Global IEE Annex C_Template for Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan.pdf

USAID ASHA FY 2019-2023 GLOBAL IEE – ANNEX C 1

ANNEX C: TEMPLATE FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN

(EMMP)

The Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) below is divided into Global Mitigation Plan and Global Monitoring Plan.

The Global Mitigation Plan addresses environmental mitigation issues associated with ASHA Commodity Procurement and construction or renovation activities (including site selection, planning and design, construction, as well as operation and maintenance, and pesticide use). This Plan is meant to serve as a comprehensive global model for a range of possible issues. There will be some issues that are project-specific and that are not covered by this Plan. The table below is adapted from the Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Issues for Construction- Related Aspects of Development Projects, found in the GEMS Small Scale Construction Sector Environmental Guidelines (see http://www.usaidgems.org/Sectors/construction.htm).

This Plan identifies the following activities and related issues:

44A: ACTIVITY 1: COMMODITY PROCUREMENT

Issue 1.1: Procurement and Management of Public Health Commodities Issue 1.2: Management and Disposal of Medical Waste.

44B: ACTIVITY 2: CAPITAL IMPROVEMENTS

Issue 2.1: Site Selection Issue 2.2: Risk Reduction

Issue 2.3: Water Supply and Sanitation Issue 2.4: Waste Management

Issue 2.5: Construction Camps Issue 2.6: Hazardous Materials Issue 2.7: Site Preparation Issue 2.8: Materials Sourcing

Issue 2.9: Construction (Including Climate Change impacts) Issue 2.10: Abandoned Structures

Issue 2.11: Associated Infrastructure, Roads Issue 2.12: Social

Issue 2.13: Cumulative

Issue 2.14: Pesticides

Issue or aspect of activity

Impact / Risk

The activity may. . .

Mitigation / Management Measure

Note: Mitigation/management measures apply to specified project phases:

Commodity Procurement (CP); Site Selection (SS); Planning and Design (P&D), Construction (C), or Operation and Maintenance (O&M)

Monitoring Method and Frequency

Responsible Party

Activity 1: Commodity Procurement

ISSUE 1.1:

PROCUREMENT

AND MANAGEMENT

OF PUBLIC HEALTH

COMMODITIES.

(Also consult the USAID GEMS Small Healthcare Waste Sector Guidelines.)

Release of toxic pollutants into the air, and inefficient and insecure sorting and disposal may allow commodities beyond their expiry date to be diverted for resale to the general public.

Ensure that the medical facilities and operations involved have adequate procedures and capacities in place to properly manage and dispose of such commodities (CP).

Ensure commodities procured are stored according to the information provided on the manufacturer’s Materials Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). (CP) (O&M).

Packaging and disposal of public health commodities will be treated using the guidelines provided in the GEMS Sector Environmental Guidelines:

(see http://www.usaidgems.org/sectorGuidelines.htm).

ISSUE 1.2:

MANAGEMENT AND

DISPOSAL OF

MEDICAL WASTE.

(Also consult the USAID GEMS Small Healthcare Waste Sector Guidelines.)

Pharmaceutical waste may accumulate due to inadequacies in stock management and distribution, and lack of a routine system of disposal.

Spread disease via failure to (1) sterilize infectious waste and/or (2) prevent access to waste by waste pickers or disease vectors.

Expose local community to health risks via unsafe disposal of materials containing carcinogens or toxins that may

Incorporate design features and O&M procedures:

Pits are lined with impermeable material such as clay or polyethylene (SS) (P&D).

Make sure wastes are not disposed of where the water table is high or where the underlying geology makes contamination of groundwater likely (SS) (P&D).

Make sure that waste containers do not have sharps (needles, scalpels) or obviously infectious wastes (bandages) mixed in. Hazardous wastes should be appropriately separated from non-hazardous wastes.

activity

Impact / Risk

The activity may. . .

Mitigation / Management Measure

Note: Mitigation/management measures apply to specified project phases:

Commodity Procurement (CP); Site Selection (SS); Planning and Design (P&D), Construction (C), or Operation and Maintenance (O&M)

Monitoring Method and Frequency

Responsible Party affect human reproduction and, or infant development.

Contaminate water supplies (ground and/or surface) via improper land disposal. (May also damage local ecosystems, animals or plants).

ISSUE 1.3:

PROCUREMENT

AND MANAGEMENT

OF HEALTH

COMMODITIES.

Climate risk

Extreme climate-related events (e.g., storms, wildfires, extreme heat, droughts, and flooding), landslides, erosion, as well as sea level rise and associated storm surges can all directly affect selected sites in which commodities will be delivered, used and maintained.

Changing rainfall patterns, higher temperatures, or climate-related extreme events may affect transportation routes for delivery or access of commodities

Changing rainfall patterns or drought conditions could affect availability of water necessary for use or maintenance of commodities

Consider alternative locations/buildings/rooms if proposed site faces higher climate risks (e.g., floods, wildfires, high winds, storms, or other site-specific threats) than other potential, appropriate locations (CP, O&M)

Determine whether additional protective measures can be added to the commodity or structure in which it is housed to increase resilience to climate risks (CP, O&M)

Develop and/or make use of existing weather/climate information and early warning systems to improve preparedness for and response to climate-related extreme events (CP, O&M)

Determine or develop back-up/alternative access routes for commodity delivery or for access to and use of commodities (CP, O&M)

Determine if alternative water sources are available and develop plans for accessing them if necessary (O&M) activity

Impact / Risk

The activity may. . .

Mitigation / Management Measure

Note: Mitigation/management measures apply to specified project phases:

Commodity Procurement (CP); Site Selection (SS); Planning and Design (P&D), Construction (C), or Operation and Maintenance (O&M)

Monitoring Method and Frequency

Responsible Party

Activity 2: Capital Improvements

ISSUE 2.1: SITE SELECTION

2.1.1: Site occupied or used by local residents or located near dwellings.

Displace untenured residents or reduce farmers’ or pastoralists’ lands.

Facility and/or construction disturbs neighbors, creating noise and dust.

Find alternative location (SS). If that is not possible:

Provide equivalent land and/or accommodations or fair monetary compensation, provided these are accepted voluntarily and without coercion (SS).

Build as far as practical from neighbors (SS).

Concentrate noisiest types of work into as short a period as possible, and during least disruptive times of the day.

Take measures to keep dust to a minimum (P&D) (C).

Wet ground if water is abundant and/or leave natural cover intact as long as possible (C).

2.1.2: Site would require road improvement or new road construction.

(Also consult USAID GEMS Small Scale Construction Sector Guidelines).

Cause adverse environmental impacts typical of roads, including erosion, changing water tables, or providing access for illegal land clearing, logging or poaching.

Find alternative site. Evaluate “minimum tool” alternatives (e.g. consider whether a foot or bicycle path might suffice

(SS) (O&M).

Follow guidance on design, construction, and operation and maintenance described in “Construction Sector” and resources listed there.

2.1.3: Site contains habitat for important ecosystems, animals or plants.

Destroy or harm plants or animals of ecological, cultural, and/or economic importance.

Find alternative location (SS). If that is not possible:

Limit access to the site.

Design any infrastructure (if unavoidable) to create least impact (P&D).

activity

Impact / Risk

The activity may. . .

Mitigation / Management Measure

Note: Mitigation/management measures apply to specified project phases:

Commodity Procurement (CP); Site Selection (SS); Planning and Design (P&D), Construction (C), or Operation and Maintenance (O&M)

Monitoring Method and Frequency

Responsible Party

Minimize disturbance of native flora during construction (P&D) (C).

Remove, without destroying, large plants and ground cover where possible (C).

Replant recovered plants and other flora from local ecosystem after construction (C).

2.1.2: Site would require road improvement or new road construction.

(Also consult USAID GEMS Small Scale Construction Sector Guidelines).

Cause adverse environmental impacts typical of roads, including erosion, changing water tables, or providing access for illegal land clearing, logging or poaching.

Find alternative site. Evaluate “minimum tool” alternatives (e.g. consider whether a foot or bicycle path might suffice

(SS) (O&M).

Follow guidance on design, construction, and operation and maintenance described in “Construction Sector” and resources listed there.

2.1.3: Site contains habitat for important ecosystems, animals or plants.

Destroy or harm plants or animals of ecological, cultural, and/or economic importance.

Find alternative location (SS). If that is not possible:

Limit access to the site.

Design any infrastructure (if unavoidable) to create least impact (P&D).

Minimize disturbance of native flora during construction

(P&D) (C).

Remove, without destroying, large plants and ground cover where possible (C).

Replant recovered plants and other flora from local ecosystem after construction (C).

2.1.4: Site has historic, cultural, or social

Offend local population;

damage local social fabric and

Find alternative location (SS). If that is not possible:

Limit access to site.

activity

Impact / Risk

The activity may. . .

Mitigation / Management Measure

Note: Mitigation/management measures apply to specified project phases:

Commodity Procurement (CP); Site Selection (SS); Planning and Design (P&D), Construction (C), or Operation and Maintenance (O&M)

Monitoring Method and Frequency

Responsible Party importance or site has important, archeological or cultural/historical features.

destroy or harm these sites. Design any infrastructure (if unavoidable) to create least impact (P&D).

Minimize disturbance of site during construction (P&D) (C).

Remove important artifacts where possible (C).

Provide worker incentives for discovery and safe removal of archeological or paleontological material. (SS) (C).

2.1.5: Site is steeply sloped.

Cause erosion and damage to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems during construction or use.

Find alternative site (SS). If that is not possible:

Design facility and apply construction practices that minimize risk, e.g., use hay bales to control erosion during construction. Pay particular attention to potential erosion and redirection of water flows during design and construction (SS) (P&D) (C).

Re-vegetate as soon as possible (C).

Maintain design features (O&M).

2.1.6: Area is heavily wooded.

Degrade forest, contributing to flooding potential.

Find alternative location if area is old growth or relatively un-degraded forest (SS). If that is not possible:

Design so as to minimize clearing or disturbance (P&D).

Avoid destroying rare or unique species. Consult with local populations about current use of forest and preferences for preservation (SS) (P&D) (C).

2.1.7: Site prone to flooding and/or landslides.

Be destroyed and/or subject workers or inhabitants to risk of injury or death.

Cause environmental damage

Find alternative site or design infrastructure so it is raised above flood plain or on more stable ground, if possible (SS).

Design infrastructure to minimize risk, e.g., design with proper activity

Impact / Risk

The activity may. . .

Mitigation / Management Measure

Note: Mitigation/management measures apply to specified project phases:

Commodity Procurement (CP); Site Selection (SS); Planning and Design (P&D), Construction (C), or Operation and Maintenance (O&M)

Monitoring Method and Frequency

Responsible Party from accidental release of toxic, infectious or otherwise harmful material during flooding.

Contaminate drinking water and water supplies.

grading and drainage (P&D).

Maintain design features such as drainage structures and the planting of trees around the facility (O&M).

Avoid constructing sanitation or other facilities that will use and store harmful materials at flood-prone sites (SS). If that is not possible:

Design storage area so that hazardous materials are above ground and/or in waterproof containers with locking lids that are kept closed. Ensure that facility operators follow these practices (P&D) (O&M).

Choose dry sanitation options or closed disposal systems, instead of wet ones such as septic tanks or detention ponds (P&D).

2.1.8: Site exposed to climate risks (aside from flooding events (e.g., storms, wildfires, and extreme heat), erosion, as well as sea level rise and associated storm surges can all affect the longevity of buildings and infrastructure and be worsened or mitigated based on siting / location.

Consider alternative locations if proposed site faces higher climate risks (e.g. wildfires, high winds, storms, or other site-specific threats) than other potential, appropriate locations (SS)

Use local knowledge and best practices to integrate design measures to address specific potential climate stressors (e.g., use more resilient materials or construction methods, design for future upgrades/repairs, or elevate to accommodate rising sea levels) (P&D, C)

Consider locations with multiple access routes, particularly if at least one alternative is protected against relevant climate risks (e.g., paved to protect against wash-out during flooding or routed to avoid low-lying areas possibly affected by storm surges) (SS, P&D) activity

Impact / Risk

The activity may. . .

Mitigation / Management Measure

Note: Mitigation/management measures apply to specified project phases:

Commodity Procurement (CP); Site Selection (SS); Planning and Design (P&D), Construction (C), or Operation and Maintenance (O&M)

Monitoring Method and Frequency

Responsible Party

2.1.9: Site is contaminated with lead, pesticides or other toxics

Liberate these toxic materials and poison workers, users, nearly communities, water resources, and ecosystems.

NOTE: if the site is in a mining area, former military base, heavy agricultural zone, there is a high probability of site contamination that must be tested.

Choose a different site (SS).

If site contamination is suspected, obtain a professional assessment, including remediation recommendations and host country compliance requirements (P&D).

For soil contamination (e.g., with lead), suppress dust during construction and cap site with non-contaminated soil; plant and maintain ground cover (P&D, C, O&M).

For drinking water contamination (e.g., with pesticides), either identify alternatives drinking water sources or install regularly-maintained carbon filtration (P&D, C, O&M).

ISSUE 2.2: RISK REDUCTION

2.2.1: Area experiences heavy rainfall, earthquakes.

Be destroyed and/or expose workers or inhabitants to risk of injury or death.

Cause environmental damage and/or contaminate water supplies via accidental release of toxic, infectious or otherwise harmful material.

Design infrastructures to minimize risk, e.g., in earthquake-prone areas, build structures with wood frames instead of concrete or brick (P&D).

Maintain protective design features (e.g., drainage structures and vegetation on slopes) (O&M).

Use material appropriate to the climate (e. g., stucco instead of adobe in areas with heavy rainfall) (P&D) (C).

Design storage area so that hazardous materials are above the ground and/or in waterproof containers. Ensure that facility operators follow these practices (P&D) (O&M).

Choose dry sanitation options or closed disposal systems, instead of wet ones such as septic tanks or detention ponds (P&D).

2.2.2: Facility is or will include a water supply

Deplete ground and/or surface water resources

Determine safe and sustainable yield. Establish system for regulating use (P&D) (O&M).

activity

Impact / Risk

The activity may. . .

Mitigation / Management Measure

Note: Mitigation/management measures apply to specified project phases:

Commodity Procurement (CP); Site Selection (SS); Planning and Design (P&D), Construction (C), or Operation and Maintenance (O&M)

Monitoring Method and Frequency

Responsible Party improvement.

(Also consult the

USAID GEMS

Healthcare Waste Sector Guidelines.)

and damage local ecosystems or downstream/down-gradient communities.

Poison users with natural or man-made chemical contaminants such as arsenic.

Spread disease with pathogenic contaminants.

Cause groundwater contamination.

Test seasonal water quality and examine historical water quality and quantity data before building facility (SS) (P&D).

Incorporate siting, design and operation and maintenance practices that minimize environmental impacts as described in GEMS Healthcare Waste Sector Guidelines (SS) (P&D) (C) (O&M).

ISSUE 2.3: WATER AND SANITATION

2.3.1: Facility is or will include a sanitation improvement.

(Also consult the USAID GEMS Water and Sanitation Sector Guidelines)

Discharge untreated or insufficiently treated sewage that:

Contaminates drinking water (ground and surface).

Spreads diseases.

Degrades aquatic ecosystems.

If possible, do not site in wetland or next to stream, river, lake, or well as well as up-gradient from potable water sources such as wells (SS).

Do not site where water table is high or underlying geology makes contamination of groundwater likely.

Alternatively, choose dry sanitation options or closed disposal systems, instead of wet ones such as septic tanks or detention ponds (SS) (P&D).

Incorporate design features, education/social marketing programs, construction and operation and maintenance practices described in the USAID GEMS Water and Sanitation Sector Guidelines and resources listed there; (SS) (P&D) (C) (O&M.)

activity

Impact / Risk

The activity may. . .

Mitigation / Management Measure

Note: Mitigation/management measures apply to specified project phases:

Commodity Procurement (CP); Site Selection (SS); Planning and Design (P&D), Construction (C), or Operation and Maintenance (O&M)

Monitoring Method and Frequency

Responsible Party

ISSUE 2.4 WASTE MANAGEMENT

2.4.1: Facility will provide healthcare services.

(Also consult

USAID GEMS

Healthcare Waste Sector Guidelines.)

Spread disease via failure to (1) sterilize infectious waste and/or

(2) prevent access to waste by waste pickers or disease vectors.

Expose local community to health risks via unsafe disposal of toxic, carcinogenic and teratogenic materials.

Contaminate water supplies (ground and/or surface) via improper land disposal.

(May also damage local ecosystems, animals or plants.)

Do not site in wetland or next to stream, river, lake or well (SS).

Incorporate design features and O&M procedures, described in the USAID GEMS Healthcare Waste Sector Guidelines including, but not limited to, hand-washing facilities, waste storage rooms, incinerators (if rural), spaces for encapsulation, and a plastic/clay-lined pit for safe burial (SS) (P&D) (C) (O&M).

2.4.2: Facility will generate solid or food waste.

(Also consult

USAID GEMS

Healthcare Waste

Spread disease.

Contaminate drinking water (ground and surface).

Degrade aquatic ecosystems.

Include space and features for source separation of recyclables and organic waste. Consider including space and/or constructing a compost bin or worm box if facility will produce organic waste (P&D) (C) (O&M).

activity

Impact / Risk

The activity may. . .

Mitigation / Management Measure

Note: Mitigation/management measures apply to specified project phases:

Commodity Procurement (CP); Site Selection (SS); Planning and Design (P&D), Construction (C), or Operation and Maintenance (O&M)

Monitoring Method and Frequency

Responsible Party

Sector Guidelines.) Generate greenhouse gases.

2.4.3: Facility will house medical laboratory or other bio-industrial activities.

Expose workers or local population to toxic, carcinogenic and teratogenic materials such as: solvents, acids, poisons, etc.…

Contaminate drinking water (ground and surface).

Damage local ecosystems, animals or plants.

Do not site near wetlands or bodies of water (SS).

Design with proper storage, handling, disposal and treatment of solid, medical or hazardous wastes and materials from facilities (SS) (P&D) (C) (O&M).

Use fume –hoods (SS) (P&D).

2.4.4: Facility will generate cooling waters, soaking waters, or water containing suspended organic matter, mercury, lead, soaps, etc.

Expose workers or local population to toxic, carcinogenic and teratogenic materials.

Contaminate drinking water (ground and surface).

Damage local ecosystems, animals or plants.

Incorporate cleaner production technologies into design, operation and maintenance as described in USAID GEMS Small Scale Construction Sector Guidelines and resources listed there (SS) (P&D) (C) (O&M).

Design with elements for storage, treatment and discharge of wastewater (P&D) (O&M).

activity

Impact / Risk

The activity may. . .

Mitigation / Management Measure

Note: Mitigation/management measures apply to specified project phases:

Commodity Procurement (CP); Site Selection (SS); Planning and Design (P&D), Construction (C), or Operation and Maintenance (O&M)

Monitoring Method and Frequency

Responsible Party

ISSUE 2.5: CONSTRUCTION CAMPS

2.5.1: Construction crews and camps.

Damage local habitat, compact soil and create erosion via building and occupation of construction camps.

Contaminate surface water and spread disease via solid waste and feces generated by camps.

Spread malaria, tuberculosis and other communicable diseases via construction crews who come from outside the region.

Deplete local fauna and flora (especially game and fuel wood) via poaching and collection by construction crews.

Explore off-site accommodation for crew (P&D) (C).

Keep camp size to a minimum. Require that crew preserve as much vegetation as possible, e.g., by creating defined footpaths (P&D) (C).

Provide temporary sanitation on site, e.g., pit latrine (assuming the water table is low enough, with soil and geology of appropriate composition) (P&D) (C).

Use local or regional labor, if possible. Provide education and strict guidelines regarding contact with local residents, and enforce guidelines (P&D) (C).

Set guidelines prohibiting poaching and collection of plants/wood with meaningful consequences for violation such as termination of employment. Provide adequate quantities of food and cooking fuel; both should be of good quality (C).

2.5.2: Use of heavy equipment.

Cause erosion due to machinery tracks, damage to roads, stream banks, etc.

Compact soil, changing

Minimize use of heavy machinery (P&D) (C).

Set protocols for vehicle maintenance such as requiring that repairs and fueling occur elsewhere or over impervious surface such as plastic sheeting. Prevent dumping of hazardous materials. Burn waste materials that activity

Impact / Risk

The activity may. . .

Mitigation / Management Measure

Note: Mitigation/management measures apply to specified project phases:

Commodity Procurement (CP); Site Selection (SS); Planning and Design (P&D), Construction (C), or Operation and Maintenance (O&M)

Monitoring Method and Frequency

Responsible Party surface and groundwater flows and damaging future use for agriculture.

Contaminate ground or surface water when machinery repairs result in spills or dumping of hydraulic oil, motor oil or other harmful mechanical fluids.

are not reusable/readily recyclable do not contain heavy metals and are flammable (P&D) (C).

ISSUE 2.6: HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

2.6.1: Oils, Degreasers, Asbestos, Lead, Pesticides, etc.

Contaminate ground or surface water when hazardous construction materials are spilled or dumped (e.g., refilling or degreasing agents, refilling generates can spill oil or fuel on ground and on other pervious surfaces etc.).

Put workers and inhabitants at risk from exposure to hazardous materials. Inhalation of asbestos fibers can cause malignant lung cancer, Prevent dumping of hazardous materials. Burn waste materials that are not reusable/readily recyclable do not contain heavy metals and are flammable (P&D) (C).

Investigate and use less toxic alternative products (P&D) (C).

Ensure that neither leaded paint nor asbestos in any form is used in new construction (P&D)

For rehabilitation or demolition, check prior to commencing work whether lead-based paint, asbestos (including roofing sheets) and other toxics are present (C) activity

Impact / Risk

The activity may. . .

Mitigation / Management Measure

Note: Mitigation/management measures apply to specified project phases:

Commodity Procurement (CP); Site Selection (SS); Planning and Design (P&D), Construction (C), or Operation and Maintenance (O&M)

Monitoring Method and Frequency

Responsible Party mesothelioma, and asbestosis. Exposure to lead and pesticides by workers or inhabitants will have human health effects.

(Refer to pesticide section below).

ISSUE 2.7: SITE PREPARATION

2.7.1: Site clearing and/or leveling, including use of pesticides for termite, etc. control.

Damage or destroy sensitive terrestrial ecosystems in the course of site clearing/preparation.

Produce areas of bare soil which cause erosion, siltation, changes in natural water flow, and/or damage to aquatic ecosystems.

Pre-treatment of the soil with termiticide to fill the soil around the foundation walls, support piers and the soil to be covered with concrete slabs can pose serious threats to humans, animals, and the natural environment if they are

Design infrastructure so that it will create least impact (P&D).

Minimize disturbance of native flora during construction (P&D) (C).

Remove, without destroying, large plants and ground cover where possible (P&D) (C).

Use erosion control measures such as hay bales (C).

Replant recovered plants and local flora as soon as possible

(C).

Regulation 216 procedures stresses the use of non-chemical soil treatment or traditional methods of pest control that would be used includes: (i) digging out all the termites’ moulds/hills next to the premises, (ii) applying dry domestic-animals’ dung (e.g. goats’ or sheep’s dung) on identified and dug termites’ moulds and (iii) burning.

activity

Impact / Risk

The activity may. . .

Mitigation / Management Measure

Note: Mitigation/management measures apply to specified project phases:

Commodity Procurement (CP); Site Selection (SS); Planning and Design (P&D), Construction (C), or Operation and Maintenance (O&M)

Monitoring Method and Frequency

Responsible Party not applied correctly

2.7.2: Excavation. Cause erosion, siltation, changes in natural water flow, and/or damage to aquatic ecosystems when excavated soil is piled inappropriately.

Expose inhabitants and crew to risk of falls and injuries in excavation pits.

Deprive down-gradient populations and ecosystems of water if higher regions of aquifer are blocked.

Cover pile with plastic sheeting; prevent runoff with hay bales, or similar measures (P&D) (C).

Place fence around excavation (P&D) (C).

Investigate alternatives allowing shallower or no excavation

(P&D).

2.7.3: Filling. Block water courses when fill is inappropriately placed.

Destroy valuable ecosystems when fill is inappropriately placed.

Result in land subsidence or landslides later if fill is inappropriately placed, causing injuries or damage.

Do not fill the flow-line of a watershed.

Be aware that in arid areas, occasional rains may create strong water flows in channels. A culvert may not supply adequate capacity for rare high volume events such as flash floods. (SS) (P&D).

Design so that filling will not be necessary. Transplant as much vegetation and groundcover as possible (SS) (P&D) (C).

Use good engineering practices (e.g., do not use soil alone.

First lay a bed of rock and gravel) (P&D) (C).

activity

Impact / Risk

The activity may. . .

Mitigation / Management Measure

Note: Mitigation/management measures apply to specified project phases:

Commodity Procurement (CP); Site Selection (SS); Planning and Design (P&D), Construction (C), or Operation and Maintenance (O&M)

Monitoring Method and Frequency

Responsible Party

ISSUE 2.8: MATERIALS SOURCING

2.8.1: Source of building materials.

Damage aquatic ecosystems through erosion and siltation.

Harm terrestrial ecosystems via harvesting of timber or other natural products.

Spread vector-borne diseases when stagnant water accumulates in active or abandoned quarries or borrow pits and breeds insect vectors.

Identify the most environmentally sound source of materials within budget (P&D).

Develop logging, quarrying and borrowing plans that take into account cumulative effects (P&D).

Monitor adherence to plans and impacts of extraction practices. Modify as necessary (C) (O&M).

Fill in quarries and pits before abandoning (C).

Control runoff into pit (C).

ISSUE 2.9: CONSTRUCTION

2.9.1: General Occupational

Health and Safety.

Workers may be subject to falls and falling objects, crush injuries from collapses and heavy equipment, flying debris, and exposure to toxics such as solvents, cement dust, lead and asbestos.

Workers may face increased risk of heat exhaustion or impacts of climate-related extreme events (e.g., heavy rain storms, flooding, dust storms or wildfires)

Ensure subcontractors comply with applicable host country environment, health and safety requirements. In no case may these requirements be less stringent than the minimum recommended practices for general construction health and safety, lead, and asbestos (see Annex 1 of Guidelines).

Require that construction crews receive proper hydration and are not exposed to dangerously high heat levels, in accordance with local and national health and safety requirements.

Ensure emergency plans are in place (and well communicated to crews) to respond to climate-related extreme events.

activity

Impact / Risk

The activity may. . .

Mitigation / Management Measure

Note: Mitigation/management measures apply to specified project phases:

Commodity Procurement (CP); Site Selection (SS); Planning and Design (P&D), Construction (C), or Operation and Maintenance (O&M)

Monitoring Method and Frequency

Responsible Party

2.9.2: Asbestos and Lead Inhalation of asbestos fibers can cause malignant lung cancer, mesothelioma, and asbestosis. Higher concentrations and prolonged exposure make these effects more likely.

Rehabilitation that involves sanding and scraping can liberate large amounts of leaded dust—which is hazardous not only to children and women who use the structure post-construction, but to construction workers as well.

Ensure that neither leaded paint nor asbestos in any form is used in new construction

For rehabilitation or demolition, check prior to commencing work whether lead-based paint, asbestos (including roofing sheets) and other toxics are present.

If present, a management plan exists that specifies safe practices to be followed and determines disposal of any waste. Appropriate worker training and PPE must be provided.

2.9.3: Specific climate risks pertinent to infrastructure capital investments

(Also consult USAID GEMS Small Scale Construction Sector Guidelines.)

Climate related events may:

Have adverse impacts on health, and lost productivity due to disruptions in piped water and sewerage services if infrastructure is damaged.

Damage infrastructure for energy, transportation, water resources, Design back-up transportation services (P&D).

Construct storm surge barriers using structural approaches

(high value infrastructure only) and vegetative buffers (C).

Flood zone mapping related to infrastructure planning (P&D) Prepare for disruptions by developing contingency plans

(P&D).

Plan for redundancy to accommodate disruptions in service

(e.g., water supply); install backup systems for critical hospital, home needs (C) (P&D).

Reconsider zoning and planning regulations to locate housing structures in “safe” or zones less vulnerable to climate variability and changes (P&D).

Construct buildings with resilient designs and materials in activity

Impact / Risk

The activity may. . .

Mitigation / Management Measure

Note: Mitigation/management measures apply to specified project phases:

Commodity Procurement (CP); Site Selection (SS); Planning and Design (P&D), Construction (C), or Operation and Maintenance (O&M)

Monitoring Method and Frequency

Responsible Party communications, housing, and other services from extreme climate events.

Lead to increased precipitation leading to increased storm water runoff and pollutants entering streams from impervious surfaces.

Lead to higher operating and maintenance costs and/or shorter lifetime of water systems, potential for rising water prices.

consideration of climate risks(C)(P&D).

2.9.4: Use of heavy equipment.

Cause erosion due to machinery tracks, damage to roads, stream banks, etc.

Compact soil, changing surface and groundwater flows and damaging future use for agriculture.

Contaminate ground or surface water when machinery repairs result in spills or dumping of hydraulic oil, motor oil or other harmful

Minimize use of heavy machinery (P&D) (C).

Set protocols for vehicle maintenance such as requiring that repairs and fueling occur elsewhere or over impervious surface such as plastic sheeting. Prevent dumping of hazardous materials (P&D) (C).

activity

Impact / Risk

The activity may. . .

Mitigation / Management Measure

Note: Mitigation/management measures apply to specified project phases:

Commodity Procurement (CP); Site Selection (SS); Planning and Design (P&D), Construction (C), or Operation and Maintenance (O&M)

Monitoring Method and Frequency

Responsible Party mechanical fluids.

Produce GHG emissions.

ISSUE 2.10: ABANDONED STRUCTURES

2.10.1: Hazardous abandoned structures.

Buildings with collapsing roofs and walls, open latrines or septic systems, accumulation of rubble.

Remove or bury all abandoned construction materials and rubble(C).

Fill in and close all latrines and septic systems (C).

2.10.2: Eroded soils in the vicinity of abandoned infrastructure.

Gullying and siltation. Damage to aesthetics.

Restore the site through replanting; reseeding and use of soil erosion control measures (hay bales, etc.).

ISSUE 2.11: ASSOCIATED INFRASTRUCTURE, ROADS

2.11.1: Road improvement/new road construction.

(Also consult USAID GEMS Small Scale Construction Sector Guidelines.)

Erosion and changes to water quality and natural water flows via poor road construction practices and maintenance.

Provide access for clearing agricultural land, logging, poaching, mining, settlement or other development that destroys natural resources and/or harms local

Find alternative site. Evaluate whether an alternative mode of transport would suffice (e.g., rail, water, or footpath) (SS) (P&D).

Adhere to specifications for road design and maintenance that keep water off road surfaces (P&D) (C) (O&M).

Follow best practices for design, construction, and operation and maintenance described in the USAID GEMS Small Scale Construction Sector Guidelines and resources listed there. These include practices such as developing quarry and borrow pit plans, following the contour line, using camber and turnout drains, training operations and maintenance personnel, etc.

activity

Impact / Risk

The activity may. . .

Mitigation / Management Measure

Note: Mitigation/management measures apply to specified project phases:

Commodity Procurement (CP); Site Selection (SS); Planning and Design (P&D), Construction (C), or Operation and Maintenance (O&M)

Monitoring Method and Frequency

Responsible Party populations.

Lead to the spread of human or livestock disease.

(SS)(P&D) (C) (O&M).

2.11.2:

Climate risks to roads, access routes, and transportation systems events (e.g., storms, wildfires, extreme heat and flooding), landslides, erosion, as well as sea level rise and associated storm surges can threaten routes and transportation systems necessary to access and utilize constructed buildings

Consider locations with multiple access routes, particularly if at least one alternative is protected against relevant climate risks (e.g., paved to protect against wash-out during flooding or routed to avoid low-lying areas possibly affected by storm surges) (SS)

Use local knowledge and best practices to integrate design measures to address specific potential climate stressors (e.g., use more resilient materials or construction methods, design for future upgrades/repairs, or elevate to accommodate rising sea levels) (SS, P&D, C, O&M)

ISSUE 2.12: SOCIAL

2.12.1: Indirect effects on local populations.

Damage or destroy natural resources.

Increase in-migration.

Damage local social and cultural integrity.

Facilitate spread of disease to both people and animals.

Research indirect effects that may be associated with the particular type of facility being built and evaluate other possible impacts of this type. If the project falls into one of the sectors covered in USAID GEMS Small Scale Construction Sector Guidelines the relevant sector briefing and the resources listed therein are starting points for this research

(SS) (P&D) (C) (O&M).

activity

Impact / Risk

The activity may. . .

Mitigation / Management Measure

Note: Mitigation/management measures apply to specified project phases:

Commodity Procurement (CP); Site Selection (SS); Planning and Design (P&D), Construction (C), or Operation and Maintenance (O&M)

Monitoring Method and Frequency

Responsible Party

ISSUE 2.13: CUMULATIVE

2.13.1: Cumulative effects of one development project over time or many small developments built within a short time period.

Cause excessive extraction of building materials, multiply impacts associated with logging un-degraded forest, quarrying and obtaining sand, gravel and fill (“borrowing”). (see below for more detail).

Develop logging, quarrying and borrowing plans that take into account cumulative effects and include reclamation plans (P&D).

Monitor adherence to plans and impacts of extraction practices. Modify as necessary (C) (O&M).

ISSUE 2.14: PESTICIDE USE

2.14.1: Procurement and use of pesticides, e.g., for termite and rodent control.

If not used correctly, pesticides can pose serious threats to the health and safety of humans, animals, and the environment.

(e.g. pesticides leaking from backpack tanks can make contact with human skin, poisoning the person conducting the spraying; leaking pesticides can make contact with unintended targets, killing beneficial insects and plants).

In humans, the acute effects from some pesticides include death, vomiting, severe headache, skin damage, temporary blindness, shortness

Emphasize non-chemical methods of pest control and IPM systems

Monitor pesticide use Comply with local laws and regulations Provide pesticide training and protection to project personnel and participating farmers/laborers Ensure packaging is strong, and that labels are in a language understandable to the people who will use the pesticide Protective equipment and clothing should (1)be adapted to local climatic conditions, (2) be adapted to user needs and resource possibilities, and should (3) eliminate exposure rather than just reduce it, if at all possible

After use, know, respect and enforce any exclusion period after application (time during which humans, livestock, etc., must be kept away from the treated area)

Complete PERSUAP activity

Impact / Risk

The activity may. . .

Mitigation / Management Measure

Note: Mitigation/management measures apply to specified project phases:

Commodity Procurement (CP); Site Selection (SS); Planning and Design (P&D), Construction (C), or Operation and Maintenance (O&M)

Monitoring Method and Frequency

Responsible Party of breath, and uncontrollable nervous tremor. Chronic exposure can result in cancers, mutations in unborn children, suppression of the immune system, reduced fertility and/or permanent damage to eyes, lungs, liver and other essential organs.

2.14.2: IPM for termite and rodent control.

If not used correctly, pesticides can pose serious threats to the health and safety of humans, animals, and the environment.

(e.g. pesticides leaking from backpack tanks can make contact with human skin, poisoning the person conducting the spraying; leaking pesticides can make contact with unintended targets, killing beneficial insects and plants).

In humans, the acute effects from some pesticides include death, vomiting, severe headache, skin damage, temporary blindness, shortness of breath, and uncontrollable nervous tremor. Chronic exposure can result in cancers, For rodents: removal of debris and other large objects not in use to reduce harborages, removing weeds and other landscaping strategies to reduce rodent passages, storing food at a school or hospital in metal containers, keeping trash can lids closed, and using rodent-proofing materials that can be used to keep rodents from entering the facilities.

For termites: Minimizing wood in contact with soil, using foundation barriers (e.g., sand of relatively fine grain or stainless steel mesh used to replace soil around the foundation), ensuring adequate ventilation of a foundation, to reduce moisture, and ensuring adequate drainage to reduce moisture around foundation.

Monitor the field regularly.

Use all control methods correctly and safely.

Comply with all legal controls.

Develop educational, training, and demonstration programs for farmers and extension workers.

activity

Impact / Risk

The activity may. . .

Mitigation / Management Measure

Note: Mitigation/management measures apply to specified project phases:

Commodity Procurement (CP); Site Selection (SS); Planning and Design (P&D), Construction (C), or Operation and Maintenance (O&M)

Monitoring Method and Frequency

Responsible Party mutations in unborn children, suppression of the immune system, reduced fertility and/or permanent damage to eyes, lungs, liver and other essential organs.