Attachment B - LNext Instrument Study IRD - Rev -.pdf

LNext Instrument Study Imaging Requirements Document

LNEXT-PYLD-REQ-0003

Revision -ii

Landsat Next Instrument Study Imaging Requirements Document

Signature/Approval Page

Prepared by:

Electronic signature in TDMS

Evan Webb Date LNext Mission System Manager NASA GSFC/Code 599

Reviewed by:

Joy Henegar-Ieon Date LNext Payload Manager NASA GSFC/Code 426

Approved by:

James Pontius Date LNext Project Manager NASA GSFC/Code 426 iii

Preface

This document is a Landsat Next Project Configuration Management (CM)-controlled document.

Changes to this document require prior approval of the applicable Configuration Control Board (CCB) Chairperson or designee. Proposed changes shall be submitted to the Landsat Next CM Office (CMO), along with supportive material justifying the proposed change. Changes to this document will be made by complete revision.

Questions or comments concerning this document should be addressed to:

NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Landsat Next Project Office, Code 426 Attention: Configuration Management Office Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 iv

Change History Log

Revision Effective Date Description of Changes

- 3/8/2021 LNEXT-CCR-0001 – Initial Release v

List of TBDs/TBRs

Hyperlink to TBx Location Summary Ind.

Name/Org.

Due Date

TBx-1 Section

2.1 LNIS Documentation is TBD

TBx-2 Section

2.2 LNIS Reference Documents are TBD

TBx-3 Section 4.1

LNI-157 The LNIS shall operate within the designed operational parameters when the LNIS Observatory points up to 15 degrees [TBR], off-nadir, to either side of the current orbit plane.

TBx-4 Section

4.1 LNI-161 Rationale is TBD

TBx-5 Section

4.1 LNI-163 Rationale is TBD

TBx-6 Section 4.3.6

LNI-1992 The LNIS shall result in a debris footprint after re-entry of less than TBD square meters, per NASA Procedural Requirement (NPR) 8715.6A, NASA Procedural Requirement for Limiting Orbital Debris and NASA-STD-8719.14A, Process for Limiting Orbital Debris.

TBx-7 Section

5.4.1.2.0-

1 Spectral Bands Center Wavelength Tolerance for Band #1 is TBR

TBx-8 Section 5.4.2.2.1

LNI-593 The ratio of the integrated solar spectra* weighted relative spectral radiance response, outside the 0.01 response points of each defined spectral band to the integrated solar spectra weighted relative spectral radiance response between the 0.01 response points of each defined band, shall be less than 2%(TBR).

TBx-9 Section 5.4.5

LNI-682 VSWIR Band center wavelengths and band edges shall not change by more than ± 2 (TBR) nm over the life of the mission.

TBx-10 Section 5.6.1

LNI-792 The LNIS absolute radiometric uncertainty shall be as given in Table 5.6.1-1 for the range of 0.25 Lref (TBR)to 0.9 LMax (Table 5.6.1-3).

TBx-11 Section 5.7

Note: End-to-end geometric performance is dependent on the performance of the Landsat Next spacecraft bus as well as the LNIS. The LNIS vendor will be responsible for the end-to-end performance described in this section, assuming SC performance is as specified in the LNIS Observatory Interface Requirements Document (TBR).

vi

TBx-12 Section 5.7.3

LNI-2695 For targets at the Earth’s topographic surface, corresponding pixels from the TIR and VSWIR spectral bands in LNIS image data that have been geometrically corrected including compensation for the effects of terrain relief shall be co-registered with an uncertainty of 15 meters (TBR) or less in the line and sample directions at the 90% confidence level.

TBx-13 Section 5.7.5.2

LNI-1080 The pixels for targets at the Earth's topographic surface in geometrically corrected LNIS image data shall be located relative to the WGS84 geodetic reference system, G1762 or current version, with an uncertainty less than or equal to 9m (90% circular error), excluding terrain effects, over any 200 km (TBR) along-swath extent, after the removal of constant offsets. This specification applies to the standard deviation of ground control points measured in the processed image, after compensation for control point height.

TBx-14 Section 6

LNI-1102 The LNIS shall provide a fixed-base fundamental resonant mode frequency of greater than TBD Hertz (Hz) for both launch and on-orbit configurations.

Rationale: A value of TBD Hz should provide adequate margin for the launch vibration environment as well as the on-orbit disturbance environment.

TBx-15 Section 10.1

LNI-1214 The LNIS shall time tag LNIS instrument data with an accuracy relative to the LNIS Observatory time reference of 100 (TBR) microseconds or less, 3-sigma.

vii

Table of Contents SIGNATURE/APPROVAL PAGE ...................................................................................................... II

PREFACE ............................................................................................................................................III

CHANGE HISTORY LOG ................................................................................................................ IV

LIST OF TBDS/TBRS .......................................................................................................................... V

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................... VII

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Scope

2.0 APPLICABLE AND REFERENCE DOCUMENTS

2.1 LNIS Documentation

2.2 Reference Documents

2.3 Literature Reference Documents

3.0 FUNCTIONAL OVERVIEW

4.0 LNIS SYSTEM LEVEL

4.1 General

4.2 LNIS System Lifetime

4.3 Mission Phases

4.3.1 Ground Storage Phase

4.3.2 Pre-Launch Phase

4.3.3 Launch and Early Orbit Phase

4.3.4 Commissioning Phase

4.3.5 Operational Phase

4.3.6 Decommissioning Phase

4.4 Operational Orbit

4.5 Redundant Requirements

4.6 Autonomy

4.7 Availability

4.8 Ground Support Equipment

4.8.1 LNIS Interface Simulator

4.8.2 System Test Equipment

4.8.3 Mechanical Ground Support Equipment

4.8.4 Shipping/ Storage Containers

4.9 Simulator

4.10 Software Development and Verification Facility

5.0 IMAGERY REQUIREMENTS

5.1 General

5.2 LNIS Operational Modes

5.2.1 Survival Mode

5.2.2 Power-On Mode

viii

5.2.3 Decontamination Mode

5.2.4 Operational Mode

5.2.5 Diagnostic Mode

5.2.6 Safe Mode

5.3 Data Processing Algorithms

5.3.1 Radiometric Correction Algorithms

5.3.1.1 Detector Bias Determination

5.3.1.2 Conversion to Radiance

5.3.1.2.1 Conversion to Radiance Algorithm Restrictions

5.3.1.3 Conversion to Reflectance

5.3.1.4 Conversion to Temperature

5.3.1.5 Inoperable Detector Replacement

5.3.2 Geometric Correction Algorithms

5.3.2.1 Ancillary Data Preprocessing

5.3.2.2 Line-of-Sight Model Creation

5.3.2.3 LOS Projection

5.3.2.3.1 LOS Projection to the Earth Ellipsoid Surface

5.3.2.3.2 LOS Projection of the Terrain Surface

5.3.2.4 LOS Model Correction

5.3.3 Image Resampling

5.3.3.1 Input Image to Resampled Output Image Mapping

5.3.3.2 Resampling Interpolation Method

5.3.4 Data Processing Algorithm Performance

5.4 Spectral Bands

5.4.1 Spectral Band Passes

5.4.1.1 Spectral Band Edges

5.4.1.2 Center Wavelength

5.4.1.3 TIR Response Uniformity

5.4.2 Spectral Band Shape

5.4.2.1 Spectral Flatness

5.4.2.1.1 Flatness between Band Edges

5.4.2.1.1.1 Average Response

5.4.2.1.1.2 Minimum Response

5.4.2.1.2 Flatness between 0.8 Relative Response Points

5.4.2.2 Out of Band Response

5.4.2.2.1 VSWIR Beyond 0.01 Relative Response Points

5.4.2.2.2 TIR Out of Band Response

5.4.2.2.3 Response at Outer Wavelengths

5.4.2.2.3.1 VNIR

5.4.2.2.3.2 SWIR

5.4.3 Relative Spectral Response Edge Slope

5.4.3.1 Lower Edge Slope Wavelength Intervals

5.4.3.2 Upper Edge Slope Wavelength Intervals

5.4.4 Spectral Uniformity

5.4.5 Spectral Stability

5.4.6 Spectral Band Simultaneity

ix

5.5 Spatial Performance

5.5.1 Ground Sample Distance

5.5.1.1 Pixel-to-Pixel Increment

5.5.2 Edge Response

5.5.2.1 Response Slope

5.5.2.2 Half Edge Extent

5.5.2.3 Edge Response Overshoot

5.5.2.4 Edge Response Ripple

5.5.2.5 Edge Response Uniformity

5.5.3 Aliasing

5.5.4 Light Rejection and Internal Scattering

5.5.5 Ghosting

5.6 Radiometry

5.6.1 Absolute Radiometric Uncertainty

5.6.2 Radiometric Signal-to-Noise and Uniformity

5.6.2.1 Detector Signal-to-Noise Ratios

5.6.2.2 Data Quantization

5.6.2.3 Pixel-to-Pixel Uniformity

5.6.2.3.1 Full Field of View

5.6.2.3.2 Banding

5.6.2.3.3 Streaking

5.6.2.3.4 Temporal Stability

5.6.2.4 Coherent Noise

5.6.3 Saturation Radiances

5.6.4 Polarization Sensitivity

5.6.5 Radiometric Stability

5.6.6 Image Artifacts

5.6.6.1 Bright Target Recovery

5.6.7 Dead, Inoperable, and Out-of-Spec Detectors

5.7 Geometric Precision, Geolocation, and Cartographic Registration

5.7.1 VSWIR Band-to-Band Registration Accuracy

5.7.2 TIR Band-to-Band Registration Accuracy

5.7.3 TIR to VSWIR Band-to-Band Registration Accuracy

5.7.4 Image-to-Image Registration Accuracy

5.7.5 Geodetic Accuracy

5.7.5.1 Absolute Geodetic Accuracy

5.7.5.2 Relative Geodetic Accuracy

5.7.6 Geometric Accuracy

5.8 In-Flight Calibration

6.0 STRUCTURAL AND MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

7.0 THERMAL CONTROL

8.0 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

9.0 FLIGHT SOFTWARE

9.1 General

x

9.2 Event Logging

9.3 Initialization

9.3.1 Cold Restart

9.4 Failure Detection, Protection and Correction

9.5 Hardware Commands

10.0 COMMAND AND DATA HANDLING

10.1 General

10.2 Data Compression and Non-Uniformity Correction

10.2.1 Image Data Compression

10.2.2 Image Data Non-Uniformity Correction

10.3 Telemetry

10.4 Command Capability

11.0 SYSTEM MARGINS

11.1 Technical Resources Margins

APPENDIX A. ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

APPENDIX B. GLOSSARY

List of Figures

Figure 5.5.2.1-1 Relative Edge Response Figure 5.6.2.3-1 Top of Atmosphere Spectra for Uniformity Analyses

List of Tables

Table 2.1-1 Applicable Documents Table 2.2-1 Reference Documents Table 2.3-1 Literature Reference Documents Table 5.4.1.2-1 Spectral Bands Table 5.4.3.2-1 Spectral Edge Slope Intervals for Reflective Bands Table 5.5.2-1 GSD, Minimum Edge Slope and Maximum Half Edge Extent Specifications ..16 Table 5.5.5-1 Ghosting Requirements Table 5.6.1-1 VSWIR Bands Absolute Radiometric Uncertainty Requirements Table 5.6.1-2 TIR Bands Absolute Radiometric Uncertainty Requirements Table 5.6.1-3 Reference Radiances, Noise Requirements, and Minimum Saturation Level

Requirements Table 5.7-1 Image Requirement to Processing Algorithm Verification Mapping

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 SCOPE

The Landsat Next Instrument Study Requirements Document establishes a draft set of Level 3 requirements for the Landsat Next Imager Suite (LNIS) imaging sensor(s) for a design study in support of the Landsat Next Project. As a level 3 document, it contains the functional and performance requirements.

These requirements do not assume the LNIS must be implemented only as a single instrument or telescope and is intended to allow for a wide range of instrument solutions, including scanning methods and disaggregation by spectral regions. However, if multiple imagers are employed, it must be shown how key relative requirements such as Band-to-Band registration and Simultaneity are achieved, as described in the instrument study SOW.

These requirements are specific to this Study, and will likely change to some extent when an eventual implementation solicitation is issued. As a study requirements document, a number of functional and performance requirements that would normally be included in a requirements document to instrument implementation have been omitted. Many of the subject headings have been left in as reserved and will be elucidated for implementation.

The following definitions apply to the action verbs used in this requirements document:

• Shall: Directive- required to comply

• May: Permissive - allows an option for compliance

• Will: Informative - states conditions or work that will be achieved outside of the context of this study, could be done by the Government or outside entities

• Should: Advisory – gives guidance to the Contractor for the performance of this study

• Must: Advisory – notifies the Contractor of important relevant conditions that may be outside the context of this study

2.0 APPLICABLE AND REFERENCE DOCUMENTS

2.1 LNIS DOCUMENTATION

TBD

Table 2.1-1 Applicable Documents

Number

Document Title

2.2 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS

TBD

Table 2.2-1 Reference Documents

Document Number Revision/ Release Date Document Title

NPR 8715.6B B/February 16, 2017 NASA Procedural Requirement for Limiting Orbital Debris and NASA-STD-8719.14A, Process for Limiting Orbital

Debris NASA-STD-8719.14B B/2019-04-25 Process for Limiting Orbital Debris

2.3 LITERATURE REFERENCE DOCUMENTS

For additional clarification reference is made to documents in the open literature. These documents should be used for clarification and understanding of the requirement. These documents do not constitute additional requirements.

Table 2.3-1 Literature Reference Documents

Auth ors

Document Number Revis ion/

Relea se

Date

Docume nt Title

A.

Berk, P.

Conf orti, R.

Kenn ett, T.

Perki ns, F.

Haw es, and J.

van den

Bosc h

Proc. SPIE 9088, Algorithms and Technologies for Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Imagery XX, 90880H (June 13, 2014); doi:10.1117/12.2050433

June 13, MODTR

AN6: a major upgrade of the

MODTR

AN

radiative transfer code https://landsat.gsfc nasa.gov/sites/landsat/files/docs/DRAFT LNEXT PYLD DES C 0001 Rev TOA Rad Spectra 20210301.xlsx

Febru ary 26, Top of Atmosph ere Radianc e Values

3.0 FUNCTIONAL OVERVIEW

The LNIS is a 25 spectral band sensor providing Visible/ Near Infrared / Short Wave Infrared / Thermal (long wave) InfraRed (Thermal IR) (VNIR/SWIR/TIR) imagery consistent with Landsat spectral, spatial, radiometric and geometric qualities as specified in Section 5.0 of this document. The LNI will produce both image data and instrument ancillary data that will be combined with spacecraft ancillary data to create Mission Data. Spacecraft ancillary data includes such items as spacecraft (SC) attitude, navigation, timing data and key telemetry values from SC sensors. The combined observatory (instrument plus spacecraft) ancillary data provides all necessary image reconstruction information for later ground processing.

4.0 LNIS SYSTEM LEVEL

4.1 GENERAL

LNI-149 The LNIS shall be comprised of the sensor module(s), all associated sensor control electronics and power modules, all required control, signal processing and data formatting and compression electronics, and all hardware and software required to meet sensor performance requirements.

LNI-153 The LNIS shall meet LNIS imaging requirements at all points throughout the orbit

Rationale: Take an image anywhere within the orbit sunlit or eclipse, and at the full range of altitude variation.

LNI-157 The LNIS shall operate within the designed operational parameters when the

LNIS Observatory points up to 15 degrees [TBR], off-nadir, to either side of the current orbit plane.

Rationale: The LNIS instrument must remain thermally stable, and fully function in off-nadir pointing attitudes.

LNI-161 The LNIS shall acquire up to 33 minutes of continuous daylight imaging during any orbit.

Rationale: See TBD.

LNI-163 The LNIS shall acquire up to 15 minutes of continuous night imaging during any orbit.

Rationale: See TBD.

4.2 LNIS SYSTEM LIFETIME

LNI-169 The LNIS shall operate and meet all design specifications for five years beginning at Government on-orbit acceptance of the LNIS.

Rationale: Design life starts after acceptance, so instrument commissioning is in addition to the five years of operations. Performance margin must be applied to the design requirements to ensure 5 year life still meets the stated performance requirements.

4.3 MISSION PHASES

Reserved

4.3.1 Ground Storage Phase

Reserved

4.3.2 Pre-Launch Phase

Reserved

4.3.3 Launch and Early Orbit Phase

Reserved

4.3.4 Commissioning Phase

Reserved

4.3.5 Operational Phase

Reserved

4.3.6 Decommissioning Phase

LNI-204 The LNIS shall be compliant with NASA Procedural Requirement (NPR)

8715.6A, NASA Procedural Requirement for Limiting Orbital Debris and NASA-STD-8719.14A, Process for Limiting Orbital Debris.

Rationale: Aperture covers, doors, etc. will not be released as orbital debris and material selection will consider the effects on the re-entry foot print.

LNI-1992 The LNIS shall result in a debris footprint after re-entry of less than TBD square meters, per NASA Procedural Requirement (NPR) 8715.6A, NASA Procedural Requirement for Limiting Orbital Debris and NASA-STD- 8719.14A, Process for Limiting Orbital Debris.

4.4 OPERATIONAL ORBIT

LNI-207 The LNIS shall meet performance requirements when in the mission nominal operational orbit.

4.5 REDUNDANT REQUIREMENTS

4.6 AUTONOMY

Reserved

4.7 AVAILABILITY

Reserved

4.8 GROUND SUPPORT EQUIPMENT

Reserved

4.8.1 LNIS Interface Simulator

4.8.2 System Test Equipment

Reserved

4.8.3 Mechanical Ground Support Equipment

Reserved

4.8.4 Shipping/ Storage Containers

Reserved

4.9 SIMULATOR

Reserved

4.10 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT AND VERIFICATION FACILITY

5.0 IMAGERY REQUIREMENTS

5.1 GENERAL

This section establishes the requirements for image characteristics and image quality to be provided by the LNIS Imaging system. This section also describes the requirements for image correction that are necessary in order to verify LNIS Imaging performance. The LNIS Imaging requirements apply to all allowable view geometries necessary to obtain full swath coverage.

Far off-nadir imaging is important to meeting LNIS mission requirements, but they should not drive the instrument performance. The over-arching requirements on LNIS Imagers concerning off-nadir are to ensure that the instrument design operates reliably and off-nadir does not influence the operational life of the instrument. A special case is an optional lunar calibration maneuver, which requires the VSWIR radiometry to be stable and applicable between the lunar scans and the operational Earth imaging modes.

LNI-366 The LNIS shall provide a minimum of 355 (km) cross-track coverage at the equator for the LNIS operational orbit.

Rationale: The required imaging swath may represent the aggregate of all sensors if a multi-satellite constellation is the implementation.

LNI-1485 The LNIS shall collect and transfer image and ancillary data to the LNext spacecraft bus uninterrupted in the along-track data collection.

Rationale: The image intervals and supporting ancillary data must be collected and transferred without data drops or missing detector readouts.

LNI-368 The LNIS shall collect and transfer health and status data whenever power is applied to the instrument.

Rationale: Telemetry must be transmitted to the SC whenever power is on the instrument.

5.2 LNIS OPERATIONAL MODES

5.2.1 Survival Mode

Reserved

5.2.2 Power-On Mode

Reserved

5.2.3 Decontamination Mode

Reserved

5.2.4 Operational Mode

5.2.5 Diagnostic Mode

Reserved

5.2.6 Safe Mode

Reserved

5.3 DATA PROCESSING ALGORITHMS

The following section describes the allowable set of data processing algorithms required to make corrections to the images and ancillary data; to detect, evaluate and correct systematic errors in the images and ancillary data; and to use government-provided support data to correct residual errors in the images and ancillary data so that the resulting corrected LNIS data meet the imagery requirements of sections 5.6 and 5.7.

5.3.1 Radiometric Correction Algorithms

The radiometric correction algorithms correct the LNIS raw detector sample data, so that the radiometrically corrected LNIS image data meet the radiometric performance requirements in Sections 5.6.1, 5.6.2.3 and 5.6.5.

5.3.1.1 Detector Bias Determination

LNI-455 The detector bias determination algorithm shall calculate the appropriate bias level for subtraction from each detector for the subsequent conversion to reflectance or radiance.

Note: Historical bias data and/or bias trends, focal plane temperatures, instrument temperatures, temperature sensitivity coefficients, simultaneous dark or reference detector data, and/or pre and post interval dark and/or cold target image data may be used as necessary for bias determination.

5.3.1.2 Conversion to Radiance

LNI-458 The conversion to radiance algorithm shall take the raw output of each detector in digital numbers and convert it to spectral radiance (W/m^2-sr-µm) using the detector-by-detector bias levels from Section 5.3.1.1, and previously derived gain coefficients.

Note: Radiometric corrections may include sensitivities to ancillary data, e.g.:

or where C1, C2 and C3 are considered gain coefficients and T, X and Y are ancillary data inputs.

5.3.1.2.1 Conversion to Radiance Algorithm Restrictions

5.3.1.3 Conversion to Reflectance

LNI-463 The conversion to reflectance algorithm shall take the raw output of each detector in digital number and convert it to Top of Atmosphere (TOA) fractional reflectance using the detector-by-detector bias levels from Section 5.3.1.1, and previously derived absolute and relative gain coefficients.

5.3.1.4 Conversion to Temperature

LNI-254 The conversion to temperature algorithm shall take the radiance from 5.3.1.2 and convert it to an equivalent blackbody temperature (in Kelvin [K]).

5.3.1.5 Inoperable Detector Replacement

5.3.2 Geometric Correction Algorithms

The algorithms that correct for georegistration, geolocation and other geometric effects register radiometrically corrected LNIS image data to an absolute Earth coordinate reference system so that the resulting geometrically corrected LNIS data meet the geometric and geolocation performance requirements in Section 5.7.

5.3.2.1 Ancillary Data Preprocessing

LNI-473 The ancillary data preprocessing algorithm shall operate on the LNIS ancillary data to detect and correct erroneous ancillary data, perform units rescaling and coordinate system conversions, and apply ancillary data calibration corrections (e.g., clock correction, response/transfer function compensation, temperature sensitivity compensation). Auxiliary calibration parameters, quality thresholds, and other reference data sets may be used in this process. The resulting corrected LNIS ancillary data are used by subsequent geometric correction algorithms.

5.3.2.2 Line-of-Sight Model Creation

LNI-476 The Line-of-Sight (LOS) model creation algorithm shall use preprocessed ancillary data in conjunction with auxiliary calibration parameters to construct a model that relates each LNIS pixel LOS to an absolute Earth-referenced coordinate system, such as Earth Centered Inertial of Epoch J2000.

5.3.2.3 LOS Projection

LNI-480 The LOS projection algorithm shall use the LNIS LOS model in conjunction with the WGS84 G1762 or current version, Earth model to intersect each pixel LOS with the Earth’s surface, as defined in the following sections.

5.3.2.3.1 LOS Projection to the Earth Ellipsoid Surface

LNI-482 The LOS intersection algorithm shall intersect each pixel LOS with the

WGS84 Earth ellipsoid surface.

5.3.2.3.2 LOS Projection of the Terrain Surface

LNI-484 The LOS intersection algorithm shall intersect each pixel LOS with the Earth’s topographic surface as defined by government-furnished Digital Elevation Models (DEM) accurate to 10 m (90% linear error) and regional calibration sites with DEMs accurate to 6m (90% linear error).

5.3.2.4 LOS Model Correction

LNI-488 The LOS model correction algorithm shall use measurements of government provided ground control points (GCPs) in the radiometrically corrected LNIS imagery to correct residual systematic errors in the LOS model constructed using the LNIS ancillary and calibration data, as described in Section 5.3.2.2.

Note: The government-provided ground control points for a set of defined geographic regions will be accurate to 3m (90% circular error) horizontally and 12m (90% linear error) vertically, with five or more points distributed in the along- and cross-track directions across the image interval.

5.3.3 Image Resampling

LNI-493 The image resampling algorithm shall use low radiometric error at-sensor radiance values for Earth-referenced sample points from the radiometrically corrected LNIS image data.

5.3.3.1 Input Image to Resampled Output Image Mapping

LNI-495 The image resampling algorithm shall use the LOS projection algorithms of

Section 5.3.2.3 to geometrically remap the input radiometrically corrected pixels from Section 5.3.1 to an output Earth-referenced map projection coordinate system.

5.3.3.2 Resampling Interpolation Method

5.3.4 Data Processing Algorithm Performance

5.4 SPECTRAL BANDS

5.4.1 Spectral Band Passes

5.4.1.1 Spectral Band Edges

LNI-503 The band edges for each spectral band shall fall within the range of the minimum lower band edge and the maximum upper band edge as listed in Table 5-2. Note: The Full-Width-Half-Maximum (FWHM) points of the relative spectral radiance response curve define the bands edges for each spectral band. The shortest wavelength with 0.5 of peak relative response is the lower band edge; the longest wavelength with 0.5 of peak relative response is the upper band edge.

5.4.1.2 Center Wavelength

LNI-506 The center wavelength of the spectral response, i.e. the mid-point between the bands’ upper and lower band edges, shall be the values listed in Table 5.4.1.2-1 within the specified tolerances also listed in Table 5.4.1.2-1.

Table 5.4.1.2-1 Spectral Bands Band# Band name Center wavelength (nm) Center

Wavelength Tolerance (±% nm)

Minimum Lower Band Edge (nm)

Maximum Upper Band Edge (nm)

1 Violet 410 1% (TBR) 400 420 2 Coastal Aerosol 443 1 433 453 3 Blue 490 1 457.5 522.5 4 Green 560 1 542.5 577.5 5 Orange 620 1 610 630 6 Red 1 650 1 640 660 7 Red 2 665 1 650 680 8 Red Edge 1 705 1 697.5 712.5 9 Red Edge 2 740 1 732.5 747.5 10 NIR_Broad 842 1 784.5 899.5

11 NIR1 865 1 855 875

12 Water vapor 945 1 935 955 13 Liquid Water 985 1 975 995 14 Snow/Ice 1 1035 1 1025 1045 15 Snow/Ice 2 1090 1 1080 1100 16 Cirrus 1375 1 1360 1390

17 SWIR 1 1610 1 1565 1655

18 SWIR 2a 2100 1 2085 2115 19 SWIR 2b 2210 1 2190 2230 20 SWIR 2c 2260 1 2240 2280

21 TIR 1 8300 1 8175 8425

22 TIR 2 8600 1 8425 8775

23 TIR 3 9100 1 8925 9275

24 TIR 4 11300 1 11025 11575

25 TIR 5 12000 1 11725 12275

5.4.1.3 TIR Response Uniformity

LNI-2192 For surface temperatures between 240 K and 360 K and for summer and winter, tropical, mid-latitude and arctic atmospheric temperature profiles the RMS of the calculated radiance induced by spectral non-uniformity for all TIR detector elements shall be < 1/3 of the NEdL requirement.

5.4.2 Spectral Band Shape

5.4.2.1 Spectral Flatness

5.4.2.1.1 Flatness between Band Edges

The relative spectral radiance response between the lower band edge (lowest wavelength with

0.5 of peak relative response) and the upper band edge (highest wavelength with 0.5 of peak relative response) is required to have the following properties:

5.4.2.1.1.1 Average Response

LNI-586 The average relative spectral radiance response shall be greater than 0.8.

5.4.2.1.1.2 Minimum Response

LNI-588 No relative spectral radiance response shall be below 0.4.

5.4.2.1.2 Flatness between 0.8 Relative Response Points

LNI-590 The relative spectral radiance response between the minimum wavelength within the band with a 0.8 relative response point and the maximum wavelength within the band with a 0.8 relative response point shall always exceed 0.7.

5.4.2.2 Out of Band Response

5.4.2.2.1 VSWIR Beyond 0.01 Relative Response Points

LNI-593 The ratio of the integrated solar spectra* weighted relative spectral radiance response, outside the 0.01 response points of each defined spectral band to the integrated solar spectra weighted relative spectral radiance response between the 0.01 response points of each defined band, shall be less than 2%(TBR).

*The MODTRAN “Chkur” solar spectrum.

Note: The 0.01 relative response points are the points closest to the center wavelength where the relative response first drops to 0.01 of the peak relative response on each side of the center wavelength.

5.4.2.2.2 TIR Out of Band Response

The ratio of the integrated weighted** relative spectral radiance response, outside the 0.01 response points of each defined spectral band and between 3000 and 20000 nanometers (nm) to the integrated weighted** relative spectral radiance response between the 0.01 response points of each defined band, shall be less than 2%.

The ratio of the integrated weighted** relative spectral radiance response, outside the 0.01 response points of each defined spectral band and below 3000 nm to the integrated weighted** relative spectral radiance response between the 0.01 response points of each defined spectral band, shall be less than 0.5%.

**Weighted by the radiance from a 300K blackbody summed with the radiance from a Lambertian surface of 100% reflectance illuminated by the sun (Chkur spectra, as above) at a zenith angle of 30°

5.4.2.2.3 Response at Outer Wavelengths

5.4.2.2.3.1 VNIR

LNI-597 For the VNIR bands (wavelengths up to 1200nm), the value of the out of band relative spectral response at wavelengths lower than the lower band edge of the FWHM point minus 50 nm and the wavelengths higher than the higher band edge of the FWHM point plus 50 nm shall not exceed 0.001.

5.4.2.2.3.2 SWIR

LNI-599 For the SWIR bands (between 1200-2500nm wavelength, note that the Cirrus is included in this range) the value of the out of band relative spectral response at wavelengths lower than the lower band edge of the FWHM point minus 100 nm and the wavelengths higher than the higher band edge of the FWHM point plus 100 nm shall not exceed 0.001.

5.4.3 Relative Spectral Response Edge Slope

5.4.3.1 Lower Edge Slope Wavelength Intervals

LNI-602 The wavelength interval between the shortest wavelength 0.01 and the shortest wavelength 0.5 relative spectral response points shall not exceed the values in Table 5.4.3.2-1.

5.4.3.2 Upper Edge Slope Wavelength Intervals

LNI-604 The wavelength interval between the longest wavelength 0.5 and the longest wavelength 0.01 relative spectral response points shall not exceed the values in Table 5.4.3.2-1

Table 5.4.3.2-1 Spectral Edge Slope Intervals for Reflective Bands

Note: Normalized to peak spectral response for the band Band# Band name Max. Band width

(nm) Lower Edge

Slope Interval

0.01 to 0.50*

(nm)

Upper Edge Slope Interval

0.50 to 0.01*

(nm) 1 Violet 20 15 15 2 Coastal Aerosol 20 15 15 3 Blue 65 25 25 4 Green 35 25 25 5 Orange 20 15 15 6 Red 1 20 15 15 7 Red 2 30 20 20 8 Red Edge 1 15 10 10 9 Red Edge 2 15 10 10 10 NIR_Broad 115 30 30

11 NIR1 20 15 15

12 Water vapor 20 15 15 13 Liquid Water 20 15 15 14 Snow/Ice 1 20 15 15 15 Snow/Ice 2 20 15 15 16 Cirrus 30 20 15

17 SWIR 1 90 40 40

18 SWIR 2a 30 20 20 19 SWIR 2b 40 20 20 20 SWIR 2c 40 20 20

21 TIR 1 250 200 200

22 TIR 2 350 200 200

23 TIR 3 350 200 200

24 TIR 4 550 300 300

25 TIR 5 550 300 300

5.4.4 Spectral Uniformity

LNI-679 Within a band the measured FWHM bandwidths for each detector shall be within ±3% of the measured mean FWHM bandwidth.

5.4.5 Spectral Stability

LNI-682 VSWIR Band center wavelengths and band edges shall not change by more than ± 2 (TBR) nm over the life of the mission.

5.4.6 Spectral Band Simultaneity

LNI-684 LNIS shall acquire data for all spectral bands in Table 5.4.3.2-1 within a 20 second period.

5.5 SPATIAL PERFORMANCE

5.5.1 Ground Sample Distance

5.5.1.1 Pixel-to-Pixel Increment

LNI-688 LNIS image data shall provide a maximum pixel-to-pixel increment, in the in-track and cross-track directions and at the equatorial crossing, equivalent to a Ground Sampling Distance (GSD) as specified in Table 5.5.2-1.

Note: This requirement refers to the output image “pixel” space, not the raw detector FPA domain. Relative registration, oversampling, re-sampling, and/or filtering are all allowed prior to the measurement in this requirement.

5.5.2 Edge Response

The relative edge response in the in-track and cross-track directions for radiometrically corrected and pre-processed LNIS image data are as specified in Table 5.5.2-1.

Table 5.5.2-1 GSD, Minimum Edge Slope and Maximum Half Edge Extent Specifications

Band# Band name GSD (m) Minimum Edge Slope (1/m)

Maximum Half Edge Extent (m)

1 Violet 60 0.013 60 2 Coastal Aerosol 20 0.04 30 3 Blue 10 0.06 30 4 Green 10 0.06 30 5 Orange 20 0.04 30 6 Red 1 20 0.04 30 7 Red 2 10 0.06 30 8 Red Edge 1 20 0.04 30 9 Red Edge 2 20 0.04 30

10 NIR_Broad 10 0.06 30

11 NIR1 20 0.04 30

12 Water vapor 60 0.013 60 13 Liquid Water 20 0.034 30 14 Snow/Ice 1 20 0.034 30 15 Snow/Ice 2 20 0.034 30 16 Cirrus 60 0.013 60

17 SWIR 1 10 0.06 30

18 SWIR 2a 20 0.036 30 19 SWIR 2b 20 0.036 30 20 SWIR 2c 20 0.036 30

21 TIR 1 60 0.01 60

22 TIR 2 60 0.01 60

23 TIR 3 60 0.01 60

24 TIR 4 60 0.01 60

25 TIR 5 60 0.01 60

5.5.2.1 Response Slope

LNI-761 The relative edge response slope for the LNIS bands shall exceed the values shown in Table 5.5.2-1 for radiometrically corrected and pre-processed LNIS data, per Section 5.3.1.2, across the entire FOV

Note: The relative edge response slope is defined as the slope between the 40% and 60% response points as depicted in Figure 5.5.2.1-1.

Figure 5.5.2.1-1 Edge Response

5.5.2.2 Half Edge Extent

LNI-765 The upper half edge extents and the lower half edge extents for the LNIS spectral bands shall be less than the maximum half edge extent values shown in Table 5.5.2-1 for radiometrically corrected pre-processed image sensor data, across the entire field-of-view.

Rationale: Imaging system simulations have shown that certain types of image degradations (e.g., ghost images with small displacements) can significantly degrade the overall edge response performance even when their effect on the central 40%-60% portion of the edge is minimal.

Including a specification that covers more of the edge better protects against this type of localized degradation. The upper and lower half edge extents are both used to protect against artifacts that only effect one side of the edge.

Note: The lower half edge extent is defined as the horizontal distance, in meters, between the 5% and 50% relative response points as depicted in Figure 5.5.2.1-1. The upper half edge extent is defined as the horizontal distance, in meters, between the 50% and 95% relative response points as depicted in Figure 5.5.2.1-1.

5.5.2.3 Edge Response Overshoot

LNI-769 The overshoot of any edge response for all bands shall not exceed 5% for LNIS image data.

Note: Overshoot applies to both the high (100% response) and low (0% response) sides of the edge so that the maximum response is less than 105% and the minimum response is greater than -5%.

5.5.2.4 Edge Response Ripple

LNI-772 Edge response ripple for all bands shall not exceed 5% for LNIS image data.

Note: Ripple applies to both the high (100% response) and low (0% response) sides of the edge so that the response is greater than 95% beyond the 95% response point and the response is below 5% beyond the 5% response point.

5.5.2.5 Edge Response Uniformity

LNI-775 The image relative edge response slope shall not vary by more than 10%

(maximum deviation from the band average) in any band across the field-of-view and by not more than 20% (maximum deviation from the multi-band average) between all spectral bands.

Rationale: This specification ensures consistent spatial performance across the FOV and across the spectral bands to reduce application performance sensitivity to target location within the FOV and control spectral mixing due to spatial effects.

5.5.3 Aliasing

LNI-778 The product of the image relative edge response slope and the GSD provided by LNIS image data shall be less than 0.9 for both the in-track and cross-track directions.

Rationale: This specification protects against data undersampling and radiometric errors induced by aliasing by ensuring that the sample spacing (GSD) is commensurate with the actual edge slope performance.

5.5.4 Light Rejection and Internal Scattering

Definition: A light rejection scene or a scene to assess internal light scattering is defined as follows:

• The LNIS image data are collected from a circular region having a radius = 0.25 degrees and having a uniform target radiance = LT.

• That target region is surrounded by an annular region having an inner radius = 0.25 degrees and an outer radius = (25 for VSWIR, 60 for TIR) degrees and having a uniform background radiance = LB.

• When LB = LT, the LNIS image data radiance measured at the center of the target region has a nominal value = LT.

All angles are measured relative to the LNIS nadir view.

LNI-786 The magnitude of the change in the LNIS image measured radiance for all spectral bands at the center of the light rejection region shall be less than 0.004 times the magnitude of the difference between LB and LT, where target and background radiance levels range from a minimum of zero to a maximum of LMax, such that LT - LB ranges from a minimum of -LMax to a maximum of + LMax.

5.5.5 Ghosting

LNI-788 For two dimensional objects with:

• a radiance level at or above 98% of LMax and

• located at a position anywhere in the LNIS telescope full FOV, the signal from the object at N pixels away from the object edge shall be less than the values in Table 5.5.5-1.

Table 5.5.5-1 Ghosting Requirements Applies to All Spectral Bands

Distance From Edge (N pixels)

Maximum Signal

Between the 5% Relative Edge Response point and 300m

≤ linear threshold from 5% of LMax to 6.5% of 0.25*LRef at 300m, with Relative Edge Response slope < 0 (i.e.

Monotonically decreasing) Between 300m and 1 km < linear threshold from 6.5% of 0.25LRef at 300m to 2% of LRef at 1km

Greater than 1 km < 0.5% of LRef at > 1 lm Note: The entire range of N pixels may not be testable for all telescope FOV positions. For example, as the test object moves further off the instantaneous FOV of the active FPA, the closest pixel that can be tested moves further from the edge of the object.

5.6 RADIOMETRY

5.6.1 Absolute Radiometric Uncertainty

LNI-792 The VSWIRabsolute radiometric uncertainty shall be as given in Table 5.6.1-1 for the range of 0.25 Lref (TBR)to 0.9 LMax (Table 5.6.1-3).

LNI-2516 The TIR absolute radiometric uncertainty shall be as given in Table 5.6.1-2.

Note: Requirements LNI-792 and LNI-2516 apply to extended, spatially uniform, unpolarized targets with a known spectral shape.

LNI-793 Pre-launch radiance uncertainties shall be established relative to National

Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) standards.

LNI-794 Uncertainty estimates shall include the NIST standard uncertainties.

Table 5.6.1-1 VSWIR Bands Absolute Radiometric Uncertainty Requirements Parameter Requirement (1-sigma) Radiance <5%

TOA Reflectance <3% of actual TOA

Table 5.6.1-2 TIR Bands Absolute Radiometric Uncertainty Requirements Equivalent Blackbody Temperature Range Absolute Radiance Uncertainty (1-sigma)

260 K - 330 K <1% 240K - 260K; 330K - 360K <2%

Table 5.6.1-3 Reference Radiances, Noise Requirements, and Minimum Saturation Level Requirements

Band# Band name LRef (W/m2 sr µm) or TRef (K)

SNR or NEdT@Lref LMax, Minimum Saturation radiance

(W/m2 sr µm) 1 Violet 45 300 501 2 Coastal Aerosol 129 330 551 3 Blue 128 300 578 4 Green 128 315 535 5 Orange 21.5 200 397 6 Red 1 23 200 380 7 Red 2 108 260 443 8 Red Edge 1 74.5 253 417 9 Red Edge 2 68 220 378

10 NIR_Broad 103 270 299

11 NIR1 52.4 357 282

12 Water vapor 9 227 239 13 Liquid Water 14.1 100 220 14 Snow/Ice 1 17.7 100 143 15 Snow/Ice 2 20 100 175 16 Cirrus 6 510 107

17 SWIR 1 4 125 72.4

18 SWIR 2a 1.9 132 29.7 19 SWIR 2b 1.7 132 24.6 20 SWIR 2c 1.5 132 22.6

21 TIR 1 9.38 (300 K) 0.2 K 24.7 (360 K)

22 TIR 2 9.62 (300 K) 0.2 K 24.5 (360 K)

23 TIR 3 9.87 (300 K) 0.2 K 23.9 (360 K)

24 TIR 4 9.41 (300 K) 0.2 K 19.4 (360 K)

25 TIR 5 8.96 (300 K) 0.2 K 17.8 (360 K)

5.6.2 Radiometric Signal-to-Noise and Uniformity

5.6.2.1 Detector Signal-to-Noise Ratios

LNI-875 The median SNRs required for all VSWIR and NEdT for all TIR image data for each spectral band shall be as listed in Table 5.6.1-3.

LNI-877 Any VSWIR detector below 80% of these values shall be considered out-of-specification per Section 5.6.7.

LNI-876 Any TIR detector with a standard deviation of more than 1.25 times these values shall be considered out-of-specification per Section 5.6.7.

5.6.2.2 Data Quantization

LNI-936 LNIS image data shall not be quantization limited.

5.6.2.3 Pixel-to-Pixel Uniformity

Note: The following environmental conditions and measurement approach apply to the requirements in sections 5.6.2.3.1, 5.6.2.3.2, and 5.6.2.3.3.

LNI-940 For all bands, the requirements shall apply for uniform sources with the radiance level above 0.5 Lref.

LNI-941 The radiometric values shall be corrected per Section 5.3.1.2.

LNI-942 Temporal noise shall be averaged to verify compliance with this specification.

LNI-943 VSWIR target radiances shall have spectral characteristics as follows:

• Spectral radiance from bare desert soil as observed through a dry atmosphere (excluding cirrus and water vapor bands)

• Spectral radiance proportional to the TOA solar irradiance

• Spectral radiance from a dense vegetation target as observed through a moist atmosphere (excluding cirrus and water vapor bands)

• These spectral radiances are shown in Figure 5-3 and are available at https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/sites/landsat/files/docs/DRAFT_LNEXT_PY LD_DESC_0001_Rev_TOA_Rad_Spectra_20210301.xlsx

Note: A pixel column is a consecutive sequence of along-track or cross-track pixels within the calibrated image, with length equal to the image swath width.

Figure 5.6.2.3-1 Top of Atmosphere Spectra for Uniformity Analyses

5.6.2.3.1 Full Field of View

LNI-951 The standard deviation of all pixel column average radiances across the FOV within a band shall not exceed 0.5% of the average radiance.

This requirement is met when:

5.6.2.3.2 Banding

LNI-955 The root mean square of the deviation from the average radiance across the full

FOV for any 100 contiguous pixel column averages of radiometrically corrected image data within a band shall not exceed 1.0% of that average radiance.

This banding requirement is met when, for all n:

Where:

n is the pixel number in a line of data;

LNI-962 The standard deviation of the radiometrically corrected values across any 100 contiguous pixels column averages of image data within a band shall not exceed 0.25% of the average radiance across the full FOV.

Note: The average radiance across the FOV is used here merely as a reference for deriving the magnitude of the 0.25%. The mean in the standard deviation calculation is, by definition, the mean of the 100 pixel columns and not the entire FOV mean.

This banding requirement is met when for all n:

n is the pixel number in a line of data;

is the average radiance across the 100 pixel columns

5.6.2.3.3 Streaking

LNI-973 The maximum value of the streaking parameter within a line of radiometrically corrected image data shall not exceed 0.005.

The streaking parameter is defined by the following equation:

is the average radiance of pixel column i;

and are similarly defined for the (i-1)th and (i+1)th pixel columns.

5.6.2.3.4 Temporal Stability

LNI-980 The LNIS shall meet requirements of Section 5.6.2.3.1- 5.6.2.3.3 for the 7-day period extending forward in time from the calibration update using the same gain calibration coefficients.

Note: Bias determination can be performed during the 7-days per Section 5.3.1.1. Gain calibration coefficients may include a dependency on parameters including instrument temperatures and voltages.

5.6.2.4 Coherent Noise

Reserved

5.6.3 Saturation Radiances

LNI-996 The LNIS shall detect, without saturating, signals from the noise floor up to the

LMax as shown in Table 5.6.1-3.

5.6.4 Polarization Sensitivity

LNI-999 The LNIS polarization sensitivity, as defined by the linear Polarization Factor

(PF), shall not exceed 0.02, where PF = (Imax-Imin) / (Imax+Imin).

5.6.5 Radiometric Stability

LNI-1001 For the VSWIR bands, exclusive of Cirrus and Water Vapor, over any time period up to 8days, after radiometric correction per 5.3.1.2, with one set of gain coefficients that were determined prior to the 8day period, the scene averaged LNIS image data for radiometrically constant targets with radiances greater than or equal to 0.25 LRef shall not vary by more than plus or minus 0.5% (95% or 2 sigma confidence interval) of measured radiance.

LNI-1522 For the VSWIR Cirrus and Water Vapor bands, over any time period up to 8 days, after radiometric correction per 5.3.1.2, with one set of gain coefficients that were determined prior to the 8 day period, the interval averaged LNIS image data for radiometrically constant targets with radiances greater than or equal to 0.25 LRef shall not vary by more than plus or minus 2% (95% or 2 sigma confidence interval) of measured radiance.

LNI-1002 For the VSWIR bands, over any time period between 8 days and five years, after radiometric correction per 5.3.1.2, the interval-averaged VSWIR image data for radiometrically constant targets with radiances greater than or equal to

0.25 LRef shall not vary by more than plus or minus 2% (95% or 2 sigma confidence interval) of measured radiance.

LNI-1003 For TIR bands data, after radiometric calibration per 5.3.1.2, for radiometrically constant targets with radiances greater than or equal to the radiance corresponding to 0.25*LRef, shall not vary by more than plus or minus 0.5% (1-sigma) of their radiance over a 40 minute period. Pixels failing this specification are considered out-of-specification and are subject to the limitations of Section 5.6.5.3.

5.6.6 Image Artifacts

5.6.6.1 Bright Target Recovery

Note: VSWIR bright target recovery requirements apply when an image pixel "X" is exposed to a radiance level of up to 1.5 times that of the maximum radiance as given in Table 5.6.1-3.

LNI-1006 For VSWIR bands, any pixel "Y" outside the 11 x 11 pixel region around image pixel "X" shall not have the "Y" signal changed by more than 0.25% of its Lref as compared to its response when image pixel "X" is exposed to 1.5*Lref.

LNI-2690 For TIR bands, any image pixel that has been exposed to a pixel-sized area at a radiance level of less than or equal to that corresponding to a blackbody temperature of 500K, the pixels outside the 11 x 11 region around that pixel shall not be altered by more than 1% of their radiance at or above TRef.

5.6.7 Dead, Inoperable, and Out-of-Spec Detectors

5.7 GEOMETRIC PRECISION, GEOLOCATION, AND CARTOGRAPHIC

REGISTRATION

The following sections detail the LNIS image data geometric accuracy requirements that must be achieved when the correction algorithms provided in accordance with Section 5.3 of this specification are applied to LNIS image and ancillary data to produce a product. The specific correction algorithms that apply to each geometric imagery requirement are shown in Table 5.7- 1.

Note: End-to-end geometric performance is dependent on the performance of the Landsat Next spacecraft bus as well as the LNIS. The LNIS vendor is responsible for the end-to-end performance described in this section, assuming SC performance is as specified in the LNIS Observatory Interface Requirements Document (TBR).

Table 5.7-1 Image Requirement to Processing Algorithm Verification Mapping 5.3.1

Radiometric Correction

5.3.2.1 Ancillary

Data Processing

5.3.2.2 Line-of-

Sight

(LOS)

Model

Creation

5.3.2.3.1

LOS

Projection to WGS84 Ellipsoid Surface

5.3.2.4

LOS

Model Precision

Correction

5.3.2.3.2

LOS

Projection to Terrain

Surface

5.3.3 Image

Resampling

5.7.1 Band

Registration

Accuracy

X X X X X X X

5.7.2 Image

Registration

Accuracy

X X X X X X X

5.7.3 Geodetic Accuracy

X X X X X

5.7.4 Geometric Accuracy

X X X X X X X

5.7.1 VSWIR Band-to-Band Registration Accuracy

LNI-1073 For targets at the Earth’s topographic surface, corresponding pixels from the spectral bands in LNIS image data that have been geometrically corrected including compensation for the effects of terrain relief shall be co-registered with an uncertainty of 0.15 of the coarsest GSD within the set (or less) in the line and sample directions at the 90% confidence level.

Rationale: Sensor architectures that sample the spectral bands at different times for a given target can induce band-to-band parallax that must be corrected using a digital terrain model to achieve band registration. As a side effect, targets that are not at the Earth’s surface (e.g., clouds) may not be properly compensated for parallax due to their altitude. This requirement is a heritage Landsat 8 value, but scales the band-to-band accuracy by the coarsest pixel in any pairwise comparison, assuming that all VSWIR bands are collected by a single instrument.

5.7.2 TIR Band-to-Band Registration Accuracy

LNI-2693 For targets at the Earth’s topographic surface, corresponding pixels from the

TIR spectral bands in LNIS image data that have been geometrically corrected including compensation for the effects of terrain relief shall be co-registered with an uncertainty of 6 meters or less in the line and sample directions at the 90% confidence level.

achieve band registration. As a side effect, targets that are not at the Earth’s surface (e.g., clouds) may not be properly compensated for parallax due to their altitude. This requirement mirrors the SMRD assuming a 60m resolution TIR GSD. Tight co-registration within TIR is required for emissivity determination and application of split-window surface temperature algorithms.

5.7.3 TIR to VSWIR Band-to-Band Registration Accuracy

LNI-2695 For targets at the Earth’s topographic surface, corresponding pixels from the

TIR and VSWIR spectral bands in LNIS image data that have been geometrically corrected including compensation for the effects of terrain relief shall be co-registered with an uncertainty of 15 meters (TBR) or less in the line and sample directions at the 90% confidence level.

achieve band registration. As a side effect, targets that are not at the Earth’s surface (e.g., clouds) may not be properly compensated for parallax due to their altitude. This requirement relaxes the band-to-band registration between VSWIR and TIR bands to accommodate the option of separate VSWIR and TIR instruments.

5.7.4 Image-to-Image Registration Accuracy

LNI-1075 Two LNIS image data sets of the same area, acquired on different dates, that have been geometrically corrected, including compensation for the effects of terrain relief, shall be co-registered with an uncertainty less than or equal to 5m, in the line and sample directions at the 90% confidence level when image-to-image correlation is applied to data from the same 10m GSD spectral band.

Rationale: Image-to-Image registration is critical to time series applications where multi-date images must be registered. Ideally image-to-image registration should be at the sub-pixel level to avoid spurious detection of change.

5.7.5 Geodetic Accuracy

5.7.5.1 Absolute Geodetic Accuracy

LNI-1078 The pixels for targets at the Earth's topographic surface in geometrically corrected LNIS data…