Attachment 05 Archeological Reports.pdf

A Class III Cultural Resources Survey in SESWSESE Section 8, T107N R72W, WNENWNWNE Section 16, T107N R72W, NENENENW & SWNWNWNE Section 15, T108N R74W, and

SWSWSESE Section 14, T108N R75W, Crow Creek Sioux Reservation, Buffalo and Hughes Counties, South Dakota, for the Indian Health Service

Sanitation Facilities Construction Program

Brian L. Molyneaux, PhD

Principal Investigator

September 21, 2010

Lower Brule Sioux Tribe Cultural Resources Office

187 Oyate Circle Lower Brule, SD 57548

BIA Case No. AAO – 1737/CC/10

Management Summary: The Cultural Resources Office, Lower Brule Sioux Tribe, acting under the auspices of the Crow Creek Sioux Tribe, conducted reconnaissance cultural resource surveys on four properties on the Crow Creek Sioux Reservation in Buffalo and Hughes Counties that the Indian Health Service, Sanitary Facilities Construction Program, proposes to disturb during the installation or modification of water lines and/or waste systems (SESWSESE Section 8, T107N R72W and WNENWNWNE Section 16, T107N R72W, Buffalo County, and NENENENW and SWNWNWNE Section 15, 108N R74W and SWSWSESE Section 14, T108N R75W, Hughes County, Crow Creek Sioux Reservation). These lands are within the Big Bend Archaeological Region. The purpose of the survey was twofold: to ensure recognition and protection of cultural resources for the Crow Creek Sioux Tribe; and to comply with the regulations and procedures outlined in Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966, as amended, "Protection of Historic Properties" (36 CFR Part 800), with further reference to the following statutes, regulations and guidelines: the Archeological Resources Protection Act of 1979, as amended (ARPA); the Antiquities Act of 1906; the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990, as amended (NAGPRA); and the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA).

Background research included a site records search by the State Archaeological Research Center, Rapid City (Search S11-110), which showed that no cultural resource sites had previously been recorded within the Areas of Potential Effect. The ground surveys, conducted according to State Historical Preservation Office guidelines, produced no cultural objects or materials potentially significant to the Tribe or relevant within the NHPA Section 106 process. The Principal Investigator therefore recommends that no additional cultural resource research be conducted, and that these proposed undertakings proceed as planned.

Work described here, and the assessments provided, are subject to review by the Crow Creek Sioux Tribe, the Indian Health Service and South Dakota State Historical Society review and compliance personnel. Consequently, this report is advisory in nature and does not constitute authorization to proceed with the proposed undertaking. IHS personnel will monitor the construction to ensure appropriate action in the event of inadvertent discovery of cultural materials. Should any cultural resources be exposed during soil removal, the contractor must contact the appropriate authorities (as outlined above) immediately and protect such cultural resources from disturbance until a professional examination takes place or until a responsible authority authorizes clearance to proceed.

Area 1: Farley Hawk homesite (Figures 1 – 2)

Project Description: The Hawk homesite, 2.4 miles NW of the town of Fort Thompson requires installation of water and septic systems. The APE is approximately 2.5 acres (1 hectare). The water service will run north to the house from the south side of the road, where it connects to the community water system. The septic system consists of a septic tank, dosing siphon, and a 70 ft.

sand filter. The filter will drain northeast into a swale.

Legal Location: SESWSESE Section 8, T107N R72W, Buffalo County, South Dakota

Base Map: USGS 7.5' Topographic Quadrangle: Big Bend, SD (1966), Contour Interval: 20 feet

Archaeological Region: Big Bend

Environment/Setting: The location of the proposed undertaking is an area of low rises and swales in a glacial outwash terrace (Quaternary) (MT-2), approximately 1.4 miles from the pre-dam Missouri River. The 1947 War Department map (Sheet 52) shows that the pre-dam terrace edge was approximately .5 miles from the project area. The land at this time had no distinctive topographic features other than a scatter of small wetlands across the terrace. The elevation is approximately 1460 ft. (445 m).

The primary soil in the project area, derived from the NRCS Official Series Description, is:

Orton loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes. The Orton series consists of well drained soils that are moderately deep over sand and gravel. These soils formed in loamy alluvium or outwash sediments on terraces or terrace remnants. They have moderate or moderately rapid permeability in the solum and rapid permeability in the underlying sand and gravel. Principal native species are little bluestem, western wheatgrass, prairie sandreed, needleandthread, sideoats grama, threadleaf sedge, blue grama, and forbs.

Disturbance/Land Use: The homesite is on a low rise surrounded by swales that extend north and east into a seasonally wet depression outside the lot. The area shows evidence of previous cultivation, but in recent years it has been fallow.

Background Research: A search of site files produced by the State Archaeological Research Center shows one survey (ABF-0028 – Lueck & Winham 1986) within the project area but no sites (see Appendix 1 for details).

Fieldwork: Dr. Brian L. Molyneaux conducted a pedestrian reconnaissance survey of the project area on September 9, 2010, accompanied by Mr. Ted Corcoran, of the IHS. The ground visibility at the time of the survey was very good (40% - 50%) in the open grass and patches of exposed ground in and adjacent to the APE. Given the small size of the project area, the survey was in dense transects (ca. 2 m).

Results: The ground survey yielded no evidence of cultural resources outside modern land uses.

Recommendations: The location of the proposed undertaking distant from natural water and the absence of relevant cultural objects or materials in the ground survey suggest that the installation of a water line will not impact any potentially significant cultural resources, as defined by the Lower Brule Sioux Tribe Cultural Resources Office or within the terms of the National Historic Preservation Act. Given these results, the Principal Investigator recommends that no additional cultural resource research be conducted with regard to this proposed undertaking, and that the project proceeds as planned.

Area 2: Koster homesite (Figures 3 – 4)

Project Description: The Koster homesite, 1.5 miles W of the town of Fort Thompson requires installation of water and septic systems. The APE is approximately 1.25 acres (.5 hectare).

The water service will run south to the house from the south side of the road, where it connects to the community water system. The septic system consists of a septic tank and a 50x100 ft.

gravel-less drainfield chamber system.

Legal Location: WNENWNWNE Section 16, T107N R72W, Buffalo County, South Dakota

Base Map: USGS 7.5' Topographic Quadrangle: Big Bend, SD (1966), Contour Interval: 20 feet

Archaeological Region: Big Bend

Environment/Setting: The location of the proposed undertaking is a flat prairie grassland on a glacial outwash terrace (Quaternary) (MT-2), approximately 1.57 miles from the pre-dam Missouri River. The 1947 War Department map (Sheet 52) shows that the pre-dam terrace edge was approximately .7 miles from the project area. The land at this time had no distinctive topographic features. The elevation is approximately 1466 ft. (447 m).

The primary soils in the project area, derived from the NRCS Official Series Description, are:

Lowry variant silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes; and Orton loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes.

The Lowry series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in calcareous silty eolian sediments on nearly level to strongly sloping uplands and terraces. Principal native grasses are green needlegrass, big bluestem, little bluestem, western wheatgrass, sideoats grama, needleandthread, and blue grama.

The Orton series consists of well drained soils that are moderately deep over sand and gravel.

These soils formed in loamy alluvium or outwash sediments on terraces or terrace remnants.

They have moderate or moderately rapid permeability in the solum and rapid permeability in the underlying sand and gravel. Principal native species are little bluestem, western wheatgrass, prairie sandreed, needleandthread, sideoats grama, threadleaf sedge, blue grama, and forbs.

Disturbance/Land Use: The homesite is on flat ground in an area now covered by mixed grasses. A row of planted trees runs parallel to the road at the north end of the lot, and there is a well-defined, but overgrown, fire-break that runs parallel to the trees and turns south, occupying the east side of the property.

Background Research: A search of site files produced by the State Archaeological Research Center shows two surveys (ABF-0068 – Pysarsky 2002; MTS-0101 – Toom & Steinacher 1980) within the project area but no sites (see Appendix 1 for details).

Fieldwork: Dr. Brian L. Molyneaux conducted a pedestrian reconnaissance survey of the project area on November 12, 2009, accompanied by Mr. Ted Corcoran, of the IHS. The ground visibility at the time of the survey was very good (40% - 50%) in patches of open grass and exposed ground in and adjacent to the APE, but poor (10%) in deeper grass that occupies most of the lot. Given the small size of the project area, the survey was in dense transects (ca. 2 m).

Results: The ground survey yielded no evidence of cultural resources outside modern land uses.

Recommendations: The location of the proposed undertaking distant from natural water and from previously recorded archaeological sites, the absence of relevant cultural objects or materials as indicated by the ground surveys, and the ground disturbance within the lot suggest that the installation of a water and sewage facilities will not impact any potentially significant cultural resources, as defined by the Lower Brule Sioux Tribe Cultural Resources Office or within the terms of the National Historic Preservation Act. Given these results, the Principal Investigator recommends that no additional cultural resource research be conducted with regard to this proposed undertaking, and that the project proceeds as planned.

Area 3: Touche homesite (Figures 5 – 6)

Project Description: The Touche homesite, approximately 14 miles NW of the town of Fort Thompson and .7 miles SW of the West Bend Recreation Area on Lake Sharpe, requires installation of water and septic systems. The APE is approximately 2.5 acres (1 hectare).

The water service will connect to a new well east of the property and north of an existing house (where an artesian wellhead now exists). The septic system consists of a septic tank and a 50x100 ft. gravel-less drainfield chamber system.

Legal Location: NENENENW Section 15, T108N R74W, Hughes County, South Dakota

Base Map: USGS 7.5' Topographic Quadrangle: Big Bend NW, SD (1966), Contour Interval:

20 feet

Archaeological Region: Big Bend

Environment/Setting: The location of the proposed undertaking is an area of low rises and shallow gullies in the footslopes of the Missouri River Valley approximately 1 mile from the pre-dam Missouri River. The elevation is approximately 1500 ft. (457 m).

The primary soil in the project area, derived from the NRCS Official Series Description, is a Schamber-Orton Complex.

The Schamber series consists of well to excessively drained soils that are very shallow over sand and gravel outwash sediments on level to steep terraces or terrace remnants that cap ridges, crests, and upper slopes of undulating or rolling uplands. Native vegetation is needleandthread, blue grama, buffalograss, yucca, sedges, and shrubs.

The Orton series consists of well drained soils that are moderately deep over sand and gravel, formed in loamy alluvium or outwash sediments on nearly level to moderately steep terraces or terrace remnants that cap ridges, crests, and upper slopes on undulating or rolling terrain.

Principal species are little bluestem, western wheatgrass, prairie sandreed, needleandthread, sideoats grama, threadleaf sedge, blue grama, and forbs.

Disturbance/Land Use: The homesite is on one of several low rises on the footslope of the highest Missouri River terrace, an area with considerable sand and gravel exposure, but the land appears to have served only as pasture.

Background Research: A search of site files produced by the State Archaeological Research Center shows no surveys or sites within the project area (see Appendix 1 for details).

Fieldwork: Dr. Brian L. Molyneaux conducted a pedestrian reconnaissance survey of the project area on November 12, 2009, accompanied by Mr. Ted Corcoran, of the IHS. The ground visibility at the time of the survey was very good (40% - 50%) in the open grass and patches of exposed ground in and adjacent to the APE. Given the small size of the project area, the survey was in dense transects (ca. 2 m).

Results: The ground survey yielded no evidence of cultural resources outside modern land uses.

Recommendations: The location of the proposed undertaking distant from natural water, the small sloping land surface and the absence of relevant cultural objects or materials in the ground survey suggest that the installation of water and sewage facilities will not impact any potentially significant cultural resources, as defined by the Lower Brule Sioux Tribe Cultural Resources Office or within the terms of the National Historic Preservation Act. Given these results, the Principal Investigator recommends that no additional cultural resource research be conducted with regard to this proposed undertaking, and that the project proceeds as planned.

Area 4: Lambie homesite (Figures 7 – 8)

Project Description: The Lambie homesite, approximately 14 miles NW of the town of Fort Thompson and .7 miles SW of the West Bend Recreation Area on Lake Sharpe, requires installation of a new wellhead and water system. The APE is approximately 2.5 acres (1 hectare).

The new well is north of the house (where a failed artesian wellhead now exists).

Legal Location: SWNWNWNE Section 15, T108N R74W, Hughes County, South Dakota

Base Map: USGS 7.5' Topographic Quadrangle: Big Bend NW, SD (1966), Contour Interval:

20 feet

Archaeological Region: Big Bend

Environment/Setting: The location of the proposed undertaking is an area of small knolls and shallow gullies in the eroding footslopes of the Missouri River Valley approximately 1 mile from the pre-dam Missouri River. The elevation is approximately 1490 ft. (454 m).

The primary soil in the project area, derived from the NRCS Official Series Description, is a Schamber-Orton Complex.

The Schamber series consists of well to excessively drained soils that are very shallow over sand and gravel outwash sediments on level to steep terraces or terrace remnants that cap ridges, crests, and upper slopes of undulating or rolling uplands. Native vegetation is needleandthread, blue grama, buffalograss, yucca, sedges, and shrubs.

The Orton series consists of well drained soils that are moderately deep over sand and gravel, formed in loamy alluvium or outwash sediments on nearly level to moderately steep terraces or terrace remnants that cap ridges, crests, and upper slopes on undulating or rolling terrain.

Principal species are little bluestem, western wheatgrass, prairie sandreed, needleandthread, sideoats grama, threadleaf sedge, blue grama, and forbs.

Disturbance/Land Use: The homesite is on one of several low rises on the footslope of the highest Missouri River terrace, an area with considerable sand and gravel exposure, but the land appears to have served only as pasture.

Background Research: A search of site files produced by the State Archaeological Research Center shows no surveys or sites within the project area (see Appendix 1 for details).

Fieldwork: Dr. Brian L. Molyneaux conducted a pedestrian reconnaissance survey of the project area on November 12, 2009, accompanied by Mr. Ted Corcoran, of the IHS. The ground visibility at the time of the survey was very good (40% - 50%) in the open grass and patches of exposed ground in and adjacent to the APE. Given the small size of the project area, the survey was in dense transects (ca. 2 m).

Results: The ground survey yielded no evidence of cultural resources outside modern land uses.

Recommendations: The location of the proposed undertaking distant from natural water, the disturbance caused by the previous well installation, the uneven land surface and the absence of relevant cultural objects or materials in the ground survey suggest that the installation of water and sewage facilities will not impact any potentially significant cultural resources, as defined by the Lower Brule Sioux Tribe Cultural Resources Office or within the terms of the National Historic Preservation Act. Given these results, the Principal Investigator recommends that no additional cultural resource research be conducted with regard to this proposed undertaking, and that the project proceeds as planned.

Area 5: Fallis homesite (Figures 9 – 10)

Project Description: The Fallis homesite, 19 miles WNW of the town of Fort Thompson requires installation of water and septic systems. A well will be placed near the SE corner of the lot and a 60x100 ft. gravel-less drainfield chamber system will be placed north of the house. The APE is approximately 2.5 acres (1 hectare).

Legal Location: SWSWSESE Section 14, T108N R75W, Hughes County, South Dakota

Base Map: USGS 7.5' Topographic Quadrangle: Joe Creek, SD (1966), Contour Interval: 20 feet

Archaeological Region: Big Bend

Environment/Setting: The location of the proposed undertaking is a flat glacial outwash terrace (Quaternary) (MT-2), approximately 1.2 miles from the pre-dam Missouri River. The 1947 War Department map (Sheet 52) shows that the pre-dam terrace edge was approximately .23 miles from the project area. The land at this time had no distinctive topographic features. The elevation is approximately 1526 ft. (465 m).

The primary soil in the project area, derived from the NRCS Official Series Description, is:

Lowry silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes. The Lowry series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in calcareous silty eolian sediments of recent origin on nearly level to strongly sloping uplands and terraces. Principal native grasses are green needlegrass, big bluestem, little bluestem, western wheatgrass, sideoats grama, needleandthread, and blue grama.

Disturbance/Land Use: The homesite is on a previously cultivated prairie grassland.

Background Research: A search of site files produced by the State Archaeological Research Center shows no surveys or sites within the project area (see Appendix 1 for details).

Fieldwork: Dr. Brian L. Molyneaux conducted a pedestrian reconnaissance survey of the project area on November 12, 2009, accompanied by Mr. Ted Corcoran, of the IHS. The ground visibility at the time of the survey was moderately good (20% - 30%) in open grass and patches of exposed ground in and adjacent to the APE, and scattered rodent burrows provided samples of subsurface soils. Given the small size of the project area, the survey was in dense transects (ca. 2 m).

Results: The ground survey yielded no evidence of cultural resources outside modern land uses.

Results/Recommendations: The location of the proposed undertaking distant from natural water, the absence of relevant cultural objects or materials in the ground survey, suggest that the installation of water and sewage facilities will not impact any potentially significant cultural resources, as defined by the Lower Brule Sioux Tribe Cultural Resources Office or within the terms of the National Historic Preservation Act. Given these results, the Principal Investigator recommends that no additional cultural resource research be conducted with regard to this proposed undertaking, and that the project proceeds as planned.

Figure 1 – Farley Hawk homesite location.

Extract from USGS 7.5’ Topographic Quadrangle, Big Bend Dam, SD (1966), contour interval, 20 feet.

Figure 2 – Farley Hawk homesite project location

Extract from FSA 2008 Digital Orthophoto, Buffalo County, SD

Figure 3 – Koster homesite location. Extract from USGS 7.5’ Topographic Quadrangle, Big Bend Dam NW, SD (1966), contour interval, 20 feet.

Figure 4 – Koster homesite project area.

Extract from FSA 2008 Digital Color Orthophoto Buffalo County, SD

Figure 5 – Touche homesite location. Extract from USGS 7.5’ Topographic Quadrangle, Lower Brule NW, SD (1966), contour interval, 20 feet.

Figure 4 – Area 2 project area

Extract from FSA Digital Orthophoto, Buffalo County, SD

Figure 6 – Touche homesite project area

Extract from FSA 2008 Digital Orthophoto, Hughes County, SD

Figure 7 – Lambie homesite location. Extract from USGS 7.5’ Topographic Quadrangle, Lower Brule NW, SD (1966), contour interval, 20 feet.

Figure 8 – Lambie homesite project area

Extract from FSA Digital Orthophoto, Hughes County, SD

Figure 9 – Fallis homesite location. Extract from USGS 7.5’ Topographic Quadrangle, Joe Creek, SD (1966), contour interval, 20 feet.

Figure 10 – Fallis homesite project area

Extract from FSA Digital Orthophoto, Hughes County, SD

IHS # CC2020-INDWS- 1, GP-20-G26 Anthea Isburg

A Cultural Resource Survey of the Proposed Connection to Community Water System

Crow Creek Indian Reservation/Indian Health Service in Cooperation with the Crow Creek Sioux Tribe

Buffalo County, South Dakota

Township 106N, Range 71W, Section 10 N 44° 00' 12.60" W 99° 32' 76.20"

Submitted to:

Indian Health Services, OEHE

420 S. Garfield Avenue, Suite 200

Pierre, SD 57501

IHS Project # CC2020-INDWS-1, GP 20-G26 Report # 2020-093.1 by Steven J. Blondo, MA

Principal Investigator and Hannah Hensley

Blondo Consulting, LLC

November 19, 2020

FINAL REPORT

Management Summary/Abstract

Blondo Consulting, LLC was retained by the Crow Creek Sioux Tribe (CCST) and the

U.S. Public Health Service/Indian Health Service (IHS) to complete a Cultural Resource Survey of the proposed connection to a community water system for an existing home site on the Crow Creek Indian Reservation of the Crow Creek Sioux Tribe in Buffalo

County, South Dakota. The U.S. Public Health Service/Indian Health Service is providing funding and design services for this project; therefore, a Cultural Resource Survey is required to ensure compliance with the terms of Section 106 of the National Historic

Preservation Act. This report demonstrates that compliance. Steven J. Blondo, MA, was the Principal Investigator for the project. He meets Secretary of Interior’s Professional

Qualifications Standards for Archaeology, and History for Section 106 projects.

The Area of Potential Effect (APE) is limited to the location of the new home site where the proposed water system will be added. The APE is limited to the area of potential ground disturbance and any property, or any portion of said property, that will be physically altered or destroyed by the undertaking. Background research was completed using the online Archaeological Records Management System (ARMS) and the South

Dakota Historic Preservation Office’s Cultural Resource Geographic Research Information Display (SHPO CRGRID) on November 5, 2020. The site search revealed ten previously identified archaeological sites, one architectural site, and six prior investigations within one mile of the home site area. No previously recorded sites cross the APE. A field visit was completed November 5, 2020. Photographs were taken during the field visit.

No historic properties or cultural resources were identified within the project APE.

Blondo Consulting recommends No Historic Properties. As Blondo Consulting recommends No Historic Properties, no resolution of adverse effects is necessary. Blondo Consulting recommends that a monitor be present during construction, however no further cultural resource work is needed for the proposed individual water connection at this time.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION

2.0 PROJECT LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION

3.0 CULTURAL HISTORY

3.1 Paleo-Indian Tradition

3.2 Plains Archaic Tradition

3.3 Plains Woodland Tradition

3.4 Plains Village

3.5 Equestrian Nomadic Tradition

3.6 Historic Period

4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY

5.0 BACKGROUND RESEARCH

5.1 Previously Identified Cultural Resources

6.0 SURVEY METHODS AND RESULTS

7.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

References Cited/Bibliography Attachment 1: Photographs

Attachment 2: Maps

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The Crow Creek Sioux Tribe (CCST) and the U.S. Public Health Service/Indian Health Service

(IHS) retained Blondo Consulting, LLC (Blondo Consulting) to conduct a Cultural Resource

Survey for the proposed connection to existing community water system for an existing home on the Crow Creek Indian Reservation in Buffalo County, South Dakota. The proposed installation area is located in Township 106N, Range 71W, Section 10. The APE is limited to the area of potential ground disturbance and any property, or any portion of said property, that will be physically altered or destroyed by the undertaking. The site is located within an open area.

The investigation involved a background literature search including a review of known archaeological sites and properties, previously completed surveys and a field visit. The results of the investigation and recommendations are also included in this report.

2.0 PROJECT LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION

The Crow Creek Sioux Tribe and the U.S. Public Health Service/Indian Health Service (IHS) propose constructing improvements to the water and sewer systems on the Crow Creek Indian Reservation. This includes the connection to a community water system for an existing home.

Anthea Isburg’s home site is a 1.25-acre property.

The project area is in Township 106N, Range 71W, Section 10 in Buffalo County, South Dakota.

From the intersection of State Highway 47 and BIA BWY 4 (location of Lynn’s Dakotamart), head south, 0.65 miles. The road will turn to the southeast. Continue approximately 6.85 miles on BIA HWY 4. At the intersection of BIA HWY 4 and SD State 50 HWY, turn south. Anthea’s home is on the corner of BIA HWY 4 and SD State HWY 50. Anthea Isburg’s driveway is approximately

0.03 miles south on State HWY 50.

A Cultural Resource Survey was conducted at the residence location by Blondo Consulting staff member Kelly Wolf, MA, RPA. She was joined by Odell St. John and Dicky Dion, Cultural Resource Specialists with the Crow Creek Sioux Tribe Tribal Historic Preservation Office (CCST

THPO). The Area of Potential Effect (APE) is considered to be the limits of the construction site.

3.0 CULTURAL HISTORY

The South Dakota State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) has developed statewide contexts that examine South Dakota’s recent Prehistoric through Historic past. These contexts are based on archaeological and historical research. They describe the history of the state and assist in predicting where specific types of sites may occur both geographically and temporally.

American Indian contexts are commonly divided into major traditions: Paleo-Indian, Archaic, Woodland, and Plains Village (including Great Oasis, Plains Village, and Middle Missouri) based on significant changes in how these communities lived and what they ate. Historic contexts are generally divided into Contact and Post-Contact periods. The Contact period begins with early

European exploration of the state and continues through the Post-Contact period including settlement and statehood.

Most archaeological sites found within Buffalo County have only been related to American Indian culture or dated to the Pre-Contact period. Exact dating is difficult based on limited testing, analysis, and quantity of artifacts. However, based on the types of artifacts found within the county, it can be assumed that almost all periods of prehistory have the potential to be represented within the project boundaries.

3.1 Paleo-Indian Tradition (9,500 to 5,000 B.C.)

The Paleo-Indian Tradition refers to the period of time at the close of the Pleistocene era and into the Holocene era, when American Indian communities were small, mobile, and focused on hunting. This period is marked by the retreat of glacial ice, the decline of the mega-fauna, and the growth of modern vegetation. The small number of artifacts found at Paleo-Indian sites indicates that these communities hunted a limited number of large animals in a variety of environmental settings. As the Pleistocene era ended and the Holocene era began, the mega-fauna (e.g. wooly mammoth, mastodons, and camels) gradually died out. This caused Paleo-Indian peoples to shift their focus from hunting megafauna, to primarily hunting the largest remaining species, bison. In addition to bison, it is likely that gathering wild plant foods and hunting smaller animals also contributed significantly to the diet of Paleo-Indian peoples.

Distinctive stone tools made by Paleo-Indians included large lanceolate projectile points such as Clovis and Folsom points. Because Paleo-Indian communities were very small and nomadic, archaeologists have found only sparse, scattered evidence of the Paleo-Indian people throughout the region.

3.2 Plains Archaic Tradition (5,000 to 1,500 B.C.)

The peoples of the Plains Archaic Tradition remained hunters and gatherers like their Paleo-

Indian forbearers; however, the variety of plant and animal life was basically modern. Shifts in diet and settlement patterns define the transition to the Plains Archaic Tradition. During this period, native peoples were adapting to environmental changes by using more diverse plant and animal resources

During this period, Plains Archaic peoples began developing regional differences within their material culture, interaction between different populations diminished, and there was a lesser quality to their lithic tools. As with Paleo-Indian sites, Archaic sites are relatively small and ephemeral.

3.3 Plains Woodland Tradition (1,500 B.C. to A.D. 900)

Throughout the Midwest, the Plains Woodland Tradition is generally divided into three periods:

Early, Middle, and Late. The transition to the Plains Woodland Tradition occurred when

American Indians began manufacturing ceramic vessels, using bows and arrows, constructing earthen burial mounds, cultivating various plant species, and harvesting select plant species. Notwithstanding these developments, life for communities during the Plains Woodland

Tradition in many ways remained similar to that of the Archaic period.

Despite some similarities between Initial Plains Woodland and Archaic period community size, populations began to grow during the Late or Terminal Plains Woodland period. One possible reason is that American Indians became increasingly efficient in how they acquired food toward the end of the Plains Woodland period. Site types assigned to the Plains Woodland Tradition throughout the region range from cemeteries and small limited use sites to extensive village and habitation sites. Woodland period communities were situated in locations that ranged from focusing on a specific resource to general environments capable of sustaining a large community for a long time.

3.4 Plains Village (A.D. 900 to 1700)

Significant changes in subsistence and settlement patterns characterize the shift to the Plains

Village Tradition. Ceramic vessels differ from previous types in form as well as decoration, and settlement patterns shift to larger, more permanent villages typically located in riverine settings.

The subsistence strategies of these populations appear to incorporate hunting and gathering with limited agriculture focusing on specific plants. The Plains Village primary adaptation was a storable surplus food supply. Evidence indicates that the Plains Village complex relied heavily on bison hunting and intensive corn horticulture.

3.5 Equestrian Nomadic Tradition (mid 1700s to 1851)

The introduction of the horse is the primary characteristic of the Equestrian Nomadic Tradition. This period is also referred to as protohistoric, a time when the indigenous people were coming into contact with, and being influenced by, European culture. This contact was not always direct interaction between Native and Euro-American peoples, but sometimes through contact with items of Euro-American cultural material being traded throughout the area.

3.6 Historic Period (1700 to post-1861)

This period is marked by increased Euro-American settlement. Native Americans are pushed onto reservations. Military posts replace fur posts and soon are replaced by farms and towns.

Railroads cross the state bringing large waves of immigrants and encouraging the growth of towns.

Agriculture plays an important part in the homesteading and developing of land.

4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY

The project area lies within the Northwestern Great Plains (43) ecoregion and the River Breaks

(c) sub-region. Here the river has greatly affected the surrounding geology, forming broken terraces and uplands that descend into the Missouri River and its tributaries. The strata are soft and easily erodible, consisting of such materials as Pierre shale. The topography, uncultivated, and wooded areas provide a rich area of resources for wildlife Gallery forests of cottonwood and green ash grow along the larger tributaries, such as the Moreau and Cheyenne Rivers. However, wooded areas have been largely removed along the Missouri River by impoundments. Historically and presently the greater Northwestern Great Plains region is considered home to buffalo, prairie wolves, and wild goats, along with smaller fauna such as squirrels and rabbits (Bryce et al 2016).

5.0 BACKGROUND RESEARCH

A background literature search request was completed November 4, 2020 using the online Archaeological Records Management System (ARMS) and the South Dakota Historic Preservation

Office’s Cultural Resource Geographic Research Information Display (SHPO CRGRID). During this search previously recorded archaeological sites, architectural sites and completed surveys were researched for a one-mile radius around the proposed project area. For a historic property (including archaeological sites) to be considered important within a cultural resource management context they must meet a level of significance and retain historic integrity for a

National Register of Historic Places listing. The following section and Table 1 detail the findings of the background research.

5.1 Previously Identified Cultural Resources

The proposed construction areas are within the Crow Creek Indian Reservation. Ten previously identified cultural resources were located within one mile surrounding the project area (Table

1). No archaeological sites cross the APE.

Table 1. Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites within a One-Mile Radius

Site Number Site Name Description NR Status

Distance

39BF0010 --

Mound, Burial, Depression Listed 0.50 miles

39BF0044 -- Occupation Eligible 0.80 miles

39BF0045 -- Artifact Scatter Not Eligible 0.64 miles

39BF0046 Hunkpati Cemetery Burial, Farmstead Unevaluated 0.45 miles

39BF0047 -- Farmstead Unevaluated 0.69 miles

39BF0049 -- Mound, Depression Unevaluated 0.39 miles

39BF0063 -- Burial, Occupation Unevaluated 0.55 miles

39BF0112 --

Farmstead, Artifact

Scatter Eligible 0.83 miles

39BF0140 --

Depression, Artifact

Scatter Not Eligible 0.82 miles

39BF0213 -- Mound, Burial Listed 0.64 miles

Additionally, six surveys have been completed within one mile surrounding the project area (Table 2). No previous surveys cross the APE.

Additionally, one architectural site was located within one mile surrounding the project area

(Table 3). It does not cross the APE.

Table 3. Previously Recorded Architectura; Sites Within One Mile of Anthea Isburg Home Site

Site ID Site Name Address/Description

NR

Status Distance

BF00000170 -- HWY 50 bridge over Wolf Creek Not

Eligible

0.80 Miles

6.0 SURVEY METHODS AND RESULTS

On November 5, 2020, Blondo Consulting Staff Kelly Wolf, MA, RPA, along with Odell St. John and Dicky Dion, Cultural Resource Specialists with CCST THPO, conducted an archaeological survey of the home site. The proposed construction site at the residence was visited. Photographs were taken of the area. A pedestrian survey on a 5-meter interval of the home site was conducted. The survey consisted of inspecting the ground for noticeable cultural materials and/or

Table 2. Previously Completed Surveys within a One-Mile Radius

Report Number

Date Author Title

ABF-0056 1997 Larson, Thomas K.

Results of an Intensive Cultural Resource Inventory of BIA Route 4 on the Crow Creek Reservation, Buffalo County, South Dakota

ASD-0036 2016

Andrew Clark, Matthew

Busch, Laura Bender, Richard E. Berg, Katie Lamie, Roger Williams, Laura Clark, Laura

Mounce, Adam Wiewel

Archaeological Site Damage Assessment Related to the 2011 Missouri River Flooding. Appendices B-H:

Assessment Reports. Contract No. W9128F-12-C-

ASD-0043 2017

Kira Kaufmann, Katherine

Lamie, Laura Clarke, Matthew Busch

An Archaeological Survey of Mortuary Features in Brule, Buffalo, Charles Mix, Lyman, and Mellette Counties, South Dakota. CIS No. 3076

ESD-0068 1986

Jeffrey Buechler

A Cultural Resource Survey of Selected Portions of

Proposed Buried Cable Routes for the Midstate Telephone Cooperative in Central South Dakota.

Project Mo. 86-18

MTF-0208 1979

Dr. Gary D. Olson, Dr. Larry

J. Zimmerman

A Cultural Resources Reconnaissance of the Federal Lands on the East Bank of Lake Francis Case, SD, Volumes 1 and 2. An Archaeological, Historical and

Ecological Reconnaissance of the Missouri River/Lake Francis Case Reservoir. Contract DACW45-78-C-

MTS-0101 1984

Dennis L. Toom, Terry L.

Steinacher, Carl R. Falk with contributions by Warren W.

Caldwell, Alan H. Coogan, Craig M. Johnson, David Murphy, John S. Smith, W.

Raymond Wood

Archaeological Investigations Within Federal Lands

Located on the East Bank of the Lake Sharpe Project Area, South Dakota: 1978-1979 Final Report.

Volumes I-VIII. Technical Report No. 83-04.

Technical Report No. 80-13. Contract No.

DACW45-78-C-1036 and 1031 trace evidence of cultural activity. No pre-modern cultural materials or cultural resources were located during the field survey.

7.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

The Crow Creek Sioux Tribe and the U.S. Public Health Service/Indian Health Service retained

Blondo Consulting to complete a Cultural Resource Survey in preparation of the proposed individual water connection within the boundaries of the Crow Creek Indian Reservation in Buffalo County, South Dakota. The residence containing the project area is located in Township

106N, Range 71W, and Section 10.

A literature search using ARMS and the SHPO CRGRID concluded in the finding of ten previously identified archaeological sites, one architectural site, and six previously completed surveys within one mile of the project area. No previously recorded sites cross the APE. A field visit was completed November 5, 2020. Photographs were taken during the field visit.

No historic properties or cultural resources were identified within the project APE. Blondo

Consulting recommends No Historic Properties. As Blondo Consulting recommends No Historic Properties, no resolution of adverse effects is necessary. Blondo Consulting recommends that a monitor be present during construction, however no further cultural resource work is needed for the proposed water connection at this time.

Should buried artifacts, human remains, cultural sites, or ground features be unexpectedly unearthed during ground disturbing activities, all construction should immediately cease and the resources be examined by a professional archaeologist. Additionally, appropriate authorities, including the pertinent tribal entities and the state historic preservation office, should be notified.

Alanen Arnold R. and Robert Z. Melnick, editors. (2000). Preserving Cultural Landscapes in

America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.

Anderson, Gary Clayton, Alan R. Woolworth. (1988). Through Dakota Eyes: Narrative Accounts of the Minnesota Indian Wars of 1862. Minnesota Historical Society Press, St. Paul.

Bray, Edmund C. and Martha Coleman Bray. (1993). Joseph N. Nicollet on the Plains and Prairies.

St. Paul: MHS Press.

Bryce, Sandra A., James M. Omernik, David E. Pater, Michael Ulmer, Jerome Schaar, Jerry Freeouf, Rex Johnson, Pat Kuck, and Sandra H. Azevedo. (2016). Ecoregions of North Dakota and South Dakota. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and

Development, Regional Applied Research Effort (RARE) program.

Fleming, Paula Richardson and Judith Luskey (1986). The North American Indians in Early

Photographs. Barnes and Noble Books.

Frison, George C. and Robert C. Mainfort, editors. (1996). Archeological and Bioarcheological

Resources of the Northern Plains. Fayetteville: Arkansas Archeological Survey

Publications.

Galler, Robert W. Jr. (2008). Sustaining the Sioux Confederation: Yanktonai Initiatives and

Influence on the Northern Plains. 1680-1880. The Western Historical Quarterly. Volume 39, No. 4.

Gibbon, Guy. (2003). The Sioux: The Dakota and Lakota Nations. Malden: Blackwell Publishing.

Omernik, James M. and Glenn E. Griffith (EPA). (2008). The Encyclopedia of Earth: Ecoregions of

North Dakota and South Dakota (EPA). Accessed 6 October 2015.

http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/152149/

Hafen, LeRoy R. (1972). French Fur Traders & Voyageurs in the American West. Lincoln:

University of Nebraska Press.

Kupferer, Harriet J. (1988). Ancient Drums, Other Moccasins: Native North American Cultural Adaptation. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Lowie, Robert H. (1954). Indians of the Plains. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

Moulton, Gary E. editor. (2003). An American Epic of Discovery: The Lewis and Clark Journals.

Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

Prucha, Francis Paul. (1994). American Indian Treaties. Los Angeles: University of California

Press.

Robinson III, Charles M. (2003). The Plains Wars 1757-1900. Wellingborough: Osprey

Publishing.

South Dakota State Archaeological Center/ State Historical Preservation Office Files. (n.d.).

Various Files for recorded sites, archaeological as well as surveys conducted within the state.

Sturtevant, William C. (2001). Handbook of North American Indians. Volume 13: Plains. Edited by Raymond J. DeMallie. Washington: Smithsonian Institution.

Theler, James L. and Robert F. Bozhardt. (2003). Twelve Millennia Archaeology of the Upper

Midwest. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press.

Viola, Herman J. (1995) Diplomats in Buckskins: A History of Indian Delegations in Washington

City. Bluffton: Rivilo Books.

Waldman, Carl. (1999 ). Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes. New York: Checkmark Books.

Wood, W. Raymond, editor. (1998). Archaeology on the Great Plains. Lawrence: University of

Kansas Press.

Brady, Nyle C. and Ray R. Weil. (2000). Elements of the Nature and Properties of Soils. Prentice

Hill, Upper Saddle River.

United States Department of the Interior. (1998). National Register Bulletin: How to Apply the

National Register Criteria for Evaluation. National Register Database found at http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natreghome.do?searchtype=natreghome accessed 10 June 2013.

Photo 1: Overview of Anthea Isburg’s property facing NW.

Photo 2: From Anthea Isburg’s property facing east towards existing waterline.

Photo 3: Overview of Anthea Isburg’s property facing west.

Photo 4: Overview of existing waterline facing east.

Photo 5: From existing waterline facing west towards Anthea Isburg’s property.

Photo 6: Of Anthea Isburg’s house facing northwest.

Photo 7: Of Anthea Isburg’s property facing west.

Photo 8: Of garage on Anthea Isburg’s property facing southwest.

Photo 9: Overview of Anthea isburg’s homesite facing southwest.

Photo 10: Overview of Anthea Isburg’s homesite facing west.

Photo 11: Existing well facing west.

Photo 12: Overview of Anthea Isburg’s homesite facing south.

Photo 13: Overview of Anthea Isburg’s homesite with existing utilities facing south.

IHS # CC2020-INDWS- 1, GP-20-G26 Mikki Keeble

Construction of an Individual Cistern and Septic System

Township 108N, Range 72W, Section 30 N 44° 13' 40.66" W 99° 50' 94.13"

IHS Project # CC2020-INDWS-1, GP-20-G26

BC Report # 2021-046

Principal Investigator and Hannah Hensley

May 19, 2021

U.S. Public Health Service/Indian Health Service (IHS) to complete a Cultural Resource Survey of the proposed construction of an individual cistern and septic system for a new home site on the Crow Creek Indian Reservation of the Crow Creek Sioux Tribe in Buffalo County, South Dakota. The U.S. Public Health Service/Indian Health Service is providing funding and design services for this project; therefore, a Cultural Resource Survey is required to ensure compliance with the terms of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act. This report demonstrates that compliance. Steven J. Blondo, MA, was the Principal Investigator for the project. He meets Secretary of Interior’s Professional Qualifications Standards for Archaeology, and History for Section 106 projects.

The Area of Potential Effect (APE) is limited to the location of the new home site where the proposed septic system and cistern will be added. The APE is limited to the area of potential ground disturbance and any property, or any portion of said property, that will be physically altered or destroyed by the undertaking. Background research was completed using the online Archaeological Records Management System (ARMS) and the South Dakota Historic Preservation Office’s Cultural Resource Geographic Research Information Display (SHPO CRGRID) on April 26, 2021. The site search revealed one previously identified archaeological site, no architectural sites, and three prior investigations within one mile of the home site area. No previously recorded sites cross the APE. A field visit was completed May 5, 2021. Photographs were taken during the field visit. Steven J. Blondo, MA, Principal Investigator, along with Odell St. John and Dicky Dion, Cultural Resource Consultants with the CCST Tribal Historic Preservation Office (THPO) and Merle Marks CCST Tribal Historic Preservation Officer completed the field visit. During the visit, CCST THPO staff expressed concern over the potential for gravesites in the area, as the area had not been previously disturbed. Due to this concern, a monitor is recommended during any construction activities.

No historic properties or cultural resources were identified within the project APE.

Blondo Consulting recommends No Historic Properties. As Blondo Consulting recommends No Historic Properties, no resolution of adverse effects is necessary. Blondo Consulting recommends that a monitor be present during construction due to concerns from CCST SHPO of gravesites in the area, however no further cultural resource work is needed for the proposed construction of an individual cistern is required.

1.0 INTRODUCTION

2.0 PROJECT LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION

3.0 CULTURAL HISTORY

3.1 Paleo-Indian Tradition

3.2 Plains Archaic Tradition

3.3 Plains Woodland Tradition

3.4 Plains Village

3.5 Equestrian Nomadic Tradition

3.6 Historic Period

4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY

4.1 Soils and Geological Background

5.0 BACKGROUND RESEARCH

5.1 Previously Identified Cultural Resources

6.0 SURVEY METHODS AND RESULTS

7.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

(IHS) retained Blondo Consulting, LLC (Blondo Consulting) to conduct a Cultural Resource Survey for the proposed construction of an individual cistern and septic systema for an new home on the Crow Creek Indian Reservation in Buffalo County, South Dakota. The proposed installation area is located in Township 108N, Range 72W, Section 30. The APE is limited to the area of potential ground disturbance and any property, or any portion of said property, that will be physically altered or destroyed by the undertaking. The site is located within an open area.

The investigation involved a background literature search including a review of known archaeological sites and properties, previously completed surveys and a field visit. The results of the investigation and recommendations are also included in this report.

2.0 PROJECT LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION

The Crow Creek Sioux Tribe and the U.S. Public Health Service/Indian Health Service (IHS) propose constructing improvements to the water and sewer systems on the Crow Creek Indian Reservation. This includes the construction of an individual cistern and septic system for an new home. Mikki Keeble’s home site is an approximately 1.2-acre property.

The project area is in Township 108N, Range 72W, Section 30 in Buffalo County, South Dakota.

From the intersection of State Highway 47 and BIA HWY 4 (location of Lynn’s Dakotamart), head north 0.6 miles. Turn left (west) on BIA Road 8. Continue 2.5 miles on BIA Road 8. Turn right (north) onto BIA Road 7. Continue on BIA Road 7 for approximately 4.85 miles. Turn on the 22404 driveway (on the right side of the road) that goes up the hill. Mikki’s foundation is located here.

A Cultural Resource Survey was conducted at the residence location by Blondo Consulting Principal Investigator Steven Blondo, MA. He was joined by Odell St. John and Dicky Dion, Cultural Resource Specialists with the Crow Creek Sioux Tribe Tribal Historic Preservation Office (CCST THPO) and Merle Marks, CCST Tribal Historic Preservation Officer. The Area of Potential Effect (APE) is considered to be the limits of the construction site.

3.0 CULTURAL HISTORY

The South Dakota State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) has developed statewide contexts that examine South Dakota’s recent Prehistoric through Historic past. These contexts are based on archaeological and historical research. They describe the history of the state and assist in predicting where specific types of sites may occur both geographically and temporally.

American Indian contexts are commonly divided into major traditions: Paleo-Indian, Archaic, Woodland, and Plains Village (including Great Oasis, Plains Village, and Middle Missouri) based on significant changes in how these communities lived and…