National_Fire_Protection_Association_(NFPA_1403).pdf

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NFPA® 1403

Standard on Live Fire Training Evolutions

2012 Edition

NFPA, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471 An International Codes and Standards Organization

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12/11

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n w d f t p r d N p s t m p q p q d d f h

1403–1

NFPA and National Fire Pr

{803E51 EB88}

NFPA® 1403

Standard on

Live Fire Training Evolutions

2012 Edition

This edition of NFPA 1403, Standard on Live Fire Training Evolutions, was prepared by the Tech-ical Committee on Fire Service Training. It was issued by the Standards Council on December 3, 2011, with an effective date of January 2, 2012, and supersedes all previous editions.

This edition of NFPA1403 was approved as anAmerican National Standard on January 2, 2012.

Origin and Development of NFPA 1403 The ongoing training of fire fighters is the cornerstone of good fire protection in today’s orld. However, the benefits derived from live fire training can be negated by the injuries and eaths suffered by fire fighters under unsafe and poorly supervised training conditions.

Following a tragic training accident in 1982, which resulted in the deaths of two fire ighters, the Committee on Fire Service Training was urged to address the issue of live fire raining evolutions in structures. The committee proceeded to develop NFPA 1403 in order to rovide recognized safe practices for conducting such training evolutions.

The first edition, titled Live Fire Training Evolutions in Structures, was issued in 1986. It was well eceived and served as the basis for live fire training evolutions throughout the United States. The ocument was updated in a 1992 edition. In the 1997 revision, the committee combined FPA 1403 and NFPA 1406, Outside Live Fire Training Evolutions, into a single document.

The committee appointed a task group to review the functionality of the 1997 edition in reparation for the 2002 revision. The task group recommended a general updating of the tandard. Changes were made to reflect increased experience with live fire training evolu-ions. The previous numbering of chapters and paragraphs was changed to reflect require-ents in the 2000 edition of the Manual of Style for NFPA Technical Committee Documents.

The 2007 edition updated training requirements for live fire training structures, exterior rops, and Class B fires. This edition also contained several editorial changes.

For the 2012 edition, the committee has added a new Chapter 4, to address general re-uirements to which all live fire training evolutions must adhere for safety, and that were reviously located in individual chapters. The committee has also further clarified the re-uirements for emergency medical services, allowable types of Class A products, instructor uties, and the role of the fire control team. A new requirement has been added that man-ates that each burn room have a burn plan in place to limit building damage and injuries to ire fighters. The inspection and maintenance requirements for live fire training structures ave also been revised.

49-7106-46A5-B1A5-DCD6AE7E

otection Association are registered trademarks of the National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, Massachusetts 02169.

1403–2 LIVE FIRE TRAINING EVOLUTIONS

{80 Technical Committee on Fire Service Training

William E. Peterson, Chair Plano, TX [SE] Rep. International Fire Marshals Association Wesley E. Barbour, CrossBar International LLC, NY [SE]

Roger W. Bassett, R. W. Bassett & Associates, IL [SE] John M. Best, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, MD [U]

John P. Brown, Nassau County Fire Service Academy, NY [U] W. Edward Buchanan, Jr., Hanover Fire & EMS, VA [U]

Rick Egelin, Fireblast 451 Incorporated, CA [M] William E. Glover, High Temperature Linings (HTL), VA [M]

Larry D. Hughes, North Carolina Department of Insurance, NC [E] Cortez Lawrence, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, MD [SE] Roger M. LeBoeuf, Elliott, LeBoeuf & McElwain, VA [SE] Lavarn E. Lucas, Hilton Head Island Fire & Rescue, SC [E]

Daniel Madrzykowski, National Institute of Standards & Technology, MD [RT] F. Patrick Marlatt, Maryland Fire and Rescue Institute, MD [E]

Alternates

(Alt. to M. L. Young)

Nonvoting

(Member Emeritus)

Steven F. Sawyer, NFPA Staff Liaison

T c

N a

C o S t

012 Edition

5-B1 Kevin Munson, Jr., West Hartford Fire Department, CT [U]

Brent Norwine, CAL-FIRE/Riverside County Fire Department, CA [U] J. Ron Peddy, Texas Engineering Extension Service, TX [U]

James E. Podolske, Jr., U.S. Department of the Air Force, FL [U]

Kenneth W. Richards, Jr., Old Mystic Fire Department, CT [E]

Daniel N. Rossos, Portland Fire & Rescue, OR [E] Daniel D. Shaw, Fairfax County Fire and Rescue Department, MD [U] Gary A. Simpson, E. D. Bullard Company, KY [M] Frederick M. Stowell, Fire Protection Publications, OK [M]

Rep. International Fire Service Training Association Richard Verlinda, Seattle Fire Department, WA [E] Phil Welch, Gastonia Fire Department, NC [U] Steven J. Williamson, UTC/Kidde Fire Trainers, Inc., NJ [M]

Michael L. Young, Volunteer Firemen’s Insurance Services, Inc., PA [I] 8} Adam M. Barowy, National Institute of Standards & Technology, MD [RT]

(Alt. to D. Madrzykowski) George F. Hall, International Fire Associates Consulting, LLC, FL [U]

(Alt. to J. E. Podolske, Jr.)

William F. Jenaway, Volunteer Firemen’s Insurance Services, Inc., PA [I] 3E5149-7106-46A Steven C. Luftig, UTC/Kidde Fire Trainers, Inc., NJ [M]

(Alt. to S. J. Williamson) Denis G. Onieal, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, MD [SE]

(Alt. to C. Lawrence) Michael A. Wieder, Fire Protection Publications, OK [M]

A5-DCD6AE7EEB8

(Alt. to F. M. Stowell) Edward W. Bent, Sacramento, CA his list represents the membership at the time the Committee was balloted on the final text of this edition. Since that time, hanges in the membership may have occurred. A key to classifications is found at the back of the document.

OTE: Membership on a committee shall not in and of itself constitute an endorsement of the Association or ny document developed by the committee on which the member serves.

ommittee Scope: This Committee shall have primary responsibility for all fire service training techniques, perations, and procedures to develop maximum efficiency and proper utilization of available personnel.

uch activities can include training guides for fire prevention, fire suppression, and other missions for which he fire service has responsibility.

1403–3CONTENTS

{8 Contents

B1 Chapter 1 Administration .............................. 1403– 4

1.1 Scope ............................................. 1403– 4

1.2 Purpose .......................................... 1403– 4

1.3 Application ...................................... 1403– 4

Chapter 2 Referenced Publications ................. 1403– 4

2.1 General .......................................... 1403– 4

2.2 NFPA Publications ............................. 1403– 4

2.3 Other Publications ............................ 1403– 4

2.4 References for Extracts in Mandatory

Sections .......................................... 1403– 4

Chapter 3 Definitions .................................. 1403– 4

3.1 General .......................................... 1403– 4

3.2 NFPA Official Definitions .................... 1403– 5

3.3 General Definitions ........................... 1403– 5

Chapter 4 General ....................................... 1403– 5

4.1 Application ...................................... 1403– 5

4.2 Permits ........................................... 1403– 5

4.3 Student Prerequisites ......................... 1403– 6

4.4 Safety Officer ................................... 1403– 6

4.5 Extreme Weather .............................. 1403– 6

4.6 Instructor in Charge and

Instructors ....................................... 1403– 6

4.7 Fire Control Team ............................. 1403– 6

4.8 Personal Protective Clothing ............... 1403– 7

4.9 Communication ............................... 1403– 7

4.10 Emergency Medical Services

(EMS) ............................................ 1403– 7

4.11 Water Supply .................................... 1403– 7

4.12 Fuel Materials .................................. 1403– 7

4.13 Parking/Staging ............................... 1403– 8

4.14 Visitors and Spectators ....................... 1403– 8

03E5149-7106-46A5-

4.15 Preburn Plan/Briefing ....................... 1403– 8

Chapter 5 Acquired Structures ....................... 1403– 9

5.1 Structures and Facilities ...................... 1403– 9

5.2 Hazards .......................................... 1403– 9

5.3 Utilities ........................................... 1403–10

5.4 Exits .............................................. 1403–10

5.5 Rapid Intervention Crew (RIC) ............ 1403–10

Chapter 6 Gas-Fired Live Fire Training Structures .................................... 1403–10

6.1 Structures and Facilities ...................... 1403–10

6.2 Inspection and Testing ....................... 1403–10

Chapter 7 Non-Gas-Fired Live Fire Training Structures .................................... 1403–10

7.1 Structures and Facilities ...................... 1403–10

7.2 Inspection and Testing ....................... 1403–10

7.3 Sequential Live Fire Burn

Evolutions ....................................... 1403–11

Chapter 8 Exterior Live Fire Training Props ...... 1403–11

8.1 Props, Structures, and Facilities ............ 1403–11

8.2 Inspection and Maintenance ............... 1403–11

Chapter 9 Reports and Records ...................... 1403–11

9.1 General .......................................... 1403–11

Annex A Explanatory Material ....................... 1403–12

Annex B Live Fire Evolution Sample Checklist ..... 1403–20

Annex C Responsibilities of Personnel ............ 1403–20

Annex D Heat Exhaustion and Heat Stroke in Training ....................................... 1403–20

Annex E Informational References ................. 1403–24

A5-DCD6AE7EEB88}

Index ......................................................... 1403–25

1403–4 LIVE FIRE TRAINING EVOLUTIONS

-B }

NFPA 1403

Standard on

Live Fire Training Evolutions

2012 Edition

IMPORTANT NOTE: This NFPA document is made available for use subject to important notices and legal disclaimers. These notices and disclaimers appear in all publications containing this document and may be found under the heading “Important Notices and Dis-claimers Concerning NFPA Documents.” They can also be obtained on request from NFPA or viewed at www.nfpa.org/disclaimers.

NOTICE: An asterisk (*) following the number or letter designating a paragraph indicates that explanatory material on the paragraph can be found in Annex A.

Changes other than editorial are indicated by a vertical rule beside the paragraph, table, or figure in which the change occurred. These rules are included as an aid to the user in identifying changes from the previous edition. Where one or more complete paragraphs have been deleted, the de-letion is indicated by a bullet (•) between the paragraphs that remain.

A reference in brackets [ ] following a section or paragraph indicates material that has been extracted from another NFPA document. As an aid to the user, the complete title and edition of the source documents for extracts in mandatory sections of the document are given in Chapter 2 and those for extracts in informational sections are given in Annex E. Extracted text may be edited for consistency and style and may include the revision of internal paragraph references and other refer-ences as appropriate. Requests for interpretations or revisions of extracted text shall be sent to the technical committee re-sponsible for the source document.

Information on referenced publications can be found in Chapter 2 and Annex E.

Chapter 1 Administration

1.1* Scope.

1.1.1 This standard shall contain the minimum requirements

for training all fire suppression personnel engaged in fire-fighting operations under live fire conditions.

1.1.2 The minimum requirements for training shall com-

prise a basic system that can be adapted to local conditions to serve as a standard mechanism for live fire training.

1.2* Purpose.

1.2.1 The purpose of this standard shall be to provide a pro-cess for conducting live fire training evolutions to ensure that they are conducted in safe facilities and that the exposure to health and safety hazards for the fire fighters receiving the training is minimized.

1.2.2 Live fire training is intended to provide the safest and best experience possible under both realistic and controlled circumstances.

1.3 Application.

1.3.1 All live fire training shall be conducted in compliance with the current edition of this standard.

{803E5149-7106-46A5 2012 Edition

1.3.2 Procedures for live fire training evolutions that in-

volve ground cover or wildland fires shall not be covered in this standard.

1.3.3* Procedures for suppression of fires set for the sole pur-pose of training individuals for fire cause and origin investiga-tion shall not be covered in this standard.

1.3.4 Live fire training shall only be conducted using stan-

dard operating procedures (SOPs) developed by the authority having jurisdiction in compliance with this standard.

Chapter 2 Referenced Publications

2.1 General. The documents or portions thereof listed in this chapter are referenced within this standard and shall be con-sidered part of the requirements of this document.

2.2 NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471.

NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, 2012 edition.

NFPA 58, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code, 2011 edition.

NFPA 59, Utility LP-Gas Plant Code, 2012 edition.

NFPA 1001, Standard for Fire Fighter Professional Qualifica-tions, 2008 edition.

NFPA 1041, Standard for Fire Service Instructor Professional

Qualifications, 2012 edition.

NFPA 1142, Standard on Water Supplies for Suburban and Rural

Fire Fighting, 2012 edition.

NFPA 1407, Standard for Training Fire Service Rapid Interven-tion Crews, 2010 edition.

NFPA 1971, Standard on Protective Ensembles for Structural Fire

Fighting and Proximity Fire Fighting, 2007 edition.

NFPA 1975, Standard on Station/Work Uniforms for Emergency

Services, 2009 edition.

NFPA 1981, Standard on Open-Circuit Self-Contained Breathing

Apparatus (SCBA) for Emergency Services, 2007 edition.

NFPA 1982, Standard on Personal Alert Safety Systems (PASS), 2007 edition.

2.3 Other Publications.

Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 11th edition, Merriam-Webster, Inc., Springfield, MA, 2003.

2.4 References for Extracts in Mandatory Sections.

NFPA 1001, Standard for Fire Fighter Professional Qualifica-tions, 2008 edition.

NFPA 1410, Standard on Training for Initial Emergency Scene

Operations, 2010 edition.

NFPA 1500, Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program, 2007 edition.

Chapter 3 Definitions

3.1 General. The definitions contained in this chapter shall

apply to the terms used in this standard. Where terms are not defined in this chapter or within another chapter, they shall be defined using their ordinarily accepted meanings within the context in which they are used. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 11th edition, shall be the source for the ordinarily accepted meaning.

1A5-DCD6AE7EEB88

1403–5GENERAL

{8 B1

3.2 NFPA Official Definitions.

3.2.1* Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ). An organization, office, or individual responsible for enforcing the require-ments of a code or standard, or for approving equipment, materials, an installation, or a procedure.

3.2.2 Shall. Indicates a mandatory requirement.

3.2.3 Should. Indicates a recommendation or that which is

advised but not required.

3.2.4 Standard. A document, the main text of which contains

only mandatory provisions using the word “shall” to indicate re-quirements and which is in a form generally suitable for manda-tory reference by another standard or code or for adoption into law. Nonmandatory provisions shall be located in an appendix or annex, footnote, or fine-print note and are not to be considered a part of the requirements of a standard.

3.3 General Definitions.

3.3.1 Acquired Prop. A piece of equipment such as an automo-

bile that was not designed for burning but is used for live fire training evolutions.

3.3.2 Backdraft. A deflagration resulting from the sudden in-troduction of air into a confined space containing oxygen-deficient products of incomplete combustion.

3.3.3 Combustible. Capable of burning, generally in air under normal conditions of ambient temperature and pressure, unless otherwise specified. Combustion can occur in cases where an oxi-dizer other than oxygen in air is present (e.g., chlorine, fluorine, or chemicals containing oxygen in their structure).

3.3.4 Conduction. Heat transfer to another body or within a

body by direct contact.

3.3.5 Convection. Heat transfer by circulation within a me-

dium such as a gas or a liquid.

3.3.6 Deflagration. Propagation of a combustion zone at a ve-locity that is less than the speed of sound in the unreacted me-dium.

3.3.7 Demonstration. The act of showing a skill.

3.3.8 Emergency Medical Services. The provision of treatment, such as first aid, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, basic life sup-port, advanced life support, and other pre-hospital procedures, including ambulance transportation, to patients. [1500, 2007]

3.3.9 Evolution. A set of prescribed actions that result in an effective fireground activity. [1410, 2010]

3.3.10 Flameover (Rollover.) The condition in which un-

burned fuel (pyrolysate) from the originating fire has accumu-lated in the ceiling layer to a sufficient concentration (i.e., at or above the lower flammable limit) that it ignites and burns.

Flameover can occur without ignition of or prior to the ignition of other fuels separate from the origin.

3.3.11 Flashover. A transition phase in the development of a

compartment fire in which surfaces exposed to thermal radia-tion reach ignition temperature more or less simultaneously and fire spreads rapidly throughout the space, resulting in full room involvement or total involvement of the compartment or enclosed space.

3.3.12 Fuel Load. The total quantity of combustible contents

of a building, space, or fire area, including interior finish and trim, expressed in heat units or the equivalent weight in wood.

03E5149-7106-46A5-

3.3.13 Instructor. An individual qualified by the authority hav-ing jurisdiction to deliver fire-fighter training, who has the train-ing and experience to supervise students during live fire training evolutions.

3.3.14 Instructor-in-Charge. An individual qualified as an in-structor and designated by the authority having jurisdiction to be in charge of the live fire training evolution.

3.3.15 Live Fire. Any unconfined open flame or device that

can propagate fire to the building, structure, or other combus-tible materials.

3.3.16 Participant. Any student, instructor, safety officer, visi-tor, or other person who is involved in the live fire training evolution within the operations area.

3.3.17 Personal Accountability Report (PAR). A report re-

quested by and communicated to the incident commander from fire crews operating at a scene as to their location and situation.

3.3.18 Personal Protective Clothing. The full complement of

garments fire fighters are normally required to wear while on emergency scene, including turnout coat, protective trousers, fire-fighting boots, fire-fighting gloves, a protective hood, and a helmet with eye protection. [1001, 2008]

3.3.19 Personal Protective Equipment. Consists of full per-

sonal protective clothing, plus a self-contained breathing appara-tus (SCBA) and a personal alert safety system (PASS) device.

[1001, 2008]

3.3.20 Pyrolysate. Product of decomposition through heat; a

product of a chemical change caused by heating.

3.3.21 Radiation. Heat transfer by way of electromagnetic en-ergy.

3.3.22 Safety Officer. An individual appointed by the authority having jurisdiction as qualified to maintain a safe working envi-ronment at all live fire training evolutions.

3.3.23 Student. Any person who is present at the live fire

training evolution for the purpose of receiving training.

3.3.24 Training Structure.

3.3.24.1 Acquired Structure. A building or structure ac-

quired by the authority having jurisdiction from a property owner for the purpose of conducting live fire training evolu-tions.

3.3.24.2* Live Fire Training Structure. A structure specifi-cally designed for conducting live fire training evolutions on a repetitive basis.

3.3.25 Ventilation-Controlled Fire. A fire in which the heat re-lease rate or growth is controlled by the amount of air available to the fire.

Chapter 4 General

4.1 Application. All live fire training evolutions shall comply with this chapter and the appropriate chapter for the type of training being performed.

4.1.1 Strict safety practices shall be applied to all structures selected for live fire training evolutions.

4.2 Permits.

4.2.1 All required permits to conduct live fire training evolu-tions shall be obtained.

A5-DCD6AE7EEB88}

1403–6 LIVE FIRE TRAINING EVOLUTIONS

-B }

4.2.2 The permits specified in this chapter shall be provided to outside, contract, or other separate training agencies by the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) upon the request of those agencies.

4.2.3 The runoff from live fire shall comply with the require-ments of the AHJ.

4.3 Student Prerequisites.

4.3.1* Prior to being permitted to participate in live fire training evolutions, the student shall have received training to meet the minimum job performance requirements for Fire Fighter I in NFPA 1001, Standard for Fire Fighter Professional Qualifications, re-lated to the following subjects:

(1) Safety

(2) Fire behavior

(3) Portable extinguishers

(4) Personal protective equipment

(5) Ladders

(6) Fire hose, appliances, and streams

(7) Overhaul

(8) Water supply

(9) Ventilation

(10) Forcible entry

(11) Building construction

4.3.2* Students participating in a live fire training evolution who have received the required minimum training from other than the AHJ shall not be permitted to participate in any live fire train-ing evolution without first presenting prior written evidence of having successfully completed the prescribed minimum training to the levels specified in 4.3.1.

4.4 Safety Officer.

4.4.1 A safety officer shall be appointed for all live fire train-ing evolutions.

4.4.2* All live fire training instructors and safety officers shall be trained on the application of the requirements contained in this standard.

4.4.3 The safety officer shall have the authority, regardless of rank, to intervene and control any aspect of the operations when, in his or her judgment, a potential or actual danger, potential for accident, or unsafe condition exists.

4.4.4 The responsibilities of the safety officer shall include, but not be limited to, the following:

(1) Prevention of unsafe acts

(2) Elimination of unsafe conditions

4.4.5 The safety officer shall provide for the safety of all

persons on the scene, including students, instructors, visi-tors, and spectators.

4.4.6 The safety officer shall not be assigned other duties that interfere with safety responsibilities.

4.4.7 The safety officer shall be knowledgeable in the operation and location of safety features available for the live fire training structure or prop, such as emergency shutoff switches, gas shutoff valves, and evacuation alarms.

4.4.8* Additional safety personnel, as deemed necessary by the safety officer, shall be located to react to any unsafe or threaten-ing situation or condition.

4.5* Extreme Weather. The training session shall be curtailed, postponed, or canceled, as necessary, to reduce the risk of injury or illness caused by extreme weather conditions.

{803E5149-7106-46A5 2012 Edition

4.6 Instructor in Charge and Instructors.

4.6.1 The instructor-in-charge shall have received training to meet the minimum job performance requirements for Fire In-structor I in NFPA 1041, Standard for Fire Service Instructor Profes-sional Qualifications.

4.6.2 The instructor-in-charge shall be responsible for full

compliance with this standard.

4.6.3 It shall be the responsibility of the instructor-in-charge to coordinate overall fireground activities to ensure correct levels of safety.

4.6.4 The instructor-in-charge shall assign the following per-sonnel:

(1) One instructor to each functional crew, each of which shall not exceed five students

(2) One instructor to each backup line

(3) One additional instructor for each additional functional assignment

4.6.5 The instructor-in-charge shall provide for rest and reha-bilitation of participants operating at the scene, including any necessary medical evaluation and treatment, food and fluid re-plenishment, and relief from climatic conditions. (See Annex D.)

4.6.5.1* Instructors shall be rotated through duty assign-ments.

4.6.6 All instructors shall be qualified by the AHJ to deliver live fire training.

4.6.7 Additional instructors shall be designated when factors such as extreme temperatures or large groups are present, and classes of long duration are planned.

4.6.8 Prior to the ignition of any fire, instructors shall ensure that all protective clothing and equipment specified in this chap-ter are being worn according to manufacturer’s instructions.

4.6.9 Instructors shall take a personal accountability report (PAR) when entering and exiting the structure or prop during an actual attack evolution conducted in accordance with this standard.

4.6.10 Instructors shall monitor and supervise all assigned

students during the live fire training evolution.

4.6.11 Awareness of weather conditions, wind velocity, and

wind direction shall be maintained, including a final check for possible changes in weather conditions immediately before actual ignition.

4.6.12 Training Instructors on How to Use Specialty Props.

4.6.12.1 The instructors and the safety officer responsible for conducting live fire training evolutions with a gas-fueled training system or with other specialty props (such as flashover simulator) shall be trained in the complete operation of the system and the props.

4.6.12.2 The training of instructors and the safety officer

shall be performed by an individual authorized by the gas-fueled training system and specialty prop manufacturer or by others qualified to perform this type of training.

4.7 Fire Control Team

4.7.1 A fire control team shall consist of a minimum of two

personnel.

4.7.1.1 One person who is not a student or safety officer shall be designated as the “ignition officer” to ignite, maintain, and control the materials being burned.

1403–7GENERAL

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4.7.1.1.1 The ignition officer shall be a member of the fire

control team.

4.7.1.2* One member of the fire control team shall be in the area to observe the ignition officer ignite and maintain the fire, and to recognize, report, and respond to any adverse conditions.

4.7.2 The decision to ignite the training fire shall be made by the instructor-in-charge in coordination with the safety officer.

4.7.3 The fire shall be ignited by the ignition officer.

4.7.4 The fire control team shall wear full personal protec-

tive clothing, including SCBA, when performing this con-trol function.

4.7.5 A charged hose line shall be available when the fire

control team is igniting or tending to any fire.

4.7.6 Fires shall not be ignited without an instructor visually confirming that the flame area is clear of personnel being trained.

4.8 Personal Protective Clothing.

4.8.1 All students, instructors, safety personnel, and other

personnel shall wear all protective clothing and equipment specified in this chapter according to manufacturer’s instruc-tions whenever they are involved in any evolution or fire sup-pression operation during the live fire training evolution.

4.8.2* All participants shall be inspected by the safety officer prior to entry into a live fire training evolution to ensure that the protective clothing and SCBA are being worn correctly and are in serviceable condition.

4.8.3 Protective coats, trousers, hoods, footwear, helmets, and gloves shall have been manufactured to meet the require-ments of NFPA 1971, Standard on Protective Ensembles for Struc-tural Fire Fighting and Proximity Fire Fighting.

4.8.4 SCBA shall have been manufactured to meet the require-

ments of NFPA1981, Standard on Open-Circuit Self-Contained Breath-ing Apparatus (SCBA) for Emergency Services.

4.8.5* Where station or work uniforms are worn by any partici-pant, the station or work uniform shall have been manufactured to meet the requirements of NFPA 1975, Standard on Station/Work Uniforms for Emergency Services.

4.8.6 Personal alarm devices shall have been manufactured

to meet the requirements of NFPA 1982, Standard on Personal Alert Safety Systems (PASS).

4.8.7* All students, instructors, safety personnel, and other per-sonnel participating in any evolution or operation of fire sup-pression during the live fire training evolution shall breathe from an SCBA air supply whenever they operate under one or more of the following conditions:

(1) In an atmosphere that is oxygen deficient or contami-nated by products of combustion, or both

(2) In an atmosphere that is suspected of being oxygen deficient or contaminated by products of combustion, or both

(3) In any atmosphere that can become oxygen deficient, contaminated, or both

(4) Below ground level

4.9 Communication.

4.9.1 A method of fireground communications shall be estab-

lished to enable coordination among the incident commander, 03E5149-7106-46A5-the interior and exterior sectors, the safety officer, and external requests for assistance.

4.9.2* A building evacuation plan shall be established, includ-ing an evacuation signal to be demonstrated to all participants in an interior live fire training evolution.

4.10 Emergency Medical Services (EMS).

4.10.1 Basic life support (BLS) emergency medical services

shall be available on site to handle injuries.

4.10.1.1 For acquired structures, BLS emergency medical ser-

vices with transport capabilities shall be available on site to handle injuries.

4.10.2 A parking area for an ambulance or an emergency

medical services vehicle shall be designated and located where it will facilitate a prompt response in the event of personal injury to participants in the evolution.

4.10.3 Written reports shall be completed and submitted on

all injuries and on all medical aid rendered.

4.11* Water Supply.

4.11.1 The instructor-in-charge and the safety officer shall

determine the rate and duration of waterflow necessary for each individual live fire training evolution, including the wa-ter necessary for control and extinguishment of the training fire, the water supply necessary for backup line(s) to protect personnel, and any water needed to protect exposed property.

4.11.2 Each hose line and backup line(s) shall be capable of

delivering a minimum of 95 gpm (360 L/min).

4.11.3 Backup line(s) shall be provided to ensure protection

for personnel on training attack lines.

4.11.4 The minimum water supply and delivery for the live

fire training evolutions shall meet the criteria identified in NFPA 1142, Standard on Water Supplies for Suburban and Rural Fire Fighting.

4.11.5 A minimum reserve of additional water in the amount

of 50 percent of the fire flow demand, determined in accor-dance with 4.11.1, shall be available to handle exposure pro-tection or unforeseen situations.

4.11.5.1 The requirements of 4.11.5 do not apply to perma-

nently sited gas-fueled training systems.

4.11.6* Except under the conditions of 4.11.6.1, separate wa-ter sources shall be utilized for the supply of attack lines and backup lines in order to preclude the loss of both water supply sources at the same time.

4.11.6.1* A single water source shall be sufficient at a training center facility where the water system has been engineered to provide adequate volume for the evolutions conducted and a backup power source or backup pumps, or both, are in place to ensure an uninterrupted supply in the event of a power failure or malfunction.

4.11.7 There shall be room provided around all props so that

there is space for all attack line(s) as well as backup line(s) to operate freely.

4.12 Fuel Materials.

4.12.1* The fuels that are utilized in live fire training evolu-tions shall only be wood products.

1403–8 LIVE FIRE TRAINING EVOLUTIONS

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4.12.1.1 Fuel-fired buildings and props are permitted to use

the appropriate fuels for the design of the building or prop.

4.12.2 Pressure-treated wood, rubber, plastic, polyurethane

foam, upholstered furniture, and chemically treated or pesticide-treated straw or hay shall not be used.

4.12.3 Flammable or combustible liquids, as defined in

NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, shall not be used in live fire training evolutions.

4.12.3.1 Combustible liquid with a flash point above 100°F

(38°C) shall be permitted to be used in a live fire training structure or prop that has been specifically engineered to ac-commodate a defined quantity of the fuel.

4.12.4 Unidentified materials, such as debris found in or

around the structure or prop that could burn in unanticipated ways, react violently, or create environmental or health hazards, shall not be used.

4.12.5 Propane lighters, butane lighters, fusees (safety flares), kitchen-type matches, and similar devices are permitted to be used to ignite training fires if the device is removed immediately after ignition of the training fire.

4.12.6* Fuel materials shall be used only in the amounts nec-essary to create the desired fire size.

4.12.7 The fuel load shall be limited to avoid conditions that could cause an uncontrolled flashover or backdraft.

4.12.8* The instructor-in-charge and the safety officer shall assess the selected fire room environment for factors that can affect the growth, development, and spread of fire.

4.12.9* The instructor-in-charge and the safety officer shall document fuel loading, including all of the following:

(1) Fuel material

(2) Wall and floor coverings and ceiling materials

(3) Type of construction of the structure, including type of roof and combustible void spaces

(4) Dimensions of the room

4.12.10* The training exercise shall be stopped immediately when the instructor-in-charge or the safety officer determines through ongoing assessment that the combustible nature of the environment represents a potential hazard.

4.12.10.1 An exercise stopped as a result of an assessed hazard according to 4.12.10 shall continue only when actions have been taken to reduce the hazard.

4.12.11* The use of flammable gas, such as propane and natu-ral gas, shall be permitted only in live fire training structures specifically designed for their use.

4.12.11.1 Liquefied versions of the gases specified in 4.12.11 shall not be permitted inside the live fire training structure.

4.12.11.2* All props that use pressure to move fuel to the fire shall be equipped with remote fuel shutoffs outside of the safety perimeter but within sight of the prop and the entire field of attack for the prop.

4.12.11.3 During the entire time the prop is in use, the re-

mote shutoff shall be continuously attended by safety person-nel who are trained in its operation and who have direct com-munications with the safety officer and instructors.

{803E5149-7106-46A5 2012 Edition

4.12.11.4 Liquefied petroleum gas props shall be equipped

with all safety features as described in NFPA 58, Liquefied Petro-leum Gas Code, and NFPA 59, Utility LP-Gas Plant Code.

4.12.11.5 Where the evolution involves the failure of a safety feature, the failed part shall be located downstream from the correctly functioning safety feature.

4.12.11.6 Where flammable or combustible liquids are used, measures shall be taken to prevent runoff from contaminating the surrounding area.

4.12.11.6.1 There shall be oil separators for cleaning the run-off water.

4.12.11.7* Vehicles used as props for live fire training shall have all fluid reservoirs, tanks, shock absorbers, drive shafts, and other gas-filled closed containers removed, vented, or drained prior to any ignition.

4.12.11.8 For flammable metal fires, there shall be a suffi-

cient quantity of the proper extinguishing agent available so that all attack crews have the required supply as well as a 150 percent reserve for use by the backup crews.

4.12.11.9 All possible sources of ignition, other than those

that are under the direct supervision of the ignition officer, shall be removed from the operations area.

4.13 Parking/Staging.

4.13.1 Areas for the staging, operating, and parking of fire

apparatus that are used in the live fire training evolution shall be designated.

4.13.2 An area for parking fire apparatus and vehicles that

are not a part of the evolution shall be designated so as not to interfere with fireground operations.

4.13.3 If any of the apparatus described in 4.13.2 is in service to respond to an emergency, it shall be located in an area that will facilitate a prompt response.

4.13.4 Where required or necessary, parking areas for police

vehicles or for the press shall be designated.

4.13.5 Ingress and egress routes shall be designated, identi-fied, and monitored during the training evolutions to ensure their availability in the event of an emergency.

4.14 Visitors and Spectators.

4.14.1 All spectators shall be restricted to an area outside the operations area perimeter established by the safety officer.

4.14.2 Control measures shall be posted to indicate the pe-

rimeter of the operations area.

4.14.3 Visitors who are allowed within the operations area

perimeter shall be escorted at all times.

4.14.4 Visitors who are allowed within the operations area

perimeter shall be equipped with and shall wear appropriate protective clothing.

4.14.5 Control measures shall be established to keep pedestrian traffic in the vicinity of the training site clear of the operations area of the live burn.

4.15 Preburn Plan/Briefing.

4.15.1 A preburn plan shall be prepared and shall be utilized during the preburn briefing sessions.

1403–9ACQUIRED STRUCTURES

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4.15.1.1 All features of the training areas shall be indicated on the preburn plan.

4.15.2 Prior to conducting actual live fire training evolutions, a preburn briefing session shall be conducted by the instructor-in-charge with the safety officer for all participants.

4.15.3 All facets of each evolution to be conducted shall be

discussed.

4.15.4 Assignments shall be made for all crews participating

in the training…

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