NAVSEA Tech Man S9505-AM-GYD-010 Submarine Fastening Criteria (Non-Nuclear).pdf

TECHNICAL MANUAL

FOR

SUBMARINE FASTENING CRITERIA

(NON-NUCLEAR)

SUPERSEDURE NOTICE: THIS MANUAL SUPERSEDES S9505-AM-GYD-010,

DATED 01 MARCH 2011, AND ALL CHANGES THERETO.

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT C: DISTRIBUTION AUTHORIZED TO U.S. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES AND THEIR CONTRACTORS; ADMINISTRATIVE/OPERATIONAL USE; 01 JULY 2002. OTHER U.S. REQUESTS

FOR THIS DOCUMENT SHALL BE REFERRED TO NSWC PHILADELPHIA, CODE 314.

WARNING: THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS TECHNICAL DATA WHOSE EXPORT IS RESTRICTED BY THE

ARMS EXPORT CONTROL ACT (TITLE 22, U.S.C. SEC 2751, ET SEQ.) OR THE EXPORT ADMINISTRATION ACT OF 1979 (TITLE 50, U.S.C., APP 2401 ET SEQ.), AS AMENDED. VIOLATIONS OF THESE EXPORT LAWS ARE SUBJECT TO SEVERE CRIMINAL PENALTIES. DISSEMINATE IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE

PROVISIONS OF DOD DIRECTIVE 5230.25.

DESTRUCTION NOTICE: DESTROY BY ANY METHOD THAT WILL PREVENT DISCLOSURE OF CONTENTS

OR RECONSTRUCTION OF THIS DOCUMENT.

S9505-AM-GYD-010

REVISION 9

TITLE-1 / (ii Blank)@@FIpgtype@@TITLE@@!FIpgtype@@ @@FIpgtype@@TITLE@@!FIpgtype@@

PUBLISHED BY DIRECTION OF COMMANDER, NAVAL SEA SYSTEMS COMMAND

*0910LP1178211* 15 DEC 2017

TITLE-2

@@FIpgtype@@BLANK@@!FIpgtype@@

RECORD OF REVISIONS

REV NO. DATE TITLE AND/OR BRIEF DESCRIPTION/PREPARING ACTIVITY

1 28 AUG 1996 NO RECORD OF THIS CHANGE/REVISION.

2 01 JUL 2002 NO RECORD OF THIS CHANGE/REVISION.

3 15 AUG 2006 INCORPORATED TMDERS C1TVU1-04-DL01, N65540-04-6221,

N65540-04-6222, N44466-05-1060, N44466-05-1062, N00181-05-1000, AND N65540-05-JJ53. ALSO ADDED THE DOCUMENTATION OF

RUNNING TORQUE ON ALL FASTENERS 5/8 INCH AND

BELOW.

4 25 APR 2008 INCORPORATED TMDER N00181-07-0050.

5 30 JUN 2009 INCORPORATED TMDERS N6550-06-JR02, N6550-06-JJ01, N6550-

06-JJ03, N00181-07-0050, N65540-08-JCJ1, N42158-08-0000, N65540-

08-FRK3, AND N65540-08-FRK4.

6 20 NOV 2009 INCORPORATED TMDER N65540-09-JJ01.

7 03 AUG 2010 INCORPORATED TMDER N65540-10-JJ02 TO CLARIFY STUD

MOVEMENT CRITERIA.

8 01 MAR 2011 INCORPORATED TMDERS N45404-10-MB01 (NEED TO DISTIN-

GUISH FROM OTHER MOLYKOTE PRODUCTS), N65540-10-JJ03

(CLARIFICATION), N65540-10-JA01 (ANAEROBIC LOCKING

COMPOUND RELATED TEXT), AND N66604-09-KB01 (THREE-

INCH LAUNCHER HIGH PRESSURE AIR UNION INSPECTION,

ASSEMBLY AND DISASSEMBLY GUIDANCE).

THE FOLLOWING WAS CHANGED:

PARAGRAPH(S)1-12.1,2-12,2-20,2-26,2-32,3-30,3-31,3-32,

3-33,3-34,3-37,4-14,4-15,4-16.1,5-2, 5-4, 5-6, A AND D-1

TABLE(S) 2-1, 3-7 AND 3-8

9 15 DEC 2017 INCORPORATED TMDERs N08973-14-CS01 (CLARIFIED TORQUE

RANGES), N08973-14-CS03 (CLARIFIED TORQUE RANGES),

N39040-16-RN01 (CLARIFIED TORQUE RANGE MATH), N42158-

11-RP01 (EDITORIAL), N4280A-16-RM01 (RESOLUTION OF

TORQUING AND O-RINGS), N4523A-11-TB01 (TEMPERATURES,

VISCOSITY, AND THREE-INCH LAUNCHER CLARIFICATION),

N45404-11-MB01 (PC BOLTS), N45404-11-MB02 (RUNNING

TORQUE), N45404-11-MB03 (EDITORIAL, RUNNING TORQUE,

AND EQUIVALENT LUBRICANTS), N45404-11-MB04 (EDITO-

RIAL), N45404-12-FF01 (EDITORIAL), N45404-13-JM02 (TORQUES

AND FRICTION COEFFICIENTS), N45404-14-JM01 (CORRECTED

TEMPERATURE), N45404-14-JM02 (EDITORIAL), N55457-14-CS01

(CLARIFIED TORQUE RANGES), N57020-13-JL01 (CLARIFICA-

TION IN TORQUING FASTENERS), N65540-13-JJ01 (CLARIFIED

LUBRICANTS), N65540-14-HM27 (CLARIFIED APPLICATIONS),

AND N65540-15-JJ01 (DISCONTINUED USE OF MOLYBDENUM

DISULFIDE).

THE FOLLOWING WAS CHANGED:

PARAGRAPHS:2-19.,3-33.,3-34.,3-37.,4-4., 4-14.,4-15.1,4-15.2,

4-15.3,4-16.,4-16.3,5-4., 5-9., A, C-7., C-8., D-1., D-2., D-3., c., D-4.

andE TABLES: 1-1, 4-1, 4-2, 5-1, 5-2, 5-3 and5-4

S9505-AM-GYD-010

FOR OPTIMAL VIEWING OF THIS TECHNICAL MANUAL THE PAGE LAYOUT IN ADOBE ACROBAT

READER SHOULD BE SINGLE PAGE. CONTINUOUS PAGE DISPLAY CAN CAUSE PROBLEMS WITH

LINK REFERENCES AND THE BOOKMARKS.

FOREWORD

This technical manual is intended to serve as a summary of information and techniques associated with submarine fasteners in pressure containing systems and structural bolted joints. It shall be treated as a specifica-tion when referenced in other documents or used for the resolution of problems, development of procedures and writing of process instructions.

Nuts and bolts as threaded fasteners are so integral to mechanical assembly that their fundamental impor-tance is often overlooked.

Tightening the fastener is the primary problem. No matter how initially strong the fastener, proper tight-ening is still the key to a good fastening system. While the mechanic with his wrench remains a surprisingly accurate preload control machine, there are instances requiring more than simple judgement, including those where the tightness of a nut is determined by the clamping force the designer wants exerted on the joint. This clamping force must be closely controlled to prevent the joint from loosening when it is subjected to forces caused by pressure, temperature, hull movements, or shock. Since there is little room for error, it is imperative that the mechanic employ an accurate method of tightening fasteners within a specified range. This technical manual is intended for guidance of and use by personnel operating and maintaining the equipment described herein.

This manual consists of five chapters and seven appendices as follows:

Chapter 1- General Information

Chapter 2- Geometry of Fasteners

Chapter 3- Geometry of Joints

Chapter 4- Method for Obtaining Clamping Loads

Chapter 5- Typical Joint Assembly

Appendix A - List of Reference Material

Appendix B- General Fastener Usage Information

Appendix C- Systems or Components Requiring Specific Torques (Non-Nuclear)

Appendix D- Requirements for Make-Up of Submarine Piping System O-Ring Unions (Non-Nuclear)

Appendix E- PC-Bolts Computer Program

Appendix F- Torque Tables for Bolted Joints

Appendix G- Reference Documents

The following general guidelines were used in preparing the manual:

Fasteners, as discussed in the manual, tend to emphasize threaded fasteners used with flanged joints, except as noted below. However, the principles and techniques apply to all bolted joints, whether on submarines or elsewhere.

The fasteners covered, and methods of tightening fasteners, are restricted to those applicable to subma-rines. Procedures and problems unique to or particularly applicable to submarines are stressed, but again, the principles and techniques apply to all bolted joints, whether on submarines or elsewhere.

Although primary interest has been slanted toward joints in submarine material certification boundaries, other pressure containing systems such as steam, air, feed water and hydraulics have been included.

Appendix A lists relevant references which may assist the user,Appendix Bdiscusses, briefly, the gen-eraluse of threaded fasteners in applications other than joints in pressure containing systems,Appendix C gives guidance for determining where a specific torque must be applied, andAppendix D contains guidancefor the assembly of O-Ring union mechanical joints.Appendix Emakes reference to PC-Bolts, i

FOREWORD - Continued which is a computer program for calculating the required torque.Appendix Fmakes reference to sum-mary of torque tables from this manual reproduced in a format suitable for field use.Appendix Eand Appendix F, provided under separate cover, are available from: Commander, Naval Sea Systems Com-mand,Submarine Directorate, Washington, D.C. 20362.Appendix Gcontains reference documents that providedirection affecting this manual and it users which may be otherwise difficult to locate.

Custodianship and responsibility for maintaining the technical content of this manual to meet the Navy’s needs rests with the Submarine Directorate of Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA). Changes and/or recom-mendations to improve the content of this manual should be directed to Commander, Naval Sea Systems Com-mand, Submarine Directorate, Washington, D.C. 20362.

Ships, training activities, supply points, depots, Naval Shipyards and Supervisors of Shipbuilding are requested to arrange for the maximum practical use and evaluation of NAVSEA technical manuals. All errors, omissions, discrepancies and suggestions for improvement to NAVSEA technical manuals shall be forwarded to:

COMMANDING OFFICER

CODE 310 TMDERs

NAVSURFWARCENDIV NSDSA

4363 MISSILE WAY BLDG 1389

PORT HUENEME, CA 93043-4307

on NAVSEA/SPAWAR Technical Manual Deficiency/Evaluation Report (TMDER), NAVSEA form 4160/1. All feedback comments shall be thoroughly investigated and originators will be advised of action resulting there-from. One copy of NAVSEA form 4160/1 is at the end of each separately bound technical manual 8-1/2 x 11 inches or larger. Copies of NAVSEA form 4160/1 may be requisitioned from the Naval Systems Data Support Activity Code 310 at the above address. Users are encouraged to transmit deficiency submittals via the Naval Systems Data Support Activity Web site located at:

https://nsdsa.dc3n.navy.mil ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter/Paragraph Page

1 GENERAL INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

1-1. INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

1-2. PURPOSE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

1-3. GLOSSARY OF TERMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

1-4. JOINT DESIGN.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5 1-4.1 Purpose of Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5 1-4.2 Applicability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5

1-5. APPROACH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6

1-6. DETAILED METHODS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6

1-7. BOLTS FOR FLAT COVER PLATES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6

1-8. FLANGE DESIGN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7

1-9. NOTATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7

1-10. SPIGOTED METAL-TO-METAL BOLTED CONNECTIONS WITH O-RING

SEAL ON SPIGOT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10

1-11. BOLT/STUD PRE-STRESS AND TORQUE REQUIREMENTS.. . . . . . . . . . . . 1-11

1-12. MINIMUM THREAD ENGAGEMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12 1-12.1 Hull Integrity Fasteners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12 1-12.2 Non-Hull Integrity Fasteners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12

1-13. PRESSURE VESSEL FLANGE DESIGN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-14 1-13.1 Material Properties.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-14 1-13.2 Cover Plate Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-19 1-13.3 Thick Plate Bolting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-19 1-13.4 Cover Plate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-20 1-13.5 Derivation of Bolt Size for Flat Cover Plates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-20

1-14. REVERSE ENGINEERING OF JOINTS FOR DETERMINATION OF PROPER

TORQUE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-21

1-14.1 Case A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-21 1-14.2 Case B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-22 1-14.3 Case C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-22 1-14.4 Reasons to Reverse Engineer Joints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-22

2 GEOMETRY OF FASTENERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1 iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued

2-1. INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

2-2. THREADED FASTENERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

2-3. BOLTS.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

2-4. STUDS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

2-5. BOLT-STUDS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

2-6. CONSTANT STRENGTH STUDS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

2-7. PED STUDS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

2-8. SELF-LOCKING NUTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

2-9. PLASTIC INSERT RING NUT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2

2-10. PLASTIC PLUG NUTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2

2-11. PLASTIC PATCH NUTS.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2

2-12. PLASTIC INSERT RINGS OR PLUG NUTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2

2-13. DISTORTED THREAD NUTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2

2-14. DISTORTED COLLAR NUTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2

2-15. SPRING BEAM NUT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3

2-16. MISCELLANEOUS NUTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4

2-17. JAM NUTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4

2-18. CASTELLATED NUTS WITH COTTER PINS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4

2-19. MULTI-JACKBOLT TENSIONER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4

2-20. NUT SEALANT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5

2-21. LOCKWASHERS.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5

2-22. TAB WASHERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5

2-23. THREADS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5

2-24. THREAD SERIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5 iv

2-25. THREAD CLASSES AND FITS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5

2-26. CLASS 3 FIT VERSUS CLASS 5 FIT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6

2-27. TYPES OF THREADS.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6

2-28. ROLLED THREADS.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6

2-29. CUT THREADS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6

2-30. ROLLED THREADS TESTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6

2-31. FASTENER THREAD INSPECTION (THREAD GAGING). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7

2-32. FASTENER THREAD INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR CRITICAL NAVY

APPLICATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7

2-33. THREAD PROTRUSION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9

2-34. THREAD INSERTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9

2-35. LENGTH OF THREAD ENGAGEMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9

2-36. TAPPED HOLES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9

2-37. BOTTOMING AND SHOULDERING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9

2-38. FASTENER MATERIALS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10

3 GEOMETRY OF JOINTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

3-1. FLANGED JOINTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

3-2. TYPES OF FLANGES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

3-3. FLANGED JOINT CONFIGURATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

3-4. FLAT FACE FLANGE CONFIGURATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

3-5. RAISED FACE FLANGE CONFIGURATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2

3-6. SPECIAL CLAMPING RING JOINTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3

3-7. GASKETS.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3

3-8. FLANGE GASKET/O-RING SELECTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3

3-9. JOINT MAKE-UP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3 v

3-10. FLANGE JOINT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3

3-11. FLANGE JOINTS IN A PIPE LINE CONVEYING HEATED FLUIDS.. . . . . . . . 3-4

3-12. GASKET JOINTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4

3-13. LEAKAGE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4

3-14. O-RING JOINTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4

3-15. FASTENER PRESTRESS LOADING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5

3-16. FLANGE-BOLTING TESTS.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5

3-17. PRELOADS ON FLANGED JOINTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5

3-18. HYDROSTATIC END FORCE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5

3-19. PRELOADING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5

3-20. MINIMUM BOLT SIZE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6

3-21. FLANGE ALIGNMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6

3-22. STUD AND BOLT ALIGNMENT.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6

3-23. FLANGED JOINTS IN STEAM PLANT FLUID SYSTEMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6

3-24. SPIRAL WOUND GASKET INSTALLATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7

3-25. JOINT MAKE-UP (METAL-TO-METAL). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8

3-26. JOINT MAKE-UP (CONTROLLED GAP).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8

3-27. JOINT MAKE-UP (TEMPORARY FASTENERS).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8

3-28. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON MAKE-UP OF JOINTS WITH SPIRAL

WOUND GASKETS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9

3-29. STUD INSTALLATION PROCEDURES.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9

3-30. INSTALLATION OF HULL INTEGRITY AND OTHER LEVEL I NEW

CONSTRUCTION SERIES STUDS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9

3-31. INSTALLATION OF HULL INTEGRITY AND OTHER LEVEL I REWORK

SERIES STUDS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10

3-32. INSTALLATION OF LEVEL I CUSTOM STUDS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10 vi

3-33. INSTALLATION OF STUDS WITH ANAEROBIC LOCKING COMPOUND.. . . . 3-11

3-34. REMOVAL AND REUSE OF LOCKING COMPOUND ASSEMBLED STUDS.. . . 3-15

3-35. INSTALLATION OF NON-LEVEL I STUDS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-16

3-36. REPLACEMENT OF FASTENERS WITHOUT DISTURBING JOINT

INTEGRITY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-16

3-37. REUSED FASTENER INSPECTION PROCEDURE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-16

3-38. TIGHTENING OF ZINC ANODE PLUGS.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-18

4 METHOD FOR OBTAINING CLAMPING LOADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

4-1. INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

4-2. TORQUE-TENSION RELATIONSHIP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

4-3. TIGHTENING FASTENERS TO PROPER TENSION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

4-4. BEFORE TIGHTENING FASTENERS.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

4-5. TORQUE MEASUREMENT METHOD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3

4-6. TORQUE-TENSION RELATIONSHIP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3

4-7. TORQUE PRINCIPLES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3 4-7.1 Wrench Size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3 4-7.2 Adapter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3 4-7.3 Measuring Torque in Confined Spaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4

4-8. IMPACT WRENCH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4 4-8.1 Power Torque Wrench. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4 4-8.2 Angular Turn-of-the-Nut Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4 4-8.3 Torque and Turn-of-the-Nut Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5 4-8.4 Feel Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5 4-8.5 Micrometer Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5

4-9. ULTRASONIC STRESS MEASUREMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5

4-10. LOCKWIRING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5

4-11. STAKING AND PEENING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5

4-12. DIGITAL TORQUE WRENCH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6

4-13. “CLICK” TYPE TORQUE WRENCH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6 vii

4-14. THREAD LUBRICANTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6

4-15. THREAD LOCKING COMPOUNDS (THREAD SEALANTS). . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7

4-15.1 Intended Use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7 4-15.2 Curing Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7 4-15.3 Thread Locking Compound Selection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7

4-16. RUNNING TORQUE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9 4-16.1 Determining Running Torque. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9 4-16.2 When to Add Running Torque to Specified Torque. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-10 4-16.3 Determining Final Torque. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-10

4-17. HEAVY HEX NUTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-10

4-18. INSTALLING HEAVY HEX NUTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11

4-19. CHECK PASSES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11

4-20. LOCKING CABLE (SAFETY CABLE). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11

4-21. SSN688 JOINT TORQUES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11

5 TYPICAL JOINT ASSEMBLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1

5-1. INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1

5-2. FLANGE JOINT FIT-UP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1

5-3. FASTENER TIGHTENING PROCEDURES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2

5-4. LOCATING A CORRECT TORQUE VALUE FROM THE TORQUE TABLES. . . . 5-3

5-5. EFFECT OF VARYING LENGTH OF THREAD ENGAGEMENT. . . . . . . . . . . 5-6

5-6. MECHANICAL JOINT ACCEPTANCE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7

5-7. HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE TESTS.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7

5-8. CONTROLLED ASSEMBLY TESTS.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8

5-9. OPERATIONAL TESTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8

APPENDIX A LIST OF REFERENCE MATERIAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1

APPENDIX B GENERAL FASTENER USAGE INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1

APPENDIX C SYSTEMS OR COMPONENTS REQUIRING SPECIFIC TORQUES

(NON-NUCLEAR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1 viii

APPENDIX D REQUIREMENTS FOR MAKE-UP OF SUBMARINE PIPING SYSTEM

O-RING UNIONS (NON-NUCLEAR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-1

APPENDIX E PC-BOLTS COMPUTER PROGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-1

APPENDIX F TORQUE TABLES FOR BOLTED JOINTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-1

APPENDIX G REFERENCE DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-1 ix

LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Page

1-1 Glossary of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

1-2 Friction Coefficients of Various Lubricants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-13

1-3 Material Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-14

1-4 TK-Solver Input and Output Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-15

1-5 Design Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-18

2-1 Flange, Gasket, and Fastener Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11

3-1 Flange Alignment Parallelism Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7

3-2 Resistance Test Breakaway Torque Values for Sealants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10

3-3 Pitch Diameter Tolerance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11

3-4 Recommended Minimum Breakaway Torques for Previously Used Self-Locking Nuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11

3-5 Temporary Fasteners (Steel - 170+ Ksi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-12

3-6 Permanent Fasteners (Steel, B7 or B16) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-12

4-1 Recommended Application Limits for Anaeorbic Thread Locking Compounds . . . . 4-8

4-2 Recommended Primers For Use With Anaerobic Thread Locking Compounds . . . . 4-9

5-1 Fastener Material/Marking Cross Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8

5-2 Threaded Fastener Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9

5-3 Fastener Strength Matrix for Through Bolts/Hex Cap Screws and Through Studs (Bolt-Studs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9

5-4 Fastener Strength Matrix for Socket Head Cap Screws and Set Studs . . . . . . . . . 5-9

5-5.I.A.1 Torque Values for Through Bolts/Bolt-Studs Flat Face Flanges or Plates (Type I). . . 5-11

5-5.I.A.2 Torque Values for Through Bolts/Bolt-Studs Flat Face Flanges or Plates (Type I). . . 5-12

5-5.I.A.3 Torque Values for Through Bolts/Bolt-Studs Flat Face Flanges or Plates (Type I). . . 5-13

5-5.I.A.4 Torque Values for Through Bolts/Bolt-Studs Flat Face Flanges or Plates (Type I). . . 5-14

5-5.I.A.5 Torque Values for Through Bolts/Bolt-Studs Flat Face Flanges or Plates (Type I). . . 5-15

5-5.I.A.6 Torque Values for Through Bolts/Bolt-Studs Flat Face Flanges or Plates (Type I). . . 5-16

5-5.I.C.1 Torque Values for Through Bolts/Bolt-Studs Flat Face Flanges or Plates (Type I). . . 5-17

5-5.I.C.2 Torque Values for Through Bolts/Bolt-Studs Flat Face Flanges or Plates (Type I). . . 5-18 x

LIST OF TABLES - Continued

5-5.I.C.3 Torque Values for Through Bolts/Bolt-Studs Flat Face Flanges or Plates (Type I). . . 5-19

5-5.I.C.4 Torque Values for Through Bolts/Bolt-Studs Flat Face Flanges or Plates (Type I). . . 5-20

5-5.I.C.5 Torque Values for Through Bolts/Bolt-Studs Flat Face Flanges or Plates (Type I). . . 5-21

5-5.I.C.6 Torque Values for Through Bolts/Bolt-Studs Flat Face Flanges or Plates (Type I). . . 5-22

5-5.II.A.1 Torque Values for Studs and Cap Screws Flat Face Flanges or Plates (Type II) . . . . 5-23

5-5.II.A.1.a Torque Values for Studs and Cap Screws Flat Face Flanges or Plates (Type II) . . . . 5-24

5-5.II.A.1.b Torque Values for Studs and Cap Screws Flat Face Flanges or Plates (Type II) . . . . 5-25

5-5.II.A.1.c Torque Values for Studs and Cap Screws Flat Face Flanges or Plates (Type II) . . . . 5-26

5-5.II.A.2 Torque Values for Studs and Cap Screws Flat Face Flanges or Plates (Type II) . . . . 5-27

5-5.II.A.2.a Torque Values for Studs and Cap Screws Flat Face Flanges or Plates (Type II) . . . . 5-28

5-5.II.A.3 Torque Values for Studs and Cap Screws Flat Face Flanges or Plates (Type II) . . . . 5-29

5-5.II.A.4 Torque Values for Studs and Cap Screws Flat Face Flanges or Plates (Type II) . . . . 5-30

5-5.II.A.4.a Torque Values for Studs and Cap Screws Flat Face Flanges or Plates (Type II) . . . . 5-31

5-5.II.A.5 Torque Values for Studs and Cap Screws Flat Face Flanges or Plates (Type II) . . . . 5-32

5-5.II.A.6 Torque Values for Studs and Cap Screws Flat Face Flanges or Plates (Type II) . . . . 5-33

5-5.II.C.1 Torque Values for Studs and Cap Screws Flat Face Flanges or Plates (Type II) . . . . 5-34

5-5.II.C.2 Torque Values for Studs and Cap Screws Flat Face Flanges or Plates (Type II) . . . . 5-35

5-5.II.C.3 Torque Values for Studs and Cap Screws Flat Face Flanges or Plates (Type II) . . . . 5-36

5-5.II.C.4 Torque Values for Studs and Cap Screws Flat Face Flanges or Plates (Type II) . . . . 5-37

5-5.II.C.5 Torque Values for Studs and Cap Screws Flat Face Flanges or Plates (Type II) . . . . 5-38

5-5.II.C.6 Torque Values for Studs and Cap Screws Flat Face Flanges or Plates (Type II) . . . . 5-39

5-5.II.C.7 Torque Values for Studs and Cap Screws Flat Face Flanges or Plates (Type II) . . . . 5-40

5-5.II.C.8 Torque Values for Studs and Cap Screws Flat Face Flanges or Plates (Type II) . . . . 5-41

5-5.II.C.9 Torque Values for Studs and Cap Screws Flat Face Flanges or Plates (Type II) . . . . 5-42

5-5.II.C.10 Torque Values for Studs and Cap Screws Flat Face Flanges or Plates (Type II) . . . . 5-43

5-5.III.A.1 Torque Values for Through Bolts, Raised Face Flanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-44 xi

LIST OF TABLES - Continued

5-5.III.A.3 Torque Values for Through Bolts, Raised Face Flanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-45

5-5.III.B Torque Values for Through Bolts, Raised Face Flanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-46

5-5.III.C Torque Values for Through Bolts, Raised Face Flanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-46

5-6 Torque Values for Submarine Valves and Fittings with Raised Face Type Joints Not Conforming to Drawing 1385961 Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-47

5-7 Class 5 Interference Fit Stud Setting Torque Values in Foot-Pounds . . . . . . . . . . 5-52

5-8 Torque Values for Set Studs with Varying Lengths of Engagement . . . . . . . . . . . 5-54

5-9 Torque Values for Set Studs with Varying Lengths of Engagement . . . . . . . . . . . 5-55 xii

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure Title Page

1-1 Spigoted Bolted Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-13

1-2 Pressure Vessel Flange Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-14

1-3 (18-7/8 in. Ø Bolts) Cover Plate Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-19

1-4 Thick Plate Bolting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-20

1-5 Shear Force Calculation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-21

2-1 Commonly Used Self-Locking Nuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3

2-2 Multi-Jackbolt Tensioner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5

2-3 Miscellaneous Nuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6

3-1 Representative Flanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2

5-1 Type I Assembly: Bolt-Stud/Nut, Flat Face Flange or Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4

5-2 Type I Assembly: Through Bolt/Nut, Flat Face Flange or Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4

5-3 Type II Assembly: Set Stud, Flat Face Flange or Plate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5

5-4 Type II Assembly: Cap Screw, Flat Face Flange or Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5

5-5 Type III Assembly: Through Bolts/Studs, Raised Face Flange. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6

5-6 Table Designators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6 xiii / (xiv Blank) xiv

SAFETY SUMMARY

GENERAL SAFETY NOTICES

The following general safety notices supplement the specific warnings and cautions appearing elsewhere in this manual. They are recommended precautions that must be understood and applied during operation and maintenance of the equipment covered herein. Should situations arise that are not covered in the general or spe-cific safety precautions, the Commanding Officer or other authority will issue orders as deemed necessary to cover the situation. No work shall be undertaken on energized equipment or circuits until approval of the Com-manding Officer is obtained, and then only in accordance with Naval Ship’s Technical Manual (NSTM) S9086- KC-STM-010/Chapter 300.

DO NOT REPAIR OR ADJUST ALONE

Under no circumstances shall repair or adjustment of energized equipment be attempted alone. The imme-diate presence of someone capable of rendering first aid is required. Before making adjustments, be sure to pro-tect against grounding. If possible, adjustments should be made with one hand, with the other hand free and clear of equipment. Even when power has been removed from equipment circuits, dangerous potentials may still exist due to retention of charges by capacitors. Circuits must be grounded and all capacitors discharged prior to attempting repairs. Equipment should be deenergized and properly tagged out according to the ship’s Standard Operating Procedures.

TEST EQUIPMENT

Make certain test equipment is in good condition. If a metal-cased test meter must be held, ground the case of the meter before starting measurement. Do not touch live equipment or personnel working on live equipment while holding a test meter. Do not ground any measuring devices; these devices should not be held when taking measurements.

INTERLOCKS - SAFETY DEVICES

Interlocks are provided for safety of personnel and equipment and should be used only for the purpose intended. Never tamper with or render ineffective any safety device, interlock, ground strap or similar device intended to protect operators or the equipment without specific approval of the Commanding Officer. Do not depend solely upon interlocks for protection. Whenever possible, disconnect power at the distribution source.

MOVING EQUIPMENT

Personnel shall remain clear of moving equipment. If equipment requires adjustment while in motion, a safety watch shall be posted. The safety watch shall be qualified to administer CPR, have a full view of the operations being performed, and have immediate access to controls capable of stopping equipment motion.

FIRST AID

An injury, no matter how slight, shall never go unattended. Always obtain first aid or medical attention immediately, and file an injury report in accordance with OPNAVINST 5102.1 series, subj: Mishap Investigation and Reporting.

RESUSCITATION

xv

SAFETY SUMMARY - Continued

Personnel working with or near high voltage shall be familiar with approved methods of resuscitation.

Should someone be injured and stop breathing, begin resuscitation immediately. A delay could cost the victim’s life. Resuscitation procedures shall be posted in all electrically hazardous areas.

GENERAL PRECAUTIONS

The following general precautions are to be observed at all times.

1. Install and ground all electrical components associated with this system/equipment in accordance with applicable Navy regulations and approved shipboard practices.

2. Ensure that all maintenance operations comply with Navy Occupational Safety and Health (NAVOSH) Program Manual for Forces Afloat, OPNAVINST 5100.19 series.

3. Observe precautions set forth in NSTM S9086-KC-STM-010/Chapter 300 with respect to electrical equipment and circuits.

4. Ensure that protective guards and shutdown devices are properly installed and maintained around rotating parts of machinery and high voltage sources.

5. Do not wear loose clothing while working around rotating parts of machinery.

6. Ensure that special precautionary measures are employed to prevent applying power to the system/ equipment any time maintenance work is in progress.

7. Do not make any unauthorized alterations to equipment or components.

8. Before working on electrical system/equipment, use the correct tag out procedure and check with voltmeter to ensure that system is not energized.

9. Consider all circuits not known to be “dead,”“live” and dangerous at all times.

10. When working near electricity, do not use metal rules, flashlights, metallic pencils, or any other objects having exposed conducting material.

11. Deenergize all equipment before connecting or disconnecting meters or test leads.

12. When connecting a meter to terminals for measurement, use range higher than expected voltage.

13. Before operating equipment or performing any tests or measurements, ensure area is dry of water or other liquid conductive material and that frames of all motors and starter panels are securely grounded.

14. Ensure that area is well-ventilated when using cleaning compound or solvent. Avoid prolonged breathing of fumes and compound or solvent contact with skin or eyes.

xvi

SAFETY SUMMARY - Continued

WARNINGS AND CAUTIONS

Specific warnings and cautions applying to the system/equipment covered by this manual are summarized below. These warnings and cautions appear elsewhere in the manual following paragraph headings and immedi-ately preceding the text to which they apply. They are repeated here for emphasis.

If any stud rotation causes the stud stand-off to violate the stand-off require-ments,then the stud must be removed. The stud may be cleaned and reinstalled if in acceptable condition, or replaced by a new stud.

Page 3-15

Do not overtighten unions.

PagesD-2, D-2

There are beta versions of PC-Bolts Windows 2007″out in the wild″, but these versions of the program have flaws that may cause it to produce incorrect results, so they should not be used.

Page E-1

To avoid flange distortion, do not contact the raised faces of both flanges with the gasket outer ring at any single point. Maintain even contact around flange faces to the maximum possible extent to avoid the effects of prying loads due to premature pull-up of fasteners on one side.

Page 3-8 xvii

Some torque wrenches have a scale that shows torques higher than the torque wrench’smaximum rated torque. Do not use these torque values when determin-ing the wrench’s allowed torque range, only use the torque wrench’s maximum rated torque.

Page 4-2

Obsolete direction exists in drawings and technical manuals which permits the useof molybdenum disulfide lubricants (Molykote G, Molykote G-n, Molykote M-77, MIL-M-7866, MIL-L-24478, or other products containing molybdenum disulfide). Unless otherwise specifically approved by NAVSEA or unless speci-fied in a NAVSEA approved procedure, it is not authorized to use lubricants con-taining molybdenum disulfide.

Page 4-6

Read the drawing notes carefully. Torque values on SSN 774 (VIRGINIA) Class andSSBN 826 (COLUMBIA) Class drawings produced by Electric Boat Corpo-ration typically specify an″applied torque″value, which includes running torque;

the drawing notes should indicate that information. Do not add running torque to these torque values to avoid the risk of over-torquing fasteners.

Page 4-9

For 688 Class only, three-inch launcher system high pressure air unions, use NAVSEA drawing 53711-8350587 for assembly, disassembly and inspection pro-cedures. Do not useAppendix Dof this manual.

PageD-1 xviii

CHAPTER 1

GENERAL INFORMATION

1-1. INTRODUCTION.

Of all the elements normally dealt with in pressure-containing and structural assemblies, the fastener is the one to which little thought is given and, in most cases, the fastener is taken for granted. Because of the exten-sive use of bolts, studs, and nuts as fastening elements, and the large number of parameters that influence their design and selection, proper tightening of fasteners is essential. The following chapters contain generalized guid-ance information for achieving proper clamping loads on submarine mechanical joints (non-nuclear) in pressure-containing systems and structural assemblies.

1-2. PURPOSE.

The purpose of this manual is to present general fastener guidelines for the shipbuilding activities engaged in the overhaul, repair, and conversion of combatant submarines. It contains the basic techniques that are cur-rently used for tightening threaded fasteners used in mechanical joints aboard combatant submarines. For the purposes of this manual, representative pressure-containing systems are listed inTable 2-1. This manual should not be construed as providing rigid procedures for tightening fasteners or to discourage initiative and innovation in the use of new methods or techniques for obtaining properly tightened fastening systems. Nor should the torque values given in various tables herein be construed as superseding the fastener torque values listed in appli-cable drawings and technical manuals. The tables in this manual give acceptable torque values for use when none are stated in applicable drawings and technical manuals (Refer toChapter 5for further discussion). The principles put forth in this manual apply whether the fasteners in question are sized by the English or metric systems of measurement. To establish torques for metric fasteners, useAppendix Eof this manual.

1-3. GLOSSARY OF TERMS.

An alphabetical list of terms appearing throughout this manual is contained inTable 1-1. The definitions given for these terms are not necessarily the most widely accepted but are applicable to their use in the manual.

Table 1-1 Glossary of Terms Term Definition

″20% - 90%″ Rule The rule that a torque wrench is only permitted to measure torques from 20% to 90% (inclusive) of the torque wrench’s maximum rated torque. Torque wrenches are not allowed to be used over their full range because they become inaccurate below 20% and above 90% of the torque wrench’s maximum rated torque.

Allowed Torque Range The torque values on a torque wrench which the wrench is allowed to measure.

Torque wrenches are not allowed to be used over their full range because they become inaccurate below 20% and above 90% of the torque wrench’s maximum rated torque. Refer to “20%-90%″rule.

Alloy Steel A steel containing elements other than carbon which have been added to obtain defi-nite mechanical or physical properties, (e.g., higher strength at elevated temperatures, toughness, etc.).

Bearing Surface The supporting or locating surface of a fastener with respect to the part which it fas-tens (mates). The area under the nut or head of a bolt.

1-1

Table 1-1 Glossaryof Terms - Continued

Term Definition

Body Bound More commonly called″Fitted Body″ - refer to that term. Not to be confused with ″Interference Fit”.

Bolt A fastener with a head on one end and the body threaded as required.

Bolt-stud A fastener threaded with the same form and fit of thread on both ends or throughout its length. It is generally used with a nut on each end.

Bottoming In bottom tapped holes, the contact between the bottom of the threaded piece and the bottom of the tapped hole. Bottoming threaded fasteners should be avoided since tre-mendous forces can be generated at this contact point and can crack material sec-tions.

Breakaway Torque Torque necessary to start a fastener in motion after the axial load of the mating com-ponents has been reduced to zero (per ASTM F1789).

Break Loose Torque Torque applied in a removal direction necessary to start the fastener in motion from its fully preloaded installed position (per ASTM F1789).

Cap Screw A cap screw is a screw having all surfaces machined or of an equivalent finish, closely controlled body diameter and a flat, chamfered point. It has a wrench, slotted, recessed, or socket head of proportions and tolerances designed to assure full and proper loading when wrenched or driven into a tapped hole.

Clamping Force The force that actually holds the parts together, created by applying tension or preload on the fastening system by tightening.

Class 5 Interference Fit See″Interference Fit″.

Clearance Fit A fit that has limits of size so prescribed that a clearance always results when mating parts are assembled.

Cold Forming A metal forming process that employs high impact force instead of heat to cause metal to flow and produce a head or other geometrical shapes. Commonly known as cold heading when applied to bolts and screws.

Extensometer An instrument used for measuring minute distances.

Fastener A mechanical device for holding two or more main bodies in definite positions with respect to each other.

Fastener Body The unthreaded portion of the shank.

Fitted Body The body of a stud or bolt which has definite interference or extremely small clear-ance with its mating hole. Not to be confused with″Interference Fit″.

Flange A rib or rim designed to aid attachment to another object.

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Galling An abrasive condition on the rubbing surfaces of a fastener where excessive friction causes chipping, fragmentation or deformation of the threads.

Grip Length The distance between the gripping surfaces of the bolt head and the nut.

Interference Fit Interference-fit threads are threads in which the externally threaded member is larger than the internally threaded member when both members are in a free state and which, when assembled, become the same size and develop a high resistance to any applied backout torque through elastic compression, plastic movement of material, or both. By FED-STD-H28, these threads are designated Class 5.

Length of Thread Engagement Applicable specification governs the length of thread engagement, but, in any case, engagement should not be less than one diameter.

Locking Cable (also called Safety Cable)

Wire cable used to secure together two or more parts, installed so that any tendency for a part to loosen will cause an additional tightening of the wire. Locking cable is not a means of obtaining or maintaining torque, but a safety device used to prevent disengagement of the part. Locking cable is a Class B locking device per MIL-STD- 763.

Lockwire (also called Safety Wire)

Wire used to secure together two or more parts, installed so that any tendency for a part to loosen will cause an additional tightening of the wire. Lockwire is not a means of obtaining or maintaining torque, but a safety device used to prevent disen-gagement of the part. Lockwire is a Class B locking device per MIL-STD-763.

Loose Fastener A fastener is loose if a light to medium pressure, greater than the locking element (e.g., plastic insert self-locking nut) prevailing torque, on a standard length wrench allows the fastener to turn in either direction.

Machined Threads Threads that are formed by cutting away material.

Peening A means of locking a recessed screw or bolt by forcing some of the thread working surface material over the head, preventing it from backing out. Also used on the threaded end to lock fastener in place. A generally unacceptable practice for locking fasteners.

Prestress (Preload) To introduce internal stresses in the fastener to counteract the forces on the clamped elements of the joint that result from pressure, temperature hull movements, or shock loads.

Prevailing Torque Torque necessary to rotate a fastener relative to its mating component with the torque being measured with the fastener in motion and zero axial load in the assembly (per

ASTM F1789).

Prevailing-torque Locknut A nut in which the locking feature is self-contained, resists loosening, and does not depend upon bolt or stud load for locking.

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Proof Load A specified test load which a fastener must withstand without any indication of fail-ure. The proof load is approximately equivalent to the yield strength of the fastener or the load causing 0.2% offset.

Rolled Threads Threads made by squeezing a blank rod between rotating or reciprocating dies.

Safety Cable More commonly called “Locking Cable” - refer to that term.

Safety Wire More commonly called “Lockwire” - refer to that term.

Self-locking Fastener A fastener with a thread-locking feature that resists rotation by gripping the mating thread and does not depend upon bolt, nut, or stud load for locking.

Shouldering Shouldering occurs in studs when the thread runout engages the top of the threaded hole forcing the material at the top of the hole to distort and destroy the flat surface.

Slugging To strike a wrench heavily with a hammer (in fastener tightening).

Staking The forcing of material from a working surface into the threads of a fastener, or the deformation of threads by means of a punch or ball peen hammer.

Stud or Stud Bolt A headless fastener threaded on each end. It has conventional threads on the nut end and threads on the stud end that give an interference fit in the hole in which it is installed.

Tap Bolt A bolt where the threaded portion is turned into a tapped hole other than a nut.

Tensile Strength The greatest longitudinal stress (e.g., pounds per square inch) a substance can bear without tearing apart.

Tensile Stress Area The cross-sectional metal area of an externally threaded part, used for the purpose of computing the tensile strength of the fastener.

Threaded Fastener A threaded device (e.g., bolt, stud, bolt-stud, or nut) intended specifically to join or assemble multiple components.

Through Bolt A bolt with a head on one end which uses a nut on the threaded portion.

Tolerance The total permissible variation of a size. The tolerance is the difference between the limits of size.

Torque A twisting force exerted, multiplied by the distance through which the force acts. In the Navy, torque is usually measured in foot-pounds or inch-pounds.

Transition Fit A fit that has limits of size so prescribed that either a clearance or an interference may result when mating parts are assembled.

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Water Hammer The pressure pulsation which results from a sudden stoppage of relatively high veloc-ity flow (hydraulic shock).

Yield Strength A measure of resistance to plastic deformation of a material subjected to axial load-ing. It is the point at which the material exhibits a specified, limited, permanent deformation.

1-4. JOINT DESIGN.

1-4.1 Purpose of Procedure. To establish the method for flange and fastener analysis of bolted, flanged con-nections within the SUBSAFE Design Review (SSDR) boundary (as defined in SUBSAFE Design Review Pro-cedure Manual).