Addition” and are dated May 1967. Of note, two “gun type all elec. oil burner” and 1.25-inch diameter below slab oil lines were depicted in the plan titled “Addition Boiler Room & Details” (see section 7.5 for additional information describing the fuel oil system).

Additionally, the “Addition Boiler Room & Details” plan indicates that an incinerator was located in the Subject Property’s building. The incinerator’s chimney is also depicted on a plan titled “Exist. Exter.

Elevations”. No additional information concerning the incinerator was provided or identified, including its use, waste type, period of operation, or ash management practices. Because no documentation was identified confirming the incinerator’s removal, closure, or waste-handling practices, “the presence or likely presence of hazardous substances or petroleum products on, at, in, or to the Subject Property” associated with the incinerator cannot be ruled out.1 As a result, the historic presence of an incinerator on the Subject Property is considered a REC as well as an AOC.

Copies of the building plans are included in Appendix C of this report.

1 The 1955 Air Pollution Control Act was the first federal law to recognize air pollution as a national issue. However, it was limited to funding research and technical assistance and did not establish enforceable emission standards, permitting requirements, or closure documentation for institutional or small on-site incinerators. Later amendments, such as the Clean Air Act of 1963, the Air Quality Act of 1967, and the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970, did not apply retroactively to incinerator ash disposal or operational practices. As a result, a school incinerator built in 1967 would not have been subject to federal oversight or closure certification, and missing records do not eliminate the possibility of residual contamination.

Section 6 805 Quinnipiac Avenue (a.k.a 460 Lexington Avenue) Information Provided by Owner and User New Haven Connecticut

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6 INFORMATION PROVIDED BY OWNER AND USER

6.1 Summary of User Questionnaire

Mr. Carlos Eyzaguirre of the City of New Haven completed the User Questionnaire, dated 17 October 2025, a copy of which is included in Appendix D of this report. A summary of the key information provided in the User Questionnaire is presented below.

• The User representative is unaware of any environmental cleanup liens or activity and land use limitations (e.g., institutional or engineering controls) filed or recorded against the Subject Property.

• The User representative noted that they have no specialized knowledge or experience related to chemicals or chemical processes used at the Subject Property or on adjacent properties.

• The User representative noted that the purchase price reasonably reflects the fair market value.

• The User representative noted that a past use of the Subject Property was as a school.

• The User representative noted they do not have any knowledge of past uses or chemicals that are present or formerly present at the Subject Property.

• The User is not aware of spills or chemical releases that have taken place at the Subject Property.

6.2 Summary of Owner Questionnaire

Mr. Carlos Eyzaguirre of the City of New Haven completed the Owner Questionnaire, dated 17 October 2025, a copy of which is included in Appendix D of this report. A summary of the key information provided in the Owner Questionnaire is presented below.

• Mr. Eyzaguirre states the Subject Property was formerly occupied by a school.

• Mr. Eyzaguirre is not aware of any chemical waste generated or stored on the property.

• Mr. Eyzaguirre is not aware of any current or former USTs on the Subject Property.

• Mr. Eyzaguirre is not aware of or has any knowledge of any chemicals on the property stored in drums, or if any drums or other containers leak or have leaked in the past.

• Mr. Eyzaguirre is not aware of any current or former water supply wells on the property.

• Mr. Eyzaguirre is not aware of any air emissions or air discharge points on the property.

• Mr. Eyzaguirre is not aware of any past or current applications of pesticides, herbicides, or other agricultural chemicals to the property.

• Mr. Eyzaguirre is not aware of any equipment on the Subject Property that may contain PCBs, or if any transformer fluid or PCB-related spills or leaks on the property.

• Mr. Eyzaguirre is not aware of any asbestos and lead-in-paint surveys that have been conducted on the Subject Property.

• Mr. Eyzaguirre is not aware of any current or former landfills, waste disposal, or debris dumping areas on the Subject Property.

• Mr. Eyzaguirre is not aware of any known or suspected water supply wells on the Subject Property.

• Mr. Eyzaguirre is not aware of former railroad spurs or tracks on the Subject Property.

6.3 Interviews with Key Site Persons

During the Subject Property walk-through visual reconnaissance, EKI conducted interviews with Mr.

Moreno and Mr. Wankowicz of the City of New Haven. Information provided by Mr. Moreno and Mr.

Wankowicz is provided throughout the various sections of this report.

Section 7 805 Quinnipiac Avenue (a.k.a 460 Lexington Avenue) Results of Regulatory Agency Database Search and File Reviews New Haven, Connecticut

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7 RESULTS OF REGULATORY AGENCY DATABASE SEARCH AND FILE REVIEWS

To identify conditions indicative of releases and threatened releases of hazardous substances on, at, in, or to the Subject Property (i.e., known or potential contamination of soil, soil vapor, or groundwater, or reported chemical use), EKI retained EDR to perform a search of available, selected federal, state, and local environmental regulatory agency databases. EDR searched for the Subject Property and properties located within selected radii of the Subject Property, consistent with ASTM E1527-21. A copy of the resulting “Radius Map Report” provided by EDR (EDR report), dated 26 August 2025, is provided in Appendix E. The EDR report provides a complete list of the federal, state, and tribal databases searched.

7.1 Results of EDR Database Search for Subject Property

According to the EDR Report, the Subject Property building is listed in the following environmental regulatory databases:

Entity Name Database(s) Chemical Use / Release Notes Years Listed Quinnipiac School 460 Lexington Avenue New Haven, CT

CT UST The EDR database indicates that a 10,000-gallon heating oil UST (Tank ID: A1) was permanently closed and abandoned in-place at the Subject Property. This UST was installed on the Site on 1 December 1965.

The date the tank was abandoned was not available in the database (see Section 7.5 for further discussion).

N/A

Quinnipiac School 460 Lexington Avenue New Haven, CT

CT Manifest The EDR database indicates that approximately 900 pounds of fluorescent lights (D009-mercury containing hazardous waste) were disposed of off-site to Northeast Lamp Recycling Inc., on 14 November 1997.

New Haven Public Schools 460 Lexington Avenue New Haven, CT

CT Manifest According to the EDR database, approximately 500 kilograms of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) remediation waste was disposed of off-site on 17 August 2017 at the Wayne Disposal, Inc. facility located in Belleville, MI. No further information was available in the database with respect to this PCB waste.

New Haven Board of Education 460 Lexington Avenue New Haven, CT

CT Asbestos The Subject Property is listed on the CT Asbestos database for the abatement and disposal of asbestos waste from the Subject Property building between 2005 and 2017.

2005, 2014, 2017

Quinnipiac School 460 Lexington Avenue New Haven, CT

FINDS The Subject Property is listed on the FINDS database. No chemical wastes or releases were reported in this listing.

N/A

805 Quinnipiac Avenue Unit 00 New Haven Connecticut

NFIRS 5.0 An automobile fire occurred at the Subject Property in 1997. According to the NFIRS 5.0 database, the New Haven Fire Department responded to the fire and extinguished it with “Preconnected hose line(s) with water carried in apparatus tanks.”

The EDR listing describes a 10,000-gallon heating oil UST was permanently closed and abandoned-in-place on the Subject Property, however the date the tank was abandoned was not available. According to Fire

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Department records,…