Attachment_3,_Draft_UFC_4-027-01_Contents.pdf

Attachment 3 DRAFT UFC 4-027-01

UNIFIED FACILITIES CRITERIA (UFC)

DRAFT

DESIGN OF DEPLOYED

OPERATIONAL BASES TO MITIGATE

TERRORIST ATTACKS

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY (FOUO)

UNIFIED FACILITIES CRITERIA (UFC)

DRAFT DESIGN OF DEPLOYED OPERATIONAL BASES TO MITIGATE TERRORIST

ATTACKS

CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 1-1 1-1 DEPLOYED OPERATIONAL BASES .............................................................. 1-1 1-2 PURPOSE AND SCOPE .................................................................................. 1-1

1-3 APPLICABILITY ............................................................................................... 1-1 1-4 Security Engineering UFC Series ..................................................................... 1-1 1-4.1 DoD Minimum Antiterrorism Standards for Buildings ............................... 1-1 1-4.2 Security Engineering Facilities Planning and Design Manuals ................. 1-1 1-4.3 Security Engineering Support Manuals .................................................... 1-2

1-5 ADDITIONAL REFERENCES .......................................................................... 1-2

CHAPTER 2 ANTITERRORISM PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS ........................ 2-1

2-1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 2-1 2-2 TIMELINES FOR DEPLOYED OPERATIONAL BASES .................................. 2-4 2-3 PRINCIPLES OF DEFENSE ............................................................................ 2-5

2-4 STRUCTURE AND BARRIER TYPES ............................................................. 2-6 2-4.1 Expeditionary Structures .......................................................................... 2-7 2-4.2 Conventional Structures ........................................................................... 2-8 2-4.3 Bunkers and Protective Personnel Shelters ............................................. 2-9 2-4.4 Protective Barriers for Personnel and Equipment Protection ................... 2-9 2-4.5 Vehicle and Personnel Barriers ................................................................ 2-9

2-5 AGGRESSOR TACTICS ................................................................................ 2-10

2-5.1 Moving Vehicle Bomb Tactic .................................................................. 2-10 2-5.2 Stationary Vehicle Bomb Tactic ............................................................. 2-10 2-5.3 Hand Delivered Device Tactic ................................................................ 2-10 2-5.4 Indirect Fire Weapons Tactic .................................................................. 2-11 2-5.5 Direct Fire Weapons Tactic .................................................................... 2-11 2-5.6 Airborne Contamination Tactic ............................................................... 2-11 2-5.7 Waterborne Contamination Tactic .......................................................... 2-15 2-5.8 Forced Entry Tactic ................................................................................ 2-15 2-5.9 Covert Entry Tactic ................................................................................. 2-15

2-6 LEVELS OF PROTECTION ........................................................................... 2-15 2-7 Requirements Development Process ............................................................. 2-16

CHAPTER 3 SITE LAYOUT ................................................................................... 3-1 3-1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 3-1 3-1.1 Comprehensive Consideration of Options and Threats ............................ 3-1 3-1.2 Design of a Layered Defensive Approach ................................................ 3-1 3-1.3 Provide Flexibility for Expansion and Increased Protection Measures ..... 3-1 3-1.4 Minimum Force Protection Requirements and COCOM Guidance .......... 3-2

3-2 SITE SELECTION ............................................................................................ 3-2 3-2.1 Use of GIS-Based Systems ..................................................................... 3-2 3-2.2 Site Selection Considerations .................................................................. 3-3 3-2.2.1 Threat Considerations .............................................................................. 3-3 i

3-2.2.2 Political Considerations ............................................................................ 3-4 3-2.2.3 DOB Mission Critical Requirements ......................................................... 3-4 3-2.2.4 Available Real Estate and Buildings ......................................................... 3-4 3-2.2.5 Minimum Dispersion and Standoff Requirements for Force Protection .... 3-4 3-2.2.6 Defense in Depth Design ......................................................................... 3-5 3-2.2.7 Perimeter Requirements .......................................................................... 3-5 3-2.2.8 Terrain Considerations ............................................................................. 3-5 3-2.2.9 Vehicle and Roadway Considerations ...................................................... 3-5

3-3 GENERAL SITE LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS ............................................... 3-6

3-3.1 Procedural and Occupancy Considerations ............................................. 3-6 3-3.2 Other Considerations ............................................................................... 3-6

3-4 LAYOUT OF PERIMETER ............................................................................... 3-7

3-4.1 Perimeter Layout Goals ............................................................................ 3-7 3-4.2 Design Factors ......................................................................................... 3-8

3-5 LAYOUT OF CRITICAL ASSETS .................................................................... 3-8

3-6 LAYOUT OF UTILITIES ................................................................................... 3-9

3-6.1 MASS NOTIFICATION SYSTEMS ......................................................... 3-10

3-7 LAYOUT OF OCCUPIED STRUCTURES ...................................................... 3-10

3-8 TRAFFIC CONTROL ..................................................................................... 3-11

CHAPTER 4 PERIMETER SECURITY .................................................................. 4-1

4-1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 4-1

4-1.1 Perimeter System Function ...................................................................... 4-1 4-1.2 Perimeter Security Elements .................................................................... 4-1

4-2 STANDOFF ...................................................................................................... 4-2

4-3 PERIMETER BARRIERS ................................................................................. 4-2

4-3.1 Barrier Functions ...................................................................................... 4-3 4-3.2 Barrier Placement .................................................................................... 4-4 4-3.3 Barrier Types ............................................................................................ 4-5 4-3.4 Anti-Personnel Barriers ............................................................................ 4-6 4-3.4.1 Chain Link and Metal Mesh Fences ......................................................... 4-6 4-3.4.2 Triple-strand Concertina Fence ................................................................ 4-7 4-3.4.3 Concrete and CMU Walls ......................................................................... 4-8 4-3.4.4 Drainage Culverts and Utility Openings Under Fences ............................ 4-9 4-3.5 Antivehicle Barriers ................................................................................ 4-10 4-3.5.1 Passive Antivehicle Barriers for Stationary Vehicle Bomb Threat .......... 4-11 4-3.5.2 Passive Antivehicle Barriers to Resist Moving Vehicle Bomb Threat ..... 4-11 4-3.5.2.1 Design Information for Barriers Stopping Moving Vehicle Bombs .......... 4-12 4-3.5.2.2 Concrete Barriers ................................................................................... 4-15 4-3.5.2.3 Cabled Concrete Blocks ......................................................................... 4-19 4-3.5.2.4 Cable Reinforced Chain Link Fences ..................................................... 4-20 4-3.5.2.5 Guardrails ............................................................................................... 4-21 4-3.5.2.6 Reinforced Concrete Walls ..................................................................... 4-21 4-3.5.2.7 Berms and Ditches ................................................................................. 4-22 4-3.5.2.8 Bollards .................................................................................................. 4-25 ii iii

4-3.5.2.9 Cabled Steel Hedgehogs ....................................................................... 4-26 4-3.5.2.10 Expedient Barrier Systems ................................................................... 4-27 4-3.5.2.11 Earth-Filled Containers ......................................................................... 4-27

4.3.5.2.11.1 Geotextile Fabric Soil Bins ............................................................. 4-27

4.3.5.2.11.2 Corrugated Metal Soil Bins ............................................................ 4-29

4.3.5.2.11.3 Soil Filled Steel Containers ............................................................ 4-29 4-3.6 Approximate Cost Information for Barriers ............................................. 4-30

4-4 ENTRY CONTROL POINTS .......................................................................... 4-31

4-4.1 Entry Control Procedures ....................................................................... 4-31 4-4.1.1 Personnel Control .................................................................................. 4-32 4-4.1.1.1 Contractor Worker/Vendors .................................................................... 4-32 4-4.2 Control of Material Deliveries ................................................................. 4-33 4-4.3 Vehicle Control ....................................................................................... 4-34 4-4.3.1 Passenger Vehicle Search Procedures .................................................. 4-34 4-4.3.2 Large Vehicle Search Procedures .......................................................... 4-35 4-4.3.2.1 Search Techniques with Vehicle Control ................................................ 4-35 4-4.3.2.2 Material Search Techniques ................................................................... 4-36 4-4.4 Layout Considerations ........................................................................... 4-38 4-4.4.1 Approach Zone ....................................................................................... 4-39 4-4.4.2 Access-Control Zone .............................................................................. 4-39 4-4.4.3 Response Zone ...................................................................................... 4-41 4-4.4.4 Safety Zone ............................................................................................ 4-41 4-4.5 Concept Design ...................................................................................... 4-41 4-4.5.1 Site Selection Concepts ......................................................................... 4-41 4-4.5.2 Security Design Concepts ...................................................................... 4-42 4-4.6 Access Design Factors .......................................................................... 4-42 4-4.6.1 Vehicle Traffic Design Factors ............................................................... 4-42 4-4.6.2 Pedestrian Traffic Design Factors .......................................................... 4-43 4-4.7 Electrical and Lighting Design Considerations ....................................... 4-43 4-4.8 Size and Space Requirements ............................................................... 4-44 4-4.8.1 Segregation of Vehicle Traffic ................................................................ 4-44 4-4.8.2 Inspection and Search Areas ................................................................. 4-45 4-4.9 Search Area Design ............................................................................... 4-46 4-4.9.1 Search Area Subdivisions ...................................................................... 4-46 4-4.9.2 Design Considerations ........................................................................... 4-46 4-4.10 Vehicle Barriers at ECP ......................................................................... 4-47 4-4.10.1 Speed Management Techniques ........................................................... 4-48 4-4.10.2 Commercial Active Vehicle Barriers ....................................................... 4-49 4-4.10.3 Temporary Active Vehicle Barriers ......................................................... 4-50 4-4.10.3.1 Military Vehicle/Heavy Equipment/Trucks ............................................. 4-51 4-4.10.3.2 Tire Shredders/Puncture Strips ............................................................. 4-51 4-4.10.4 Gates ..................................................................................................... 4-52 4-4.10.4.1 Personnel Gates ................................................................................... 4-52 4-4.10.4.2 Cabled-Reinforced Chain Link Fence Gates ......................................... 4-53 4-4.10.4.3 Higher Impact Gate Designs ................................................................. 4-54

4-5 HARDENED OBSERVATION POSITIONS .................................................... 4-55

4-5.1 Ground Level Observation Posts ........................................................... 4-55 iv

4-5.2 Guard Towers and Overwatch ............................................................... 4-57 4-5.2.1 ECP Overwatch Planning Considerations .............................................. 4-57 4-5.2.2 ECP Overwatch Tower Locations .......................................................... 4-58 4-5.2.3 Design of Guard Towers and Overwatch Positions ................................ 4-58 4-5.2.3.1 Precast-Concrete Beam Guard Tower ................................................... 4-59 4-5.2.3.2 Precast-Concrete Pipe Guard Tower ..................................................... 4-60 4-5.2.3.3 Freight Container Guard Tower .............................................................. 4-60 4-5.2.3.4 Wood Guard Tower, Kosovo Design ...................................................... 4-63

4-6 SECURITY LIGHTING ................................................................................... 4-64

4-6.1 Security Lighting Concepts ..................................................................... 4-64 4-6.2 Security Lighting Selection ..................................................................... 4-65 4-6.2.1 Standby Lighting .................................................................................... 4-65 4-6.2.2 Continuous Lighting ............................................................................... 4-66 4-6.2.3 Glare Lighting ......................................................................................... 4-66 4-6.2.4 Emergency Lighting ............................................................................... 4-66 4-6.2.5 Motion-Activated Lighting ....................................................................... 4-66 4-6.3 Lighting Considerations for Overwatch and Guardhouses ..................... 4-66 4-6.4 Lighting Considerations for ECPs .......................................................... 4-66 4-6.4.1 Approach and Response Zone Lighting ................................................. 4-67 4-6.4.2 Access Control Zone Lighting ................................................................ 4-67 4-6.4.3 Restrike or Restart Capability ................................................................. 4-67

4-7 INTRUSION DETECTION AND SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS ....................... 4-67

4-7.1 IDS System Functions ............................................................................ 4-68 4-7.1.1 Threat Detection ..................................................................................... 4-68 4-7.1.2 Threat Annunciation ............................................................................... 4-68 4-7.1.3 Threat Assessment and Classification ................................................... 4-68 4-7.1.4 Threat Delay ........................................................................................... 4-69 4-7.1.5 Threat Response .................................................................................... 4-69 4-7.2 Types of IDS systems ............................................................................ 4-69 4-7.2.1 Passive Infrared ..................................................................................... 4-69 4-7.2.2 Active Infrared ........................................................................................ 4-69 4-7.2.3 Microwave Radar ................................................................................... 4-69 4-7.2.4 Near-Infrared Beambreak....................................................................... 4-70 4-7.2.5 Fence-Mounted ...................................................................................... 4-70 4-7.2.6 Taut Wire ................................................................................................ 4-70 4-7.2.7 Ground Motion ....................................................................................... 4-70 4-7.2.8 Ported Coaxial Cable ............................................................................. 4-70 4-7.2.9 Seismic .................................................................................................. 4-71 4-7.2.10 Acoustic .................................................................................................. 4-71 4-7.2.11 Magnetic ................................................................................................. 4-71 4-7.2.12 Break Wire ............................................................................................. 4-71 4-7.2.13 Electrostatic Field/Capacitance .............................................................. 4-71 4-7.2.14 Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) ........................................................... 4-72 4-7.2.15 Automated Video Surveillance Systems (AVS) ...................................... 4-72 4-7.3 IDS System Selection Considerations .................................................... 4-72 4-7.4 Use of Complementary IDS Systems ..................................................... 4-73 v

CHAPTER 5 PROTECTIVE DESIGN ..................................................................... 5-1

5-1 PROTECTION CONSTRUCTION CONCEPTS ............................................... 5-1

5-2 INTEGRATION OF PROTECTIVE CONSTRUCTION ..................................... 5-1

5-3 PROTECTION FROM STATIONARY VEHICLE BOMB ................................... 5-2

5-3.1 Blast Loads .............................................................................................. 5-4 5-3.2 Minimum Standoff Information to Protect Against Blast Threats .............. 5-5 5-3.3 Blast Load Reduction from High Barriers ............................................... 5-10 5-3.4 Retrofits to Upgrade Blast Capacity of Buildings .................................... 5-10 5-3.4.1 Steel Plate Catcher System ................................................................... 5-12 5-3.4.2 Stiffened Steel Plate Wall Retrofit .......................................................... 5-13 5-3.4.3 Steel Stud Wall / Window Retrofit ........................................................... 5-14 5-3.4.4 Geotextile Catch System ........................................................................ 5-15 5-3.4.5 Polymer Retrofit System for Masonry Buildings ..................................... 5-17 5-3.4.6 Polymer Retrofit System for Expeditionary Wood Structures ................. 5-18 5-3.4.7 Strengthened Wood Expeditionary Buildings ......................................... 5-18

5-4 PROTECTION FROM HAND DELIVERED DEVICES ................................... 5-20

5-4.1 Operational Considerations .................................................................... 5-22 5-4.2 Protective Construction .......................................................................... 5-23 5-4.2.1 Compartmentalization ............................................................................ 5-23 5-4.3 Exterior Building Components ................................................................ 5-24

5-5 PROTECTION FROM INDIRECT FIRE ......................................................... 5-25

5-5.1 Overview of Design Approaches ............................................................ 5-26 5-5.2 Compartmentalization ............................................................................ 5-27 5-5.2.1 Interior Barriers Used for Compartmentalization .................................... 5-28 5-5.2.1.1 E-Glass and U-Picket Walls ................................................................... 5-29 5-5.2.1.2 Plastic Soil Bin Revetment Wall ............................................................. 5-29 5-5.2.1.3 Wooden Partition Wall ............................................................................ 5-31 5-5.2.1.4 Fabric Soil Bin Walls .............................................................................. 5-31 5-5.2.1.5 Corrugated Metal Bin Revetments ......................................................... 5-32 5-5.3 Exterior Protective Barriers .................................................................... 5-32 5-5.3.1 Exterior Sidewall Barriers ....................................................................... 5-32 5-5.3.1.1 Sandbags ............................................................................................... 5-34 5-5.3.1.2 Soil-Filled Fabric Bins ............................................................................ 5-36 5-5.3.1.3 Corrugated Metal Soil Bins ..................................................................... 5-38 5-5.3.1.4 Modular Reinforced Concrete Barrier Revetments ................................. 5-40 5-5.3.1.5 Loose Soil Barriers ................................................................................. 5-41 5-5.3.1.6 Substantial Building Walls ...................................................................... 5-41 5-5.3.1.7 Sidewall Protection for Aircraft and Equipment ...................................... 5-41 5-5.3.2 Overhead Cover ..................................................................................... 5-44 5-5.3.2.1 Predetonation Screens ........................................................................... 5-44 5-5.3.2.2 Shielding Layers ..................................................................................... 5-44 5-5.3.2.3 Support Systems for Overhead Cover .................................................... 5-47 5-5.4 Bunkers .................................................................................................. 5-49 5-5.4.1 Aboveground Bunkers ............................................................................ 5-49 5-5.4.1.1 Concrete Aboveground Bunkers ............................................................ 5-49 5-5.4.1.2 Above Ground Bunkers with Steel Containers and Timber Structures... 5-50 vi

5-5.4.2 Below Ground Bunkers .......................................................................... 5-55 5-5.5 Retrofitting Existing Building Construction Against Indirect Fire ............. 5-59 5-5.5.1 Retrofits for Concrete and Masonry Walls and Barriers ......................... 5-59 5-5.5.2 Retrofits with Improvised Barriers .......................................................... 5-60 5-5.5.3 Retrofits with Lightweight Material .......................................................... 5-61 5-5.5.4 Retrofits with Screens and Additional Walls ........................................... 5-60

5-6 PROTECTION FROM DIRECT FIRE ............................................................. 5-62

5-6.1 Concealment .......................................................................................... 5-63 5-6.1.1 Landscaping ........................................................................................... 5-64 5-6.1.2 Perimeter Barriers .................................................................................. 5-64 5-6.1.3 Windows and Doors and Other Openings .............................................. 5-64 5-6.2 Pre-Detonation Screens ......................................................................... 5-65 5-6.2.1 Pre-Detonation Screen Material ............................................................. 5-66 5-6.3 Energy Absorption Screens .................................................................... 5-67 5-6.4 Substantial Building Walls ...................................................................... 5-68 5-6.5 Windows and Doors ............................................................................... 5-69 5-6.6 Lightweight and Expeditionary Structures .............................................. 5-70 5-6.7 Retrofitting Existing Protective Construction .......................................... 5-73 5-6.8 Protection from Overhead Position Direct Fire ....................................... 5-75

5-7 PROTECTION FROM AIRBORNE CONTAMINATION .................................. 5-75

5-7.1 DoD Levels of Protection Against Airborne Contamination .................... 5-76 5-7.2 Air Filtration Systems ............................................................................. 5-76 5-7.2.1 Building Filtration Systems ..................................................................... 5-77 5-7.2.2 Expedient Structure Filtration Systems .................................................. 5-78 5-7.3 Access Control ....................................................................................... 5-79

5-8 PROTECTION FROM WATERBORNE CONTAMINATION ........................... 5-79

5-8.1 Backflow Prevention Devices ................................................................. 5-80 5-8.2 Point of Use Water Systems .................................................................. 5-80

5-9 PROTECTION FROM FORCED AND COVERT ENTRY ............................... 5-80

5-9.1 Forced Entry ........................................................................................... 5-81 5-9.1.1 Intrusion Detection Systems ................................................................... 5-81 5-9.1.2 Response Team ..................................................................................... 5-81 5-9.1.3 Delay Time ............................................................................................. 5-82 5-9.2 Protection from Covert Entry .................................................................. 5-82

APPENDIX A: REFERENCES ………………………………………………………….….A-1

APPENDIX B: MINIMUM STANDOFF AND BLAST DAMAGE INFORMATION FOR

LIGHTWEIGHT STRUCTURES………………………………………………….….….….B-1

APPENDIX C: PERSONNEL ACCESS CONTROL POINT LAYOUT AND

DESIGN…………………………………………………..………………………….…….….C-1

APPENDIX D: STUDY OF BERMS AND REVETMENTS AS ANTIVEHICLE

BARRIERS………………………….…………………..………………………….……..….D-1

APPENDIX E: REQUIREMENTS TO PREVENT BREACHING OF CONCRETE

VEHICLE BARRIER WALLS………………………….………………………….……...….E-1

APPENDIX F: VENDOR LISTS FOR PHYSICAL SECURITY PRODUCTS IN UFC…F-1

FIGURES

Figure Title Figure 2-1. Checklist for FP Considerations ................................................................ 2-3 Figure 2-2. Timelines for DOB ..................................................................................... 2-4 Figure 2-3. Expeditionary Tent Structures ................................................................... 2-7 Figure 2-4. Rigid Walled Expeditionary Structures ...................................................... 2-8 Figure 3-1. GeoReach Modeling Capabilities .............................................................. 3-3 Figure 4-1. Vehicle Bomb Explosion Close to Barrier .................................................. 4-3 Figure 4-2. Diagram of Chain Link Fence .................................................................... 4-6 Figure 4-3. Metal Mesh Fence with Razor Wire and Barbed Wire Outriggers ............. 4-7 Figure 4-4. Concertina Fence ...................................................................................... 4-8 Figure 4-5. Diagram of Steel Culvert Grill .................................................................... 4-9 Figure 4-6. Large Culvert with Bolted Grill .................................................................... 4-9 Figure 4-7. Diagram of Large Culvert with Short Honeycomb Pipes .......................... 4-10 Figure 4-8. Diagram of Swale Crossing with Ground Stakes ..................................... 4-10 Figure 4-9. Diagram of Bar Grill Embedded in Concrete ............................................ 4-10 Figure 4-10. Maximum Velocity vs. Turning Radius .................................................. 4-15 Figure 4-11. Concrete Barriers .................................................................................. 4-16 Figure 4-12. Cabled Concrete Barriers ...................................................................... 4-16 Figure 4-13. Anchored Jersey Barrier ....................................................................... 4-17 Figure 4-14. Barrier with Soil Fill Between Texas and Jersey Concrete Barriers ....... 4-18 Figure 4-15. Barrier with Soil Fill Between Texas Concrete Barriers ......................... 4-18 Figure 4-16. Types of Cabled Concrete Blocks ......................................................... 4-20 Figure 4-17. Chain Link Fence Reinforced with Steel Cable ..................................... 4-20 Figure 4-18. Guardrail Types .................................................................................... 4-21 Figure 4-19. Reinforced Concrete Wall Barrier .......................................................... 4-22 Figure 4-20. Reinforced Concrete Knee Wall ............................................................. 4-22 Figure 4-21. Antivehicle Ditch Profile with Stabilized Slope ...................................... 4-24 Figure 4-22. Antivehicle Ditch Profile with No Required Slope Stabilization .............. 4-24 Figure 4-23. Antivehicle Ditch Profile with No Required Slope Stabilization or Berm 4-25 Figure 4-24. Bollard System ...................................................................................... 4-26 Figure 4-25. Cabled Steel Hedgehog ........................................................................ 4-26 Figure 4-27. Barrier with Heavy Equipment Tires ...................................................... 4-27 Figure 4-27. Cross Section of Typical Antivehicle Barrier with Soil-Filled Fabric

Bins ..................................................................................................................... 4-28 Figure 4-28.Geotextile Fabric Soil Bins ...................................................................... 4-28 Figure 4-29. Barrier Constructed with Soil-Filled Cellular Fabric ............................... 4-29 Figure 4-30. Soil Bin Barrier for Large Moving Vehicle Threat .................................. 4-29 Figure 4-32. Metal Revetment Walls .......................................................................... 4-30 Figure 4-33. Metalith Vehicle Barrier ......................................................................... 4-30 Figure 4-34. VBIED Attack at ECP ............................................................................ 4-31 Figure 4-35. General Vehicle Search Areas .............................................................. 4-35 Figure 4-36. Transfer Load Yard for Gravel and Sand .............................................. 4-37 Figure 4-37. MCAP Bulldozer ..................................................................................... 4-37 Figure 4-38. Typical Transfer Load Yard Layout for Solid Waste, Liquid Wastes, and

Fuels ................................................................................................................... 4-38 ii

Figure 4-39. Example of Functional Zones, Design Concepts, Construction Materials ............................................................................................................. 4-40

Figure 4-40. Concrete Barrier/Block Serpentine Layout to Reduce Speed ................ 4-49 Figure 4-41. Commercial Active Vehicle Barrier Types ............................................. 4-50 Figure 4-42. Drop-Arm Vehicle Barriers .................................................................... 4-51 Figure 4-43. Tire Shredder Barrier ............................................................................ 4-52 Figure 4-44. Single Swing Gate .................................................................................. 4-53 Figure 4-45. Double Swing Gate ............................................................................... 4-53 Figure 4-46. Turnstile (Rotational Gate) .................................................................... 4-54 Figure 4-47. Locking Mechanism for Chain Link Fence Gate .................................... 4-54 Figure 4-48. Gate Design for Large Moving Vehicle Threat....................................... 4-55 Figure 4-49. Personal Defensive Fighting Position (PDFP) ........................................ 4-56 Figure 4-50. Hardened Observation Post ................................................................... 4-57 Figure 4-51. M60 Overwatch ..................................................................................... 4-57 Figure 4-51. Construction View of Precast Concrete Beam Guard Tower .................. 4-59 Figure 4-52. Precast Concrete Pipe Guard Tower ..................................................... 4-61 Figure 4-55. Freight Container Guard Tower ............................................................. 4-62 Figure 4-55. Guard Tower Using CONEX Container and Sand-Filled Walls ............. 4-63 Figure 4-54. Perimeter Guard Tower Used in Kosovo Campaign .............................. 4-63 Figure 4-57. Diagram of Intrusion Detection System ................................................. 4-73 Figure 5-1. Importance of Standoff Distance ............................................................... 5-4 Figure 5-2. Simplified Blast Pressure History .............................................................. 5-5 Figure 5-3. Pressure and Impulse vs. Range for 100 kg (220 lb) TNT Surface Burst

Explosion .............................................................................................................. 5-5 Figure 5-4. Steel Plate Catcher System Upgrade to Masonry Walls ......................... 5-12 Figure 5-5. Schematic of Tube Section Stiffeners for Stiffened Steel Plate Retrofit .. 5-13 Figure 5-6. Plan Detail of Post Connection ................................................................ 5-14 Figure 5-7. Steel Stud Wall Window Retrofit Showing Space Between Existing and

Retrofit Walls ....................................................................................................... 5-15 Figure 5-8. Tested Steel Stud Wall Window Retrofit .................................................. 5-15 Figure 5-9. Geotextile Catch System ......................................................................... 5-16 Figure 5-10. Blast Response of Masonry Wall .......................................................... 5-17 Figure 5-11. Spray-on and Trowel-on Polymer Retrofit System Figure 5-12. Interior Steel Frame Used with Polymer for Upgrade of Lightweight

Manufactured Structures ..................................................................................... 5-19 Figure 5-13. Additional Reinforcing Materials Retrofit for Expeditionary Wood

Structures ............................................................................................................ 5-19 Figure 5-14. Spacing Between Expeditionary Structures .......................................... 5-21 Figure 5-15. Site Design Example for High Level of Protection ................................. 5-22 Figure 5-16. Example Compartmentalization of a Dining Facility .............................. 5-23 Figure 5-17. Entry and Delivery Points ...................................................................... 5-24 Figure 5-18. Design Approaches Against Indirect Fire Threat .................................... 5-26 Figure 5-19. Plan View of Compartmentalization of Large Facility ............................ 5-27 Figure 5-20. Isometric View of Interior Fragment Barriers Used to Compartmentalize a Large Building .................................................................................................. 5-28 Figure 5-21. Interior Sidewall Protection with E-Glass Panels Supported by Steel

U-Pickets ............................................................................................................. 5-29 iii

Figure 5-22. Use of Plastic Soil Bin Revetment for Compartmentalizing a DFAC ...... 5-30 Figure 5-23. Concept Drawing of Plastic Bin Soil Revetment .................................... 5-30 Figure 5-24. Fabric Soil Bin Revetment Providing Compartmentalization .................. 5-31 Figure 5-25. Sidewall Barrier Around SEA Huts ........................................................ 5-33 Figure 5-26. Sidewall Protection for Light Structure .................................................. 5-34 Figure 5-27. Free-Standing Sandbag Revetments .................................................... 5-35 Figure 5-28. Sandbags Providing Sidewall Protection to Light Buildings................... 5-35 Figure 5-29. Wood Funnel For Filling Sandbags ....................................................... 5-36 Figure 5-30. Single and Multi-Bay Configurations for Soil-Filled Fabric Bins ............. 5-37 Figure 5-31. Mil 2 Hesco Bastion Soil-Filled Wall ....................................................... 5-37 Figure 5-32. Mil 1/Mil 2 Hesco Bastion Soil-Filled Wall ............................................. 5-37 Figure 5-33. Example of Improved Foundation Under Soil Bin Wall .......................... 5-38 Figure 5-34. Examples of Corrugated Metal Soil Bins ............................................... 5-39 Figure 5-35. Metal Bin Revetment Used for Sidewall Protection ............................... 5-39 Figure 5-36. Bracing of Walls for Near Miss 122mm rocket threat ............................. 5-39 Figure 5-37. Concrete Barrier Walls Proving Sidewall Protection .............................. 5-40 Figure 5-38. Overlapping Concrete Revetment with Chamfered Footings ................ 5-40 Figure 5-39. Layout and Construction of Aircraft and Equipment Protection ............. 5-42 Figure 5-40. Fabric Soil Bin Revetment for Helicopter Protection ............................. 5-43 Figure 5-41. Example of Aboveground Bunker for Storage of Equipment ................. 5-43 Figure 5-42. Overhead Cover Protection for Protected Facility ................................. 5-44 Figure 5-43. Rear Face of 12 cm (4.7 in) MMHSC Panel Subject to 107 mm Mortar

Detonation ........................................................................................................... 5-46 Figure 5-44. Overhead Cover Supported by Internal Framing System ...................... 5-47 Figure 5-45. Overhead Cover Supported by External Framing System .................... 5-47 Figure 5-46. SEA Hut with Overhead Cover Supported by Sidewall Soil Bins........... 5-48 Figure 5-47. Primary Module for Modular Concrete Bunkers .................................... 5-51 Figure 5-48. Improvised Bunker using Concrete Culvert Sections ............................ 5-51 Figure 5-49. Basic Modular Concrete Bunker (Without Soil Cover) ........................... 5-51 Figure 5-50. Concrete Bunker with 1.2 m (4 ft) of Soil Cover After Direct Hit from 122 mm Rocket .......................................................................................................... 5-52 Figure 5-51. Placement of Soil Protection for Aboveground Bunker ......................... 5-52 Figure 5-52. Construction Photographs for Above Ground Bunker ............................ 5-53 Figure 5-53. Composolite® Fiberglass Roof Sections with Toggle Connection .......... 5-54 Figure 5-54. Cross Section for Steel Sheet Piling ..................................................... 5-55 Figure 5-55. Reinforcement of Container with Steel Frames and Bracing ................. 5-57 Figure 5-56. Excavation and Placement of Container ............................................... 5-57 Figure 5-57. Placement of Backfill Over Container .................................................... 5-58 Figure 5-58. Bunker Complex Using ISO Containers ................................................. 5-59 Figure 5-59. Sightlines Blocked from Vantage Points ............................................... 5-63 Figure 5-60. Use of Foyer and Shield Wall to Prevent Line of Site Through

Doorway .............................................................................................................. 5-65 Figure 5-61. Narrow Windows Obliquely Recessed Away from Vantage Points ....... 5-65 Figure 5-62. Illustration of Pre-detonation Screen in Front of Building ...................... 5-66 Figure 5-63. RPG-7 Impact Into Barrier With and Without Pre-Detonation Screen ... 5-66 Figure 5-64. Placement of Hardened Wall Behind Door Area to Resist Direct Fire... 5-69 Figure 5-65. Use of Foyer with Substantial Walls to Protect Door Opening .............. 5-71 iv

Figure 5-66. Concrete/Sand Thickness Versus Standoff from Pre-detonation Screen for Anti-tank Weapons .............................................................................................. 5-72

Figure 5-67. Concrete/Sand Revetment Thickness vs. Standoff with Steel Plate ...... 5-74 Figure 5-68. Raised Parapets That Prevent Sightlines to Roof ................................. 5-76 Figure 5-69. M28 Collective Protective Equipment System ....................................... 5-78 v

TABLES

Table Title Table 1-1. UFC Documents .......................................................................................... 1-3 Table 1-2. DoD Documents Related to Antiterrorism .................................................... 1-3 Table 2-1. Common Rocket Weapons..................................................................... 2-122 Table 2-2. Common Artillery Weapons ...................................................................... 2-12 Table 2-3. Common Mortar Weapons ....................................................................... 2-13 Table 2-4. Common Small Arm and Anti-Tank Weapons .......................................... 2-14 Table 4-1. Perimeter Barrier Types and Specific Functions ......................................... 4-5 Table 4-2. Examples of Antivehicle Barrier Types for Each Category ........................ 4-11 Table 4-3. Maximum Stopping Velocity of Moving Vehicle Bombs for Passive

Barriers ............................................................................................................... 4-13 Table 4-4. Straight Distance Required to Reach Speeds for Given Vehicle Weights 4-14 Table 4-5. Concrete Barrier Wall Thicknesses Required to Prevent Debris from

Explosive Threat Weights .................................................................................... 4-19 Table 4-6. Standoff Distance Required to Prevent Concrete Wall Failure from Explosive

Threat Weights .................................................................................................... 4-19 Table 4-7. Maximum Vehicle Stopping Velocity for Cable Reinforced Fence ............ 4-21 Table 4-8. Approximate Cost Information for Barriers from UFC 4-020-01 ................ 4-30 Table 4-9. Vehicle Access Control for Each Level of Protection ................................. 4-34 Table 4-10. Large Vehicle Search Techniques .......................................................... 4-36 Table 4-11. Separation Distance (D) for Barriers to Reduce Straight Path Speed..... 4-50 Table 5-1. Protective Concepts for Each Tactic ........................................................... 5-2 Table 5-2. Minimum Standoffs for Buildings from UFC 4-010-01 ................................ 5-6 Table 5-3. Building and Structure Type Definitions for UFC 4-010-01 ......................... 5-6 Table 5-4. Structure Category Definitions for UFC 4-010-01 ....................................... 5-7 Table 5-5. Goals for Each Level of Protection Against Stationary Vehicle Bomb Threats for New and Existing Buildings .............................................................................. 5-8 Table 5-6. Levels of Protection Provided by Conventional Construction at Given

Standoff Distances from Explosive Weight Threats (from UFC 4-020-01) ............. 5-9 Table 5-7. Approximate Standoff Distances Causing Three Damage Levels to

Expeditionary Structures ....................................................................................... 5-9 Table 5-8. Defintions of Damage Level for Expeditionary Structures............................ 5-9 Table 5-9. Summary of Wall Upgrades for Blast Protection....................................... 5-11 Table 5-10. Standoff Requirements for High Capacity Wall Catcher Upgrade .......... 5-13 Table 5-11. Standoffs from Steel Stud Wall Window Retrofit Causing Medium Level of

Protection ............................................................................................................ 5-15 Table 5-12. Standoff Requirements for Geotextile Fabric Catcher System ............... 5-16 Table 5-13. Standoff Distances Required for Medium and Low Protection from Walls

Retrofitted with Polymer System ......................................................................... 5-17 Table 5-14. Levels of Protection for Polymer Retrofit for Wood Construction ............ 5-20 Table 5-15. Design Strategies to Achieve DoD Levels of Protection Against Hand

Delivered Devices ............................................................................................... 5-22 Table 5-16. Summary Information for Interior Barriers for Compartmentalization ...... 5-28 Table 5-17. Summary Information for Sidewall Barriers Subject to Indirect Fire ........ 5-34

Table 5-18. Required Soil Barrier Thicknesses for Protection from Indirect Fire Weapons at 15.24 m (50 ft) ................................................................................. 5-41

Table 5-19. Heavy Building Wall Required to Protect from Indirect Fire Weapons ... 5-42 Table 5-20. Material Options for Pre-detonation Layer ............................................. 5-45 Table 5-21. Material Options for Shielding Layer ....................................................... 5-46 Table 5-22. Soil Protection for Aboveground Bunkers............................................... 5-50 Table 5-23. Roof Systems Supporting Soil Fill Over Bunkers ................................... 5-54 Table 5-24. Center-to-Center Spacing for Wood-supporting Soil Cover to Defeat

Various Contact Burst ......................................................................................... 5-56 Table 5-25. Equipment Required to Construct Soil Sidewall and Overhead Protection for

Aboveground Bunker .......................................................................................... 5-57 Table 5-26. Tasks Required to Construct Below Ground Bunker .............................. 5-58 Table 5-27. Sidewall Retrofit Materials for Indirect Fire Weapons ............................. 5-60 Table 5-28. Material Thickness Required to Protect Against Indirect Fire Weapons at

15.3 m (50 ft) Standoff ........................................................................................ 5-61 Table 5-29. Direct Fire Threats Associated with Each DoD Level of Protection ........ 5-63 Table 5-30. Required Wall Construction Behind Energy Absorption Screens for .50

Caliber (12.7 mm) Threat .................................................................................... 5-67 Table 5-31. Ballistic Resistant Wall Material ............................................................. 5-68 Table 5-32. Wall Materials for Use with Pre-detonation Screens to Defeat Anti-Tank

Rounds ................................................................................................................ 5-69 Table 5-33. Bullet Resistant Glazing .......................................................................... 5-70 Table 5-34. Direct Fire Penetration into Soil-Filled Barrier ........................................ 5-71 Table 5-35. Material Thickness Required to Protect Against Anti-Tank Rounds without

Pre-detonation .................................................................................................... 5-73 Table 5-36. Retrofit Concepts for Direct Fire ............................................................. 5-74 Table 5-37. Design Strategies to Achieve DoD Levels of Protection Against Airborne

Contamination ..................................................................................................... 5-77 Table 5-38.