Attachment_H_PECO_FoundationalDocument_2015.pdf

Foundation Document Pecos National Historical Park New Mexico December 2015

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE • US DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Contents Mission of the National Park Service

Introduction

Part 1: Core Components

Brief Description of the Park Park Purpose Park Significance Fundamental Resources and Values Other Important Resources and Values Interpretive Themes

Part 2: Dynamic Components

Special Mandates and Administrative Commitments Assessment of Planning and Data Needs

Identification of Key Issues and Associated Planning and Data Needs . . . 11

Analysis of Fundamental Resources and Values

Analysis of Other Important Resources and Values

Planning and Data Needs

Part 3: Contributors

Pecos National Historical Park NPS Intermountain Regional Office Other NPS Staff Partners

Appendixes

Appendix A: Enabling Legislation and Legislative Acts for Pecos National Historical Park

Appendix B: Inventory of Administrative Commitments Appendix C: List of American Indian Tribes and Pueblos Traditionally

Associated with Pecos National Historical Park

Mission of the National Park Service The National Park Service (NPS) preserves unimpaired the natural and cultural resources and values of the national park system for the enjoyment, education, and inspiration of this and future generations. The National Park Service cooperates with partners to extend the benefits of natural and cultural resource conservation and outdoor recreation throughout this country and the world.

The NPS core values are a framework in which the National Park Service accomplishes its mission. They express the manner in which, both individually and collectively, the National Park Service pursues its mission. The NPS core values are:

·· Shared stewardship: We share a commitment to resource stewardship with the global preservation community.

·· Excellence: We strive continually to learn and improve so that we may achieve the highest ideals of public service.

·· Integrity: We deal honestly and fairly with the public and one another.

·· Tradition: We are proud of it; we learn from it; we are not bound by it.

·· Respect: We embrace each other’s differences so that we may enrich the well-being of everyone.

The National Park Service is a bureau within the Department of the Interior. While numerous national park system units were created prior to 1916, it was not until August 25, 1916, that President Woodrow Wilson signed the National Park Service Organic Act formally establishing the National Park Service.

The national park system continues to grow and comprises more than 400 park units covering more than 84 million acres in every state, the District of Columbia, American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. These units include, but are not limited to, national parks, monuments, battlefields, military parks, historical parks, historic sites, lakeshores, seashores, recreation areas, scenic rivers and trails, and the White House. The variety and diversity of park units throughout the nation require a strong commitment to resource stewardship and management to ensure both the protection and enjoyment of these resources for future generations.

The arrowhead was authorized as the official National Park Service emblem by the Secretary of the Interior on July 20, 1951. The sequoia tree and bison represent vegetation and wildlife, the mountains and water represent scenic and recreational values, and the arrowhead represents historical and archeological values.

Introduction Every unit of the national park system will have a foundational document to provide basic guidance for planning and management decisions—a foundation for planning and management. The core components of a foundation document include a brief description of the park, as well as the park’s purpose, significance, fundamental resources and values, other important resources and values, and interpretive themes. The foundation document also includes special mandates and administrative commitments, an assessment of planning and data needs that identifies planning issues, planning products to be developed, and the associated studies and data required for park planning. Along with the core components, the assessment provides a focus for park planning activities and establishes a baseline from which planning documents are developed.

A primary benefit of developing a foundation document is the opportunity to integrate and coordinate all kinds and levels of planning from a single, shared understanding of what is most important about the park. The process of developing a foundation document begins with gathering and integrating information about the park. Next, this information is refined and focused to determine what the most important attributes of the park are. The process of preparing a foundation document aids park managers, staff, and the public in identifying and clearly stating in one document the essential information that is necessary for park management to consider when determining future planning efforts, outlining key planning issues, and protecting resources and values that are integral to park purpose and identity.

While not included in this document, a park atlas is also part of a foundation project. The atlas is a series of maps compiled from available geographic information system (GIS) data on natural and cultural resources, visitor use patterns, facilities, and other topics. It serves as a GIS-based support tool for planning and park operations. The atlas is published as a (hard copy) paper product and as geospatial data for use in a web mapping environment. The park atlas for Pecos National Historical Park can be accessed online at: http://insideparkatlas.nps.gov/.

Part 1: Core Components The core components of a foundation document include a brief description of the park, park purpose, significance statements, fundamental resources and values, other important resources and values, and interpretive themes. These components are core because they typically do not change over time. Core components are expected to be used in future planning and management efforts.

Brief Description of the Park Pecos National Historical Park is 28 miles southeast of Santa Fe, New Mexico. Most of the park lies in the upper Pecos River Valley. This narrow valley is bordered by the 13,000-foot Sangre de Cristo Mountains to the north, the rugged hills of the Tecolote Range to the east, and the steep Glorieta Mesa to the west. The 8,200-foot Glorieta Mesa escarpment is the most prominent geographic feature in the area, rising abruptly above the 7,000-foot valley floor.

The upper Pecos River Basin is part of a broad pass through the Sangre de Cristo Mountains.

This passageway skirts the south end of the Tecolote Range and extends up the Pecos Valley before traversing the gentle slopes of Glorieta Pass west to the Apache Canyon area and the Rio Grande Valley.

Historically, the Pecos River Valley was a diverse area, with successive populations funneling through the valley. The Paleo-Indians, Archaic peoples, Basketmakers, and Puebloan peoples all left evidence of early use and settlement in the valley. Situated in a strategic location along the trade path between pueblo farmers of the Rio Grande and hunting tribes of the buffalo plains, the Pecos Indians built a fortress-like pueblo during the 15th century, which became the trading center for the region.

Two generations after Coronado’s visit in 1542, the Spanish established a mission at Pecos, and the economic contacts continued. By the late 1700s, Hispanic settlers occupied most of the land in the Pecos Valley. Inhabitants saw commerce increase again with the development of a trade route from St. Louis to Santa Fe, which became known as the Santa Fe Trail.

This route to Santa Fe was also used for military expeditions during the Mexican War and the American Civil War. The two areas included in the Glorieta Unit (Pigeon’s Ranch and Cañoncito) were the setting for one of the Civil War’s most important southwestern battles— the Battle of Glorieta Pass. With the advent of railroads, the gateway provided a natural passage through the basin. Over time, almost all of the trails, roads, railroads, and highways followed the ancient trade and travel routes from the Great Plains to the Rio Grande Valley. Today, the park contains outstanding remnants of the area’s history set in a 20th-century ranch backdrop.

Over the years, despite the advent of modern towns and ranches, the scene has remained virtually unchanged. In 2013, the park received more than 37,000 visitors.

Park Purpose The purpose statement identifies the specific reason(s) for establishment of a particular park.

The purpose statement for Pecos National Historical Park was drafted through a careful analysis of its enabling legislation and the legislative history that influenced its development.

The park was initially established as a national monument when the enabling legislation adopted by Congress was signed into law on June 28, 1965. Subsequent legislation expanded the park and renamed the monument a national historical park (see appendix A). The purpose statement lays the foundation for understanding what is most important about the park.

The purpose of Pecos National Historical Park is to interpret the history of the Pecos area and its “gateway” role between the plains and the Rio Grande Valley and to preserve and protect natural and cultural resources of the Pecos Pueblo, Spanish missions, Santa Fe Trail, Civil War

Battle of Glorieta Pass, and Forked Lightning Ranch.

Park Significance Significance statements express why a park’s resources and values are important enough to merit designation as a unit of the national park system. These statements are linked to the purpose of Pecos National Historical Park, and are supported by data, research, and consensus.

Statements of significance describe the distinctive nature of the park and why an area is important within a global, national, regional, and systemwide context. They focus on the most important resources and values that will assist in park planning and management.

The following significance statements have been identified for Pecos National Historical Park.

(Please note that the sequence of the statements does not reflect the level of significance.)

Multicultural Crossroads and Commerce – The upper Pecos River Valley is a multicultural crossroads where trade, commerce, settlement, and conflict shaped the culture of the region. Glorieta Pass, the gateway through the southern Sangre de Cristo Mountains, contains prehistoric, historic, and modern routes, connecting the Rio Grande Valley area with other destinations.

Living Landscape, Scenery, and Cultural Continuity – The area of Pecos Pueblo, in use from past to present, is a place still valued and used for traditional practices by descendants of those who settled here.

Kidder’s Landmark Archeology – Alfred V. Kidder’s innovative use of stratigraphy and nomenclature at Pecos provides the foundation for modern Southwest archeology. The park hosts the annual archeological Pecos Conference every five years and conserves a world-class museum collection of artifacts and documents with cultural and scientific value.

Upper Pecos River Watershed – The Upper Pecos River watershed and its natural resources provide a diverse landscape that has nurtured settlement and facilitated multicultural interactions. These resources were important to people living in the region in the past and continue to be enjoyed by people today.

American Civil War Comes to the West – The park includes Pigeon’s Ranch and Cañoncito, the location of the 1862 Civil War Battle of Glorieta Pass. The outcome of this battle, fought along the Santa Fe Trail, halted Confederate advancement into the West.

Forked Lightning Ranch – This Pueblo Revival style ranch was first owned and developed by Tex Austin, who introduced the concept of dude ranching into the Pecos Valley. Later the ranch was acquired by Col. E. E. “Buddy” Fogelson and Greer Garson.

Their generosity and support was instrumental in the establishment of the Pecos National Monument and later designation as Pecos National Historical Park.

Colonization, Conflict, and Change – The expansion of Spanish presence and influence over civil, agrarian, and religious practices is reflected throughout the pueblo landscape. Archeological evidence documents the construction of a Spanish mission complex, including one of the largest churches in 17th-century New Mexico.

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Fundamental Resources and Values Fundamental resources and values (FRVs) are those features, systems, processes, experiences, stories, scenes, sounds, smells, or other attributes determined to warrant primary consideration during planning and management processes because they are essential to achieving the purpose of the park and maintaining its significance. Fundamental resources and values are closely related to a park’s legislative purpose and are more specific than significance statements.

Fundamental resources and values help focus planning and management efforts on what is truly significant about the park. One of the most important responsibilities of NPS managers is to ensure the conservation and public enjoyment of those qualities that are essential (fundamental) to achieving the purpose of the park and maintaining its significance. If fundamental resources and values are allowed to deteriorate, the park purpose and/or significance could be jeopardized.

The following fundamental resources and values have been identified for Pecos National Historical Park:

·· Pecos Pueblo and Spanish Missions – The remains of a prehistoric pueblo stand alongside the weathered adobe walls of a Spanish Colonial-era church on a ridge in a valley shared by the Glorieta Creek and Pecos River. Because of the advantageous position at the juncture of trade between the people of the Rio Grande Valley and the plains tribes, the people of the Pecos Pueblo acted as trading hosts to the surrounding cultures, becoming economically powerful, while successfully maintaining their cultural identity as Puebloan, and evolving into a regional power. However, in 1540, with the arrival of Francisco Vasquez de Coronado’s expedition into the northern Rio Grande Valley, life at the Pecos Pueblo changed significantly. New Spain’s frontier advanced into pueblo villages in an attempt to convert the Pecos people and colonize their land. For nearly two centuries, the Spanish lived immediately adjacent to the Pecos Pueblo, constructed a mission complex, established the largest church in the region, and successfully farmed the land. Despite some resentment and conflict during the Spanish colonization period, the Pecos Puebloans were sometimes allies and traders with the Spanish. The people of the Pecos Pueblo largely lived amicably with the Spanish settlers, but conflict was often present and especially evident during the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 when many missions (including the 17th century church at Pecos) were destroyed and Spanish missionaries and colonists were driven out of the Pecos area, only to return years later. Then after decades of suffering diseases and increased attacks from nearby tribes, the last remaining Pecos people left to join their brethren at Jemez Pueblo in 1838. Today the people of Jemez Pueblo have several religious societies continuing some of the traditional ceremonies and traditions from the prehistoric Pecos Pueblo and revere their ancestral lands greatly. Today, the ruins of the Pecos Pueblo and Spanish Mission Complex stand ready to testify to the complicated nature of their existence.

·· Cultural Continuity – Many descendants of past inhabitants and settlers still live in the surrounding area and have a strong connection to this landscape and scenery. There are several special ceremonies in the pueblo and mission church that descendants participate in each year. The park serves as a tangible link to the past by providing connections to both personal heritage and the general history of individuals, families, and groups.

·· Archeology, Museum Collections, and Archives – Alfred V. Kidder conducted archeological excavations at the abandoned Pecos Pueblo from 1915 to 1929, generating a collection of artifacts that was used to create a basic chronology for the cultural periods of the entire Southwest region. As one of the first archeologists to use the systematic method of stratigraphy, Kidder laid the foundation for modern archeological field methods and established the Pecos Conference. The Peabody Museum retains the rights to the artifacts and documentation from Kidder’s excavations; however, a majority of these materials are housed on-site in either the park curatorial storage facility or visitor center museum.

·· Natural Resources of the Upper Pecos River Watershed – The natural resources of the Upper Pecos River watershed have influenced the long sequence of commerce, settlement, and conflict of the area. This reliable water source, and riparian/wetland habitat, is a rare ecosystem in the arid Southwest.

·· Features Associated with the Civil War Battle of Glorieta Pass – The park contains many sites and remnant features related to the 1862 Civil War Battle of Glorieta Pass.

Located along the Santa Fe Trail, the main military route between Santa Fe and Fort Union, Pigeon’s Ranch provided the setting for three days of battle between Union and Confederate forces. The Cañoncito Unit preserves the site where Union forces were successful in destroying the Confederate supply lines, an ambush that ultimately led to the permanent Confederate retreat from the Southwest. In the main unit of the park, the Union Army’s Camp Lewis was adjacent to Kozlowski’s stage stop and trading post. The trading post also served as an army field hospital. A number of Civil War artifacts, such as bullets, buttons, epaulets, cannonballs, sabre, photographs, and surgical instruments, form a part of the park’s museum collections.

·· Forked Lightning Ranch – Composed of parcels from the original old Pecos Pueblo Land Grant, the various components of the Forked Lighting Ranch span a range of historic occupation and use. The remains of Kozlowski’s Stage Stop on the Santa Fe Trail (1858–1880) ultimately became part of Tex Austin’s ranch headquarters and trading post when he purchased 5,500 acres in 1925. Austin commissioned John Gaw Meem, famous Pueblo Revival architect, to build the main ranch house on a bluff above the Pecos River. From the nine bedroom ranch house, Austin operated Forked Lightning as a dude ranch for tourists visiting New Mexico and a working cattle ranch reputed to run several thousand head of cattle on 100,000 acres of leased grazing land in the Pecos Valley. Dallas oil man and rancher E. E. “Buddy” Fogelson purchased the ranch in 1941, expanding it to 13,000 acres. He kept a small herd of Santa Gertrudis cattle and used the main ranch house for his summer home with his wife, actress Greer Garson. Much of the property was sold to The Conservation Fund in the 1980s and was later acquired by the federal government and added to the park for the purpose of preserving and interpreting the cultural and natural resources associated with the ranch and within the park.

·· Opportunities for Visitor Understanding – The park was expanded in 1990 to interpret the history of the Pecos area and it’s “gateway” role between the plains and Rio Grande Valley. Park staff, visitor center exhibits, guided tours, self-guided interpretive trails, and educational media provide park and virtual visitors with a wide variety of opportunities to enjoy the park, inspire people’s quest for knowledge, and build a deeper understanding of the park’s resources and multi-themed histories. There are few modern intrusions visible from the park, so visitors can still experience a view similar to what people of prehistoric times saw.

Other Important Resources and Values Pecos National Historical Park contains other resources and values that are not fundamental to the purpose of the park and may be unrelated to its significance, but are important to consider in planning processes. These are referred to as “other important resources and values” (OIRV).

These resources and values have been selected because they are important in the operation and management of the park and warrant special consideration in park planning.

The following other important resources and values have been identified for Pecos National Historical Park:

·· E. E. Fogelson Visitor Center and Museum – As visitors come to Pecos National Historical Park, they are oriented to the park at the E. E. Fogelson Visitor Center and Museum. It was opened to the public in 1984; many of the exhibits were donated by E.

E. “Buddy” Fogelson and Greer Garson. Local artisans contributed to the building’s unique features that can be seen in the woodwork and tin finishes.

·· Hispanic Homesteads – When Mexico gained independence from Spain, the settlement patterns through the land grant process continued through the early years of the 19th century. Five Hispanic homesteads were established within what are today’s park boundaries. These sites have a period of occupation from 1820–1930s.

Homesteaders existed on a subsistence economy, with fishing and hunting used to augment agriculture and ranching. Farming occurred along the river, while the uplands provided grazing for goats, sheep, and cattle. The park preserves the remnant landscape features representing these historic land use activities. The unique culture of homesteaders serves as the foundation for many who still live in the local area.

·· Opportunities for Recreation – Legislation in the 1990s that added the Forked Lightning Ranch and the Glorieta Battlefield expanded the park from 342 acres to 6,703 acres. This vast scenic expanse of relatively undeveloped land has great potential for current and future visitors to experience and appreciate the park in different ways.

Interpretive Themes Interpretive themes are often described as the key stories or concepts that visitors should understand after visiting a park—they define the most important ideas or concepts communicated to visitors about a park unit. Themes are derived from, and should reflect, park purpose, significance, resources, and values. The set of interpretive themes is complete when it provides the structure necessary for park staff to develop opportunities for visitors to explore and relate to all park significance statements and fundamental and other important resources and values.

Interpretive themes are an organizational tool that reveal and clarify meaning, concepts, contexts, and values represented by park resources. Sound themes are accurate and reflect current scholarship and science. They encourage exploration of the context in which events or natural processes occurred and the effects of those events and processes. Interpretive themes go beyond a mere description of the event or process to foster multiple opportunities to experience and consider the park and its resources. These themes help explain why a park story is relevant to people who may otherwise be unaware of connections they have to an event, time, or place associated with the park.

The following interpretive themes have been identified for Pecos National Historical Park:

·· The Pecos Pueblo story of an ancestral homeland reflects an indigenous people and their encounters with a variety of cultures that resulted in gradual cultural disruption, devastation, and ongoing retention of way-of-life.

·· The natural features of the landscape, including the Pecos River and its tributaries, established the scenic backdrop against which people (past and present) adapted their survival strategies.

·· The overlay of numerous significant trade routes, from precontact through Santa Fe Trail, railroad, pre-1937 historic Route 66, and interstate highway through the Pecos Valley, illuminates the importance of this physical location. The Santa Fe Trail extended the international trade passing through the Pecos Valley, diversifying people, ideas, values, language, ideologies, and material goods.

·· As a result of the Battle of Glorieta Pass, Union presence was solidified in the Southwest changing the social, economic, and political dynamics of the region; the future of the people of the New Mexico territory was forever altered.

·· The multicultural crossroads of what is now New Mexico has been challenged many times throughout history, bringing diverse communities together in both conflict and peace.

·· The Pecos Missions provide the opportunity to consider the effect of Spanish culture on the daily life (including traditional religion, social structure, and technology) of the Pueblo people.

·· The Kidder excavations at Pecos Pueblo set a precedent for applying archeological methods that promote scientific study, education, appreciation, and understanding of Southwest archeology.

·· The Forked Lightning Ranch provides an opportunity to reflect on the role of ranching in northern New Mexico. This includes the stories of land grants, early Hispanic communities, cowboy/entrepreneur Tex Austin, and its subsequent owners Colonel E.

E. “Buddy” Fogelson and actress wife Greer Garson.

Part 2: Dynamic Components The dynamic components of a foundation document include special mandates and administrative commitments and an assessment of planning and data needs. These components are dynamic because they will change over time. New special mandates can be established and new administrative commitments made. As conditions and trends of fundamental and other important resources and values change over time, the analysis of planning and data needs will need to be revisited and revised, along with key issues. Therefore, this part of the foundation document will be updated accordingly.

Special Mandates and Administrative Commitments Many management decisions for a park unit are directed or influenced by special mandates and administrative commitments with other federal agencies, state and local governments, utility companies, partnering organizations, and other entities. Special mandates are requirements specific to a park that must be fulfilled. Mandates can be expressed in enabling legislation, in separate legislation following the establishment of the park, or through a judicial process.

They may expand on park purpose or introduce elements unrelated to the purpose of the park. Administrative commitments are, in general, agreements that have been reached through formal, documented processes, often through memorandums of agreement. Examples include easements, rights-of-way, arrangements for emergency service responses, etc. Special mandates and administrative commitments can support, in many cases, a network of partnerships that help fulfill the objectives of the park and facilitate working relationships with other organizations. They are an essential component of managing and planning for Pecos National Historical Park.

·· Public Law 101-536 indicates that “Lands may not be acquired for purposes of the Glorieta Unit without the consent of the owner thereof unless the Secretary determines that, in his judgment, the property is subject to, or threatened with, uses which are having, or would have, an adverse impact on the Glorieta Unit or on the management of the Glorieta Unit.”

·· National Trails System Act of October 19, 1988 (16 USC §§ 1241-1251; PL 90-543), establishes a national trail system and includes historic trail resources of national importance. PL 100-35 amended the National Trails System Act to add the Santa Fe National Historic Trail to the national trail system. A portion of this trail traverses through Pecos National Historical Park and requires coordination and consultation with national historic trail managers for park management activities related to the trail.

For more information about the administrative commitments for Pecos National Historical Park, please see appendix B.

Assessment of Planning and Data Needs Once the core components of part 1 of the foundation document have been identified, it is important to gather and evaluate existing information about the park’s fundamental and other important resources and values, and develop a full assessment of the park’s planning and data needs. The assessment of planning and data needs section presents planning issues, the planning projects that will address these issues, and the associated information requirements for planning, such as resource inventories and data collection, including GIS data.

There are three sections in the assessment of planning and data needs:

1. identification of key issues and associated planning and data needs

2. analysis of fundamental and other important resources and values

3. identification of planning and data needs (including spatial mapping activities or GIS maps)

The analysis of fundamental and other important resources and values and identification of key issues leads up to, and supports the identification of planning and data collection needs.

Identification of Key Issues and Associated Planning and Data Needs This section considers key issues to be addressed in planning and management and therefore takes a broader view over the primary focus of part 1. A key issue focuses on a question that is important for a park. Key issues often raise questions regarding park purpose and significance and fundamental and other important resources and values. For example, a key issue may pertain to the potential for a fundamental or other important resource or value in a park to be detrimentally affected by discretionary management decisions. A key issue may also address crucial questions that are not directly related to purpose and significance, but which still affect them indirectly. Usually, a key issue is one that a future planning effort or data collection needs to address and requires a decision by NPS managers.

The following are key issues for Pecos National Historical Park and the associated planning and data needs to address them:

·· Preservation of Park Resources – There are a number of issues and challenges the park is facing related to preservation of park resources. The nature of the pueblo and Spanish mission adobe ruins require continual preservation efforts by park crews.

The spread of nonnative plant species is changing the vegetative composition of the cultural and natural landscapes. A draft cultural landscape inventory was prepared but not finalized due to the current vacancy in the regional cultural landscape program coordinator position. An historic preservation plan was completed a number of years ago but is in need of updating.

Although a statistically significant increase in mean annual temperature and precipitation have been observed, projections suggest continued increase in mean annual temperature, while precipitation projections show minimal to significant decreases (-25%), resulting in a much dryer landscape. There is the projection for more intense/frequent storm events that would be episodic and could result in significant flood events. Related impacts could include reduction of water resources on the landscape, increases in fire frequency/intensity, increase in invasive species, and dieback of pinon and ponderosa pine. If regional trends continue, resource managers must consider what actions may be taken to mitigate the effects of climate change on park resources and what strategies for adaptation should be considered. Preparing a climate change vulnerability assessment and initiating climate change scenario planning would provide guidance for park managers to proactively respond to this evolving challenge, while also ensuring consistency and continuity in preservation and resource management activities.

-- Associated data needs: Complete cultural landscape inventory (currently 95% complete) and prepare a climate change vulnerability assessment.

-- Associated planning needs: Prepare a cultural landscape report after completing the cultural landscape inventory, initiate climate change scenario planning, update the historic preservation plan, and prepare a vegetation management plan.

·· Visitor Enjoyment of Park Resources and Values – There is great potential for expanding the range of visitor enjoyment opportunities at Pecos. The addition of the Forked Lightning Ranch and the Glorieta Battlefield in 1990 have brought two additional, but distinct categories of fundamental resources, values, and interpretive themes that need to be protected, as well as shared with the park visitor. The park has pursued resource inventories, assessed resource conditions, and conducted a pilot fishing program. Guidance is needed for providing visitor access and managing recreational activities in the backcountry areas of the ranch, as well as providing a more comprehensive program for visitor understanding of the features and events related to the Civil War Battle of Glorieta Pass.

-- Associated data needs: Assess visitor expectations for recreational activities in the backcountry, quantify potential visitor impacts (hiking, fishing, etc.) on the riverine environment, and develop GIS data of potential travel corridors and sensitive features in backcountry (these items could be initiated prior to or during a backcountry planning effort).

-- Associated planning needs: Update the comprehensive interpretive plan, develop a backcountry management plan, and initiate a concept plan for visitor access, experience and understanding of the Glorieta battle.

·· Partnership Potential – The Friends of Pecos National Historical Park have been a very productive friends group for the park. One of their most successful accomplishments to date includes the funding and development of a trailhead parking area and 2.3-mile-long interpretive trail in the Glorieta Unit of the park. The trail provides access to an area overlooking the Glorieta Battlefield and provides visitors with an overview of the troop movements that occurred during this three-day battle.

The friends group is eager to continue assisting the park with an expanded range of visitor opportunities related to understanding the Battle of Glorieta Pass. There are a number of other Civil War era features that could be interpreted, including the Santa Fe Trail, Kozlowski’s Trading Post, and Pigeon’s Ranch—although a comprehensive plan for considering options has not been fully developed. There are some key NPS decisions needed in order to encourage additional donors and support to more fully provide for this unique visitor opportunity.

-- Associated data needs: Assess visitor expectations for the Glorieta Unit.

-- Associated planning needs: Initiate a concept plan for visitor access, experience, and understanding of the Battle of Glorieta Pass.

·· Relevancy – With the upcoming NPS centennial celebration, and the goal to connect with and create the next generation of park visitors, supporters, and advocates, there are a number of initiatives underway. Park websites will be redesigned servicewide.

Content management will dramatically change, and the park will need to address how visitors can explore the park remotely via online digital media prior to their visits, as well as accessing this information while visiting the park. Park staff will also need the training and ongoing capability for website and data management. Opportunities for WiFi access at the visitor center and on park trails are currently being explored.

There are opportunities for the park’s friends group and Western National Parks Association (WNPA) to work together on marketing the park and assisting with the new technologies that are available. The park would like to encourage visitation, but current road signage is lacking along the interstate, state roads, and in Pecos village. A parkwide sign plan would outline the actions needed in order to work toward the goal of enhanced wayfinding to park features.

-- Associated data needs: Develop a new park video.

-- Associated planning needs: Develop an information technology plan, and initiate a parkwide sign plan.

·· Operational Efficiency – There are a number of areas the park would like to explore to enhance their operational efficiency; however, the topics of office space and staffing are the most urgent. Staff offices are spread over a number of facilities throughout the park.

A balance of work and office space is needed to ensure visitor satisfaction and operational efficiency. A review of WNPA staff presence and office space should be examined to fulfill the mission of the National Park Service and the terms of the cooperative agreement with the Western National Parks Association.

Currently, some of the greatest challenges for the park’s law enforcement staff involve visitor use (trash dumping in the park, tree cutting, metal detecting, and boundary encroachment). Law enforcement responsibilities also include supporting Fort Union National Monument for 6–8 special events annually, as well as specific case incidents.

This often results in reactive, not proactive, patrols of the park. Current staffing is limited to three commissioned officers, one position of which is currently vacant due to retirement.

A space management plan would allow consideration of a more efficient assignment of administration space so that key personnel are more strategically located near their areas of responsibilities. A staffing management plan would provide guidance on identifying and assigning appropriate expertise to address the full array of responsibilities at the park.

-- Associated planning needs: Develop a staffing management plan and consider a space management plan.

Analysis of Fundamental Resources and Values The fundamental resource or value analysis table includes current conditions, potential threats and opportunities, planning and data needs, and selected laws and NPS policies related to management of the identified resource or value.

Fundamental Resource or Value

Pecos Pueblo and Spanish Missions

Related Significance Statements

Significance statements #1, #2, #3, and #7.

Current Conditions and Trends

Conditions

• The pueblo is in good to fair condition; most features are at grade and protected, except for some kivas that partially extend above grade and are exposed to the elements.

• The two reconstructed kivas (open to the public) are in good to fair conditions.

• The pueblo boundary wall is in good condition.

• The adobe Spanish mission is in good to fair condition due to recent and ongoing stabilization efforts. The mission is standing architecture and is exposed to the elements.

• The cultural landscape is in fair condition resulting from the spread of nonnative invasive species.

Trends

• The condition of resources is improving because of the encapsulation at the mission complex. There are continuous stabilization efforts at the mission and occasionally at the open kivas in the pueblo. The boundary wall surrounding the pueblo was recently repaired after a rain event.

• Natural processes are causing some amount of decline, have done so historically, and will continue to do so in the future.

Threats and Opportunities

Threats

• Erosional processes.

• Weathering effects: wind/rain/snow/gravity.

• Climate change and its associated influences (e.g., accelerated erosion, exposure, and/or damage to cultural resources).

• Earthquake potential.

• Spread of nonnative invasive species.

• Vandalism, graffiti, theft of shards, Archaeological Resources Protection Act violations.

• Inconsistent preservation funding for the long-term (decades), unable to provide a permanent preservation crew, loss of traditional masonry skills.

• Special events have the potential to impact resources through vandalism, artifact theft, disturbance of the ground and archeological features, and inadvertent damage to historic fabric.

• Visitor use impacts.

• Use of chemical bonding agents as an amendment in the bricks used to veneer and protect original material has not been adequately studied and could be negatively impacting original adobe material by trapping moisture. This issue needs to be studied in more detail.

Opportunities

• Partnering with Jemez Pueblo for preservation and interpretation.

• Expand special programs, so visitors may experience the pueblo and mission after hours (night programs, concerts, etc.), given that staffing and visitor impacts are appropriately managed.

• Improve the pueblo ruin trail surface.

• Remove nonnative vegetation and restore sites.

Fundamental Resource or Value

Pecos Pueblo and Spanish Missions

Existing Data and Plans Related to the

FRV

Data and/or GIS Needs

in amended adobe).

Planning Needs

Laws, Executive Orders, and Regulations That Apply to the FRV, and NPS Policy-level Guidance

Laws, Executive Orders, and Regulations That Apply to the FRV

Land, and Other Natural and Cultural Resources”

NPS Policy-level Guidance (NPS Management Policies 2006 and Director’s Orders)

Guidelines for the Treatment of Cultural Landscapes

“Protection of Historic Properties” (36 CFR 800)

• Programmatic Agreement among the National Park Service (US Department of the

Interior), the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, and the National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers for Compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act

Fundamental Resource or Value

Cultural Continuity

Related Significance Statements

Significance statements #1, #2, and #7.

Current Conditions and Trends

Conditions

• Relationships are good. The park maintains a good relationship with the Pueblo of Jemez, Village of Pecos, and Hispanic descendants.

• Cultural demonstrations are good to fair. There are ongoing cultural demonstrations with the pueblos and minimal interaction of this type with the regional Hispanic population, although artwork from local descendants is displayed in the visitor center.

Trends

• Stable.

Threats and Opportunities

Threats

Opportunities

Jemez, and Phillips Andover in Boston.

• Encourage tribal participation in developing interpretive programs, expand agreements with Jemez Pueblo.

• Connect pueblo/Hispanic people (yesterday and today) by bringing their art and special events to park.

• Improve stakeholder opportunities through volunteer site stewards (for expanding local/ descendent involvement with sites).

• Continue to encourage local school groups to come to the park annually to learn about the history/culture/resources, as well as the science/natural resources, of the park.

• Conduct additional oral histories focusing on American Indian use of the area.

Existing Data and Plans Related to the

FRV

Records (Levine 2002).

• Ethnographic overview (1994).

Data and/or GIS Needs

Planning Needs

Laws, Executive Orders, and Regulations That Apply to the FRV, and NPS Policy-level Guidance

Laws, Executive Orders, and Regulations That Apply to the FRV

NPS Policy-level Guidance (NPS Management Policies 2006 and Director’s Orders)

Fundamental Resource or Value

Archeology, Museum Collections, and Archives

Related Significance Statements

All significance statements.

Current Conditions and Trends

Conditions

• Archeology program is in good condition.

• Museum program in good condition, although space is at a premium, not ideal for researchers to access; office space for curator is limited.

Trends

• Both the archeology and museum programs are stable to improving. Items from the museum collections and archives are housed at the NPS Western Archeological and Conservation Center. Refrigeration provided on-site to protect film. Other museum deficiencies are being addressed.

Threats and Opportunities

Threats

• Natural forces (fire, vegetation, flood).

• Climate change and its associated influences (e.g., accelerated erosion, exposure, and/or damage to archeological sites).

• Potential looting and theft of artifacts.

• Backlog in cataloging museum collections.

• Structural fire – no sprinkler system to protect the collections.

Opportunities

• Introduce site steward program to provide on-site protection of remote resource areas.

• Expand Cooperative Ecosystem Studies Units agreements for research.

• Bring products in to tell visitors the many facets of the Pecos story to visitor.

• Rotation of items from collections for display.

• Secure additional staffing to support program.

Existing Data and Plans Related to the

FRV

• Fire management plan (in draft, almost complete).

• Structural fire management plan (parkwide).

• Integrated pest management plan (in draft).

• Cultural landscape inventory (almost complete).

• Archeological testing of Kozlowski’s Trading Post (2011).

• Archeological investigations – Pigeon’s Ranch (2011).

• Metal detecting archeological reconnaissance – Glorieta (2005).

• Archaeofaunal analysis of a trash midden associated with 17th-century Convento (2002).

• Archeological remote sensing survey of Camp Lewis (1998).

• Collection management plan (1990).

• Cultural resource inventory survey report (2002).

Data and/or GIS Needs

• Curate natural resource collections and records.

• Digitize photos.

• Condition assessment (and monitoring) of backcountry archeology.

• Additional research and data collection of the pueblo trade fair area and Coronado’s camp.

• Condition assessment of backcountry archeological sites.

Fundamental Resource or Value

Archeology, Museum Collections, and Archives

Planning Needs

• Inadvertent discovery plan.

• Redesign/fund new curatorial storage and cultural resource management offices (inadequate fire protection and was not designed to last in perpetuity).

• Complete museum management plans (i.e., integrated pest management plan for museum collection storage facility).

• Cultural landscape report.

Laws, Executive Orders, and Regulations That Apply to the FRV, and NPS Policy-level Guidance

Laws, Executive Orders, and Regulations That Apply to the FRV

• National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended (54 USC §300101 et seq.)

• Historic Sites Act of 1935

• Management of Museum Properties Act of 1955 (PL 84-127)

• Archeological and Historic Preservation Act of 1974

• Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979

• American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978

• Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990

• “Curation of Federally-Owned and Administered Archaeological Collections” (36 CFR 79)

• “Protection of Historic Properties” (36 CFR 800)

• Executive Order 11593, “Protection and Enhancement of the Cultural Environment”

• Executive Order 13653, “Preparing the United States for the Impacts of Climate Change”

• Secretarial Order 3289, “Addressing the Impacts of Climate Change on America’s Water, Land, and Other Natural and Cultural Resources”

NPS Policy-level Guidance (NPS Management Policies 2006 and Director’s Orders)

• NPS Management Policies 2006 (chapter 5)…