Attachment_1-_Box_Elder_Restoration_PWS.pdf

PERFORMANCE WORK STATEMENT (PWS)

Box Elder Creek Process-Based Restoration

1. BACKGROUND:

Box Elder Creek is an intermittent prairie stream located approximately 6 miles north of Winnett, Montana. It is a flashy system that drains about 514 sq. mi. of hilly, prairie landscape; lies within an unconfined valley bottom; and requires floodplains, riparian vegetation, and structural elements to create and maintain attributes associated wit the potential of the system. Historically, this system was likely a depositional, multi-threaded channel with high lateral connectivity across the valley bottom, driven in large part by structural forcing (Cluer & Thorne, 2014) provided largely by cottonwood, willows, and beaver dams.

However, historic land use practices (e.g., removal of beaver, livestock grazing, and hydrogeomorphic modifications such as small levees) caused a dramatic decline in riparian vegetation and beaver dam building activity, leading to structural starvation. As a result, the system incised, lateral connectivity between the stream and surrounding valley bottom declined, floodplain aquifer elevations dropped. The little remaining riparian vegetation consists mostly of mature cottonwood trees that are primarily situated on the inactive floodplain surfaces, though a few isolated locations have regenerating cottonwoods and sandbar willows. Overall, the stream is now an incised, single threaded, meandering, structurally starved channel with a substantially narrowed active floodplain. Lateral connectivity under normal flood flows does exist but is limited to some small inset floodplains where channel widening has occurred. Using aerial imagery to look at historic flow patterns, the natural floodplain/valley bottom should be around 1000-1500 feet wide but is now approximately a third to a half of that width. Despite correcting the grazing issues and the rebound of beaver throughout the region, recovery is exceedingly slow. This is because the ecological processes and related structural forcings that catalyze hydrologic, geomorphic, and vegetative adjustments are largely inactive. A little over 29% of the contributing watershed experiences regulated flows which have altered the hydrograph as well, and much of the system is now considered intermittent (i.e. stable pools but no continuous flow during the average summer). Though beavers are present in the system, there is minimal large material for them to utilize for the dams to be stabile during higher flows. The BLM therefore wants to mimic and promote the keystone ecological processes (e.g., beaver dam building activity and wood accumulations) to accelerate recovery through the stream evolution sequence.

Throughout the entire project area, the channel is incised. However, some reaches have begun to widen and develop components of an inset floodplain. Given these conditions and associated dominant physical processes (widening or widening & aggrading), relative to the desired future conditions (Stage 8, Cluer & Thorne, 2014) and scope of hydraulic influence of structural elements (e.g., post assisted log structures and beaver dam analogs), multiple phases of treatment will be required. Through this performance work statement, Phase 1 would be implemented to promote widening, aggradation, and recruitment of riparian vegetation during successive flood events.

2. DESCRIPTION:

2.1 PURPOSE

This is a firm-fixed price contract based on a base requirement and two (2) separate options. The purpose of this contract is to secure a complete set of services to accomplish stream restoration project using low-tech process-based restoration methods.

This project will improve riverscape health along ten (10) miles of Box Elder Creek administered by the BLM. The project area is subdivided into 6 reaches, each with primary and secondary treatment objectives (see Appendix 1). The overarching goal is to mimic and promote the processes (wood accumulations & beaver dam building activity) that historically created and maintained hydraulic, hydrologic, geomorphic, and vegetative attributes associated with the potential of the system, over time.

Treatments will include use of beaver dam analogs (BDAs) and post assisted log structures (PALS), which are temporary, artificial structures comprised of natural materials that help the stream heal itself by structurally forcing channel widening and bed aggradation, increasing lateral stream-floodplain connectivity, promoting incision recovery, creating more complex geomorphic attributes, expanding the riparian zone, and increasing residence time of water and sediment. However, unlike the construction of traditional restoration projects in which the solution is designed, implemented with heavy machinery, and stabilized in place; this project will simply kickstart natural processes that create desired outcomes over time. Desired conditions for Phase 1 treatments are associated with Stages 6 (Quasi-equilibrium) and/or 7 (laterally active), as described in Cluer & Thorne, 2014.

Equipment requirements for installation of LTPBR structures (e.g., PALS and BDAs) consist of a hydraulic post pounder, chainsaws, loppers, shovels, picks, and 5-gallon buckets. The hydraulic power source for the pounder is mounted on a rolling frame that can be moved between structure locations by 2- 3 people. Where access allows, UTVs/ATVs can also be used to transport the hydraulic post driver and power pack between structures. A grip hoist may also be used to transport larger wood pieces from the floodplain to the channel.

PALS are constructed by hand placing the wood in the channel and then using the hydraulic post pounder to pound 2-4” diameter untreated wooden posts into the channel to secure the wood. Posts are typically driven in 2-3’ and cut off at approximately bank-full height.

BDAs are built by using a variety of materials (e.g., willow or conifers) that are woven between wooden posts driven into the stream bed in the same manner as PALS (in the case of post-assisted BDAs). The main difference between BDAs and PALS is that BDAs are always channel spanning and local fill from the banks or bed are used to promote ponding of water during low-flow conditions. The fill is typically sourced from the banks and bed upstream of the structure from the area that will be inundated by the pool formed by the BDA. The fill is placed on the upstream side of the BDA to slow water moving through the structure and increase ponding. Material is collected using shovels and picks and moved by hand. More detail on construction and design aspects of PALS and BDAs can be found in Appendix 3.

2.2 LOCATION:

Work under this contract is located in Petroleum County, Montana as shown in the map below. To access the site, travel north on Valentine Road out of Winnett, MT for approximately 6 miles to the project site.

The project is located on either side of Valentine Road but is accessed by two track routes to the east and west. There are three access points into the project site.

Figure 1 – Project location.

Winnett

2.3 PROJECT BASE REQUIREMENT AND OPTIONS:

There is a base requirement and two (2) options of work available with this contract.

2.3.1 – Base Requirement 1:

Base Requirement is to apply treatments within Reaches 1-2 as shown in the Box Elder Creek reach maps (Appendix 1). Implementation of approximately 89-120 structures on 3.9 miles of Box Elder Creek (47° 08’ 27.72” N, -108° 25’ 27.66” W to 47° 07’ 30.1 0” N, -108° 23’ 43.44” W). See Appendix 1 for objectives to be met for Reaches 1-2.

2.3.2 – Option 1:

Option 1 is to apply treatments within Reaches 3-4 as shown in the Box Elder Creek reach maps (Appendix 1). Implementation of approximately 71-100 structures on 3.5 miles of Box Elder Creek (47° 07’ 30.10” N, -108° 23’ 43.44” W to 47° 06’ 16.54” N, -108° 22’ 35.66” W). See Appendix 1 for objectives to be met for Reaches 3-4.

2.3.3 – Option 2:

Option 2 is to apply treatments within Reaches 5-6 as shown in the Box Elder Creek reach maps (Appendix 1). Implementation of approximately 60-85 structures on 2.8 miles of Box Elder Creek (47° 05’ 52.86” N, -108° 21’ 21.36” W to 47° 05’ 25.94” N, -108° 20’ 09.69” W). See Appendix 1 for objectives to be met for Reaches 5-6.

2.3.4 – All Reaches:

The full combination of the Base Requirement and two Options, Reaches 1-6 (approximately 220-305 structures).

2.4 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE:

General period of Performance will be from July 15, 2024 through December 31, 2027.

Annual work will begin when water levels are low enough to implement treatments properly but not before July 15th. Work will need to be completed before freeze-up, but no later than November 30.

2.5 QUALIFICATION and EXPERIENCE REQUIREMENTS:

Applicant must provide information on the following topics.

2.5.1 - Key Personnel:

Box Elder Creek is a very large, dynamic prairie system. At least one person, key in the execution of and involved throughout the term of the contract, must have formal education in hydrology or similar discipline that gives the Contractor competency in fluvial geomorphology processes. The Contractor must have an understanding of riverscape health and be familiar with the Low-Tech Process Based Restoration of Riverscapes Design Manual (hereafter referred to as LTPBR manual, see References).

The contractor must provide the name(s) of any individual(s) proposed to be responsible for planning, supervising, and overseeing the project. For each such individual, information must be included to demonstrate that the individual has achieved all of the following:

1) Formal education that gives the individual competency to carry out the scope of work. This may be obtained in either of the following ways:

a. Formal education resulting in a graduate degree in hydrology or similar discipline (e.g., geomorphology, ecology, environmental management), or

b. Formal education resulting in a bachelor's degree in hydrology or similar discipline (e.g., ecology, geomorphology, environmental management) plus at least 24 months of professional experience including similar duties as proposed in this contract.

2) Competency in the theory and methods of low-tech, process-based restoration design and construction.

This includes understanding stream evolution, the dominant processes and attributes associated with each state in the stream evolution sequence, and how to account for those factors in structure, complex, and project-scale decisions.

3) Experience applying the Principles of Riverscape Health and Restoration to the design and implementation of projects that have achieved objectives at the structure, complex, and project scales.

4) Ability to plan, equip, organize, and supervise activity of the type and scope proposed.

2.5.2 - Project Examples and References:

Describe a minimum of three (3) design projects like the proposed project, which have been successfully completed within the past five years, and the implementation results of those projects.

Offerors shall submit a list of clients for past and present similar projects covering the past three (3) years.

Provide: contact name, address, phone number, e-mail address. The Government may survey these clients to obtain past performance information (quality, timeliness, cost control, business relationships) related to Offerors current and past work.

3. PERFORMANCE TASKS and REQUIREMENTS:

3.1 CONTRACTOR PERFORMANCE TASKS:

• Comply with all BLM Design Features, Requirements, and Timing Stipulations (Sections 3.2 and 3.3).

• Follow the intent and direction of the Box Elder Creek Design (Appendix 3) but adapt the location, type, size, and density of structures within each reach, based on site-specific observations. Coordination with BLM personnel. The number, type, size, location, and spatial arrangement of structures that best evokes the biophysical responses needed to achieve transect/structure, reach and project-scale objectives should be implemented. These decisions should be made in accordance with the standards of practice described in the LTPBR Manual (see References). This includes adhering to Ten Guiding Principles.

• Furnish all labor, equipment, appropriately trained personnel, crew supervision, transportation, supplies and incidentals, and perform all work necessary to apply appropriate treatments within each complex to meet the restoration objectives of each complex. All work will be in accordance with the enclosed terms and conditions (Requirements, Section 3.2 and 3.3), scope of work, and the Standard Operating Procedures identified in the LTPBR Manual. All personnel must have expert knowledge, training, and formal experience applying the Principles of Riverscape Health and Restoration to the design and implementation of riverscape restoration projects.

• Comply with the terms and conditions of all Federal and Montana state permits & land use authorizations that authorize the treatments associated with this project.

• Provide an annual implementation plan (Annual Operating Plan) before May 1st for review and approval by BLM so that BLM can stage necessary material.

• Only use materials approved by the BLM. The Contractor is responsible for transporting, staging, and all other aspects of material management. The BLM will provide most of the necessary materials (post and debris/willows) in designated staging areas in accordance with the amounts needed to meet the Annual Operating Plan provided in May of the given year. BLM will provide access to fuel and fire treatments from which woody material can be sourced for the structures if enough material has not been stage or if the Contractor proceeds ahead of the Annual Operation Plan. (See Section 4 of this document).

• Provide BLM “as built” treatment data in Riverscape Studio https://qris.riverscapes.net/, including photos, structure locations, types, and objectives; complex locations and objectives; and related metrics associated with the project implementation schema. This shall be submitted at the completion of the project to the BLM COR.

• Provide a Final Report describing your work with photos of treatments, GPS locations of each treatment, type of treatment applied (bank attached, mid-channel, etc.), and the purpose of each treatment (what function is the treatment expected to accomplish). The BLM will conduct compliance inspections of contractor treated sites. If Riverscape Studio is operational at the time of the project, provide this information through Riverscape Studio https://qris.riverscapes.net/ and briefly summarize it in a written report.

• Responsible for watching weather and ensuring contract is completed on time.

• Ensure all PPE and OSHA Standards are followed.

3.2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS:

• Vehicles shall be cleaned and weed-free before entering/re-entering the project site to prevent the transfer of noxious and invasive weeds.

• Work would not be performed during periods when the soil is too wet to adequately support equipment/vehicles. If equipment/vehicles create ruts in excess of 3 inches deep, operations would cease, as the soil will be deemed too wet to adequately support equipment/vehicles.

• Ground disturbance, including off-road travel will be kept to a minimum to avoid the appearance of an established route that could be mistakenly used by the public.

• At the end of the structure construction/implementation portion of the contract, Contractor will be responsible for spreading any remaining debris on beginning of any non two-track routes as a barrier for future travel by the public.

• Operations of the contractor (including storage of materials, camping area, and vehicle parking) on BLM lands shall be confined to areas approved by the BLM COR (Appendix 2). Off road travel is limited to ATV/UTV use only. The surrounding landscape shall not be disturbed. Disturbance to the landscape outside of areas identified by the BLM COR will result in the cessation of operations and written permission from the BLM COR would be required prior to resuming work. In the event that landscape outside of areas identified by the BLM COR for disturbance or operations are disturbed, the Contractor shall restore that area at the Contractor’s expense.

https://qris.riverscapes.net/

• There are cultural and/or paleontological sites within the project area. These resources will be flagged or a map provided for avoidance prior to implementation. If the Contractor disturbs or damages any cultural or paleontological sites, the BLM Archaeologist will be notified immediately and the Contractor would be liable for all costs incurred that result from evaluation of impacts to the impacted cultural or paleontological resources as well as any stabilization, repair, or restoration efforts.

• No standing trees or rock outcroppings will be disturbed.

• Use only use material approved by or provided by the BLM. All materials must be native, natural materials that are sourced locally. No noxious weeds or invasive species, including Russian Olive, may be used.

• Work affecting a streambed or stream bank will be completed in an expeditious manner to avoid unnecessary impacts to the stream, minimizes turbidity, and minimizes other disturbances to aquatic resources (e.g., work affecting a streambed or stream bank will be completed in an expeditious manner, work will be completed during low or no flow periods).

• Equipment servicing and refueling activities will take place 500 feet from the outer edge of riparian areas, wet areas, and drainages. This includes chainsaws and generators.

• A spill kit of appropriate capacity should be immediately available at all times when operating equipment near water.

• Portable hand operated hydraulic generators that operate within the stream channel or riparian area will use biodegradable hydraulic fluid, such as synthetic ester or vegetable oil.

• Surface disturbance will be limited by only clearing vegetation to an extent that is necessary for construction of the project. Precaution will be taken to preserve existing riparian vegetation. Native vegetation will be salvaged and reused where possible.

• Temporary construction facilities will be configured to minimize disturbance to stream banks, stream bank vegetation, and the streambed by locating staging or storage facilities out of the floodplain (See Appendix 2 for the location of main staging areas).

• Appropriate restrictions may apply during times of elevated fire danger and limited access may occur.

• All waste, including scraps and packing materials (e.g., metal bands, plastic sacks, etc.) resulting from implementation of treatments shall become the property of the Contractor and shall be removed from the site by the Contractor. Disposal of materials in a legal manner and payment of fees required shall be the Contractor’s responsibility. Burning of any waste materials is not permitted on the work site.

• Where posts are used to provide temporary stability by pinning structure material in place, only untreated posts shall be installed.

• During hunting season all personnel must wear a hunter orange vest or other type of clothing that is brightly colored to make them visible to the public. This is a publicly accessible area and is used by the public regularly.

3.2 DESIGN and IMPLEMENTATION REQUIREMENTS:

• The work shall comply with codes and standards applicable to each type of treatment as listed in the LTPBR Manual and the design for Box Elder Creek (Appendix 3).

• Design and implement actions on a reach-by-reach basis based on the reach objectives to ensure that the selected treatments account for the unique, site-specific characteristics, but work together to cumulatively produce the desired outcomes.

• Decisions regarding technique selection should generally be based on the physical parameters of the site, restoration goals, constraints imposed by adjacent land uses, as well as pragmatic considerations on how best to allocate limited project resources.

• To the extent practicable, projects should be implemented in accordance with the following principles of process-based restoration:

o Target root causes of habitat and ecosystem change o Tailor restoration actions to local potential o Match the scale of restoration to the scale at which keystone processes create and maintain site attributes.

o Be explicit about expected outcomes.

• Where BDAs or channel-spanning PALS are installed, utilize combinations of primary and secondary structures to create a series of pools and elevation drops that mimic natural beaver dam complexes and correspondingly enable or enhance passage of native fish.

• Install secondary and tertiary BDAs to diminish the vertical distance between pools, with greater than 10 inches of open space between untreated wood posts, and with vertical post heights no greater than 12 inches above the dominant floodplain terrace elevation.

4. GOVERNMENT FURNISHED PROPERTY:

• A table of reaches with restoration objectives listed for each along with maps of each reach (Appendix 1 and Appendix 3)

• Design maps of each reach and each proposed structure location (Appendix 3).

• All posts (untreated, 2-4” diameter, 5-6’ long) required to implement treatments within each reach.

Number of posts supplied will be dependent on options awarded and the Annual Operating Plan.

• The BLM will provide most of the necessary materials (conifer and willow) in designated staging areas in accordance with the amounts needed to meet the Annual Operating Plan. Any down trees on the Box Elder Creek site may be used (no standing trees will be disturbed).

• BLM will provide access to fuel and fire treatments from which woody material can be sourced for the structures if enough material has not been stage or if the Contractor proceeds ahead of the Annual Operation Plan. Access to fire and fuel treatments will be <25 miles from project site.

• The contractor and crew can camp on BLM managed lands in accordance with Leave-No-Trace camping guidelines.

• A site tour.

• All permits and land use authorizations required to implement the treatments.

5. DELIVERABLES AND TIMELINES

Data Disclaimer Message - Any records (photographs, data, notes, etc.) generated and/or created for the purposes of this contract are owned by the BLM and require review and permission prior to release of any information. The contractor cannot copyright, sell, release, or reproduce any of this material. Images will not be protected from release through Freedom of Information Act requests.

5.1 COMMUNICATIONS:

• A pre-work conference will be held prior to work. Contractor will be notified in advance of meeting time, date, and location.

• Contractor shall notify the COR three working days prior to the day of beginning work in order to coordinate inspection activities during Bureau of Land Management business hours, unless otherwise approved in writing by the COR.

• The contractor, subcontractors, and/or persons responsible for coordination of the work shall be present during all meetings and project inspections.

• Progress meetings will be held at the project site, or as determined by the BLM COR.

• Upon completion of field work, Contractor shall give notice to both the COR and the CO via email. The BLM COR will complete a final inspection meeting held at the project site.

• All deliverables including the required report/data/application records will be reviewed by BLM COR prior to acceptance.

5.2 FINAL DELIVERABLES:

• Provide BLM “as built” treatment data in Riverscape Studio https://qris.riverscapes.net/, including photos, structure locations, types, and objectives; complex locations and objectives; and related metrics associated with the project implementation schema. This shall be submitted at the completion of the project to the BLM COR.

• Provide a Final Report describing your work with photos of treatments, GPS locations of each treatment, type of treatment applied (bank attached, mid-channel, etc.), and the purpose of each treatment (what function is the treatment expected to accomplish). The Final Report shall be completed properly and include all required information.

5.3 INVOICING/PAYMENT:

• Contractor shall submit an invoice electronically in IPP only upon notification that inspection has been completed and the work has been accepted. Invoices submitted prior to inspection shall be rejected.

• Payment shall be made in accordance with the contract requirements. Measurement for payment will be based on completed, reviewed, and accepted products by the COR or for the percentage of work completed that year based on the total miles of the project.

6. REFERENCES

Wheaton J.M., Bennett S.N., Bouwes, N., Maestas J.D., and Shahverdian S.M. (Eidtors) 2019. Low-Tech Process-Based Restoration of Riverscapes: Design Manual. Version 1.0. Utah State University Restoration Consortium. Logan, UT. Available at: http://lowtechpbr.restoration.usu.edu/manual

Cluer B. and C. Thorne. 2014. A Stream Evolution Model Integrating Habitat and Ecosystem Benefits.

River Research Applications, 30: 135-154 (2014).

7. APPENDIX 1: Reach Objectives Reach Reach

Length Geomorphic Condition

Current Condition Primary Reach Objectives

Secondary Reach Objectives

1 1.3 mi Moderate Some incision and loss of floodplain connection.

Cottonwoods present but minimal regeneration. Low expansion of willows.

Channel aggradation/increased lateral connectivity

Stabilize meander cut-off. Starter dams for beaver expansion

2 2.6 mi Moderate Some incision, loss of floodplain connection, and loss of active floodplain.

Cottonwoods present but minimal regeneration. Low expansion of willows

Channel aggradation/increased lateral connectivity

Channel widening, stabilize meander cut-offs, starter dams for beaver expansion

3 2.5 mi Moderate/Poor Incision, loss of floodplain.

Cottonwoods present but minimal numbers and no regeneration. Minimal to no willows.

Channel Widening Increase inset floodplain width

4 1 mi Moderate Transitioning to lesser incision.

Still loss of floodplain connection and loss of active floodplain. Cottonwoods present but minimal regeneration. Minimal to no willows

Channel aggradation/increased lateral connectivity

Channel widening

5 2.5 mi Moderate Moderate incision, loss of floodplain connection, and loss of active floodplain, loss of large residual pools.

Cottonwoods present but minimal/no regeneration. Low expansion of willows.

Channel aggradation/increased lateral connectivity

Pool development for beaver expansion.

Stabilization of headcut in tributary (reservoir overflow)

6 0.3 mi Moderate/Poor Loss of cottonwoods and willows

Channel Widening Increase inset floodplain width

8. APPENDIX 2: Staging Areas and Access Points Final access routes may vary depending on future condition changes and access permissions through private, but the following map will provide a probably case and example of driving distances and staging locations.

Figure 8.1 – Overview map of access routes to project reaches.

9. APPENDIX 3: Design Plan The following maps illustrate the reach breaks and main staging areas as well as the approximate number, type, and location of structures. Final numbers/types/locations will depend on current conditions as outlines in Section 3.2 above. Cultural avoidance areas will be provided to the selected Contractor upon award.

Figure 9.1 – Reach 1 structures.

Figure 9.2 – Reach 2 structures.

Figure 9.3 – Reach 3 structures.

Figure 9.4 – Reach 4 structures.

Figure 9.5 – Reach 5 structures.

Figure 9.6 – Reach 6 structures.

Table 9.1 – Structure objective and density by Reach.

Length (miles)

Primary Reach Objectives

Structure Density

Structure Types Design Narrative

1 1.3 Channel aggradation/incre ased lateral connectivity

27-30 Main type = PALS: channel spanning and bank attached.

Secondary type:

floodplain roughness PALS

Bank-attached and mid-channel PALS will drive bank erosion and channel widening. Channel-spanning PALS and BDAs will encourage deposition of eroded sediment to aggrade the channel. BDAs will also direct flows onto existing floodplain surfaces. Bank attached PALS will be positioned in order to enhance erosion at the bends in this reach, widening the channel and mobilizing sediment that can be deposited in the BDAs and channel-spanning PALS.

Floodplain roughness PALS will be used to protect certain floodplain areas from high risk meander cut-offs.

2 2.6 Channel aggradation/incre ased lateral connectivity

62-78 Main type = channel spanning PALS and bank attached PALS.

Secondary type:

mid channel PALS and BDAs

Bank-attached and mid-channel PALS will drive bank erosion and channel widening. Channel-spanning PALS and BDAs will encourage deposition of eroded sediment to aggrade the channel. BDAs will also direct flows onto existing floodplain surfaces. Bank attached PALS will be positioned in order to enhance erosion at the bends in this reach, widening the channel and mobilizing sediment that can be deposited in the BDAs and channel-spanning PALS.

Floodplain roughness PALS will be used to protect certain floodplain areas from high risk meander cut-offs.

3 2.5 Channel Widening

53-75 Main type = bank-attached PALS, and BDAs.

Secondary type = mid channel PALS and channel spanning PALS

The combination of bank-attached and mid channel PALS will "blast" the banks to drive erosion and widening, while channel spanning PALS and BDAs will encourage deposition. BDAs will also keep newly forming floodplains wetter longer into the growing season for riparian expansion.

Length (miles)

Primary Reach Objectives

Structure Density

Structure Types Design Narrative

4 1 Channel aggradation/incre ased lateral connectivity

18-30 Main type = bank-attached PALS, and BDAs.

Secondary type = mid channel PALS and channel spanning PALS

Bank-attached and mid-channel PALS will drive bank erosion and channel widening; channel-spanning PALS and BDAs will encourage deposition of eroded sediment to aggrade the channel and BDAs will direct flows onto existing floodplain surfaces. bank attached PALS will be positioned in order to enhance erosion at the bends in this reach, widening the channel and mobilizing sediment that can be deposited in the BDAs located interspersed between

PALS.

5 2.5 Channel aggradation/incre ased lateral connectivity

54-75 Main type = bank-attached PALS and channel-spanning PALS.

Secondary type = BDAs, mid-channel PALS, and LBBs.

Bank-attached and mid-channel PALS will drive bank erosion and channel widening. Channel-spanning PALS and BDAs will encourage deposition of eroded sediment to aggrade the channel. BDAs will also direct flows onto existing floodplain surfaces. Bank attached PALS will be positioned in order to enhance erosion at the bends in this reach, widening the channel and mobilizing sediment that can be deposited in the BDAs and channel-spanning PALS.

Low-bank builders (LBBs) will be used to encourage low banks on outsides of meander cuts to protect from further migration near important resources (ie roads).

6 0.3 Channel Widening

6-10 Main type = bank-attached PALS and channel-spanning PALS.

Secondary type = LBBs

Bank-attached PALS will drive bank erosion and channel widening.

Channel-spanning PALS will encourage deposition of eroded sediment to aggrade the channel.

Bank attached PALS will be positioned in order to enhance erosion at the bends in this reach, widening the channel and mobilizing sediment that can be deposited in the channel-spanning PALS. Low-bank builders (LBBs) will be used to encourage low banks on outsides of meander cuts to protect from further migration near important resources (ie roads and Buffalo Creek).

Figure 9.7 - Schematic of a bank-attached PALS.

Figure 9.8 - Schematic of a mid-channel PALS.

Figure 9.9 - Schematic of a channel-spanning PALS.

Figure 9.10 - Schematic of frames for securing wood pieces in PALS.

Figure 9.11 - Schematic of post placement for single row and staggered, double-row placements.

Figure 9.12 - Schematic illustration of proper dam crest orientation.

Figures 9.13 - Schematic of a BDA supported by a single row of posts.

Figures 9.14 - Schematic of a BDA supported by staggered, double rows of posts.

Figure 9.15 - Schematic with instructions on building a post-supported BDA.