CERL-TR-12-14 Analysis.pdf

ER

D

C/

CE

RL

T

R-

-1

Analysis of the Mountain View Officers’ Club Fort Huachuca, Arizona

Co ns tr uc tio n

En gi ne er in g

R es ea rc h La bo ra to ry

Adam D. Smith, Susan I. Enscore, and Samuel L. Hunter September 2012

Fort Huachuca Cultural Resources Report FH-12-5

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

ERDC/CERL TR-12-14

September 2012

Analysis of the Mountain View Officers’ Club Fort Huachuca, Arizona

Adam D. Smith, Susan I. Enscore, and Samuel L. Hunter

Construction Engineering Research Laboratory U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center 2902 Newmark Drive Champaign, IL 61822

Fort Huachuca Cultural Resources Report - FH-12-5

Final report Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Prepared for Environmental and Natural Resources Division Directorate of Public Works U.S. Army Garrison 3040 Butler Road, Building 22526 Fort Huachuca, AZ 85613

Under Project Number 370273

ERDC/CERL TR-12-14 ii

Abstract

This document presents a historic context, integrity analysis, structural analysis, and restoration cost estimate for the Mountain View Officers’ Club (Building 66050) at Fort Huachuca, Arizona. The report meets re-quirements in the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) for federal agencies to address their cultural resources—defined as any prehistoric or historic district, site, building, structure, or object. Especially relevant is Section 110 of the NHPA, requiring federal agencies to inventory and eval-uate cultural resources. Identification of potentially significant properties is achieved only through a survey and evaluation to associate a property within a larger historic context. The club was dedicated on 6 September 1942 and was utilized for the recreation of black officers stationed at Fort Huachuca from 1942 until 1945. It is the determination of the current sur-vey that while the Mountain View Officers’ Club is individually significant under Criterion A for the black military experience historic context and under Criteria A and C for the World War II temporary building historic context, it does not retain historic integrity under either criteria due to major modifications to both the setting and the building. Therefore, the Mountain View Officers’ Club is recommended not eligible for the National Register of Historic Places.

DISCLAIMER: The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes.

Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products.

All product names and trademarks cited are the property of their respective owners. The findings of this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents.

DESTROY THIS REPORT WHEN NO LONGER NEEDED. DO NOT RETURN IT TO THE ORIGINATOR.

ERDC/CERL TR-12-14 iii

Project Summary

Agency: U.S. Army Garrison, Fort Huachuca

Project Title: Analysis of the Mountain View Officers’ Club

Fort Huachuca Report Number: FH-12-5

Contractor: Engineer Research Development Center – Construction En-gineering Research Laboratory (ERDC-CERL)

MIPR: 10091854

Project Description: This document is a historic context, integrity anal-ysis, structural analysis, and restoration cost estimation for the Mountain View Officers’ Club (Building 66050) at Fort Huachuca, Arizona. The club was dedicated on 6 September 1942 and was utilized for the recreation of black officers stationed at Fort Huachuca from 1942 until 1945.

Project Location: ERDC-CERL surveyed the Mountain View Officers’ Club and its immediate area within the Fort Huachuca cantonment area.

Dates of Fieldwork: 29 November–2 December 2011

Number of Properties Surveyed: 1 building

Properties Recommended Individually Eligible: None

Properties Recommended Not Eligible: Mountain View Officers’ Club (Building 66050)

Comments:

It is the determination of the authors that the Mountain View Officers’ Club is significant under Criteria A and C for both World War II temporary building construction and the black military experience. However, the fa-cility lacks 5 of the 6 applicable aspects of integrity (design, setting, mate-rials, feeling, and association) and does not convey its historic significance.

Therefore, it lacks the integrity to be eligible for the National Register of Historic Places due to: a complete redesign of the interior floor plan; the removal of the original mural in the dance hall; most of the original win-dows were removed from the first floor; and all of the windows and their openings were removed from the second floor and clerestory level. This survey satisfies Section 110 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 as amended, and was used to determine the eligibility of the club for inclusion on the NRHP. Through a structural analysis, an estimated cost of

ERDC/CERL TR-12-14 iv

$3,689,300—$4,360,100 would be required to bring the building back to its original integrity and configuration.

ERDC/CERL TR-12-14 v

Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................................................... ii

Project Summary ......................................................................................................................................... iii

List of Figures and Tables......................................................................................................................... viii

Preface ........................................................................................................................................................ xvii

Unit Conversion Factors ......................................................................................................................... xviii

Acronyms ..................................................................................................................................................... xix

1 Methodology

1.1 Background

1.2 Objective

1.3 Researchers

1.4 Site visits

1.4.1 Fort Huachuca

1.4.2 Archival repositories

1.4.3 Archival research

1.4.4 Analysis and evaluation

2 Historic Context for the Mountain View Officers’ Club, Fort Huachuca, Arizona

2.1 World War II Army expansion

2.2 Black soldiers in World War II

2.2.1 Drafting

2.2.2 Segregation of housing and recreation programs

2.3 92nd and 93rd Infantry Divisions in World War II

2.3.1 Creation of black divisions

2.3.2 Stationing and deployment

2.4 Fort Huachuca in World War II

2.4.1 From small beginnings

2.4.2 World War II buildup

2.4.3 New cantonment

2.5 Recreation at Fort Huachuca, World War II

2.5.1 Morale problems

2.5.2 Recreation facilities off post

2.5.3 Recreation facilities on post

2.5.4 Performances

2.6 Enlisted service clubs and officers’ clubs

2.6.1 Enlisted service clubs

2.6.2 Army officers’ clubs, white and black

2.7 Black officers’ club at Fort Huachuca

2.7.1 Creation and construction of Mountain View Officers’ Club

ERDC/CERL TR-12-14 vi

2.7.2 Segregation

2.7.3 Opening

2.7.4 Entertainment

2.7.5 Art exhibit

2.7.6 End of use as a black officers’ club

2.8 Changes after World War II

2.8.1 Closure of Fort Huachuca

2.8.2 Alterations to the Mountain View Officers’ Club

2.9 Context conclusions

3 Evaluation

3.1 Categories of historic properties

3.2 Criteria for evaluation

3.3 Significance

3.3.1 Black experience at Fort Huachuca (Criterion A)

3.3.2 World War II temporary buildings (Criteria A and C)

3.4 Aspects of historic integrity

3.4.1 Location

3.4.2 Design

3.4.3 Setting

3.4.4 Materials

3.4.5 Workmanship

3.4.6 Feeling

3.4.7 Association

4 Structural and Condition Analyses with Recommendations

4.1 Structural analysis

4.1.1 Original design

4.1.2 Construction materials

4.1.3 Summary

4.2 Structural modifications over time

4.3 Current condition

4.3.1 Inspection

4.3.2 Results

4.3.3 Conclusion

4.4 Building performance state analysis

4.4.1 Condition assessment

4.4.2 Functional assessment

4.4.3 Results

4.5 Suggested projects

4.5.1 Approach for cost analysis and estimates

4.5.2 Total project costs

4.5.3 Building projects by system with costs

4.5.4 Summary

5 Conclusion and Recommendations

5.1 Findings

ERDC/CERL TR-12-14 vii

5.1.1 Finding for Criterion A — Event

5.1.2 Finding for Criterion B — Person

5.1.3 Finding for Criterion C — Design/Construction/Planning

5.1.4 Finding for Criterion D — Information Potential

5.1.5 Finding for integrity

5.1.6 Finding from the structural and condition analyses

5.2 Recommendations

References

Appendix A: Documentation of Performers at Fort Huachuca during World War II

Report Documentation Page

ERDC/CERL TR-12-14 viii

List of Figures and Tables

Figures

Figure 1. Location of Fort Huachuca, Arizona, outlined in blue with its cantonment area indicated by the red box (Fort Huachuca ICRMP) Figure 2. Map of the Fort Huachuca cantonment, 2011 with the Mountain View Officers’ Club located within red box (Fort Huachuca) Figure 3. Plan of Cantonment Regimental Grouping, 1940 (Garner 1993, 66) Figure 4. Standard barracks at Fort Huachuca, 1941 (Fort Huachuca Museum) Figure 5. Typical barracks for 63 Men (Mayes 1941) Figure 6. Selectees await roll call at Fort Huachuca, 1942 (NARA) Figure 7. Soldiers of the 93rd Division in combat training, Fort Huachuca, Arizona, 1942

(NARA)

Figure 8. Major General Fred W. Miller, 93rd Infantry Division Commanding General, watches rifle training at Fort Huachuca, 1943 (NARA) Figure 9. Soldiers of Battery B, 93rd Division swing a 105mm Howitzer into position, Fort Huachuca, 1942 (NARA) Figure 10. Soldiers of the 25th Infantry stand in front of a row of new buildings, Fort Huachuca, 1942 (NARA) Figure 11. Map of Fort Huachuca showing layout of WWII cantonment, 1945 [north is to the left] (Fort Huachuca Real Property Office) Figure 12. Partial view to the east of WWII cantonment, 1948; Mountain View Officers’ Club is in the lower right(Fort Huachuca Museum) Figure 13. A post exchange at Fort Huachuca in full swing, 1942 (NARA) Figure 14. Interior of WWII temporary barracks at Fort Huachuca, 1942 (NARA) Figure 15. Diagrammatic map of the WWII cantonment by Anna R. Russell, 1943 [north is to the right] (Fort Huachuca Museum) Figure 16. USO building at Fry, Arizona, 1942 (NARA) Figure 17. Day room, Fort Huachuca, 1942 (NARA) Figure 18. Interior of Hostess House, Fort Huachucaa, 1942 (NARA) Figure 19. The Post Headquarters Band at practice, 1943 (Special Service Bulletin March 1943, Fort Huachuca Museum) Figure 20. Recreational activities at Fort Huachuca during WWII (Apache Sentinel 22 September 1944, Fort Huachuca Museum) Figure 21. Athletic activities at Fort Huachuca during WWII (Apache Sentinel 22 September 1944, Fort Huachuca Museum) Figure 22. Sergeant Joe Louis and Colonel Edwin Hardy, Fort Huachuca, 1943 (Fort Huachuca Museum) Figure 23. St. Louis Globe-Democrat article on the USO Camp Shows, Inc., 1946 (Billy Rose Theater Collection [USO], NY Public Library Archives)

ERDC/CERL TR-12-14 ix

Figure 24. Dinah Shore signing autographs for men of the 93rd Division, Fort Huachuca, 1943 (Fort Huachuca Museum) Figure 25. Theater No. 5, renamed for Lena Horne in 1943 (Photo Album at Fort Huachuca Real Property Office) Figure 26. Lena Horne at baseball game, Fort Huachuca, 1943 (Fort Huachuca Museum) Figure 27. Entertainers and athletes at Fort Huachuca, 1943; top center, Lena Horne is crowned “Sweetheart of the 92nd.” (The Buffalo 15 October 1943, Fort Huachuca Museum) Figure 28. Principal hostess and cafeteria hostess at Fort Huachuca Service Club, 1942

(NARA)

Figure 29. Service Club cafeteria at Fort Huachuca, 1942 (NARA) Figure 30. Organization chart of Special Service Division at Fort Huachuca (Special Service Bulletin July 1943, Fort Huachuca Museum) Figure 31. WAAC band playing for a Fort Huachuca field house dance, WWII (Huachuca Illustrated, 1993, p 35, Fort Huachuca Museum) Figure 32. Writing letters on the balcony of a service club, Fort Huachuca, 1942 (NARA) Figure 33. Listening to the piano player at a Fort Huachuca service club, 1942 (NARA) Figure 34. Fort Huachuca band at a service club, 1942 (NARA) Figure 35. Article on the Service Clubs at Fort Huachuca, Special Service Bulletin, March 1943 (Fort Huachuca Museum) Figure 36. Interior of the old post officers’ club around 1921 (Photo courtesy of the Scott Collection, Fort Huachuca Museum) Figure 37. Close up of Lakeside Officers’ Club, 1943 (Photo album at Fort Huachuca Real Property Office) Figure 38. Lakeside Officers’ Club, 1943 (Photo album at Fort Huachuca Real Property Office) Figure 39. Mountain View Officers' Club when new, looking northeast, 1943 (Fort Huachuca Museum). Note nearby barracks buildings in the background Figure 40. Mountain View Officers' Club, looking west, 1943 (Fort Huachuca Museum) Figure 41. Service Club No. 1, Fort Huachuca, 1941 (NARA RG 77) Figure 42. Enlisted Service Club (Type SC-3) at Fort Belvoir, Virginia, 1941 (NARA RG 77) Figure 43. Enlisted Service Club (Type SC-3) at Fort Custer, Michigan, 1941 (NARA RG 77) Figure 44. Enlisted Service Club (Type SC-3) at Camp Davis, North Carolina, 1942 (NARA

RG 77)

Figure 45. Enlisted Service Club (Type SC-3) at Fort Dix, New Jersey, 1941 (NARA RG 77) Figure 46. Newspaper reproduction of Fort Huachuca Segregation Order for Officers' Clubs (Pittsburgh Courier 4 July 1942) Figure 47. Socializing at the Mountain View Officers' Club, 1942 (NARA) Figure 48. Article on Mountain View Officers’ Club in the Special Service Bulletin, March 1943 (Fort Huachuca Museum) Figure 49. Cover of program for art exhibit opening, 1943 (Fort Huachuca Museum) Figure 50. Opening of the Art Exhibition, 16 May 1943, Mountainview Officers’ Club; (l-r) Vernon Winslow, Hale Woodruff, Colonel Edwin N. Hardy, Lieutenant Colonel C. F. E.

Nelson, and Richmond Barthe (Fort Huachuca Museum)

ERDC/CERL TR-12-14 x

Figure 51. Charles White's Progress of the American Negro (Five Great American Negroes), 1939–40 Figure 52. The Charles White mural on the Mountain View Officers’ Club wall, 16 May 1943 (Fort Huachuca Museum) Figure 53. Colonel Hardy speaking at the art exhibit opening, 1943 (Fort Huachuca Museum) Figure 54. The Art Workshop, directed by Sergeant Lew Davis, 1944 (Apache Sentinel 22 September 1944, Fort Huachuca Museum) Figure 55. Lew E. Davis mural, The Negro Soldier in America's Wars (courtesy of the Howard University Gallery of Art) Figure 56. 1952 Aerial of WWII cantonment, looking northwest, showing loss of buildings (Fort Huachuca Museum) Figure 57. Building 66050 in 1955, looking west (Fort Huachuca Museum) Figure 58. Building 66050 in 1955, looking northeast (Fort Huachuca Museum) Figure 59. View to the east of Building 66050 in 1964, showing the remaining WWII cantonment (Fort Huachuca Museum) Figure 60. Service Club Type SC-3 Plan 700-1275 original plan (ERDC-CERL Collection) Figure 61. Original first floor plan for a service club (ERDC-CERL Collection) Figure 62. Original balcony/second floor plan for a service club (ERDC-CERL Collection) Figure 63. Original front elevation for a service club (ERDC-CERL Collection) Figure 64. Original west elevation for a service club (ERDC-CERL Collection) Figure 65. Original north elevation for a service club (ERDC-CERL Collection) Figure 66. Original east elevation for a service club (ERDC-CERL Collection) Figure 67. Early 1940s postcards of Service Club Type SC-3 at other WWII installations (ERDC-CERL Collection) Figure 68. Early 1940s-era postcard of the Fort Leonard Wood service club porch and patio (ERDC-CERL Collection) Figure 69. View to the northeast of the Mountain View Officers’ Club in 1943 [note Guest House #1 to the right which is now demolished] (Fort Huachuca Museum) Figure 70. Location of the club during WWII, indicated by red box (Fort Huachuca Real Property Office) Figure 71. Location of the club in 2011, marked by red box, showing its location has not changed (Fort Huachuca Master Planning Office). Note that the scale of this map is the same as that in Figure 70 Figure 72. Front entrance comparison (left as-planned, right in 2011); note: the door on the left of the current view appears to be original, although it is not shown on the standard plan. (ERDC-CERL) Figure 73. Addition on the southeast corner (left as-built and right in 2011), showing windows and door that were removed within red box (ERDC-CERL) Figure 74. Northwest porch enclosed and the additions of rooms (left as-planned and right in 2011) showing former northwest porch in red box (ERDC-CERL) Figure 75. Freezer/cooler addition on east (left as-planned and right in 2011) with the red box showing the area where the addition was added (ERDC-CERL) Figure 76. Red box highlights former location of Boiler Room (left as-planned and right in

2011) (ERDC-CERL)

ERDC/CERL TR-12-14 xi

Figure 77. Boiler foundation pad (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 78. Freezer/cooler structure on northeast corner (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 79. Window removal example 1; note: former window locations marked by red boxes, door appears to be original, although not shown on standard plan (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 80. Window removal example 2; note: former window locations marked by red boxes, doors on bottom right are not original, nor is the opening original (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 81. Window removal example 3; note: former window locations marked by red boxes (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 82. Original drop-lap siding on first floor with replacement clapboards on the second floor (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 83. Original service club vestibule floor plan (ERDC-CERL Collection) Figure 84. Historic view of restroom wall in the vestibule marked by red box, 1943 (Fort Huachuca Museum) Figure 85. Extant vestibule floor plan (Fort Huachuca Real Property Office) Figure 86. Looking west in the vestibule with the half-wall (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 87. Non-original light fixtures in the vestibule (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 88. Comparison view of arch looking into the vestibule 1943 and 2011 (Fort Huachuca Museum and ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 89. Original dance hall floor plan (ERDC-CERL Collection) Figure 90. Current dance hall floor plan (Fort Huachuca Real Property Office) Figure 91. Original balcony floor plan (ERDC-CERL Collection) Figure 92. Current balcony floor plan (Fort Huachuca Real Property Office) Figure 93. Historic photo of the dance hall looking back toward the vestibule, 1943 (Fort Huachuca Museum) Figure 94. Current photo of the dance hall looking back toward the vestibule (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 95. Historic photo of the dance hall looking towards the fireplaces, 1943 (Fort Huachuca Museum) Figure 96. Current photo of the dance hall looking towards the fireplaces; notice “lounge” floor on the balcony is removed (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 97. Elevation of staircase near the vestibule (ERDC-CERL Collection) Figure 98. Current view of vestibule staircase (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 99. Original elevation of staircase near the fireplaces depicting its open form and railings (ERDC-CERL Collection) Figure 100. Current view of staircase near the fireplaces showing now enclosed staircase marked by red box (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 101. Historic drawing of the fireplaces (ERDC-CERL Collection) Figure 102. View of lower fireplace with reconstructed mantel (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 103. Current view of upper fireplace with chopped-off mantel and missing hearth

(ERDC-CERL 2011)

Figure 104. Historic drawing of wainscot (ERDC-CERL Collection) Figure 105. Historic view of wainscot, 1943 (Fort Huachuca Museum)

ERDC/CERL TR-12-14 xii

Figure 106. Current view of lack of wainscot marked by red box on the dance hall level

(ERDC-CERL 2011)

Figure 107. Current view of wainscot on balcony level highlighted by red box (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 108. Original light fixture drawing (ERDC-CERL Collection) Figure 109. Current view of light fixtures installed from the now-demolished Lakeside Officers’ Club (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 110. White’s Five Great American Negroes mural (courtesy of the Howard University Gallery of Art) Figure 111. Current view of openings cut into upper level at former location of mural (old reading room then projection booth) (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 112. Historic reading room floor plan (ERDC-CERL Collection) Figure 113. Current reading room floor plan (Fort Huachuca Real Property Office) Figure 114. Current view of projection booth room addition in the old reading room

(ERDC-CERL 2011)

Figure 115. Current view of one of two bathroom additions in the old reading room (ERDC-

CERL 2011)

Figure 116. Historic café floor plan (ERDC-CERL Collection) Figure 117. Current café floor plan (Fort Huachuca Real Property Office) Figure 118. Historic photo from 1943 depicting original entrance into the café as highlighted by red box (Fort Huachuca Museum) Figure 119. Current entrance into the former café (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 120. Current view north into the electrical service room addition inside the old café

(ERDC-CERL 2011)

Figure 121. Current view looking toward bar area, where the old soda fountain was once located (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 122. Current view to the south side of the old café (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 123. Former clerestory roof window locations marked by red boxes (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 124. Historic kitchen floor plan (ERDC-CERL Collection) Figure 125. Current view of kitchen (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 126. Current view of kitchen storeroom (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 127. Current view of freezer/cooler room addition’s interior (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 128. Historic service club men’s bathroom floor plan (ERDC-CERL Collection) Figure 129. Blue tiled anteroom (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 130. Original wood-paneled room (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 131. Pink fiberboard restroom (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 132. Historic service club floor plan; note that most of the interior walls were not constructed (ERDC-CERL Collection) Figure 133. Historic photo showing single door from officers’ club seating area to wood deck (Fort Huachuca Museum) Figure 134. Historic photo of seating area with tables and chairs (bottom red box) and single door to wood deck (upper red box), 1943 (Fort Huachuca Museum) Figure 135. Current floor plan of former game room (Fort Huachuca Real Property Office)

ERDC/CERL TR-12-14 xiii

Figure 136. Non-original hallway along south wall; note non-original wall studs and wallboard (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 137. Non-original walls (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 138. View to the north showing former opening to the old porch within red box

(ERDC-CERL 2011)

Figure 139. Center area of photo shows historic view from dance hall to the porch, 1943 (Fort Huachuca Museum) Figure 140. View to the south in the former porch; note the original wainscoting on the left and the original flooring (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 141. View to the north in the former porch (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 142. Original flooring in the old porch (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 143. Former window opening to the dance hall now covered (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 144. Original double door opening to the dance hall; no original doors are extant

(ERDC-CERL 2011)

Figure 145. Original double door opening to the dance hall closed in with wood studs and wallboard (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 146. Current addition floor plan (Fort Huachuca Real Property Office) Figure 147. North elevation showing the original porch location (left box), the screened-in porch addition (middle box), and the room addition (right box) (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 148. Detail within red box of siding differences between original drop-lap siding and the addition’s siding (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 149. Window openings covered up on the west side of the northwest addition

(ERDC-CERL 2011)

Figure 150. Interior of the northwest addition looking south (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 151. WWII cantonment area (north is to the right) in 1946 and in 2011 depicting how the setting for the Mountain View Officers’ Club has completely changed with the demolition of the other temporary buildings (Fort Huachuca Real Property Office, left; and Master Planning Office, right.)

Figure 152. Diagram of the World War II cantonment area with north to the right.

Mountain View Officers’ Club is shown by location of red boxA (Fort Huachuca Museum) Figure 153. The setting for the officers’ club in 1956, looking north-northeast and highlighted in red box (Fort Huachuca Museum) Figure 154. Close-up of the boxing ring and seating area below the bachelor officers’ quarters in 1956, looking north-northeast (Fort Huachuca Museum) Figure 155. Historic view of the rear of the officers’ club and the baseball field in 1954, looking south (NARA) Figure 156. Current view of original location of the baseball field (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 157. West patio, barbecue, and tennis court (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 158. North patio (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 159. Mountain View Officer’s Club driveway, looking west (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 160. Service Club at Camp Grant, Illinois (ERDC-CERL Collection) Figure 161. Mountain View Officers’ Club 1943 (Fort Huachuca Museum) Figure 162. Lakeside Officers’ Club, no date (ERDC-CERL Collection) Figure 163. Dance hall interior (Fort Huachuca Museum)

ERDC/CERL TR-12-14 xiv

Figure 164. Dance hall with view of the Charles White mural in 1943 (Fort Huachuca Museum) Figure 165. Close-up view of Five Great American Negroes mural (courtesy of the Howard University Gallery of Art) Figure 166. Lew E. Davis mural, The Negro Soldier in America's Wars (courtesy of the Howard University Gallery of Art) Figure 167. Changes to building over time on first floor (ERDC-CERL) Figure 168. Changes over time to the second floor (ERDC-CERL) Figure 169. Changes over time on upper level (ERDC-CERL) Figure 170. Styrofoam CMU blocks on the inside edge of the southwest addition (ERDC-

CERL 2011)

Figure 171. Second floor joists showing visible staining from water intrusion under the balcony (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 172. Exterior wall at the site of the former boiler room, showing no visible deflections or bowing (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 173. Current view of upper-level exterior wall showing no deflections or bowing

(ERDC-CERL 2011)

Figure 174. Current view of exterior wall from inside the café with circled areas show weathering and water staining (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 175. Current view of columns in dance floor (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 176. Current view of dance hall column, with checking in the column highlighted by red oval (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 177. Column and beam connection detail with checking in the connection, highlighted by red oval (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 178. Current view of trusses over game room, showing no noticeable loose bolts as highlighted by red circles (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 179. Current view of dance hall ceiling, showing no noticeable truss sag , as highlighted by the red oval (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 180. Current view of heavily weathered rafter ends (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 181. Splits and checks in the rafters as highlighted by red ovals (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 182. Rafters, beams, and columns in the enclosed patio, with red ovals showing notched rafters (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 183. Current view of sun canopy showing notched rafters (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 184. Current view over game room of purlins and roof sheathing appearing sound and intact (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 185. Current view of café trusses, purlins, and roof decking. The newer material was installed when the facility became a theater (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 186. Current view of café purlins showing weathering but no bowing. Roof sheathing shows weathering, minor splits, and checks (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 187. First-floor exterior cladding measurements (ERDC-CERL) Figure 188. Historic, non-historic, and above grade skirt (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 189. Current view showing no second-story windows (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 190. Current view showing weathered ends and no second-story windows (ERDC-

CERL 2011)

ERDC/CERL TR-12-14 xv

Figure 191. Current view of northwest addition, showing boarded-up screened windows

(ERDC-CERL 2011)

Figure 192. Current view of poor condition of asphalt shingles (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 193. Current view of modified Bitumen roof distresses (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 194. Current view of damaged roof drip edge and weathered fascia board (ERDC-

CERL 2011)

Figure 195. Current view of main porch (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 196. Current view of original wall finish on balcony, showing height of wainscoting

(ERDC-CERL 2011)

Figure 197. Current view showing height of wainscot on north wall of dance floor (ERDC-

CERL 2011)

Figure 198. Current view of non-historic wall finish in dance hall (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 199. Current view of laminate paneling in restroom (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 200. Current view of missing ceiling in reading room which most likely was last covered with suspended acoustic tile (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 201. Current view of missing ceiling on the balcony, highlighted by red oval (ERDC-

CERL 2011)

Figure 202. Current view of dance hall flooring, showing original 1 x 3 in. hardwood flooring (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 203. Current view of former game room showing subfloor and pile of torn-up 1 x 4

in. original hardwood finish flooring (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 204. Current view of quarry tile flooring in kitchen (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 205. Current view of vestibule, showing hardwood floor replaced with plywood

(ERDC-CERL 2011)

Figure 206. Current view of café’s hardwood flooring (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 207. Current view of water-damaged flooring in former reading room (now a restroom) (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 208. Current view, showing removal of former second-level balcony lounge (ERDC-

CERL 2011)

Figure 209. Interior openings cut into wall between former reading room and the upper level of the dance hall, as marked by red box (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 210. Current view of hanging wires in front of doors to the café (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 211. Current view of hanging wires and conduit in the former screened porch addition on the northwest corner (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 212. Current view of smoke detector, open junction box unsecured bares wires in oval, hanging Romex, and conduit on the balcony level (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 213. Current view showing that fire protection line has been cut (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 214. Current view showing that installed fire-protection system was not completed

(ERDC-CERL 2011)

Figure 215. Current view of added ductwork above dance hall area (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 216. Added ductwork in the balcony over the north half of the dance floor (ERDC-

CERL 2011)

Figure 217. Current exterior view of exhaust fan for first-floor restroom (ERDC-CERL 2011) Figure 218. First-floor, areas A–E (ERDC-CERL)

ERDC/CERL TR-12-14 xvi

Figure 219. Second-story, Area F (ERDC-CERL)

Tables

Table 1. Condition rating scale and criteria (ERDC-CERL) Table 2. Functionality scale Table 3. Results from building assessment (ERDC-CERL) Table 4. Cost estimates for projects necessary to bring Mountain View Officers Club to its original design (ERDC-CERL) Table 5. Results of condition analysis (ERDC-CERL 2011)

ERDC/CERL TR-12-14 xvii

Preface

This study was conducted for Fort Huachuca, Arizona, under Project Number 370273, “Update on the Historic Status of the Mountain View Of-ficers Club at Fort Huachuca, to Include Integrity Analysis, Structural In-tegrity Analysis, and Full History.” The technical monitor was Martyn Tagg, Cultural Resource Manager.

The work was performed by the Land and Heritage Conservation Branch (CN-C) of the Installations Division (CN), U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center – Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (ERDC-CERL). At the time of publication, Dr. Christopher White was Chief, CEERD-CN-C; and Ms. Michelle Hanson was Chief, CEERD-CN.

The Deputy Director of ERDC-CERL was Dr. Kirankumar Topudurti and the Director was Dr. Ilker Adiguzel.

Colonel Kevin J. Wilson was the Commander and Executive Director of ERDC, and Dr. Jeffery P. Holland was the Director.

ERDC/CERL TR-12-14 xviii

Unit Conversion Factors

Multiply By To Obtain acres 4,046.873 square meters degrees Fahrenheit (F-32)/1.8 degrees Celsius feet 0.3048 meters gallons (U.S. liquid) 3.785412 E-03 cubic meters hectares 1.0 E+04 square meters inches 0.0254 meters miles (U.S. statute) 1,609.347 meters miles per hour 0.44704 meters per second square feet 0.09290304 square meters square inches 6.4516 E-04 square meters square miles 2.589998 E+06 square meters square yards 0.8361274 square meters yards 0.9144 meters

ERDC/CERL TR-12-14 xix

Acronyms

ACAP – Army Career and Alumni Program

CN – Installations Division

CN-C – Land and Heritage Conservation Branch

CMU concrete masonry unit

EPG – Electronic Proving Ground

ERDC-CERL – Engineer Research and Development Center – Construc-tion Engineering Research Laboratory

FPO – Federal Preservation Officer

HABS – Historic American Buildings Survey

HVAC – Heating, Ventilation, and Cooling

JAC – Job Assistance Center

NARA – National Archives and Records Administration

NCO – Non-commissioned officer

NHPA – National Historic Preservation Act

NRHP – National Register of Historic Places

SCU – Service Command Unit

SWABS – Southwest Association of Buffalo Soldiers

USO – United Services Organizations

ERDC/CERL TR-12-14 xx

WAC – Women’s Army Corps

WAAC – Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps

WPA – Works Progress Administration

WWII – World War II

ERDC/CERL TR-12-14 1

1 Methodology

The Mountain View Officers’ Club was constructed from the 700 series of Army Quartermaster temporary building plans for service clubs. The building falls under the purview of the 1986 World War II Temporary Building Programmatic Memorandum of Agreement. It was evaluated for eligibility in 1998, and a condition assessment was completed in 2004.

Fort Huachuca considered the 1998 evaluation report inadequate and the condition report outdated, and due to the ongoing interest, funded a re-evaluation of the building to correct the inaccuracies in the 1998 report and also to update the structural assessment.

1.1 Background

The U.S. Congress codified the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA), the nation’s most effective cultural resources legislation to date, in order to provide guidelines and requirements for preserving tangible elements of our past. This was done primarily through the creation of the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). Contained within this piece of legislation (Sections 110 and 106) are requirements for federal agencies to address their cultural resources, defined as any prehistoric or historic district, site, building, structure, or object. Section 110 requires federal agencies to inventory and evaluate their cultural resources. Section 106 requires the determination of effect of federal undertakings on properties deemed eligible or potentially eligible for the NRHP.

Fort Huachuca is located on the eastern slope of the Huachuca Mountains north and east of Sierra Vista, Arizona (Figure 1). The heart of the can-tonment for the fort is its historic district which is nestled in a valley over-looking the San Pedro River valley (Figure 2).

The Army established Camp Huachuca in 1877; it did not become a per-manent Army post until 1882. Most of the buildings within the Old Post area date from the late 1880s. The post grew again in the 1910s prior to World War I. From 1913 to 1931, the Tenth Cavalry was stationed at Fort Huachuca. The Army changed the post from a cavalry to an infantry orien-tation in 1931, and it was home for the 93rd and 92nd Infantry Divisions from 1942 to 1945.

ERDC/CERL TR-12-14 2

The Mountain View Officers’ Club1

Fort Huachuca performed a previous evaluation of the Mountain View Of-ficers’ Club building in 1998. This study of the Mountain View Officers’ Club was suggested in the early 1990s as part of the nationwide Program-matic Memorandum of Agreement for World War II temporary buildings.

The study’s report, Determination of Eligibility and Historic Documenta-tion for Building 66050, Performing Arts Theater, Fort Huachuca, Arizo-na was written by Matt C. Bischoff (Statistical Research Inc.) under con-tract to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles District.

(Building 66050) was dedicated on 6 September 1942. The construction of the club utilized temporary building plans from the Army’s Quartermaster Construction Corps. The plans were for Service Club Type SC-3 of the 700 series. It was subsequently utilized for recreation, a dinner theater, office space, and is now vacant.

In addition, Historic Building Condition Assessment Report of the Moun-tain View Officers’ Club, Fort Huachuca, Cochise County, Arizona was written by Ralph Comey Architects and Janet H. Strittmatter, Inc. in March 2004. It provided (1) an evaluation of existing conditions, (2) a preservation plan, and (3) a cost estimate for exterior stabilization, struc-tural stabilization, and preservation of visible, historically significant, exte-rior features.

This report found the Mountain View Officers’ Club eligible for the NRHP un-der Criteria A (association with events). The report also stated that the Mountain View Officers’ Club was “largely unchanged from its original construction” and that it “retains a high level of integrity.” The period of significance given for the Mountain View Officers’ Club was 1942–1945.

1 Through all of the research material gathered there is an inconsistency of the club’s name; it is either

Mountain View or Mountainview and it is called the Mountain View Colored Officers’ Club on the instal-lation. For consistency, ERDC-CERL has used Mountain View Officers’ Club throughout this report un-less the term is located in a quote.

2 Matt C. Bischoff, Determination of Eligibility and Historic Documentation for Building 66050, Perform-ing Arts Theater, Fort Huachuca, Arizona. Statistical Research, Inc. report written for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles District, 1998.

ERDC/CERL TR-12-14 3

Figure 1. Location of Fort Huachuca, Arizona, outlined in blue with its cantonment area indicated by the red box (Fort Huachuca ICRMP).

Cantonment

ERDC/CERL TR-12-14 4

Figure 2. Map of the Fort Huachuca cantonment, 2011 with the Mountain View Officers’ Club located within red box (Fort Huachuca).

ERDC/CERL TR-12-14 5

1.2 Objective

The objective of this effort was to research the history and write a historic context, perform an integrity analysis, perform a structural analysis, and determine an estimated restoration cost for the Mountain View Officers’ Club at Fort Huachuca, Arizona. This final report includes recommenda-tions for eligibility to the NRHP.

1.3 Researchers

This project was conducted by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engi-neering Research Development Center, Construction and Engineering Re-search Laboratory (ERDC-CERL) based in Champaign, IL. The research team included Adam Smith, Master of Architecture as project manager and architectural historian, Dr. Susan Enscore as historian, Samuel Hunter as the structural and restoration cost analyst, and Andrea Sforza as research assistant.

1.4 Site visits

1.4.1 Fort Huachuca

ERDC-CERL personnel made one trip to Fort Huachuca during the week of 30 November 2011. During that week, members of the team evaluated the Mountain View Officers’ Club for its historic integrity and structural integrity. The historian visited the Department of Public Works (including cultural resources, engineering [the map vault], and real property), and the Fort Huachuca Museum.

1.4.2 Archival repositories

The architectural historian and the historian visited the National Archives at College Park, Maryland, during the week of 31 October 2011. The researchers examined and analyzed information from these Record Groups at the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA):

• RG77 Records of the Office of the Chief of Engineers

• RG92 Records of the Office of the Quartermaster General

• RG107 Records of the Office of the Secretary of War

• RG111-SC Records of the U.S. Army Signal Corps (photos)

• RG159 Records of the Office of the Inspector General (Army)

ERDC/CERL TR-12-14 6

• RG160 Records of the U.S. Army Service Forces (World War

II)

• RG 394 Records of the U.S. Army Continental Commands 1920-1942

• RG 407 Records of the Adjutant General’s Office

The historian visited the University of Arizona Library in Tucson, Arizona, and the Arizona State Archives in Phoenix, Arizona, during the week of 7 December 2011 to gather relevant information for the building historic context.

The historian also visited the Billy Rose Theater Collection at the New York Public Library Archives in New York, New York, on 28 February 2012 to research the United Services Organizations (USO) and the variety of performers who might have visited Fort Huachuca during the period of significance.

1.4.3 Archival research

The first phase of the project established the historic context of the Moun-tain View Officers’ Club through archival research used to identify and lo-cate primary sources. This research included finding, gathering, and re-viewing all sources relevant to the project. These sources consisted of the Fort Huachuca Museum, the National Archives at College Park, the Uni-versity of Arizona Library, the Arizona State Archives, and the Newspaper Library at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Phoenix News-papers (1941-1945), Tucson Newspapers (1941-1945), Bisbee Newspapers (1941-1945), and regional and national black newspapers (1941-1945)].

The research team also used secondary literature to determine the historic context of the Mountain View Officers’ Club. This involved reading pub-lished material on the Mountain View Officers’ Club and on the black mili-tary experience. Items looked at and reviewed included the histories of Fort Huachuca, the previous architectural inventory, the Historic Context for the African-American Military Experience (1998), other books on the black military experience, and looking through the project archives of Ste-ven Smith at the South Carolina Institute of Archaeology & Anthropology.

Secondary sources were utilized more heavily for the non-Mountain View Officers’ Club specific history. These sources are accepted and used by the Fort Huachuca history office and other historians. Information specific to the Mountain View Officers’ Club came predominantly from primary

ERDC/CERL TR-12-14 7

sources such as newspapers. The few secondary sources used for Mountain View Officers’ Club specific information were checked to ensure the cited authors had utilized primary sources for their work.

1.4.4 Analysis and evaluation

After initial research was completed, the team analyzed the gathered information. Archival and field information was integrated throughout the course of the research. Using archival sources, the research team extracted relevant historical information. The material was then integrated to tell the story in both text and images. The information available was contained in text documents, photographs, and history maps.

Using information from the historic context, the overarching integrity as defined by the NRHP was evaluated. A cultural resource can retain or lose historic integrity, meaning that it either does or does not convey its histor-ic significance. From this process, a recommendation of eligibility to the National Register was made. The evaluation followed guidelines in the Na-tional Register Bulletin #15, How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation; National Register Bulletin #16, How to Complete the Na-tional Register Registration Form; the National Register Bulletin, How to Prepare National Historic Landmark Nominations; and The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties.

ERDC/CERL TR-12-14 8

2 Historic Context for the Mountain View Officers’ Club, Fort Huachuca, Arizona

During World War II (WWII), Fort Huachuca was home to first the 93rd, then the 92nd Infantry Division, both of which were composed of black troops. As such, the fort was the largest training facility for black soldiers and therefore unique in this aspect. During 1941 and 1942, the historic border outpost underwent a massive development program designed to house and support the requirements of a full-strength combat division. A full-size city was constructed in that time, complete with housing, logisti-cal, utility, administration, education, recreation, and religious facilities.

The Mountain View Officers’ Club at Fort Huachuca has been utilized for many different functions since its construction in 1942. The first use after construction, as an officers’ club for the 93rd and then the 92nd Divisions’ black officers, is the only use for which the building has significance. Part of the installation’s WWII cantonment, the Mountain View Officers’ Club provided an off-duty social outlet for the member officers. Primarily a fa-cility for dining and parties, the club also hosted organized entertainment activities and cultural events. This context provides information necessary for understanding the significance of the Mountain View Officers’ Club.

2.1 World War II Army expansion3

The rapid expansion of Germany across Europe in 1940 solidified fears at the United States War Department that America might soon be party to an expanding conflict. The first steps toward preparation for this impending war were taken when Congress authorized the president to call up the Na-tional Guard and approved the Selective Service Act of 1940. As a result, the Army increased in troop strength from a low of 230,000 to over 1.6 million by December 1941.

3 The text in this section was originally created for: Adam Smith, Susan Enscore, Karen Zimnicki, and Elizabeth Campbell, Fort Leonard Wood Building Survey 1941 to 1945, (Champaign, IL: Engineer Re-search and Development Center, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, 2003), 2-1 – 2-5.

This rapid influx of soldiers resulted in a tre-mendous need for construction – not only expanding existing military in-stallations, but also creating entirely new training camps from scratch.

4 David W. Hogan, Jr., 225 Years of the Army, (Tampa, FL: Faircount, LLC), n.d., 292-293.

ERDC/CERL TR-12-14 9

Germany’s 1 September 1939 invasion of Poland sparked concern in the United States and prompted President Roosevelt to proclaim a limited na-tional emergency one week later. Troop strength was increased slightly, and the Army began to build temporary shelter to house them. During the late 1930s, a series of cantonment drawings begun a decade earlier were updated and revised by the Construction Division of the Quartermaster Corps. These “700 Series” drawings formed the basis for the small amount of new construction that fall required by the declaration of limited emer-gency. Events on the world stage during the spring of 1940 jolted Ameri-can military and government strategists, awakening them to the potential threat to the United States evinced by the rapid German occupation of Denmark, Norway, Belgium, and the Netherlands. By the end of June, supplemental military appropriations approaching two billion dollars had been requested and granted to Roosevelt. Troop strength expanded first to 375,000, and $217 million became available for military construction.5 These were the first of many appropriations and troop expansions, and in the following months vast sums of money were expended to recruit, house, train, supply, and feed 1.5 million new soldiers. Twenty new cantonments were completed by the time America formally entered the war on Decem-ber 7, 1941.6

To speed construction and provide ease of oversight, the cantonments were developed according to standardized plans. General guidelines for WWII training cantonment layout provided the Army’s principal require-ments concerning troop placement, facilities siting, and safety concerns:

Every unit, large and small, would remain intact.

Companies would be grouped into battalions and bat-talions into regiments. Regimental areas would adjoin a central parade ground. Hospitals would be in isolat-ed spots, away from noise and dirt. Storage depots and motor parks would be near railway sidings or

5 Diane Shaw Wasch, et al., World War II and the U.S. Army Mobilization Program: A History of 700 and

800 Series Cantonment Construction, (Washington, D.C.: United States Department of the Interior, Na-tional Park Service, 1993), 9.

6 John S. Garner, World War II Temporary Military Buildings: A Brief History of the Architecture and Plan-ning of Cantonments and Training Stations in the United States, USACERL Technical Reports CRC- 93/01 (Champaign, IL: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Construction Engineering Research Laboratories, 1993), 16.

7 Lenore Fine and Jesse A. Remington, The Corps of Engineers: Construction in the United States (United States Army in World War II: The Technical Services, Vol. 3), Office of the Chief of Military History, Unit-ed States Army, (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1972), 208.

ERDC/CERL TR-12-14 10

along main roads. To prevent the spread of fire, one-story buildings would be at least 40 feet apart, two-story buildings, 50. Firebreaks, no less than 250 feet wide, would be spaced at 1,000-foot intervals throughout the length of the camp. Showing grid-platted streets and straight rows of buildings, the typicals envisaged a quadrangular arrangement.

Early in the war, the most common design shifted from a quadrangle to a triangle layout, as Army organization shifted to Triangle Divisions consist-ing of three regiments under a Division command. Each leg of the can-tonment triangle contained a regiment, with their training ranges adja-cent.8

Figure 3

Cantonments were based on the “company block” concept, with each 125-man company unit provided with two 63-man barracks with in-door plumbing and a separate mechanical room for the furnace, one mess hall, one recreation building, and one administration and supply building ( ).9

Although the cantonments were standardized in size, shape, and contents, allowance was made for location. Each site would have its own peculiari-ties, and the plans were often adjusted to fit the local topography and oth-er conditions.