J.1_WASH Services SOO.pdf

USAID/SENEGAL WASH SERVICES

STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES

C.1 – TITLE OF ACTIVITY

The title of this activity is USAID Senegal WASH Services

C.2 – PURPOSE

USAID/Senegal’s Economic Growth Office (EGO) requires services from a qualified Offeror to increase sustainable access to and use of quality water and sanitation services in Senegal. EGO expects the successful Offeror to propose quantifiable, ambitious targets that would put Senegal on track to achieve universal access to sanitation and water by 2030.

C.3 – BACKGROUND

C.3.1 Introduction

The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) intends to engage a qualified Offeror to implement a five-year activity to increase consumer demand for and sustainable access to improved sanitation and water services, supporting the Government of Senegal (GOS) in solidifying and advancing progress toward achieving its water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) sector development goals. This activity is aligned with the US Government Global Water Strategy, the USAID Water and Development Plan, and the three goals of the USAID/Senegal Country Development Cooperation Strategy (CDCS), DO1: Increased inclusive and sustainable economic growth, DO2: Increased human capital, and DO3: Increased GOS effectiveness and accountability.

Activities will also support the USAID/Senegal EGO’s implementation of the CDCS through the EG4ALL Project Appraisal Document (PAD) for 2018-2023, and the SENWASH II Project Development Document (PDD) 2022-2027.

This new activity - USAID Senegal WASH Services - will enable USAID/Senegal to leverage USAID’s current presence and strengths in rural areas and emphasize expanding access to and use of sanitation and water, primarily through a market-based approach while working strategically with the GOS to improve its capacity to lead improvements in the quality, reliability, and sustainability of rural and small-town WASH services, with a particular focus on women and girls and other vulnerable groups.

Recent experience with the COVID-19 pandemic has solidified the fundamental importance of safe and reliable WASH services in preventing disease and protecting human health during infectious disease outbreaks. Cost-effective strategies for ensuring some degree of pandemic preparedness and mitigation are required, including investing in basic infrastructure, good management practices, and healthy WASH behaviors to prevent outbreaks and transmission in households and within communities.

C.3.2 Context

Senegal is a low-income country with a young and rapidly growing population of about 17.5 million (20221), of which just over half live in rural areas. The median age is 18.5 years.2 Though the pandemic delivered an economic shock, the IMF expects GDP growth to reach 10 percent in 2023-2024 as the recovery accelerates and because of substantial investments in infrastructure under the GOS’s 2014 Plan Senegal Emergent (PSE) strategy. Despite this growth, close to half the people of Senegal still live in poverty according to the World Bank, with Senegal ranking 168 of 189 on the United Nations Development Program’s 2020 Human Development Index. Among the many development challenges in Senegal, challenges in the water and sanitation service sectors are key obstacles to advancing social and economic outcomes and is a joint priority of the Government of Senegal (GOS) and USAID.

It is estimated that 7 percent3 of all deaths of children under the age of five in Senegal are caused by diarrheal diseases, often caused by exposure to contaminated water. Diarrhea can lead to malnutrition, cognitive deficiencies, and long-term chronic illness. Poor hygiene practices and low access to sanitation and clean drinking water are major factors in prevalence of diarrheal disease.

It is for this reason that the United States Government through USAID is focusing on increasing access to safe drinking water and sanitation and promoting safe hygiene practices through the Paul Simon Water for the World Act4, and the USAID Strategy for Water and Development5.

The Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) estimates Senegal’s overall access to basic drinking water rose from 60 percent in 2000 to 85 percent in 20206, and from 37 percent to 57 percent for at least basic sanitation during the same period. Senegal has excelled in expanding access to piped water in urban settings and has one of the most robust urban water sectors in sub-Saharan Africa. Progress has also been steadily improving in rural water supply, with access to at least a basic water service now covering more than 75 percent of the population.

Senegal has made rapid progress over the last 10 years in expanding access to water and sanitation for its citizens. However, further increasing access while addressing equity will require tackling significant sector challenges, including increasing financing and domestic resource mobilization, especially for sanitation; improving institutional capacities to implement sector reforms and regulate services; supporting the private sector so it is better able to generate and meet the demand for services; and better managing underlying risks to water resources, including water quality and quantity.

1 https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/senegal-population 2 https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/senegal-population/ 3 World Health Organization 2014 Statistics Report for Senegal http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/epidemiology/profiles/neonatal_child/sen.pdf 4 Senator Paul Simon Water for the World Act of 2014:

http://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1865/WfW_fact%20sheet_2.27.TH_.pdf 5 USAID Strategy for Water and Development:

http://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1865/USAID_Water_Strategy_3.pdf 6 UNICEF/WHO Joint Monitoring Programme (2021). Senegal: household data - water https://washdata.org/data/household#!/table?geo0=country&geo1=SEN

Despite progress, there are marked regional and income disparities in access both to drinking water and sanitation, with rural areas facing the largest gaps in access. In addition, women and girls, especially in rural areas, bear the brunt of time, health, and quality of life impacts that accumulate due to lack of access to sustainable WASH services. Most poor people live in rural areas, where poverty is deeper and more difficult to overcome, and sustainable, high-quality services have been difficult to extend. Large areas with stubbornly low access to services remain, hindering sustainable economic growth. Rural services in the country’s south and east lag most significantly behind, and poverty is highly correlated with lack of access. Additionally, the multiple stressors of climate change, rising demand, and low levels of investment weigh on development progress.

C.4 PROBLEM ANALYSIS AND THEORY OF CHANGE (TOC)

C.4.1 Challenges and Opportunities in the Sector

Senegal has struggled to reach full water and sanitation coverage in underserved communities despite nationwide improvements in access rates over the past decade. The 2020 JMP report indicates that 85 percent of the population have access to at least basic drinking water7. Only 57 percent have access to basic sanitation which means that the rest of the population either practices open defecation or use shared and unimproved facilities8. Social forces also influence progress in water and sanitation with gender norms and exclusion of persons with disabilities and youth creating further divisions in access to services. The GOS has made human capital development a central pillar of the Plan Sénégal Emergent, with considerable prioritization and modest investment in WASH.

Access to water and sanitation underpins economic growth and livelihoods across multiple sectors (gender, health, agriculture, education) and an understanding of key sector challenges is critical to progress. WASH sector challenges in Senegal include limited institutional capacity and coordination across government authorities in managing, planning, monitoring, and regulating water and sanitation systems and services. Communities and service providers also suffer from limited technical capacity to sustainably deliver, operate, and maintain climate resilient and affordable water and sanitation services, particularly given immature markets, and limitations in private sector and community capacity to develop professionally managed and profitable WASH services.

USAID/Senegal highlights the following as main challenges constraining the sector’s growth:

● Limited WASH governance capacity at the national, local, and community level. The

GOS is engaged in numerous reform initiatives in both the water and the sanitation sectors and while significant progress is currently being made in water coverage, this is being done without consideration of system costs, cost recovery, or sustainable management. In fact, rural water provision is largely being funded by donors, with the GOS overseeing private or community managed systems. There is limited domestic financing for water systems, low levels of investment for infrastructure and inadequate preparation for maintenance, 7 UNICEF/WHO Joint Monitoring Programme (2021). Senegal: household data - water.

8 UNICEF/WHO Joint Monitoring Programme (2021). Senegal: household data - sanitation.

repairs, and long-term management. National governance institutions (e.g. the Ministry of Water and Sanitation, Office National de l'Assainissement du Sénégal (ONAS), Office des Forages Ruraux (OFOR)) lack the resources and capacity to meet their mandates. Service providers similarly lack capacity to operate profitably and to mainstream gender, youth, and persons with disabilities into efforts to increase access.

● Lack of appropriate finance. Insufficient financing for sustainable operations and maintenance of water services and for introducing climate resilient and affordable sanitation systems is a clear and ubiquitous challenge in the WASH sector in Senegal. The private sector, including service providers and financial institutions, does not fully understand the potential of the business environment of every part of the sanitation sector, including fecal sludge management. Existing financial opportunities tend to target medium and large enterprises with a bias toward water service providers, and ignore appropriate finance for small enterprises acting in direct service provision in the rural sector.

● Underdeveloped private sector. The market for rural water and sanitation services is in its primary stages, with low consumer knowledge and a relatively small and underdeveloped private sector. In addition, water and sanitation value/service chains are fragmented, resulting in high transaction costs, with numerous complications related to import taxation, access to credit, and others that reduce innovation and prevent the introduction of inexpensive and easily accessible products and services.

● Low participation of citizens and civil society organizations to advocate for reliable WASH services. Many citizens in rural areas have never had access to reliable sanitation services and are therefore unaware of their sanitation options and costs, making them less willing to make the investment in improved sanitation. Many rural residents are unaware of the value added in improved drinking water services when unimproved, free water sources have historically been available.

● Climate change. Climate change exacerbates the frequency of extreme events such as floods, which negatively affect already inadequate sanitation infrastructure and favor infectious diseases outbreaks. Investment in climate resilient sanitation infrastructure is low throughout Senegal. Rising groundwater and sea levels increase the frequency of latrine failure and pit emptying for onsite sanitation, leading to unsafe treatment and disposal of fecal sludge.

● Gender inequality. Though women in Senegal benefit from targeted interventions to counteract gender inequalities, women are underrepresented in water and sanitation decision-making in Senegal despite being the driving force behind many household WASH decisions. The lack of adequate WASH services tends to negatively affect women by subjecting them to multiple pressures, including loss of time and exposure to gender based violence.

C.4.2 Theory of Change (TOC)

The activity’s Theory of Change (see Logical Model below) posits that if WASH sector financing is mobilized, and if WASH sector governance is improved, and if WASH market systems are strengthened, and if consumer demand for quality WASH services and products is increased, then Senegalese consumers will have access to and increase use of quality water and sanitation services. This theory of change is based on the major gaps in the sector and aims not just to increase access to sanitation and water, but to increase service quality as well as citizen demand for the products and services they need.

C.5 STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES

C.5.1 – Activity Purpose

The purpose of this five-year activity is to increase sustainable access to and use of improved sanitation and water services. The activity should align with existing and recent USAID activities (e.g. ACCES, the WASH government-to-government (G2G) agreement, WASH-FIN, Entrepreneurship and Investment, and Feed the Future activities) thematically and pursue geographic targeting that complements other interventions and makes sense given the private sector focus of the activity. While promoting a private sector focus, USAID is also committed to targeting communities in the rural sector and in the bottom wealth quintiles, where private-sector profitability and consumer willingness-to-pay are low. The Offeror is expected to encourage development of private sector actors to serve individual consumers, while identifying strategies for targeting bottom wealth quintiles.

The activity will consist of four interrelated and mutually reinforcing objectives which will contribute to the overall activity objective. Progress toward results must be measurable against baseline data collected at the start of the activity. The Logical Model (see Figure above) summarizes how activity objectives will lead to the activity purpose. Offerors shall propose an approach to achieve the activity objectives defined below. The Offeror is expected to propose a teaming arrangement that prioritizes local partners where appropriate. Local partners should be engaged to lead one or more of the activity objectives while receiving substantial mentorship from the prime Offeror. Note that USAID may engage additional local partners to contribute to Activity Objective 4 on WASH demand.

C.5.2 Activity Objectives

To accomplish the activity objective, the Offeror will develop partnerships with the GOS, other sector actors (donors, NGOs, Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), service providers, finance institutions, and beneficiaries) in order to implement a strategic set of mutually supporting activities that contribute to the following four objectives:

1. Mobilized public and private financing for the WASH sector;

2. Enhanced effectiveness and accountability of national and local governance structures in delivering water and sanitation services;

3. Strengthened market systems for sanitation and water and;

4. Increased demand for quality WASH products and services.

Objective 1: Mobilized public and private financing for the WASH sector

Context: WASH is perennially underfunded in Senegal at all levels of government, in terms of infrastructure investment, and in terms of household spending. For Senegal to achieve its stated rural and urban WASH objectives, estimated financial needs are more than $3.1 billion for the period 2016–2025, or an average of $310 million per year, representing more than double current levels of expenditures9. Although important achievements have been made in terms of public expenditures for the WASH sector (the Government of Senegal’s share in funding the water sub-sector rose from two to 12 percent between the 2005-2012 and 2012-2018 periods) further efforts must be made to meet universal access by 2030, and the sector is in need of significant investments and substantial financial resources to fund programs. In addition, due to the constantly growing demand for water and sanitation, it is imperative to pursue additional and innovative sources of financing, and to optimize public and private investments in WASH services, while improving effectiveness in the use of public funds.

Increasing investment from local governments will be key as these entities are principally responsible for delivering public services related to WASH. Although USAID’s Governance for Local Development activity (GOLD) made considerable progress in assisting these entities in budgeting, planning, and management, more work is needed to ensure that services are delivered and public entities are accountable to the public. Improvements in local governance must be matched with increasing local WASH budgets to ensure that local entities can meet their mandates.

Further, national and local governments must be capacitated to create equitable and transparent incentives that make water and sanitation services and products affordable and accessible to the rural poor.

Private finance currently plays a small but important role in the sector and efforts are underway to increase this role10. Private actors may not have access to finance due to such factors as low levels of professionalization, performance/profitability, financial savvy, or familiarization of lenders with the WASH sector. Barriers to this financing must be addressed by reducing barriers to trade, 9 UN-Water Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water (2019).

10 IRC, water.org, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Simavi (2017). Financing WASH: how to increase funds for the sector while reducing inequalities: position paper for the Sanitation and Water for All Finance Ministers Meeting.

https://www.ircwash.org/resources/financing-wash-how-increase-funds-sector-while-reducing-inequalities-position-paper https://www.ircwash.org/resources/financing-wash-how-increase-funds-sector-while-reducing-inequalities-position-paper derisking investment opportunities, and encouraging the private sector enabling environment.

Water service providers and sanitation enterprises require assistance to develop and expand, as they often lack the capital to diversify the types of products they can offer or have the means to expand their coverage in rural areas. In addition, water service providers may require financing for managing sustainable operations of water systems (noting that the Senegalese government is responsible for costs related to construction of water infrastructure). Finally, the WASH sector suffers from a lack of tailored financial instruments to meet WASH financing needs to target poor communities in a sustainable way to deliver services along the sanitation value chain.

Expected Results:

● Improved effectiveness of existing WASH sector financing.

● $5 million mobilized to WASH sectors from a variety of sources, such as donor funds, government (public budget), user fees, private financing (e.g. commercial banks), development funds (e.g. blended or revolving funding instruments, climate financing), public-private partnerships, microfinance and village savings loans associations.

● Improved access to public or private financing for 50 private sector water service providers and sanitation enterprises.

● Increased reach of sanitation and water interventions by private sector actors to include underserved and marginalized households.

● Improved commercial orientation and reduced investment risks with financial institutions (commercial banks) and community-based micro-savings and loans associations for water and sanitation businesses.

● Development and implementation of creative and sustainable financing approaches to incentivize user payment for water services and household investment in sanitation.

● Increased disbursement of national and local government funds to address affordability and sustainable management of water and sanitation services, in particular before, during, and after crises.

Objective 2: Enhanced effectiveness and accountability of national and local governance structures in delivering water and sanitation services

Context: Sustainable WASH sector results require improving sector governance and strengthening the underlying enabling environment for sanitation and water service delivery.

Interventions under this objective will work to improve WASH governance in Senegal with a strong emphasis on addressing challenges to private sector participation and providing a conducive environment for the provision of WASH products and services. Reforms already under consideration in the forthcoming Water Code include the consolidation of responsibility for water and sanitation policy and for water resource management within the Ministry of Water and Sanitation (MWS). Additionally, other reforms aim to ensure that communes play a key role in terms of advocacy and budgeting for WASH, that regulatory frameworks exist to support better service delivery, and that transparent, evidence-based decision making tools and monitoring systems are available to track WASH funding and support achievement of WASH goals.

GOS offices responsible for asset management, rural water services, and management of urban and rural sanitation have expressed their capacity challenges with respect to the management of private contracts including the design, implementation, and management (monitoring, reporting, verification and enforcement) of contracts.

● Increased number of mechanisms for external oversight of public resource use.

● Strengthened GOS support for ongoing sector reforms in both the sanitation and water sectors, including developing public policy, improving performance of key ministries and local government institutions, ensuring cost recovery, and ensuring inclusion of disadvantaged groups.

● Strengthened GOS institutions and improved local government capacity to manage WASH systems.

● Integrated data collection, monitoring and learning in government coordination and capacity building initiatives.

Objective 3: Strengthened market systems for sanitation and water

Context: Strengthening and catalyzing market systems for both sanitation and water involves creating robust demand for and sustained supply of appropriate and affordable sanitation, water, and related WASH products and services. In addition, consumers must value these products and be willing and able to make full or partial payments for the purchase, construction, and continued maintenance of those goods and services. It also involves addressing the barriers to the business enabling environment for the private sector players and improving access to finance for both enterprises and households. This market-based programming can lead to a multiplier effect, whereby increased WASH expenditure contributes to the overall economy. Senegal’s differential progress toward the SDGs in water and sanitation suggest unique challenges in each sub-sector requiring different interventions to generate improved market systems.

Senegal has made slow progress in achieving rural sanitation access. USAID ACCES achieved significant progress in rural market-based sanitation through private enterprises and development of the ‘Sagal’ brand. However, the current range of available sanitation products and services are insufficient to meet the wants and needs of all users in terms of utility, aspiration, and cost. The ACCES activity began related work in the development of sales hubs (Saniboutiques) — lessons learned from these initiatives should inform the Offeror’s approach to building access and availability of sanitation products and services. The sanitation market in Senegal suffers from supply chain challenges (e.g. low product availability in the rural sector, high demand, low supply, high importation and transport costs, etc.) — interventions should support the supply chain, working to ensure availability of and access to sanitation products and services (see link to WASHPaLS study below). It should be noted that the success and popularity of latrine products and services provided by enterprises under ACCES and the ‘Sagal’ brand depend strongly on the availability of Sato pans, currently imported by the local firm BeFam Scoops. This should be considered carefully in activity interventions as opportunities exist to leverage the recent global agreement between USAID and LIXIL, the producer of the Sato pan. Sanitation interventions should move beyond latrine sales and installation to include products and services along the entire sanitation value chain, including fecal sludge management, transportation, handling, treatment, and disposal.

● Improved private sector understanding of the WASH market.

● Increased development of best practices and appropriate services and products.

● Strengthened WASH market systems and improved relationships between market actors.

● Reduced market weaknesses and supply chain challenges in sanitation and water sectors.

Objective 4: Increased Demand for Quality WASH Products and Services

USAID expects the Offeror to engage a local sub-partner to lead Objective 4, given the need for an organization that understands effective messaging across the numerous sanitation and water markets of Senegal. The Offeror should propose indicators that demonstrate progressive transition of responsibility for funds management and implementation to the sub-partner over the course of the activity. USAID envisions launching a $2.5 million WASH Demand in Senegal activity in 2023 that will also work to meet Objective 4. The awardee will work to achieve Objective 4 and support other complementary objectives of the new WASH Services activity. The Offeror is expected to coordinate closely with the new local partner and offer capacity building support.

Context: Demand generation and activation remain major challenges for uptake of both sanitation and water services and products in rural Senegal and possible interventions must cover a broad range of needs and contexts. Building consumer demand ranges from social behavior change (SBC) messaging in communities that are unaware of the importance of sanitation and hygiene or of the options available, to more sophisticated marketing, messaging, and communication about the importance of paying for sanitation and water products and services. Gender is an important parameter to leverage in SBC and marketing, as though men make actual purchases for WASH services, women tend to be behind the purchase decisions.

To achieve meaningful improvements in sanitation and water product and service uptake, the Senegalese people must demand and advocate for quality WASH services. This is a multistakeholder process which requires complementarity between the private and public sector.

The private sector takes care of developing desirable, sustainable and affordable WASH services while the public sector raises awareness on a wide range of health issues arising from poor sanitation and hygiene. In water provision, for example, the public sector should not only put in place clear planning, monitoring and regulatory frameworks for rural water service provision, but should ensure that local government and CSOs are involved in the process. This will ensure that CSOs become instrumental in encouraging citizens to advocate for high quality products and services and ensure that providers and regulators are meeting their mandates. Further, women and children and other underrepresented community members must be engaged as they often shoulder a large part of the burden of WASH service delivery in households.

Rural Senegalese consumers generally rely on unimproved water sources, often of poor quality and low reliability. When compared to community or volunteer-led management, professionally managed and reliable WASH services offer significant benefits such as increased quality, coverage and service levels. Additionally, increased uptake through new household connections will strengthen rural utilities to achieve economies of scale, resulting in better cost recovery, and therefore better services overall. A key to progress in the sector is for the Senegalese people to become aware of these benefits and value, as well as the cost of providing the improved services.

As consumers understand the value added by service providers, willingness of consumers to pay will increase as they demand a safer and more reliable product.

Expected Results:

● Improved sanitation and water products and services that are tailored to cultural preferences, rates of open defecation, rates of basic water access, household income, and market maturity.

● Increased demand for sanitation and water products and services.

● 30,000 sanitation or water products/services purchased/sold.

● 250,000 people gain access to basic sanitation services.

● 50,000 people gain access to basic drinking water services.

● 300 villages certified Open Defecation Free (ODF).

● 75,000 households reached with social behavior change communication activities, including community-led total sanitation.

C.5 GUIDING PRINCIPLES

Coordination & Collaboration - Senegal has multiple actors working toward achieving sanitation and water coverage goals including the GOS, other donors, the NGO community, the private sector, CSOs, beneficiaries, and other stakeholders. Additionally, USAID has a long history of intervening in the WASH sector in Senegal. Recent USAID-funded activities have supported WASH and WASH adjacent sectors of significance for this activity. The Offeror must build on successes achieved by other USAID activities, notably under ACCES, WASH-FIN, the WASH G2G agreement, and GOLD. Additionally, current USAID activities support important aspects of the WASH sector – including engaging the sanitation private sector supported under ACCES (USAID/Entrepreneurship & Investment) and supporting GOS policy reform (USAID/Policy Systems Services).

Private Sector Engagement – USAID/Senegal is fully committed to private sector engagement and development to stimulate innovation and investment to meet demand. Reference: USAID Private Sector Engagement Policy

Locally Led Development – USAID is currently leaning heavily toward localization and this activity will align with localization objectives, employing local partners where possible within the activity consortium.

Reference: ADS 201.6 (Local Ownership).

Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Accessibility (DEIA) – The activity is expected to consider diversity, equity, and inclusion within the proposed staffing and in outreach to stakeholders, and ensure that project management practices are inclusive.

Reference: USAID Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Strategy Summary

Youth – USAID/Senegal is committed to addressing the challenges that youth face to accomplish the activity results and involve and support young people in the decision-making, management, and leadership. According to the World Bank, 300,000 youth enter Senegal’s labor market https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1865/usaid_psepolicy_final.pdf https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1865/usaid_psepolicy_final.pdf https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/USAID_DEI_Strategy_Summary_-_Final.pdf annually, but have elevated rates of unemployment and underemployment compared to other age groups.

Reference: USAID Youth in Development Policy

Gender – A gender analysis is mandated by USAID policies and partners must conduct an assessment and detail an action plan articulating and measuring meaningful engagement of women and other gender minorities. USAID conducted a project-level gender assessment for the Senegal WASH portfolio in 2021.

References: ADS 205; USAID Technical Brief 4: Gender Equality and Female Empowerment in WASH; Senegal WASH Gender Assessment 2021

C.6 RESULTS AND PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

The table below lists illustrative indicators and targets, which will be used as a basis for monitoring activity progress and measuring contractor performance. Offerors are requested to propose targets based on the technical approach and interventions included in their submission for the indicators listed below.

Offerors may opt to propose additional custom indicators and associated targets, as long as they are well-aligned with the contract objectives and expected results.

Objecti ve

Illustrative Indicator and Target Baseline Annual Targets*

Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5

1 $5 million mobilized to the water and sanitation sectors as a result of USG assistance (HL.8.4-1)

50 private sector enterprises with increased access to finance due to USG assistance (EG.2-12)

2 Number of mechanisms for external oversight of public resource use supported by USG assistance

(DR.2.4-2)

3 30,000 sanitation or water products/services purchased/sold

250,000 people gaining access to a basic sanitation service due to USG assistance (USAID HL.WASH https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/USAID-Youth-in-Development-Policy-2022-Update-508_2.pdf https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/205.pdf https://www.globalwaters.org/sites/default/files/usaid_water_gender_tech_brief_4_508.pdf https://www.globalwaters.org/sites/default/files/usaid_water_gender_tech_brief_4_508.pdf https://docs.google.com/document/u/0/d/1zOLXraL51_zx5ZZA5zf84Q_XrJDRpdFKbiR5cAlg0Ns/edit

(HL8.1.1 and 8.2-.2)

50,000 people gaining access to basic drinking water services as a result of USG assistance (USAID

HL.8.1-1)

4 300 villages certified Open Defecation Free (ODF)

75,000 households reached with SBC activities including community-led total sanitation

(CLTS)

Number of ODF villages/communes certified

(Contextual indicator) Overall rate of basic water access

Rural 75%, Urban 95% (JMP 2020) 2.1m rural and 370k urban lack access

Rural 97%, Urban 99% (MEA 2022)

(Contextual indicator) Overall rate of basic sanitation access

Rural 46%, Urban 68% (JMP 2020) 4.5m rural and 2.5m urban lack access

Rural 53%, Urban 72% (MEA 2022)

* To be proposed by the Offeror and inserted into the chart

C.4.1 Challenges and Opportunities in the Sector