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®NFPA

Standard on Facilities for Fire Training and Associated Props

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1402-1

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NFPA® 1402

Facilities for Fire Training and Associated Props

2019 Edition

This edition of NFPA 1402, Standard on Facilities for Fire Training and Associated Props, was prepared by the Technical Committee on Facilities for Fire Training and Associated Props. It was issued by the Standards Council on November 5, 2018, with an effective date of November 25, 2018, and supersedes all previous editions.

This edition of NFPA 1402 was approved as an American National Standard on November 25, 2018.

Origin and Development of NFPA 1402

In 1963, a subcommittee of the Fire Service Training Committee developed a document titled How to Build Firemen's Training Centers. That informative report was published and circulated as a guide and served to improve the scope and efficiency of fire fighter training. By 1985, the report had evolved into the first edition of NFPA 1402, Guide to Building Fire Service Training Centers. Revisions to NFPA 1402 were published in 1992 and 1997.

The Fire Service Training Committee appointed a task group to review the 1997 edition and make recommendations concerning the functionality of the document. After that review, the task group recommended a general updating of NFPA 1402, which was undertaken for the 2002 edition.

In addition to minor edits to address the general evolution of the subject, the committee placed more emphasis in the 2002 edition on needs analysis before design and construction, establishing policies and procedures for effective use of the structure, and the environmental impact of training and training props.

New material was added to the chapter on gas-fired burn props. The chapter on design and construction was renamed Selecting an Architect/Engineer (A/E) and placed more emphasis on the important roles played by these professionals and on the contract documents that form the foundation of projects for building fire service training centers. The chapter on burn buildings was renamed Live Fire Training Structure and placed more attention on these structures, especially regarding the impact of repeated high temperatures.

The 2007 edition of the guide included updated material on needs and cost analysis, training center components and considerations, and infrastructure considerations and exposures. The guide also included many new and updated illustrations.

The 2012 edition included a rewritten Chapter 7, Design and Construction Process, to aid the user in the workflow. Chapter 10, Live Fire Training Structure, was also rewritten to clarify some issues and make the document more user friendly, with Section 10.7 including suggested gas-fired live fire training safeguards.

The 2019 edition changes from a guide to a standard, changing the title to Standard on Facilities for Fire Training and Associated Props. A new technical committee, Facilities for Fire Training and Associated Props, was formed in 2015 to oversee the document. This new committee worked extensively to convert recommended language to mandatory language throughout the document, as well as to update requirements throughout to reflect general technological and industry updates.

Two new chapters on gas-fueled live fire training systems were added. The chapter on smoke buildings was removed and replaced with a chapter on requirements for technical rescue training facilities. A new chapter on fire investigation training facilities was also added.

Two new annexes were added as well, providing guidance on the design and construction of fire service training centers and administrative and classroom buildings.

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FACILITIES FOR FIRE TRAINING AND ASSOCIATED PROPS1402-2

Technical Committee on Facilities for Fire Training and Associated Props

Peter M. Schecter, Chair Oakland Park, FL [SE]

Scott Anderson, Fire Training Structures, AZ [M] Wesley E. Barbour, CrossBar International LLC, CO [SE] James (Jim) Campbell, Pike Township Fire Department, IN [U] Dominic J. Colletti, Draeger, PA [M] Scott Cowan, Calgary Fire Department, Canada [E] Bruce J. DiPietro, Fire Department City of New York, NY [U]

Rep. Fire Department City of New York Ron Easterday, RFM- Rice Fergus Miller, WA [SE] Rick Egelin, Fireblast Global, CA [M] Peter W. Ehler, Nova Scotia Firefighters School, Canada [U] Brad French, Dayton Fire Department, OH [U] William E. Glover, High Temperature Linings (HTL), VA [M] Sean Gray, Cobb County Fire And Emergency Services, GA [U] Eric Grootendorst, Vancouver Fire Rescue/JIBC, Canada [L] Jac Haagen, Haagen Fire Training Products/BullEx, Netherlands [M] Michael J. Hagan, CSA Group, CA [RT]

Rep. Canadian Standards Association

William M. Jahnke, WHP Training Towers, KS [M] Roger M. LeBoeuf, Elliott, LeBoeuf & McElwain, VA [SE] Gordon L. Lohmeyer, Texas A&M Engineering Extension Service, TX [E]

Douglas C. Mangels, Denver Fire Department, CO [SE] F. Patrick Marlatt, Maryland Fire and Rescue Institute, MD [E] Sheldon Reed, Florida State College at Jacksonville, FL [E] Greg Reynolds, Unified Fire Authority, UT [E] Eric Keoki Rhode, Commander Navy Installations, DC [E] Stephen P. Rinaldi, Los Alamos County Fire Department, NM [E] Tony Robinson, North Carolina Department of Insurance, NC [E] Reggies Sibanda, Fire Prevention Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe [L] Kenneth C. Sloneker, SRG Inc., VA [IM] Edmund M. Walker, Peterborough Fire Rescue, NH [E] Shawn Adam Wheeler, Portsmouth Fire Department, NH [U] Steven J. Williamson, KFT Fire Trainer, LLC, NJ [M] William J. Young, Superior Energy Systems, Ltd., OH [M]

Alternates

Phillip Butler, Fire Training Structures LLC, AZ [M] (Alt. to Scott Anderson)

Michael Edward Cox, Maryland Fire And Rescue Institute, MD [E] (Alt. to F. Patrick Marlatt)

Kyle Robert Haines, Bullex/Haagen, NY [M] (Alt. to Jac Haagen)

Jonathan J. Hanson, Fireblast Global, NJ [M] (Alt. to Rick Egelin)

Jeremy D. Jones, Elliott, Leboeuf & McElwain, PA [SE] (Alt. to Roger M. LeBoeuf)

Obed Rios, KFT Fire Trainer, LLC, NJ [M] (Alt. to Steven J. Williamson)

Jonathan Toelle, Draeger, Canada [M] (Alt. to Dominic J. Colletti)

Mike Walters, Superior Energy Systems Ltd., OH [M] (Alt. to William J. Young)

Jeremy Souza, NFPA Staff Liaison

This list represents the membership at the time the Committee was balloted on the final text of this edition.

Since that time, changes in the membership may have occurred. A key to classifications is found at the back of the document.

NOTE: Membership on a committee shall not in and of itself constitute an endorsement of the Association or any document developed by the committee on which the member serves.

Committee Scope: This committee shall have primary responsibility for the design, construction, and maintenance of facilities for fire training and for fire training props.

Responsibilities of the committee include standards relating to gas-fire props; training structures, props, and simulators used for live fire training, rescue training and related tactical and skill training exercises.

Copyright 2019 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA®). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and download on 01/27/2019 to US Air Force Civil Engineer Ce. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA®. For inquiries or to report unauthorized use, contact licensing@nfpa.org. This NFCSS All Access subscription expires on August 31, 2019.

CONTENTS 1402-3

Contents

Chapter 1 Administration ......................................... 1402– 4

1.1 Scope. ................................................................ 1402– 4

1.2 Purpose. ............................................................ 1402– 4

1.3 Application. ...................................................... 1402– 4

1.4 Retroactivity. ..................................................... 1402– 4

Chapter 2 Referenced Publications ......................... 1402– 5

2.1 General. ............................................................ 1402– 5

2.2 NFPA Publications. ........................................... 1402– 5

2.3 Other Publications. .......................................... 1402– 5

2.4 References for Extracts in Mandatory

Sections. ............................................................ 1402– 5

Chapter 3 Definitions ............................................... 1402– 5

3.1 General. ............................................................ 1402– 5

3.2 NFPA Official Definitions. ............................... 1402– 5

3.3 General Definitions. ......................................... 1402– 5

Chapter 4 Establishing Policies and Standard Operating Procedures ............................. 1402– 7

4.1 Written Policies and Procedures. .................... 1402– 7

Chapter 5 Site and Infrastructure ............................ 1402– 7

5.1 Water Supply. .................................................... 1402– 7

5.2 Security. ............................................................. 1402– 7

5.3 Personnel Gross Decontamination. ................ 1402– 7

5.4 Environmental Consideration. ........................ 1402– 7

Chapter 6 Training Structures and Props — General ..................................................... 1402– 7

6.1 Design and Construction. ................................ 1402– 7

6.2 Maintenance. .................................................... 1402– 8

Chapter 7 Live Fire Training Structures .................. 1402– 8

7.1 Design and Construction. ................................ 1402– 8

7.2 Maintenance, Evaluations, and Testing. ......... 1402– 8

Chapter 8 Gas-Fueled Live Fire Training Systems

— Interior ................................................ 1402– 9

8.1 General. ............................................................ 1402– 9

8.2 Gas Equipment. ................................................ 1402– 9

8.3 Fuel Types. ........................................................ 1402– 10

8.4 Main Gas Burners and Pilot Burners. ............. 1402– 10

8.5 Control System. ................................................ 1402– 11

8.6 System Operations and Maintenance

Training. ........................................................... 1402– 13

8.7 Commissioning. ................................................ 1402– 13

8.8 Approvals. ......................................................... 1402– 14

8.9 Maintenance and Testing. ............................... 1402– 14

8.10 Auxiliary Equipment. ....................................... 1402– 14

Chapter 9 Gas-Fueled Live Fire Training Systems

— Exterior ............................................... 1402– 14

9.1 General. ............................................................ 1402– 14

9.2 Gas Equipment. ................................................ 1402– 14

9.3 Fuel Types. ........................................................ 1402– 15

9.4 Main Gas Burners and Pilot Burners. ............. 1402– 15

9.5 Control System. ................................................ 1402– 16

9.6 System Operations and Maintenance

Training. ........................................................... 1402– 16

9.7 Commissioning. ................................................ 1402– 16

9.8 Approvals. ......................................................... 1402– 17

9.9 Maintenance and Testing. ............................... 1402– 17

9.10 Auxiliary Equipment. ....................................... 1402– 17

Chapter 10 Mobile and Transportable Training Props ........................................................ 1402– 17

10.1 Vehicle Design. ................................................. 1402– 17

10.2 Live Fire Mobile and Portable Training

Props. ................................................................ 1402– 18

10.3 Fuel Storage. ..................................................... 1402– 18

Chapter 11 Technical Rescue Training Props ........... 1402– 18

11.1 Technical Rescue Training Props. ................... 1402– 18

11.2 High Angle Rope Rescue Training Props. ...... 1402– 18

11.3 Confined Space Rescue Training Props. ........ 1402– 18

11.4 Trench Rescue Training Props. ....................... 1402– 18

11.5 Structural Collapse Training Props. ................ 1402– 18

Chapter 12 Hazardous Materials Training Props ...... 1402– 18

12.1 Hazardous Materials Training Props. ............. 1402– 18

Chapter 13 Combustible and Flammable Liquids Used in Interior and Exterior Activities . 1402– 19

13.1 The Use of Combustible and Flammable

Liquids in Training Centers. ........................... 1402– 19

13.2 Design Considerations. .................................... 1402– 19

13.3 Emergency Shutdown Devices. ....................... 1402– 19

13.4 Fuel Management. ........................................... 1402– 19

13.5 Environmental Considerations. ...................... 1402– 19

13.6 Protection of Fuel Supplies and Piping. ......... 1402– 19

13.7 Reliability of Fuel Distribution System. ........... 1402– 19

13.8 Recirculation Protection. ................................ 1402– 19

13.9 Separation of Fuel Storage. ............................. 1402– 19

13.10 Inspection and Maintenance. .......................... 1402– 19

Chapter 14 Fire Investigation Training Structures, Props, Burn Cells, and Sets .................... 1402– 19

14.1 General. ............................................................ 1402– 19

14.2 Design and Construction. ................................ 1402– 19

14.3 Maintenance. .................................................... 1402– 19

Annex A Explanatory Material ............................... 1402– 20

Annex B Nonmandatory Information About Planning, Designing, Constructing, and Maintaining Fire Training Centers ......... 1402– 30

Annex C Administrative and Classroom Building Guidance .................................................. 1402– 41

Annex D Training and Support Building ............... 1402– 47

Annex E Informational References ....................... 1402– 49

Index .................................................................. 1402– 50

Copyright 2019 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA®). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and download on 01/27/2019 to US Air Force Civil Engineer Ce. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA®. For inquiries or to report unauthorized use, contact licensing@nfpa.org. This NFCSS All Access subscription expires on August 31, 2019.

FACILITIES FOR FIRE TRAINING AND ASSOCIATED PROPS1402-4

NFPA 1402

Facilities for Fire Training and Associated Props

IMPORTANT NOTE: This NFPA document is made available for use subject to important notices and legal disclaimers. These notices and disclaimers appear in all publications containing this document and may be found under the heading “Important Notices and Disclaimers Concerning NFPA Standards.” They can also be viewed at www.nfpa.org/disclaimers or obtained on request from NFPA.

UPDATES, ALERTS, AND FUTURE EDITIONS: New editions of NFPA codes, standards, recommended practices, and guides (i.e., NFPA Standards) are released on scheduled revision cycles. This edition may be superseded by a later one, or it may be amended outside of its scheduled revision cycle through the issuance of Tenta‐ tive Interim Amendments (TIAs). An official NFPA Standard at any point in time consists of the current edition of the document, together with all TIAs and Errata in effect. To verify that this document is the current edition or to determine if it has been amended by TIAs or Errata, please consult the National Fire Codes® Subscription Service or the “List of NFPA Codes & Standards” at www.nfpa.org/docinfo.

In addition to TIAs and Errata, the document information pages also include the option to sign up for alerts for individual documents and to be involved in the development of the next edition.

NOTICE: An asterisk (*) following the number or letter designating a paragraph indicates that explanatory material on the paragraph can be found in Annex A.

A reference in brackets [ ] following a section or paragraph indicates material that has been extracted from another NFPA document. As an aid to the user, the complete title and edition of the source documents for extracts in advisory sections of this document are given in Chapter 2 and those for extracts in the informational sections are given in Annex E. Extracted text may be edited for consistency and style and may include the revision of internal paragraph references and other references as appropriate. Requests for interpretations or revisions of extracted text should be sent to the technical committee responsible for the source document.

Information on referenced publications can be found in Chapter 2 and Annex E.

Chapter 1 Administration

1.1 Scope. This standard contains the minimum design, construction, and maintenance requirements for fire service training centers, fire training structures and props, gas-fueled and flammable liquid–fueled live fire training systems, mobile fire training props, and associated training props.

1.2 Purpose.

1.2.1 The purpose of this standard is to establish consistent, minimum criteria for facilities, structures, and props that are used for conducting fire and rescue training classes and exerci‐ ses.

1.2.2* The building code(s) and gas code(s) do not address the unique and specific requirements for specialized fire train‐ ing structures, props, and systems. The minimum requirements of this standard are intended to bridge that gap.

1.3 Application.

1.3.1 This standard supplements, not supersedes, the building code(s) and gas code(s).

1.3.2 For any items covered by this standard and other NFPA

standards on training, and for any conflicting items between them, the most stringent requirement shall govern.

1.3.3 The items listed in 1.3.3.1 through 1.3.3.4 are covered by this standard, whether located at a fire service training center or located elsewhere, such as at a fire station.

1.3.3.1 The design, manufacturing, installation, certification, testing, commissioning, and maintenance of gas-fueled live fire training systems and flammable liquid–fueled live fire training systems used for live fire training are covered by this standard.

1.3.3.2 The design, manufacturing, installation, certification, testing, commissioning, and maintenance of mobile training props are covered by this standard.

1.3.3.3 The design, construction, and maintenance of training structures and props used for live fire training are covered by this standard.

1.3.3.4 The design, construction, and maintenance of training structures and props used for rescue training, hazmat training, and related tactical training exercises that do not require live fire are covered by this standard.

1.3.4* Acquired structures used for live fire training evolu‐ tions are not covered by this standard.

1.3.5* Conventional facilities found at fire service training centers are typically not covered by this standard unless they are also being used a training structures or props. Further information can be found in Annexes B, C, and D.

1.4 Retroactivity. The provisions of this standard reflect a

consensus of what is necessary to provide an acceptable degree of protection from the hazards addressed in this standard at the time the standard was issued.

1.4.1 Unless otherwise specified, the provisions of this stand‐ ard shall not apply to facilities or structures that existed or were approved for construction or installation prior to the effective date of the standard. Where specified, the provisions of this standard shall be retroactive.

1.4.2 The requirements of Chapters 4, 5, and 8 through 14, and Sections 6.2 and 7.2 shall apply to existing facilities.

1.4.3 The requirements of Sections 6.1 and 7.1 shall apply to existing facilities beginning 3 years from the effective date of this standard.

1.4.4 In those cases where the authority having jurisdiction

determines that the existing situation presents an unacceptable degree of risk, the authority having jurisdiction shall be permit‐ ted to apply retroactively any portions of this standard deemed appropriate.

1.4.5 The retroactive requirements of this standard shall be

permitted to be modified if their application clearly would be impractical in the judgment of the authority having jurisdic‐ tion, and only where it is clearly evident that a reasonable degree of safety is provided.

Copyright 2019 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA®). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and download on 01/27/2019 to US Air Force Civil Engineer Ce. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA®. For inquiries or to report unauthorized use, contact licensing@nfpa.org. This NFCSS All Access subscription expires on August 31, 2019.

DEFINITIONS 1402-5

Chapter 2 Referenced Publications

2.1 General. The documents or portions thereof listed in this chapter are referenced within this standard and shall be considered part of the requirements of this document.

2.2 NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471.

NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems, 2016 edition.

NFPA 15, Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protec‐ tion, 2017 edition.

NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, 2018 edition.

NFPA 54, National Fuel Gas Code, 2018 edition.

NFPA 58, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code, 2017 edition.

NFPA 70®, National Electrical Code®, 2017 edition.

NFPA 86, Standard for Ovens and Furnaces, 2015 edition.

NFPA 1403, Standard on Live Fire Training Evolutions, 2018

NFPA 5000®, Building Construction and Safety Code® ,2018

2.3 Other Publications.

2.3.1 ANSI Publications. American National Standards Insti‐

tute, Inc., 25 West 43rd Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.

ANSI Z21.21/CSA 6.5, Automatic valves for gas appliances, 2017.

2.3.2 ASCE Publications. American Society of Civil Engineers, 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191-4400.

ASCE/SEI 7, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, 2010.

2.3.3 ICC Publications. International Code Council, 500 New

Jersey Avenue, NW, 6th Floor, Washington, DC 20001.

International Building Code, 2015.

2.3.4 UL Publications. Underwriters Laboratories Inc., 333

Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062-2096.

UL 508A, Standard for Industrial Control Panels, 2001, revised 2014.

2.3.5 Other Publications.

Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 11th edition, Merriam- Webster, Inc., Springfield, MA, 2003.

2.4 References for Extracts in Mandatory Sections.

NFPA 101®, Life Safety Code®, 2018 edition.

NFPA 654, Standard for the Prevention of Fire and Dust Explosions from the Manufacturing, Processing, and Handling of Combustible Particulate Solids, 2017 edition.

NFPA 1006, Standard for Technical Rescue Personnel Professional Qualifications, 2017 edition.

NFPA 1410, Standard on Training for Initial Emergency Scene Operations, 2015 edition.

NFPA 1451, Standard for a Fire and Emergency Service Vehicle Operations Training Program, 2018 edition.

NFPA 1500™, Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program, 2018 edition.

Chapter 3 Definitions

3.1 General. The definitions contained in this chapter shall

apply to the terms used in this standard. Where terms are not defined in this chapter or within another chapter, they shall be defined using their ordinarily accepted meanings within the context in which they are used. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 11th edition, shall be the source for the ordinarily accepted meaning.

3.2 NFPA Official Definitions.

3.2.1* Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ). An organization, office, or individual responsible for enforcing the requirements of a code or standard, or for approving equipment, materials, an installation, or a procedure.

3.2.2 Labeled. Equipment or materials to which has been

attached a label, symbol, or other identifying mark of an organ‐ ization that is acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction and concerned with product evaluation, that maintains peri‐ odic inspection of production of labeled equipment or materi‐ als, and by whose labeling the manufacturer indicates compliance with appropriate standards or performance in a specified manner.

3.2.3* Listed. Equipment, materials, or services included in a list published by an organization that is acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction and concerned with evaluation of products or services, that maintains periodic inspection of production of listed equipment or materials or periodic evalua‐ tion of services, and whose listing states that either the equip‐ ment, material, or service meets appropriate designated standards or has been tested and found suitable for a specified purpose.

3.2.4 Shall. Indicates a mandatory requirement.

3.2.5 Should. Indicates a recommendation or that which is

advised but not required.

3.2.6 Standard. An NFPA Standard, the main text of which

contains only mandatory provisions using the word “shall” to indicate requirements and that is in a form generally suitable for mandatory reference by another standard or code or for adoption into law. Nonmandatory provisions are not to be considered a part of the requirements of a standard and shall be located in an appendix, annex, footnote, informational note, or other means as permitted in the NFPA Manuals of Style. When used in a generic sense, such as in the phrase “standards development process” or “standards development activities,” the term “standards” includes all NFPA Standards, including Codes, Standards, Recommended Practices, and Guides.

3.3 General Definitions.

3.3.1 Acquired Prop. A piece of equipment acquired by the

AHJ for the purposes of conducting fire training evolutions, technical rescue training, hazardous materials training, or other fire rescue training whether including live fire or not.

3.3.2 Acquired Structure. A building or structure acquired by the AHJ from a property owner for the purposes of conducting fire training evolutions, technical rescue training, hazardous materials training, or other fire rescue training whether includ‐ ing live fire training or not.

3.3.3 Appliance. See 3.3.17, Gas-Fueled Training Appliance.

Copyright 2019 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA®). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and download on 01/27/2019 to US Air Force Civil Engineer Ce. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA®. For inquiries or to report unauthorized use, contact licensing@nfpa.org. This NFCSS All Access subscription expires on August 31, 2019.

FACILITIES FOR FIRE TRAINING AND ASSOCIATED PROPS1402-6

3.3.4 Burn Room. Space or compartment inside a live fire

training structure in which live fires are conducted.

3.3.5 Containerized Training Structure. A structure consisting of one or more shipping (intermodal) containers assembled together for the purpose of conducting live fire, nonlive fire, rescue, hazmat, and/or other related training evolutions. If the containerized training structure is to support live fire training, then it is classified as a live fire training structure.

3.3.6 Dead Loads. Dead loads consist of the weight of all

materials of construction incorporated into the building including but not limited to walls, floors, roofs, ceilings, stair‐ ways, built-in partitions, finishes, cladding and other similarly incorporated architectural and structural items, and fixed serv‐ ice equipment including the weight of cranes. [ASCE/SEI 7:3.1.1]

3.3.7* Designed Anchor Point. An anchor point designed by an engineer or other qualified person, and installed in accord‐ ance with the manufacturer’s recommendations, to support the forces generated in rope rescue systems.

3.3.8 Emergency Medical Services. The provision of treat‐

ment, such as first aid, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, basic life support, advanced life support, and other pre-hospital proce‐ dures including ambulance transportation, to patients. [1500, 2018]

3.3.9 Evolution. A set of prescribed actions that result in an effective fireground activity. [1410, 2015]

3.3.10 Factored Load. Working load multiplied by a factor of

safety that is greater than 1.

3.3.11 Fire Investigation Burn Cell (Burn Cell). A smaller

subdivision of either a fire investigation training structure or fire investigation training prop, designed or intended to contain the arrangement of fuels used in fire investigation training.

3.3.12 Fire Investigation Set (Set). The constructed, arranged, or adapted use of furniture, fixtures, equipment, and fuels intended for burning as part of fire investigation training, within a fire investigation burn cell.

3.3.13 Fire Investigation Training Prop. A vehicle, vessel, equipment, or fabricated mock-up acquired or specifically built or manufactured to facilitate fire conditions, behavior, and patterns for conducting fire investigation training. This prop is not used for live fire training.

3.3.14 Fire Investigation Training Structure. A permanent

structure acquired or specifically built to facilitate fire condi‐ tions, behavior, and patterns for conducting fire investigation training on a repetitive basis, with each use being a single burn.

This structure is not used for live fire training.

3.3.15 Fire Prop. A noncombustible assembly used for repeat‐

able live fire training exercises containing the gas burners of the gas-fueled training appliance and located inside the burn space.

3.3.16* Gas-Fueled Live Fire Training System. An engineered system comprised of the gas-fueled training appliance(s), the associated piping, and the fire prop(s).

3.3.17 Gas-Fueled Training Appliance. An engineered prod‐

uct comprised of burner controls, safety systems, and ignition system used to operate the fire prop.

3.3.18 Highline System. A system of using rope or cable

suspended between two points for movement of persons or equipment over an area that is a barrier to the rescue opera‐ tion, including systems capable of movement between points of equal or unequal height. [1006, 2017]

3.3.19 Intermittent Pilot. A pilot that burns during light-off and while the main burner is firing.

3.3.20 Interrupted Pilot. A pilot that is ignited and burns

during light-off and is automatically shut off at the end of the trial-for-ignition period of the main burner(s).

3.3.21 Liquid-Fueled Live Fire Training System. A training

prop used for live fire training on a repetitive basis, fueled by gasoline, diesel, kerosene, reduced-emissions flammable liquid, or other flammable or combustible liquid.

3.3.22 Live Fire. Any open flame capable of emitting thermal

load or toxic by-products of combustion that would necessitate the use of personal protective equipment (PPE).

3.3.23 Live Fire Training Prop. A training prop utilized for

conducting live fire training evolutions on a repetitive basis.

3.3.24* Live Fire Training Structure. A structure utilized for conducting live fire training evolutions on a repetitive basis.

3.3.25 Live Loads. Live loads are those produced by the use

and occupancy of the building or other structure and do not include construction or environmental loads such as wind load, snow load, rain load, earthquake load, flood load, or dead load. Live loads on a roof are those produced (1) during main‐ tenance by workers, equipment, and materials; and (2) during the life of the structure by movable objects such as planters and by people. [ASCE/SEI 7:4.1]

3.3.26 Means of Egress. A continuous and unobstructed way

of travel from any point in a building or structure to a public way consisting of three separate and distinct parts: (1) the exit access, (2) the exit, and (3) the exit discharge. [101, 2018]

3.3.27 Means of Escape. A way out of a building or structure

that does not conform to the strict definition of means of egress but does provide an alternate way out. [101, 2018]

3.3.28 Mobile Training Prop. A training prop intended to be

transported over roads for conducting fire, rescue, hazmat, or related training evolutions on a repetitive basis, whether including live fire or not, at different locations.

3.3.29 Mock-Up. A noncombustible assembly that can be used

in association with the fire prop to change its appearance to enhance training realism.

3.3.30 Owner/Operator. The organization with fiscal respon‐

sibility for the operation, maintenance, and profitability of the facility. [654, 2017]

3.3.31 Portable Training Prop. A training prop that is not

permanently mounted to a trailer or fixed to the ground and can be moved around the training site. Transportation on road‐ ways requires a trailer or transport vehicle.

3.3.32 Qualified Person. A person who, by possession of a

recognized degree, certificate, professional standing, or skill, and who, by knowledge, training, and experience, has demon‐ strated the ability to deal with problems related to the subject matter, the work, or the project. [1451, 2018]

Copyright 2019 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA®). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and download on 01/27/2019 to US Air Force Civil Engineer Ce. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA®. For inquiries or to report unauthorized use, contact licensing@nfpa.org. This NFCSS All Access subscription expires on August 31, 2019.

TRAINING STRUCTURES AND PROPS — GENERAL 1402-7

3.3.33 Seismic Forces. The assumed forces prescribed herein

[ASCE/SEI 7], related to the response of the structure to earthquake motions, to be used in the design of the structure and its components. [ASCE/SEI 7:11.2]

3.3.34 Technical Search and Rescue. The application of

special knowledge, skills, and equipment to resolve unique and/or complex search and rescue situations. [1006, 2017]

3.3.35* Training Prop. A facility utilized for conducting fire, rescue, hazmat, or related training evolutions on a repetitive basis, whether including live fire or not.

3.3.36 Training Structure. A live fire training structure, train‐ ing tower, or containerized training structure.

3.3.37 Training Tower. A multistory building or structure

specifically built for conducting fire, rescue, hazmat, and/or other related training evolutions on a repetitive basis, without the use of live fire. A training tower could be constructed of conventional materials (masonry, concrete, steel, or wood), or it could be a containerized training structure. If the multistory building or structure is to support live fire training, then it is classified as a live fire training structure.

3.3.38 Trial-for-Ignition Period (Flame-Establishing Period).

The interval of time during light-off that a combustion safe‐ guard allows the fuel safety shutoff valve to remain open before the flame detector is required to supervise the flame.

3.3.39* Working Load. The force specified for weight of mate‐ rials and personnel, actions, environmental effects, differential movement, and restrained dimensional changes with no factor of safety applied.

Chapter 4 Establishing Policies and Standard Operating Procedures

4.1 Written Policies and Procedures.

4.1.1* Written policies and standard operating procedures for the fire training center and each training structure and prop shall be established by the AHJ.

4.1.2 The following shall be incorporated into the written

policies and procedures:

(1) Requirements of other NFPA standards

(2) Manufacturers’ requirements and recommendations for proper use of training structures and props

Chapter 5 Site and Infrastructure

5.1 Water Supply.

5.1.1* In addition to domestic and fire protection water that is required for occupied building(s) and facilities on site, the water required for training evolutions shall be provided.

5.1.2 When hydrants are supplied at the training center, the

hydrant connection(s) shall be those specified by the AHJ.

5.2 Security.

5.2.1* The training center shall be capable of restricting access to unauthorized personnel.

5.2.1.1 Props that present a special hazard, as determined by the AHJ, shall be provided with additional security measures.

5.3* Personnel Gross Decontamination. The training center shall facilitate personnel wash-down after training exercises that expose personnel to products of combustion in accord‐ ance with the requirements of the AHJ.

5.4* Environmental Consideration. The training center shall be designed to meet the minimum environmental require‐ ments of the AHJ as they relate to fire training centers.

Chapter 6 Training Structures and Props — General

6.1 Design and Construction.

6.1.1* Training structures and props shall meet the design and construction requirements of the AHJ and local building official, including whether a building permit or professional engineering stamp are required.

6.1.2 Training structures and props shall be designed for load‐ ing from wind, earthquakes, snow, ice, retained soil, flood, operations, equipment, and any other applied loading.

6.1.2.1 Training structures and props shall be positioned and anchored to ensure stability.

6.1.3 Training structures and props shall be designed and

built for exposure to weather and seasonal temperature changes.

6.1.4 Depending on their intended use, training structures

and props shall be designed and built for exposure to training water and impact forces inherent in training, such as impact from high pressure hose streams, tools, and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) tanks.

6.1.5 Stairs in or adjacent to training structures and props

shall meet requirements of the building code for tread and riser dimensions, stair and landing widths, and railing heights and strengths.

6.1.6 Guardrails and handrails at training structures and

props shall be provided at locations required by the building code for an occupied building and shall meet the building code requirements for height and loading.

6.1.7 Where railing(s) would prohibit the intended use of the training structure or prop, such as pitched roofs of training structures simulating residential occupancy or the wing of a simulated aircraft prop, railings shall be permitted to be optional.

6.1.8* Floors and roofs of training structures and props shall be designed to support dead loads plus a minimum live load of 50 lb/ft2 (244 kg/m2), unless heavier live loads are anticipated or required by the building code or AHJ.

6.1.9* Drainage for training water used in training structures and props shall be provided in the design.

6.1.9.1* If floors and roofs slope to interior or exterior drains, then the floor and roof structures shall be designed to support the weight of the maximum quantity of water that could accu‐ mulate on the floors and roofs if the drains clog.

6.1.10 Calcium aluminate concrete (“refractory concrete”)

shall not be used for structural slabs, beams, walls, columns, or other load-bearing structural components.

Copyright 2019 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA®). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and download on 01/27/2019 to US Air Force Civil Engineer Ce. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA®. For inquiries or to report unauthorized use, contact licensing@nfpa.org. This NFCSS All Access subscription expires on August 31, 2019.

FACILITIES FOR FIRE TRAINING AND ASSOCIATED PROPS1402-8

6.1.11* Grounding and bonding locations at or on training structures and props shall be…