C27 - 02-26FB Wood_Carpentry_2005 02.pdf

The Wood & Carpentry Manual

Prepared for Directorate of Environment - Conservation Division

Fort Bliss, Texas

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PROJECT MANUAL

Construction Documents & Specifications

Preservation & Rehabilitation

Of

WOOD & CARPENTRY

U.S. ARMY AIR DEFENSE ARTILLERY CENTER & FORT BLISS

Fort Bliss, Texas

Prepared for

TRC Mariah, Inc.

By

Joe C. Freeman, Architect

Final

December 2005

SCOPE OF WORK

Wood Construction

The historic buildings of Fort Bliss have numerous and varied wood features. The features include both exterior and interior wood elements. The wood features include:

Exterior and Structural:

• Structural items such as plates, sills, beams, joists, rafters, studs, columns, blocking, spacers, nailers, screeds, and frames.

• Non-structural items such as exterior siding, sheathing, subfloors, standing and running trim, boxing, cut and turned ornamental trim, fascia, soffits, and moldings.

Interior:

• Trim and moldings such as baseboards, chair rails, picture moldings, shoe moldings, and crown moldings, exterior floor decking, wood strip and plank floors, stair risers and treads, stair rails, balusters, newel posts, and door and window facings.

Note: Wood doors, wood windows, and frames are addressed in the appropriate section of Division 8 – Doors and Windows.

Causes of Deterioration - Rough Carpentry

The historic wood elements are subject to deterioration and damage due to:

• Moisture: Moisture infiltration can deteriorate wood through the growth of destructive fungi. Fungi induced rot requires a host material (wood), a stable temperature, and moisture. Rot is found in two forms: soft rot, a surface decay caused by moisture saturation and alternating wet-dry cycles, and brown rot, a pervasive decay having a crumbly appearance.

• Excessive Loading: Excessive loading can cause deflection which can weaken structural wooden elements. Common causes of deflection are the mounting of equipment on structural wooden elements such as joists that are not designed to carry such loads, the lack of blocking and bracing, and the storage of heavy items such as file cabinets on floor joists not designed for the loading. The cutting and penetrating of structural wooden elements, such as joists, to accommodate renovations and the removal of critical blocking and bracing typically lead to deflection and wood deterioration.

• Insect Damage: Insect damage from termites, wood borers, and carpenter ants is associated with the presence of moisture in wood. Such damage may be difficult to detect without destructive investigation or without investigation by a specialist.

Signs of Deterioration

• Presence of moisture

• Staining or discoloration of wood

• Presence of mildew or fungi

• Presence of soft or brown rot

• Soft or spongy wood

• Loss of wood material

• Sawdust-like debris and insect droppings

• Structural deflection of wood members

• Paint deterioration in wood members

• Deterioration of finish materials covering rough framing

General Wood Treatment – Rough Carpentry

• Eliminate sources of moisture infiltration such as roof leaks, gutter and downspout leaks, flashing and parapet leaks, coating failure, and plumbing and condensate leaks. Dampness and the accumulation of moisture vapor should be reduced by installation of adequate ventilation in attics and crawl spaces.

Sprinklers and irrigation systems should be directed away from buildings.

• Removal and replacement of deteriorated wood elements may be required in some cases of severe damage or where structural integrity has been degraded. Removal and replacement may require removal of covering finish materials. Replacement of historic building materials should be considered only if other reasonable means have been exhausted.

• Repair by attachment of additional structural elements: Scab onto existing deteriorated wood members, add blocking or additional braces instead of replacing entire deteriorated elements. In some cases new wood elements can be used to bridge between or across deteriorated members in order to distribute structural loads.

• Repair of individual deteriorated members can be accomplished by removal of the deteriorated portion and repair by means of a filler such as epoxy. A variety of epoxy repair products are available ranging from putties to low-viscosity penetrating consolidants. Epoxy resins can be mixed with fillers such as pea gravel, sand, sawdust, or other material and used to fill voids in original wood.

Deteriorated wood should be carefully removed and the area to receive patching material cleaned and dried. In some applications, forms or dams may be built to retain the epoxy until it sets.

• The application of protective coatings to deteriorated wood elements should be carefully considered. While the application of such coatings may prevent some moisture penetration, some coatings may also trap moisture within the wood.

Select products that are breathable and follow the manufacturer’s written directions.

• While new materials should match original materials to the greatest extent possible, standards for new wood materials include:

PS 20 “American Softwood Lumber Standard”

SPIB Southern Pine Inspection Bureau

WCLIB West Coast Lumber Inspection Bureau

WWPA Western Wood Products Association

APA American Plywood Association

AWPBS American Wood Preservers Bureau Standards

AWI Architectural Woodwork Institute

• Moisture content of replacement lumber should not exceed 19%.

• Lumber to be used for structural purposes should be graded and marked.

Structural grade yellow pine, spruce, and fir are recommended.

Causes of Deterioration - Finish Carpentry

• Moisture: Moisture infiltration can deteriorate wood through the growth of destructive fungi. Fungi induced rot requires a host material (wood), air, and a stable temperature in the 33 – 107 degree F. range, and a moisture content above 25%. Rot is found in two forms: soft rot, a surface decay caused by moisture saturation and alternating wet-dry cycles, and brown rot, a pervasive decay having a crumbly appearance. Fungi can be transmitted by contact or by air-borne spores.

• Termites: Termites and other destructive insects, such as carpenter ants, are attracted to moist wood. The presence of termites is often a sign of moisture infiltration and the presence of moisture will ultimately attract termites.

• Wear: Wood is subject to the effects of wear and use. Wood floors wear from traffic and repairs such as sanding and painting. Door frames wear from the stress of hinged connections and the mechanical action of wood on wood. Screws work loose and repeated repairs stress wood fibers.

• Loose Connections: With age and changes in moisture content, wood shrinks away from connectors such as nails, screws, and bolts. Wind loads and structural loading can loosen connections.

• Improper Coatings: Improperly selected and applied coatings can cause deterioration and damage to wood. Harsh chemicals and coatings that seal moisture into the wood can lead to deterioration.

• Excessive Coating Buildup: Paint buildup, in itself, does not deteriorate wood but hides deterioration from inspection. In addition, paint buildup obscures articulated wood detailing. The intended sharp edges of architectural detailing are blurred by years of repainting without proper surface preparation.

Signs of Deterioration – Finish Carpentry

• Presence of moisture

• Staining or discoloration

• Presence of mildew or fungi

• Presence of soft or brown rot

• Soft, crumbly, or spongy wood

• Loss of material

• Sawdust-like debris or insect droppings

• Loose wood elements

• Paint deterioration

• Sagging, buckling, cupping, or bowing

• Lack of plumb or tightness in joints

• Structural deflection

General Wood Treatment – Finish Carpentry

• Eliminate sources of moisture infiltration such as roof leaks, gutter and downspout leaks, flashing and parapet leaks, coating failure, sprinkler systems, and plumbing/condensation leaks. Dampness and accumulation of moisture vapor should be reduced by providing adequate ventilation and proper drainage.

• Remove and replace severely deteriorated wood elements. Such removal and replacement may require temporary removal of adjacent materials. Replacement of original wood materials should be considered only if other means have been exhausted. Replacement should be accomplished using materials that match or closely approximate the original material.

• Repair of individual members may require removal of the deteriorated portion of that particular member and repair using a substitute material such as epoxy resin, filing material, or wood patches, scabs, Dutchmen, or attachments.

Some specific repair techniques include:

• Epoxy Resin Repair: Unsound and deteriorated portions of wood elements should be cut out to a point where sound wood is found. The cutouts should be squared off to receive new infill material consisting of epoxy resin and filler. The treatment should fill out the wood member to its original profile. The process may use both epoxy resin and wood scabs, layered to achieve the original profile.

On vertical installations, the viscosity of the epoxy resin may require that a form be built to contain the mix until it sets up.

• Piecing-in New Material: In some cases, especially at the joints of studs to sill plates, studs to top wall plates, and at rafter and joist connections to plates, deteriorated portions of wood members may be cut out and 1-by and 2-by pieces of wood spiked in-place across the joint. This procedure is commonly called “letting-in.”

• Replacement and Matching Materials: While it is best to replace deteriorated materials with materials that match, it may not be possible to obtain exact matching materials. Substitute materials should be carefully evaluated and selected on the basis of closeness of match, durability, and structural requirements. High grade pine and fir are safe selections for most replacement conditions. Redwood and cypress are appropriate where moisture resistance is required, but structural requirements are minimal. Pressure-treated wood should be used where wood is in contact with concrete or an environment where persistent moisture exists. Pressure-treated wood should be kiln-dried after treatment (KDAT).

• Special Wood Shapes: Special molding profiles that match original, historic materials, may not be commercially available, especially those relating to historic buildings. If commercial sources have been exhausted, special router knives may need to be manufactured. Router knives may be either cut from blanks or fabricated by altering standard routing knives.

IDIQ Unit Costs for the Rehabilitation of Wood & Carpentry Fort Bliss

Item Labor Materials Total

Rough Carpentry

Demolition:

Removal:

Structural Wood:

Plates Timber Beams Floor Joists Blocking X-Bracing Subfloor Studs Stud Blocking Sheathing Wall Plates Ceiling Joists Rafters Bracing and Collar Ties Truss Components Stair Framing and Stringers

Exterior Standing and Running Trim:

Fascia Barge Trim Soffit Door and Window Facings Cornice

Ornamental Exterior Trim:

Porch Columns Ballustrades Railings Carved/Cut Brackets

Finish Carpentry:

Strip Flooring Plank Flooring Baseboards Shoe Mold Quarter Round Cap Molding Chair Rails Picture Molding Crown Molding Beaded Ceilings Fireplace Surrounds and Mantles Stair Treads Risers Balusters Railings Newel Posts Door Facings Window Facings Target Molding Miscellaneous Moldings – Simple Miscellaneous Moldings – Complex

Technical Specifications for Wood & Carpentry Preservation & Rehabilitation

Technical specifications for wood and carpentry preservation and rehabilitation are oriented to preserving and/or rehabilitating wood items and carpentry in place. In addition to treatments that preserve or rehabilitate individual deterioration, these specifications deal with replacement of severely deteriorated elements with like materials while minimizing damage to adjacent materials to be preserved.

SECTION 06100 – GENERAL CARPENTRY

Part 1 – General

1.1 – Carpentry Work

Carpentry work includes rough framing carpentry, finish carpentry, trim, and millwork.

See drawings, schedules and details for location and quantity of work required. All cabinets shall be made by a mill specializing in cabinet work.

Carpentry rehabilitation and restoration work shall match original construction to the greatest extent possible and/or as directed by the Contracting Officer.

Install all temporary frames, centers, bucks, forms, blocking, braces, wood doors, trim, millwork, cabinet work and all other rough and finish carpentry. Wood forms for concrete are specified in the Concrete Specifications.

See the section on Finish Hardware for furnishing and installing locks, hinges, weather stripping, and door closers.

Furnish and install all rough hardware such as nails, bolts, screws, spikes, and connectors required to assemble the work.

All millwork shall be back-primed at the mill or by the painting contractor before installation. See the sections on Painting and Coatings for paint and finish requirements, including the removal of deteriorated paints and coatings.

Part 2 – Products and Materials

2.1 – Grading and Marking

Materials shall be marked, stamped, or otherwise identified with the appropriate markings to indicate grades of materials and rules or standards under which they were produced. The agency inspecting the lumber shall be certified by the Board of Review, American Lumber Standards Committee.

2.2 – Sizes

Lumber shall be sized according to provisions of the American Softwood Lumber Standards, DOC PS 20 and shall be surfaced on all four sides (S4S) unless otherwise indicated.

2.3 – Moisture Content

Delivered lumber shall have the following moisture content at the time of installation:

Dressed lumber under 2” thick 19%

Treated lumber under 2” thick 25%

Lumber over 2” thick industry standard

2.4 – Quality

Use high quality selected wood free from warp, splits, checks, and large knots. Follow appropriate lumber grading standards and industry standards.

2.5 – Preservative Treatment

All wood members exposed to weather or in contact with soil, concrete, water, masonry, or structural framing members less than 18” above soil shall be pressure preservative-treated. Lumber under 5” thick and plywood in contact with soil or concrete shall be treated in accordance with AWPB LP-22, LP-33, or LP-44. Lumber over 5” thick shall be treated according to AWPA C2. Treated wood shall be clean, free from surface oil, and seasoned. Wood treated with water-borne preservatives shall be marked “DRY.”

The following conditions require treated wood in all cases:

All wood members set in concrete

All wood members in contact with slabs on grade

All wood members in contact with foundations

All rough framing set in concrete or masonry walls

All wood members for exposed framing, steps, or decks

2.6 – Fire-Retardant Treatment

Fire-retardant treated wood shall be pressure-treated according to AWPA C20 for lumber and AWPA C27 for plywood. Treatment and performance inspection shall be by an independent and qualified testing agency. Each piece or bundle of treated wood shall bear the identifying stamp or mark of the testing agency.

2.7 – Connectors, Anchors, and Accessories

Structural steel shapes, plates, and bars: ASTM A 36

Steel bars: ASTM A 575, Grade M1020

Hot-rolled carbon sheet steel: ASTM A 570, Grade 33

Hot-dipped galvanized materials: ASTM A 123 or ASTM A 153

2.8 – Wood

To the greatest extent possible, new wood used in rehabilitation or restoration shall match original wood in species, graining, color, and character. Salvaged wood may be used with the approval of the Contracting Officer.

The following woods have been used historically at Fort Bliss in various applications and are approved for rehabilitation work:

Long-leaf Southern Yellow Pine White Pine Douglas Fir White Oak Red Oak Western Red Cedar Redwood Cypress

Part 3 - Execution

3.1 – Framing and Rough Carpentry

Layout the work according to the lines and dimensions shown on the drawings. Wood framing shall be cut square, closely fitted to required lines and levels, and securely attached or set in place. Nail and spike thoroughly using appropriately-sized fasteners.

Where appropriate, match original adjacent construction to remain in place.

Heavy timber, as seen in wood beams, headers, sills, wood columns, and joists that exceed 2” in thickness, shall be bolted, lag-bolted, screwed, or spiked. Provide lap joints at corners and at intermediate running joints. Where historically important joints are encountered (such as scarf joints or mortises) they should be preserved where possible.

Where existing framing can be braced and reused in-place to meet support requirements, apply scabs to the face of members. Extend scabs well beyond weakened area. Scabs shall be the same dimension as the member to which they are attached.

Wall framing shall incorporate a single sole plate and a double top plate. Provide and install double studs at openings and triple studs at corners, with cripples, for all wall framing. Block between studs. Provide and install wood headers at all openings.

Minimum sized headers shall be 2-2x10s with a ½” thick plywood core for a typical 3’-4” opening. Provide and install blocking, bracing, bridging, and shims as needed. Provide diagonal bracing at all corners or as required or shown in the drawings. Diagonal braces shall be 1x4s or 1x6s placed at a 45 degree angle and let into the face of the framing.

Use full length members except as directed by the Contracting Officer. Structural members shall be free of loose knots and other imperfections.

For nailers and lath, stagger joints to avoid connecting joint alignment.

Rough Hardware: Provide and install all rough hardware and metal fasteners as shown on the drawings, as specified herein, or as required for proper installation of framing and rough carpentry. Nails, spikes, screws, bolts, and similar connecters shall be of the types and sizes required to rigidly secure members in place.

3.2 – Finish Carpentry

Furnish and install all finish carpentry work as indicated in the drawings and specifications or as directed by the Contracting Officer.

Receive, check, and store properly all wood used for finish carpentry and woodwork.

Scribe, mark, and cut wood to fit adjacent work. Provide all necessary connectors, grounds, and anchors. All finish carpentry work shall to plumb, true, level, and tightly installed.

Finish Hardware: Furnish and install all finish hardware such as hinges, knobs, locksets, latches, and other items associated with the work. Coordinate installation of finish hardware with equipment, other adjacent finishes, and trim.

3.3 – Millwork and Trim

Furnish and install all millwork and trim as indicated on the drawings and specifications or as directed by the Contracting Officer.

Millwork and trim shall conform to the design, measurements, and details indicated on the drawings and shop drawings. All millwork and trim shall be finished smooth and free of machine and tool marks that will show through the finish. All nail holes and imperfections shall be filled. All millwork and trim shall be back-primed prior to installation.

All joints shall be tight and formed to conceal shrinkage. Shop miters 4” or more from heel to point shall be glued and locked. Make dowels and tenons to a driving fit. Make outside joints to exclude water and set in waterproof glue.

Generally, trim shall be in single lengths without splicing. However, if original construction being matched is spliced, then new matching construction may be similarly spliced. Corners shall be mitered unless original corners being matched were of a different construction. Cope all interior corners.

Standing and running trim shall be attached to solid supports and shall be fixed flush with adjacent wall surfaces. Use correctly-sized finish nails to avoid splits and use long, thin wood screws to correct minor warping in trim members. Counter sink wood screws and putty the holes. Sand puttied area smooth to match adjacent wood surfaces.

Fabricated items such as cabinets, bookcases, and built-in items shall be delivered to the job site in accordance with delivery and storage requirements. Timing of the delivery shall be coordinated with other interior finish work to insure protection of the fabricated items and prompt installation.

Field Dimensions: The Contractor shall take field measurements and prepare shop drawings to insure proper fit and coordination with adjacent construction.

3.4 – Storage and Protection

Wood materials, both new and salvaged, shall be stored in a secure, well ventilated area free from moisture infiltration. Storing should be level with adequate supports underneath prevent deflection and to allow for air circulation. Storage should be on a base strong enough to support a concentrated load without damage to existing building fabric. Avoid storing wood above second floor joists, on rafters, and where differential loading or concentrated loading could cause damage to existing structure or an unsafe condition. Review storage requirements with the Contracting Officer prior to placement.

SECTION 06200 - MISCELLANEOUS WOOD REPAIR

Part 1 – General

1.1 – Types of Wood Repair

Miscellaneous wood repair includes items intended to preserve as much original building material as possible while correcting minor structural, finish, or closure problems. Such repairs require minimal removal of original materials and the limited addition of new materials. These repairs are designed to be unobtrusive. Such repairs include the following:

Structural:

Scabs, let-in pieces, ties, and splices to sills, beams, joists, rafters, and trusses

Shims, blocking, and bracing between members

Non-Structural:

Dutchman repair and piecing-in of exterior wood siding and exterior trim

Dutchman repair of flooring, trim, moldings, and finish work

Minor replacement of attached ornamental wood trim

Part 2 – Products and Materials

2.1 – Wood

Structural Grade Southern Yellow Pine or Douglas Fir – 1x and 2x

Exterior Grade Plywood – BC –various thicknesses

Pressure-treated Southern Yellow Pine - #1, Kiln Dried After Treatment (KDAT)

Dutchman replacement wood shall match adjacent original wood as closely as possible in color, grain pattern, and species. For replacement wood where a transparent finish is to be used, graining pattern and color may be preferred over species. Where an opaque finish is to be used, species may be preferable for historical continuity.

Part 3 - Execution

3.1 – Scabs and Splices

Scabs and splices are used primarily to strengthen an existing structural member that has become misaligned due to loading, deflection, or differential movement, has become broken or splintered, or has been compromised due to cutting or drilling through the member for ducts, piping, or other penetrations.

Scabs and splices should be on both sides of the member and should extend well beyond the deleterious condition for which the scab or splice is being applied. The scab should be of 2x material and bolted or spiked to the member AFTER the member has been jacked or maneuvered into proper alignment. Ties are in the form of connecting pieces added between structural members for additional bracing. Collar ties run horizontally from rafter to rafter. Additional ties may connect joists to rafters. Ties are generally face nailed.

3.2 – Let-ins and Piece-ins

Let-ins, or piece-ins, are used primarily to strengthen an existing structural member that has lost material due to rot or damage. Typically, a corresponding piece of original material is removed and a piece of new material is let-in, or pieced-in, and fixed in place by use of nails, screws, bolts, and or glue. The let-in should not extend beyond the original configuration of the member being repaired.

Cut let-ins to fit.

3.3 – Shims, Blocking and Bracing

Shims, blocking, and bracing are used to add stability and strength to existing structures.

Shims are wedges, usually of wood, that are placed or driven under a beam or other structural member to cause its realignment or to adjust its elevation or placement. For small jobs commercial manufactured cedar or shingle shims may be used. For larger jobs, shims should be job-cut from 2x pressure-treated wood.

Blocking consists of adding dimensional lumber between structural members to achieve rigidity, such as between rafters or joists, and to provide additional nailing substrates.

Blocking should be solid wood of the same dimensions as adjacent members and placed perpendicular to the adjacent members.

Bracing consists of adding diagonal elements to structural members to achieve lateral stability. Bracing can be either a diagonal element let-in or surface nailed to the face of studs. Bracing is also seen in the form of X-bracing between floor or ceiling joists.

Bracing must extend from the sole plate to the top wall plate in stud walls and from the top of one joist to the bottom of the adjacent joist to achieve maximum effect.

3.4 – Dutchman Repair

Dutchman repair consists of the repair of localized damaged woodwork by removing the damaged (or deteriorated) section and replacing it with a wood replacement element cut and fit to match. Dutchman repair is used primarily to repair wood floors and wood trim.

Cut out a regularly shaped piece slightly larger than the damaged area. Bevel the sides of cavity. Fabricate a plug to match the bevel size and glue the plug into the cavity. Plane or sand the surface to match adjacent materials to remain. Finish surface to match adjacent finish.

SECTION 06300 – EPOXY REPAIR OF DETERIORATED WOOD

Part 1 – General

Epoxy repair of deteriorated wood elements is appropriate to preserve architecturally and historically significant pieces. Use of epoxy treatments makes possible the preservation of severely deteriorated wooden elements that would otherwise require replacement. Use of epoxy is as indicated on the drawings, specified herein, or as directed by the Contracting Officer.

Do not use epoxy for wooden structural elements in tension without supplemental scabs or bracing.

Part 2 – Manufacturers and Materials

Provide epoxy materials and application aids from a single manufacturer. Manufacturer shall have a complete line of epoxy products and an integrated system. Manufacturer’s include but are not limited to:

2.1 – Manufacturers

• Abatron, Inc., 5501 95th Ave., Kenosha, WI 53144, 800-445-1754, www.abatron.com

• Conservation Services, 8 Lakeside Trail, Kinnelon, NJ 07405, 201-838-6412

• Epoxy Heads. P.O. Box 2280, Bay City, MI 48707, 866-376-9948, www.epoxyheads.com

2.2 – Materials

Epoxy Consolidants and Fillers: Two-part epoxy compounds designed for deep penetration of thicker wood elements. Follow manufacturer’s written instructions for storage, preparation, application, curing, finishing, and safety precautions.

Part 3 – Execution

3.1 – Preparation

For all epoxy applications, follow the following procedures:

• Carefully review manufacturer’s written instructions.

• Have epoxy materials and equipment readily available for installation.

• Prepare surfaces and wooden elements to receive epoxy treatment as directed by the manufacturer’s written instructions. Surfaces should be completely dry before installation.

http://www.abatron.com/ http://www.epoxyheads.com/

• Coordinate mixing of multiple-part epoxy systems with the work to insure installation within the mixture’s pot life.

• Apply epoxy mix as indicated in the manufacturer’s written instructions.

3.2 – Application

CAUTION: HEAT IS PRODUCED AS EPOXY CURES. USE EPOXY IN SMALL

QUANTITIES TO CONTROL HEAT CAUSED BY THE CHEMICAL REACTIONS.

PROVIDE ADEQUATE VENTILATION AND MONITOR THE CURING PROCESS.

FOLLOW MANUFACTURER’S WRITTEN INSTRUCTIONS REGARDING THE

RANGES OF TEMPERATURES WITHIN WHICH WORK CAN PROCEED.

Application of Epoxy Wood Consolidant:

• Drill ¼” – 3/16” holes into affected wood that is to receive epoxy consolidant.

• Drill holes at an angle about 2” apart in staggered rows.

• Dam any surface cracks with oil clay to prevent leaks.

• Remove sawdust and dirt from drilled holes.

• Install epoxy consolidant (freshly mixed) with an approved applicator.

• Wipe off any excess consolidant and protect the application area until epoxy mix is cured.

• After epoxy consolidant has cured, fill surface voids with epoxy filler (putty).

• Apply epoxy filler in layers and finish slightly above the original wood surface to allow for planning and sanding.

• Plane and sand surface after epoxy filler has cured.

• Apply a compatible wood preservative to adjacent areas, prime, and paint.

END OF SECTION 6300

APPENDIX - CONSTRUCTION DETAILS – TYPICAL

List of Construction Details:

Detail 1. Scab Detail 2. Lap Joint/ Scarf Joint Detail 3. Blocking Between Joists Detail 4. Blocking Between Studs Detail 5. X-Bracing Detail 6. Diagonal Bracing Detail 7. Shims Detail 8. Exterior Eave Trim Detail 9. Integral Gutters Detail 10. Dutchman Repairs

Detail 1. Scab

Detail 2. Lap Joint/Scarf Joint

Detail 3. Blocking Between Joists

Detail 4. Blocking Between Studs

Detail 5. X-Bracing

Detail 6. Diagonal Bracing

Detail 7. Shims

Detail 8. Exterior Eave and Gable Trim

Detail 9. Integral Gutters

Detail 10. Dutchman Repairs