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®NFPA

Standard on Live Fire Training Evolutions

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1403-1

NFPA and National Fire Protection Association are registered trademarks of the National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, Massachusetts 02169.

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NFPA® 1403

Standard on

Live Fire Training Evolutions

2018 Edition

This edition of NFPA 1403, Standard on Live Fire Training Evolutions, was prepared by the Technical Committee on Fire Service Training and acted on by NFPA at its June Association Technical Meeting held June 4–7, 2017, in Boston, MA. It was issued by the Standards Council on August 17, 2017, with an effective date of September 6, 2017, and supersedes all previous editions.

This edition of NFPA 1403 was approved as an American National Standard on September 6, 2017.

Origin and Development of NFPA 1403

The ongoing training of fire fighters is the cornerstone of good fire protection in today’s world.

However, the benefits derived from live fire training can be negated by the injuries and deaths suffered by fire fighters under unsafe and poorly supervised training conditions.

Following a tragic training accident in 1982, which resulted in the deaths of two fire fighters, the Committee on Fire Service Training was urged to address the issue of live fire training evolutions in structures. The committee proceeded to develop NFPA 1403 in order to provide recognized safe practices for conducting such training evolutions.

The first edition, titled Live Fire Training Evolutions in Structures, was issued in 1986. It was well received and served as the basis for live fire training evolutions throughout the United States. The document was updated in a 1992 edition. In the 1997 revision, the committee combined NFPA 1403 and NFPA 1406, Outside Live Fire Training Evolutions, into a single document.

The committee appointed a task group to review the functionality of the 1997 edition in preparation for the 2002 revision. The task group recommended a general updating of the standard.

Changes were made to reflect increased experience with live fire training evolutions. The previous numbering of chapters and paragraphs was changed to reflect requirements in the 2000 edition of the Manual of Style for NFPA Technical Committee Documents.

The 2007 edition updated training requirements for live fire training structures, exterior props, and Class B fires. This edition also contained several editorial changes.

For the 2012 edition, the committee added a new Chapter 4 to address general requirements to which all live fire training evolutions must adhere for safety and that were previously located in individual chapters. The committee also further clarified the requirements for emergency medical services, allowable types of Class A products, instructor duties, and the role of the fire control team.

A new requirement was added that mandated that each burn room have a burn plan in place to limit building damage and injuries to fire fighters. The inspection and maintenance requirements for live fire training structures were also revised.

For the 2018 addition, new definitions were added, and safety requirements were clarified and strengthened. Annex materials were also updated to provide additional recommended practices and guidance as well as additional reference links.

Copyright 2018 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA®). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and download on 08/02/2018 to US Air Force Civil Engineer Ce. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA®. For inquiries or to report unauthorized use, contact licensing@nfpa.org. This NFCSS All Access subscription expires on August 31, 2018.

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LIVE FIRE TRAINING EVOLUTIONS1403-2

2018 Edition

Technical Committee on Fire Service Training

Kenneth W. Richards, Jr., Chair Old Mystic Fire Department, CT [E]

Wesley E. Barbour, CrossBar International LLC, CO [SE] David M. Britton, Hilton Head Island Fire & Rescue, SC [E] W. Edward Buchanan, Jr., Hanover Fire EMS Department, VA [U] James R. Cannell, Columbus Ohio Division of Fire, OH [L]

Rep. Columbus Firefighters Union Derrick S. Clouston, North Carolina Department of Insurance, NC [E] Rick Egelin, Fireblast Global, CA [M] Mike Gagliano, Seattle Fire Department, WA [E] William E. Glover, High Temperature Linings (HTL), VA [M] Forest Herndon, Jr., Maritime Emergency Response Educators

LLC, NJ [SE]

Cortez Lawrence, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, MD [SE] Roger M. LeBoeuf, Elliott, LeBoeuf & McElwain, VA [SE] Gordon L. Lohmeyer, Texas A&M Engineering Extension Service, TX [U]

Roger Lunt, University of Illinois Fire Service Institute, IL [U] Daniel Madrzykowski, UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, MD

[RT]

F. Patrick Marlatt, Maryland Fire and Rescue Institute, MD [E] Jeffrey J. Morrissette, State of Connecticut, CT [M]

Rep. International Fire Service Training Association

Kevin Munson, Jr., West Hartford Fire Department, CT [U] Brent Norwine, CAL-FIRE/Riverside County Fire Department, CA [U] Ryan O'Donnell, BullEx, Inc., NY [M] William E. Peterson, Kissimmee, FL [SE]

Rep. International Fire Marshals Association Ryan N. Pietzsch, Volunteer Firemen's Insurance Services, Inc., PA [I] Robert E. Raheb, FAAC, Inc., NY [SE] Daniel N. Rossos, Oregon Department of Public Safety Standards & Training, OR [E] Mark A. Rutherford, Gastonia Fire Department, NC [U] Daniel D. Shaw, Fairfax County Fire and Rescue Department, MD [U] Gary A. Simpson, E. D. Bullard Company, KY [M] David M. Wall, Georgia Fire Academy, GA [U] Steven H. Weinstein, Honeywell Safety Products, CA [M] Steven J. Williamson, KFT Fire Trainer, LLC, NJ [M] Corey Wilson, Portland Fire & Rescue, OR [E]

Alternates

Steve Brisebois, Flash Formation, Canada [SE] (Alt. to William E. Peterson)

Roland Fredrickson, City of Corona Fire Department, CA [U] (Alt. to Brent Norwine)

Jonathan J. Hanson, Fireblast Global, NJ [M] (Alt. to Rick Egelin)

Chris H. Hubbard, Hanover Fire EMS Department, VA [U] Frank Jansen, Haagen Fire Training Products, The Netherlands [M]

(Alt. to Ryan O'Donnell) William F. Jenaway, Volunteer Firemen’s Insurance Services, Inc., PA [I]

(Alt. to Ryan N. Pietzsch) Jeremy D. Jones, Elliott, Leboeuf & McElwain, PA [SE]

(Alt. to Roger M. LeBoeuf)

Howard Meek, Texas A&M Engineering Extension Service, TX [U] (Alt. to Gordon L. Lohmeyer)

Denis G. Onieal, US Department of Homeland Security, MD [SE] (Alt. to Cortez Lawrence)

Obed Rios, KFT Fire Trainer, LLC, NJ [M] (Alt. to Steven J. Williamson)

Tony Robinson, North Carolina Department of Insurance, NC [E] (Alt. to Derrick S. Clouston)

Keith Myers Stakes, Underwriters Laboratories, MD [RT] (Alt. to Daniel Madrzykowski)

Michael A. Wieder, Fire Protection Publications, OK [M] (Alt. to Jeffrey J. Morrissette)

Curt Floyd, NFPA Staff Liaison

This list represents the membership at the time the Committee was balloted on the final text of this edition.

Since that time, changes in the membership may have occurred. A key to classifications is found at the back of the document.

NOTE: Membership on a committee shall not in and of itself constitute an endorsement of the Association or any document developed by the committee on which the member serves.

Committee Scope: This Committee shall have primary responsibility for all fire service training techniques, operations, and procedures to develop maximum efficiency and proper utilization of available personnel. Such activities can include training guides for fire prevention, fire suppression, and other missions for which the fire service has responsibility.

Copyright 2018 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA®). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and download on 08/02/2018 to US Air Force Civil Engineer Ce. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA®. For inquiries or to report unauthorized use, contact licensing@nfpa.org. This NFCSS All Access subscription expires on August 31, 2018.

CONTENTS 1403-3

2018 Edition

Contents

Chapter 1 Administration ......................................... 1403– 4

1.1 Scope. ................................................................ 1403– 4

1.2 Purpose. ............................................................ 1403– 4

1.3 Application. ...................................................... 1403– 4

Chapter 2 Referenced Publications ......................... 1403– 4

2.1 General. ............................................................ 1403– 4

2.2 NFPA Publications. ........................................... 1403– 4

2.3 Other Publications. .......................................... 1403– 4

2.4 References for Extracts in Mandatory

Sections. ............................................................ 1403– 4

Chapter 3 Definitions ............................................... 1403– 5

3.1 General. ............................................................ 1403– 5

3.2 NFPA Official Definitions. ............................... 1403– 5

3.3 General Definitions. ......................................... 1403– 5

Chapter 4 General ..................................................... 1403– 6

4.1 Application. ...................................................... 1403– 6

4.2 Permits. ............................................................. 1403– 6

4.3 Student Prerequisites. ...................................... 1403– 6

4.4 Participant Health and Safety. ......................... 1403– 7

4.5 Safety Officer. ................................................... 1403– 7

4.6 Extreme Weather. ............................................. 1403– 7

4.7 Instructor-in-Charge and Instructors. ............. 1403– 7

4.8 Fire Control Team. ........................................... 1403– 8

4.9 Personal Protective Clothing. .......................... 1403– 8

4.10 Communication. .............................................. 1403– 8

4.11 Emergency Medical Services (EMS). .............. 1403– 8

4.12 Water Supply. .................................................... 1403– 9

4.13 Fuel Materials. .................................................. 1403– 9

4.14 Parking/Staging. .............................................. 1403– 10

4.15 Visitors and Spectators. .................................... 1403– 10

4.16 Preburn Plan/Briefing. ................................... 1403– 10

4.17 Victim(s). ......................................................... 1403– 10

Chapter 5 Acquired Structures ................................ 1403– 10

5.1 Structures and Facilities. .................................. 1403– 10

5.2 Hazards. ............................................................ 1403– 11

5.3 Utilities. ............................................................. 1403– 11

5.4 Exits. .................................................................. 1403– 11

5.5 Rapid Intervention Crew (RIC). ..................... 1403– 11

5.6 Water Supply. .................................................... 1403– 11

Chapter 6 Gas-Fired Live Fire Training Structures and Mobile Enclosed Live Fire Training Props ........................................................ 1403– 12

6.1 Structures and Facilities. .................................. 1403– 12

6.2 Inspection and Testing. ................................... 1403– 12

Chapter 7 Non-Gas-Fired Live Fire Training Structures and Mobile Enclosed Live Fire Training Props ................................. 1403– 12

7.1 Structures and Facilities. .................................. 1403– 12

7.2 Inspection and Testing. ................................... 1403– 12

7.3 Sequential Live Fire Burn Evolutions. ............ 1403– 13

Chapter 8 Exterior Live Fire Training Props .......... 1403– 13

8.1 Props, Structures, and Facilities. ..................... 1403– 13

8.2 Inspection and Maintenance. .......................... 1403– 13

Chapter 9 Reports and Records ............................... 1403– 14

9.1 General. ............................................................ 1403– 14

Annex A Explanatory Material ............................... 1403– 14

Annex B Live Fire Evolution Sample Checklist .... 1403– 23

Annex C Responsibilities of Personnel ................. 1403– 23

Annex D Heat Exhaustion and Heat Stroke in Training .................................................... 1403– 27

Annex E Informational References ....................... 1403– 27

Index .................................................................. 1403– 28

Copyright 2018 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA®). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and download on 08/02/2018 to US Air Force Civil Engineer Ce. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA®. For inquiries or to report unauthorized use, contact licensing@nfpa.org. This NFCSS All Access subscription expires on August 31, 2018.

LIVE FIRE TRAINING EVOLUTIONS1403-4

2018 Edition Shaded text = Revisions. Δ = Text deletions and figure/table revisions. • = Section deletions. N = New material.

NFPA 1403

Standard on

Live Fire Training Evolutions

2018 Edition

IMPORTANT NOTE: This NFPA document is made available for use subject to important notices and legal disclaimers. These notices and disclaimers appear in all publications containing this document and may be found under the heading “Important Notices and Disclaimers Concerning NFPA Standards.” They can also be viewed at www.nfpa.org/disclaimers or obtained on request from NFPA.

UPDATES, ALERTS, AND FUTURE EDITIONS: New editions of NFPA codes, standards, recommended practices, and guides (i.e., NFPA Standards) are released on scheduled revision cycles. This edition may be superseded by a later one, or it may be amended outside of its scheduled revision cycle through the issuance of Tenta‐ tive Interim Amendments (TIAs). An official NFPA Standard at any point in time consists of the current edition of the document, together with all TIAs and Errata in effect. To verify that this document is the current edition or to determine if it has been amended by TIAs or Errata, please consult the National Fire Codes® Subscription Service or the “List of NFPA Codes & Standards” at www.nfpa.org/docinfo.

In addition to TIAs and Errata, the document information pages also include the option to sign up for alerts for individual documents and to be involved in the development of the next edition.

NOTICE: An asterisk (*) following the number or letter designating a paragraph indicates that explanatory material on the paragraph can be found in Annex A.

A reference in brackets [ ] following a section or paragraph indicates material that has been extracted from another NFPA document. As an aid to the user, the complete title and edition of the source documents for extracts in mandatory sections of the document are given in Chapter 2 and those for extracts in informational sections are given in Annex E. Extracted text may be edited for consistency and style and may include the revision of internal paragraph references and other references as appropriate. Requests for interpretations or revisions of extracted text shall be sent to the technical committee respon‐ sible for the source document.

Information on referenced publications can be found in Chapter 2 and Annex E.

Chapter 1 Administration

1.1* Scope.

1.1.1 This standard shall contain the minimum requirements

for training all fire suppression personnel engaged in fire-fighting operations under live fire conditions.

1.1.2 The minimum requirements for training shall comprise

a basic system that can be adapted to local conditions to serve as a standard mechanism for live fire training.

1.2* Purpose.

1.2.1 The purpose of this standard shall be to provide a proc‐ ess for conducting live fire training evolutions to ensure that training objectives are achieved and that exposure to health and safety hazards for the fire fighters receiving the training is minimized.

1.3 Application.

1.3.1 All live fire training shall be conducted in compliance with the current edition of this standard.

1.3.2 Procedures for live fire training evolutions that involve ground cover or wildland fires shall not be covered in this standard.

1.3.3* Procedures for suppression of fires set for the sole purpose of training individuals for fire cause and origin investi‐ gation shall not be covered in this standard.

1.3.4 Live fire training shall only be conducted using standard operating procedures (SOPs) developed by the authority having jurisdiction in compliance with this standard.

Chapter 2 Referenced Publications

2.1 General. The documents or portions thereof listed in this chapter are referenced within this standard and shall be considered part of the requirements of this document.

2.2 NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471.

NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, 2015 edition.

NFPA 58, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code, 2017 edition.

NFPA 59, Utility LP-Gas Plant Code, 2015 edition.

NFPA 1001, Standard for Fire Fighter Professional Qualifications, 2013 edition.

NFPA 1041, Standard for Fire Service Instructor Professional Qual‐ ifications, 2012 edition.

NFPA 1142, Standard on Water Supplies for Suburban and Rural

Fire Fighting, 2017 edition.

NFPA 1407, Standard for Training Fire Service Rapid Intervention

Crews, 2015 edition.

NFPA 1971, Standard on Protective Ensembles for Structural Fire

Fighting and Proximity Fire Fighting, 2013 edition.

NFPA 1975, Standard on Emergency Services Work Clothing

Elements, 2014 edition.

NFPA 1981, Standard on Open-Circuit Self-Contained Breathing

Apparatus (SCBA) for Emergency Services, 2013 edition.

NFPA 1982, Standard on Personal Alert Safety Systems (PASS), 2013 edition.

2.3 Other Publications.

Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 11th edition, Merriam- Webster, Inc., Springfield, MA, 2003.

2.4 References for Extracts in Mandatory Sections.

NFPA 1001, Standard for Fire Fighter Professional Qualifications, 2013 edition.

NFPA 1410, Standard on Training for Initial Emergency Scene Operations, 2015 edition.

NFPA 1500, Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program, 2013 edition.

NFPA 1670, Standard on Operations and Training for Technical Search and Rescue Incidents, 2014 edition.

Copyright 2018 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA®). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and download on 08/02/2018 to US Air Force Civil Engineer Ce. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA®. For inquiries or to report unauthorized use, contact licensing@nfpa.org. This NFCSS All Access subscription expires on August 31, 2018.

DEFINITIONS 1403-5

Shaded text = Revisions. Δ = Text deletions and figure/table revisions. • = Section deletions. N = New material. 2018 Edition

Chapter 3 Definitions

3.1 General. The definitions contained in this chapter shall

apply to the terms used in this standard. Where terms are not defined in this chapter or within another chapter, they shall be defined using their ordinarily accepted meanings within the context in which they are used. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 11th edition, shall be the source for the ordinarily accepted meaning.

3.2 NFPA Official Definitions.

3.2.1* Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ). An organization, office, or individual responsible for enforcing the requirements of a code or standard, or for approving equipment, materials, an installation, or a procedure.

3.2.2 Shall. Indicates a mandatory requirement.

3.2.3 Should. Indicates a recommendation or that which is

advised but not required.

3.2.4 Standard. An NFPA Standard, the main text of which

contains only mandatory provisions using the word “shall” to indicate requirements and that is in a form generally suitable for mandatory reference by another standard or code or for adoption into law. Nonmandatory provisions are not to be considered a part of the requirements of a standard and shall be located in an appendix, annex, footnote, informational note, or other means as permitted in the NFPA Manuals of Style. When used in a generic sense, such as in the phrase “standards development process” or “standards development activities,” the term “standards” includes all NFPA Standards, including Codes, Standards, Recommended Practices, and Guides.

3.3 General Definitions.

3.3.1 Acquired Prop. A piece of equipment such as an auto‐

mobile that was not designed for burning but is used for live fire training evolutions.

3.3.2 Backdraft. A deflagration resulting from the sudden

introduction of air into a confined space containing oxygen-deficient products of incomplete combustion.

3.3.3 Combustible. Capable of burning, generally in air

under normal conditions of ambient temperature and pres‐ sure, unless otherwise specified. Combustion can occur in cases where an oxidizer other than oxygen in air is present (e.g., chlorine, fluorine, or chemicals containing oxygen in their structure).

3.3.4 Conduction. Heat transfer to another body or within a

body by direct contact.

3.3.5 Convection. Heat transfer by circulation within a

medium such as a gas or a liquid.

3.3.6 Deflagration. Propagation of a combustion zone at a

velocity that is less than the speed of sound in the unreacted medium.

3.3.7 Demonstration. The act of showing a skill.

Δ 3.3.8 Emergency Medical Services. The provision of treat‐ ment, such as first aid, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, basic life support, advanced life support, and other pre-hospital proce‐ dures including ambulance transportation, to patients. [1500, 2013]

3.3.9 Evolution. A set of prescribed actions that result in an effective fireground activity. [1410, 2015]

3.3.10 Flameover (Rollover). The condition in which

unburned fuel (pyrolysate) from the originating fire has accu‐ mulated in the ceiling layer to a sufficient concentration (i.e., at or above the lower flammable limit) that it ignites and burns.

Flameover can occur without ignition of or prior to the igni‐ tion of other fuels separate from the origin.

3.3.11 Flashover. A transition phase in the development of a

compartment fire in which surfaces exposed to thermal radia‐ tion reach ignition temperature more or less simultaneously and fire spreads rapidly throughout the space, resulting in full room involvement or total involvement of the compartment or enclosed space.

N 3.3.12 Flow Path. A path composed of at least one intake opening, one exhaust opening, and the connecting volume between the openings with the direction of the flow within the path determined by the difference in pressure where heat and smoke in a higher-pressure area will flow through openings toward areas of lower pressure, and cool, dense ambient air at atmospheric pressure will flow through openings into areas of lower pressure.

3.3.13 Fuel Load. The total quantity of combustible contents

of a building, space, or fire area, including interior finish and trim, expressed in heat units or the equivalent weight in wood.

N 3.3.14 High-Temperature Environment. An environment with a temperature above 104°F (40°C).

N 3.3.15 Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH). Any condition that would pose an immediate or delayed threat to life, cause irreversible adverse health effects, or interfere with an individual's ability to escape unaided from a hazardous envi‐ ronment. [1670, 2014]

3.3.16 Instructor. An individual qualified by the authority

having jurisdiction to deliver fire-fighter training, who has the training and experience to supervise students during live fire training evolutions, and who has met the requirements of an Instructor I in accordance with NFPA 1041.

3.3.17 Instructor-in-Charge. An individual qualified as an

instructor and designated by the authority having jurisdiction to be in charge of the live fire training evolution, and who has met the requirements of an Instructor II in accordance with

NFPA 1041.

3.3.18 Live Fire. Any unconfined open flame or device that

can propagate fire to the building, structure, or other combus‐ tible materials.

3.3.19 Participant. Any student, instructor, safety officer, visi‐ tor, or other person who is involved in the live fire training evolution within the operations area.

3.3.20 Personal Accountability Report (PAR). A report

requested by and communicated to the incident commander from fire crews operating at a scene as to their location and situation.

3.3.21 Personal Protective Clothing. The full complement of

garments fire fighters are normally required to wear while on emergency scene, including turnout coat, protective trousers, fire-fighting boots, fire-fighting gloves, a protective hood, and a helmet with eye protection. [1001, 2013]

Copyright 2018 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA®). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and download on 08/02/2018 to US Air Force Civil Engineer Ce. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA®. For inquiries or to report unauthorized use, contact licensing@nfpa.org. This NFCSS All Access subscription expires on August 31, 2018.

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3.3.22 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). Consists of full

personal protective clothing, plus a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and a personal alert safety system (PASS) device. [1001, 2013]

3.3.23 Pyrolysate. Product of decomposition through heat; a

product of a chemical change caused by heating.

3.3.24 Radiation. Heat transfer by way of electromagnetic

energy.

3.3.25 Safety Officer. An individual appointed by the author‐ ity having jurisdiction as qualified to maintain a safe working environment at all live fire training evolutions.

3.3.26 Student. Any person who is present at the live fire

training evolution for the purpose of receiving training.

3.3.27 Training Structure.

3.3.27.1 Acquired Structure. A building or structure

acquired by the authority having jurisdiction from a prop‐ erty owner for the purpose of conducting live fire training evolutions.

3.3.27.2* Live Fire Training Structure. A structure specifi‐ cally designed for conducting live fire training evolutions on a repetitive basis.

3.3.28 Ventilation-Controlled Fire. A fire in which the heat

release rate or growth is controlled by the amount of air availa‐ ble to the fire.

Chapter 4 General

4.1 Application. All live fire training evolutions shall comply with this chapter and the appropriate chapter for the type of training being performed.

4.1.1 Strict safety practices shall be applied to all structures selected for live fire training evolutions.

4.2 Permits.

4.2.1 All required permits to conduct live fire training evolu‐ tions shall be obtained.

4.2.2 The permits specified in this chapter shall be provided to outside, contract, or other separate training agencies by the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) upon the request of those agencies.

4.2.3 The runoff from live fire shall comply with the require‐ ments of the AHJ.

4.3 Student Prerequisites.

Δ 4.3.1* Required Minimum Training. Prior to being permitted to participate in live fire training evolutions, the student shall have received training to meet the minimum job performance requirements for Fire Fighter I in NFPA 1001 related to the following subjects:

(1) Safety

(2) Fire behavior

(3) Portable extinguishers

(4) Personal protective equipment (PPE)

(5) Ladders

(6) Fire hose, appliances, and streams

(7) Overhaul

(8) Water supply

(9) Ventilation

(10) Forcible entry

(11) Building construction

Δ 4.3.2 Prerequisites for Live Fire Training Participants. Prior to being permitted to participate in live fire training evolutions, all participants shall have received training to meet the require‐ ments in accordance with 4.3.2.1 through 4.3.2.5.

N 4.3.2.1 Fire Dynamics. All participants shall have received training for the following:

(1) The conditions necessary for flashover to occur

(2) The components of fire and definition of a fire

(3) The three mechanisms of heat transfer — conduction, convection, and radiation

N 4.3.2.2 Health and Safety. All participants shall have received training for the following:

(1) The components of their protective clothing and equip‐ ment required for use during operational evolutions

(2) The capabilities and limitations of their protective cloth‐ ing and equipment

N 4.3.2.3 Fundamentals of Fire Behavior. All participants shall be given classroom training for the following skills:

(1) Describing the basic chemical and physical processes involved in combustion

(2) Explaining fire phenomena using the fire triangle and tetrahedron as simple models of combustion

(3) Explaining basic concepts of thermal dynamics, including thermal energy, temperature, and methods of heat trans‐ fer

(4) Describing the combustion process for gaseous, liquid, and solid fuels

(5) Explaining the concepts of heat of combustion and heat release rate

(6) Describing the influence of the fuel/oxygen mixture on combustion

(7) Explaining the concept of chemical chain reaction as it relates to flaming combustion

(8) Recognizing characteristics of common types of combus‐ tion products

(9) Using terminology related to combustion and fire dynam‐ ics

N 4.3.2.4 Fire Development in a Compartment. All participants shall have received training for the following:

(1) The general development of a fire and extension beyond a single room or compartment, including heat transfer methods, pressurization within the space, stages of fire development, and transition from fuel-controlled to ventilation-controlled combustion

(2) Building factors influencing fire development

(3) The stage of fire growth for fuel-limited fire

(4) The stages of fire growth for a ventilation-limited fire

(5) The significance of the transition from a contents fire to a structural fire

(6) Terminology related to fire development, including plume, ceiling jet, hot gas layer, neutral plane, flow path, and gravity current

(7) The impact of the following factors on fire development in a compartment:

(a) Type of fuel

(b) Availability and locations of additional fuel

(c) Volume of the compartment

Copyright 2018 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA®). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and download on 08/02/2018 to US Air Force Civil Engineer Ce. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA®. For inquiries or to report unauthorized use, contact licensing@nfpa.org. This NFCSS All Access subscription expires on August 31, 2018.

GENERAL 1403-7

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(d) Ceiling height and size, number, and arrangement of ventilation openings

(e) Thermal properties of the enclosure (i.e., insula‐ tion)

(8) The hazards presented by fire behavior that impact a singular or multiple compartment(s)

(9) How the following fire behavior phenomena occur:

(1) Flashover

(2) Backdraft

(3) Smoke explosion

(10) The influence of changes in ventilation in each of the following burning regimes:

(a) Fuel-controlled

(b) Ventilation-controlled

(11) Differences among ventilation, unplanned ventilation, and tactical ventilation

(12) The significance of fire behavior indicators in each of the following categories:

(a) Building

(b) Smoke

(c) Flow path

(d) Heat

(e) Flame

(f) Impact of wind

N 4.3.2.5 Nozzle Techniques and Door Control. All participants shall have received training for the following:

(1) Factors influencing the effectiveness of extinguishment by cooling

(2) The application of indirect attack and direct attack

(3) Key door entry size-up and risk assessment factors

(4) Integrated door control and fire gas cooling to reduce the risk of flashover during door entry

(5) Effective door entry and control procedures

N 4.3.3* Documentation of Prescribed Minimum Training. All participants in a live fire training evolution who have received the required minimum training from other than the AHJ shall not be permitted to participate in any live fire training evolu‐ tion without first presenting written evidence of having success‐ fully completed the prescribed minimum training to the levels specified in 4.3.1.

N 4.4 Participant Health and Safety.

N 4.4.1 Instructors and participants shall be rehabbed in accord‐ ance with the provisions of NFPA 1584, Chapter 6.

N 4.4.2* When assessing the length and number of live fire training sessions (evolutions) conducted in a training day, the following shall be taken into account:

(1) Nature of the work to be performed by the participant,

(2) Physical stress of the work on the participant,

(3) Temperature of the work and evolution environment

(4) Exposure time in a high temperature environment, and

(5) Other circumstances (e.g. weather, heat index).

4.5 Safety Officer.

4.5.1 A safety officer shall be appointed for all live fire train‐ ing evolutions.

4.5.2* All live fire training instructors and safety officers shall be trained on the application of the requirements contained in this standard.

4.5.3 The safety officer shall have the authority, regardless of rank, to intervene and control any aspect of the operations when, in his or her judgment, a potential or actual danger, potential for accident, or unsafe condition exists.

4.5.4 The responsibilities of the safety officer shall include, but not be limited to, the following:

(1) Prevention of unsafe acts

(2) Elimination of unsafe conditions

4.5.5 The safety officer shall provide for the safety of all

persons on the scene, including students, instructors, visitors, and spectators.

4.5.6 The safety officer shall not be assigned other duties that interfere with safety responsibilities.

4.5.7 The safety officer shall be knowledgeable in the opera‐ tion and location of safety features available for the live fire training structure or prop, such as emergency shutoff switches, gas shutoff valves, and evacuation alarms.

4.5.8* Additional safety personnel, as deemed necessary by the safety officer, shall be located to react to any unsafe or threatening situation or condition.

4.6* Extreme Weather. The training session shall be curtailed, postponed, or canceled, as necessary, to reduce the risk of injury or illness caused by extreme weather conditions.

4.7 Instructor-in-Charge and Instructors.

Δ 4.7.1 The instructor shall meet the minimum job perform‐ ance requirements for Fire Instructor I in NFPA 1041.

N 4.7.2 The instructor-in-charge shall meet the minimum job performance requirements for Fire Instructor II in NFPA 1041.

4.7.3 The instructor-in-charge shall be responsible for full

compliance with this standard.

4.7.4 It shall be the responsibility of the instructor-in-charge to coordinate overall fireground activities to ensure correct levels of safety.

4.7.5 The instructor-in-charge shall assign the following

personnel:

(1) One instructor to each functional crew, each of which shall not exceed five students

(2) One instructor to each backup line

(3) One additional instructor for each additional functional assignment

4.7.6 The instructor-in-charge shall provide for rest and reha‐ bilitation of participants operating at the scene, including any necessary medical evaluation and treatment, food and fluid replenishment, and relief from climatic conditions. (See Annex D.)

4.7.6.1* Instructors shall be rotated through duty assign‐ ments. An instructor shall not serve as the ignition officer for more than one evolution in a row.

Copyright 2018 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA®). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and download on 08/02/2018 to US Air Force Civil Engineer Ce. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA®. For inquiries or to report unauthorized use, contact licensing@nfpa.org. This NFCSS All Access subscription expires on August 31, 2018.

LIVE FIRE TRAINING EVOLUTIONS1403-8

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N 4.7.6.2 Assignment rotation, rest, and rehabilitation shall be provided for instructors.

4.7.7 All instructors shall be qualified by the AHJ to deliver live fire training.

4.7.8 Additional instructors shall be designated when factors such as extreme temperatures or large groups are present, and classes of long duration are planned.

4.7.9 Prior to the ignition of any fire, instructors shall ensure that all protective clothing and equipment specified in this chapter are being worn according to manufacturer’s instruc‐ tions.

4.7.10 Instructors shall take a personal accountability report (PAR) when entering and exiting the structure or prop during an actual attack evolution conducted in accordance with this standard.

4.7.11 Instructors shall monitor and supervise all assigned

students during the live fire training evolution.

4.7.12* Awareness of weather conditions, wind velocity, and wind direction shall be maintained, including a final check for possible changes in weather conditions immediately before actual ignition.

4.7.13 Training Instructors on How to Use Specialty Props.

4.7.13.1 The instructors and the safety officer responsible for conducting live fire training evolutions with a gas-fueled train‐ ing system or with other specialty props (such as flashover simulator) shall be trained in the complete operation of the system and the props.

4.7.13.2 The training of instructors and the safety officer shall be performed by an individual authorized by the gas-fueled training system and specialty prop manufacturer or by others qualified to perform this type of training.

N 4.7.14 Training Instructors on How to Develop a Ventilation- Controlled Evolution. The instructors and safety officers responsible for conducting live fire training evolutions with flow path and ventilation-controlled conditions shall be trained in means to develop the evolutions as specified in 4.13.7.

4.8 Fire Control Team.

4.8.1 A fire control team shall consist of a minimum of two

personnel.

4.8.1.1 One person who is not a student or safety officer shall be designated as the “ignition officer” to ignite, maintain, and control the materials being burned.

4.8.1.1.1 The ignition officer shall be a member of the fire

control team.

4.8.1.2* One member of the fire control team shall be in the area to observe the ignition officer ignite and maintain the fire, and to recognize, report, and respond to any adverse condi‐ tions.

4.8.2 The decision to ignite the training fire shall be made by the instructor-in-charge in coordination with the safety officer.

4.8.3 The fire shall be ignited by the ignition officer.

4.8.4 The fire control team shall wear full personal protective clothing, including SCBA, when performing this control func‐ tion.

4.8.5 A charged hose line shall be available when the fire

control team is igniting or tending to any fire.

4.8.6 Fires shall not be ignited without an instructor visually confirming that the flame area is clear of personnel being trained.

4.9 Personal Protective Clothing.

4.9.1 All students, instructors, safety personnel, and other

personnel shall wear all protective clothing and equipment specified in this chapter according to manufacturer’s instruc‐ tions whenever they are involved in any evolution or fire suppression operation during the live fire training evolution.

4.9.2* The safety officer shall ensure that all participants’ PPE has been inspected in accordance with NFPA 1851 and NFPA 1852 prior to…