Attachment A8_HLS US Radiation Facilities Availability.pdf

National Aeronautics and Space Administration www.nasa.gov

HLS Control Board (HCB)

Integrated Avionics (SVS):

U.S. Radiation Test Facilities Availability (“non-government” facilities) Presenters: R. Gaza, R. Ladbury, H. Rayapati B. Hodson, J. Pellish Mar 17, 2021

Presentation Overview

• Purpose: Follow up to the 12/7/2020 Avionics TURF discussions, present the current state of Radiation Test facility availability, address impacts to HLS, define a program-level risk, and recommend a path forward.

• This presentation is:

¨ Decisional ¨ Informational ¨ Action Item Closure / Status

• Topics:

– Introduction & Background

– Currently Radiation Test Facilities Status

– Potential Impacts to HLS

– Risk Statement & Context

– Path Forward & Trigger

– Recommendations

X

Introduction & Background

• Problem Statement: With the known limited test facility availability (i.e. beam time) and with the known radiation qualification needs of the HLS avionics architectures, a known schedule risk will materialize that will affect the Moon 2024 mission. Cis-Lunar environments have stronger radiation requirements than LEO/GEO environments and therefore would require qualification to certify the avionics components for HLS mission.

• EEE Parts heavy ion radiation characterization testing is central to the radiation hardness assurance (RHA) process.

• A limited number of facilities exist domestically (and world-wide) where heavy ion testing can be performed.

• Programs traditionally rely on RHA (manufacturer-guaranteed) parts and/or heritage parts and designs.

• Increased use of previously not characterized commercial parts and fast pace of part manufacturing technology advancements requires increased parts radiation testing.

• Availability of heavy ion beam time is critical to schedule.

• Facilities only provide beam time.

• Test planning, setup, instrumentation, monitoring, execution, reporting is the responsibility of the test team.

Availability of Proton and Heavy-Ion Accelerator Time

• Historical: For over a decade, proton and heavy-ion beam time have become increasingly difficult to book

• University of Indiana cyclotron, workhorse for proton testing, closed in 2014

• NASA NEPP teamed with other government agencies to investigate using medical proton accelerators

• Several medical proton accelerators now used for testing electronics, but availability and participation change over time

• Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) facility has almost closed for electronics several times in last decade

• NASA currently participates in a Block Buy program, guaranteeing funding to LNBL and beam time to NASA projects

• Texas A&M (TAMU) has experienced a few failures that have necessitate shutdowns or reduced capabilities

• Situation has generated sufficient concern that it was addressed by National Academies Panel

• Report: Testing at the Speed of Light: The State of U.S. Electronic Parts Space Radiation Testing Infrastructure

• Facilities are experiencing unprecedented demand for beam time from NASA, DOD and commercial space

• Current Situation

• Only 5 heavy-ion accelerators in CONUS can meet testing needs; LBNL and TAMU account for ~95% of beam time

• COVID and equipment failures significantly limited beam time at LBNL; LBNL still down; TAMU resumed limited ops.

• Anticipate return to full operations at both facilities in 2021, but 2020 double shutdown should serve as a warning

• Several medical proton facilities continue to provide beam time—no significant shortages anticipated

• Some facilities are proving more reliable partners than others; NEPP provides the latest availability information

Proton and Heavy-Ion Test Facilities Are All External (non-government) to NASA: Critical to Ensuring Reliability

Source: NESC Avionics SoD 2020-2021

Snapshot of Domestic Heavy Ion SEE Test Facilities

88-Inch*

K500*

K150

FRIB

K1200

K500

NSRL

TVdG

Major operational impacts

Partial capability impacts

Nominal operations

Capability / capacity enhancement in-work

Shutdown / mothballed

Major Domestic Heavy Ion Single-Event Effects (SEE) Test Facility Machine Status (projected as of 2021-03) *Does not speak to accessibility / availability of time to NASA*

Brookhaven Natl Lab (BNL)

• NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL)

• Tandem Van-der-Graaf (TVdG) Michigan State University (MSU)

• Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB)

• K1200 Cyclotron

• K500 Cyclotron Texas A&M University

• K500 Cyclotron

• K150 Cyclotron Lawrence Berkeley National Lab

• 88-inch Cyclotron

80GSFC18T0060

80GSFC20A0051

No Contract Currently Establishing in FY21

Utilizing HRP Contract

* Under repairs/maintenance w/ some schedule risk

CBE for limited operations is Mar 2021 Completely booked thru FY21

Limited capabilities (not a direct replacement)

CBE for operations in Mar 2021

Limited capability & availability

May be accessible in FY22 with new capabilities

Shutdown in-place

Note: out of date, see next slide for August 2021 info

Snapshot of Domestic Heavy Ion SEE Test Facilities

88-Inch

K500

K150

FRIB

K1200

K500

NSRL

TVdG

Major operational impacts

Partial capability impacts

Nominal operations

Capability / capacity enhancement in-work

Shutdown / mothballed

Major Domestic Heavy Ion Single-Event Effects (SEE) Test Facility Machine Status (projected as of 2021-08) *Does not speak to accessibility / availability of time to NASA*

Brookhaven Natl Lab (BNL)

• NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL)

• Tandem Van de Graaff (TVdG) Michigan State University (MSU)

• Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB)

• K1200 Cyclotron

• K500 Cyclotron Texas A&M University

• K500 Cyclotron

• K150 Cyclotron Lawrence Berkeley National Lab

• 88-inch Cyclotron

* Under repairs/maintenance w/ some schedule risk

Likely booked thru CY21

Limited kinetic energy capabilities (not a direct substitute for most testing)

May be accessible in Q1CY22 with some hours under an initial operating capability (heavy ions below 50 MeV/amu, like LBNL or TAMU)

Shutdown in-place for FRIB transition

Access through interagency and strategic partnership agreements only

Both machines continue to be in high demand.

K150 currently providing some access to subset of 15 MeV/amu beams available on the K500.

Annual winter maintenance periods at multiple facilities will impact domestic availability in Q2FY22

Potential Impacts to HLS

• May not be able to perform required heavy ion SEE tests resulting in schedule delays, redesign, cost increase, mission anomalies and/or failures.

• Some partners have provided partial insight in the expected amount of radiation testing.

• Heavy ion SEE testing scope varies from vendor to vendor

• Vendors using COTS and/or automotive grade parts will presumably need more SEE testing

• The full radiation testing scope for each vendor is not currently known

• Without the details, impacts cannot be fully quantified.

NOTE: while proton testing may be sufficient for non-critical application in LEO environment, harsher radiation environments outside Earth's magnetosphere require more intense RHA including heavy ion characterization for

SEE susceptibility and part selection as required by the D&C standard SMC-S-010 Appendix A.

Risk Statement & Context

• Risk Statement

• Given the shortage Single Event Effects (SEE) radiation test facilities it is possible that required radiation testing may be significantly delayed, impacting the verification and validation schedule and/or the reliability of HLS avionics systems resulting in cost, schedule, technical, and safety impacts for the HLS Mission.

• Risk Context

• A shortage of beam time availability exists for Single Event Effects (SEE) radiation test facilities currently operating in the CONUS.

• HLS vendors will be required to compete with an increasing number of test facility users and contend with scheduled and unscheduled outages in booking sufficient beam time to qualify their hardware.

• The limited test availability and backlog of existing test activities with other customers (including DoD and other agencies) could result in delays for NASA/HLS needed radiation testing.

Recommendations

• Approve as program-level risk with handling strategy of watch until trigger point (3 months after Option A

ATP).

Backup

Capacity/demand data is released via: Strategic Radiation- Hardened (SRH) Electronics Council (SRHEC) (nasa.gov) https://nepp.nasa.gov/workshops/dhesee2021/talks/6a_SEE%20AoA%20summary%20Nov%202020%20approved%20for%20release.pdf

Heavy Ions vs. Protons - Proton facilities are much more readily available but insufficient to qualify hardware for deep space environments

SEE Proton testing relies on proton nuclear interactions and spallation effects to generate secondary heavy ions. This secondary environment presents the following limitations:

• Reduced feature coverage

• Infrared micrograph of a portion of a 512 Mb SDRAM ~60x70 µm2

• Shows both memory cells and control logic (10 yr. old tech.); Red spots are simulated ion hits

• Maximum theoretical LET of 14 MeV-cm2/mg

• 8 MeV-cm2/mg more realistic

• SMC-S-010 requires 75 MeV-cm2/mg

• Limited penetration (range)

• Insufficient to cause some destructive effects that would occur in space

" Z, Angle, Energy

Single Z, Angle, Energy

Coverage from1E11 200 MeV protons/cm2

Coverage from1E7 heavy ions/cm2

Current Facility Status as of Mar 1, 2021

• LBNL 88-Inch shutdown due to cooling tower failure & repair (CBE for limited operations is Mar 2021).

• MSU K500 and K1200 shutdown in-place; Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) may be accessible in

FY22 with new capability.

• TAMU K500 electron-cyclotron-resonance (ECR) ion source and RF drive issues in cyclotron under repairs (CBE for operations is Mar 2021).

• TAMU K150 limited availability and only partial capabilities relative to LBNL 88-Inch.

• BNL NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) mostly booked through FY21 with time for NASA Human

Research Program (HRP) and MDA block buys.

• BNL TVdG has time available, but is not a direct replacement for other facilities due to lower kinetic energy.

Unscheduled outages as of late 2020 add to the ongoing problem The impacts are expected to propagate well into CY21

Nominal Facility Operations and Availability

• Many Users Rely on Few Heavy Ion Test Facilities

• NASA

• MDA

• USSF

• Industry incl. RHA parts manufacturers

• Academia

• NASA has been raising concern for limited SEE test facility availability since at least 2014

• Engendered at the time by the unstable funding at LBNL, and the shutdown of the IUCF cyclotron

• By 2016, concern was elevated sufficiently to prompt a National Academies study and some Congressional exposure

• Reporting availability vs. nominal operations is very challenging

• Multiple users, bloc buys, scheduled outages (e.g., winter and summer shutdowns)

• NASA is working with MDA on a tracking format which will be made available

Limited Availability of SEE Facilities is a Chronic Problem NASA is Supporting DoD Investment Strategies for Facility Capacity and Capability

Heavy Ion SEE Testing Alternatives / Trades & Risk

• Initial thoughts – require further discussion (from Ken and Jonny)

1. BNL SEUTF / Tandem Van de Graaff or TAMU K150, with low-energy caveats

2. High-Energy Proton Testing

3. Pulsed LASER Testing

4. International Heavy Ion Facilities (could be higher in the order)

5. Pulsed X-Ray Testing at Argonne National Laboratory

6. Fault Injection

• Technical tradeoffs and risks for each – probably in low risk to high risk order

• Additionally, need to think about how we could leverage / get more time at

NSRL. This will require serious negotiations with NASA HRP, MDA, and DoD writ large since it is the keystone for many test strategies.

K500 Superconducting Cyclotron Facility Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University

NASA Radiation Block-Buy

• The block buys are managed by NASA Electronics Parts Manager through the Space Environments Testing Management Office (SETMO) within MSD/OSI at NASA HQ.

• The mission directorates, OCE, OSMA, etc. can access the blocks.

• Right now, LBNL is the only block that’s currently funded by SETMO with “guaranteed” time.

NOTE: Hours in the LBNL block buy cannot be GFEd since they are funded by MSD/SSMS appropriates.

Costs will need to be fully recovered.

• Mission Directorate could pay for time

• “swapping” with MSD

• Or funding through reimbursable mechanisms.

• Other radiation test facilities have agreements that are more flexible since MSD funding isn’t involved. We have contracts or blanket purchase agreements at other facilities, but those are pay-as-you-go.