Attachment_03_-_Write_Guidelines.docx

140R3022R0022 D2 F9 Southwestern Willow Flycatcher Monitoring

Attachment 03 LCR MSCP Writer Guidelines – 2017

Note that this is not an all-inclusive list – it is a “live” document that is subject to change. Check back regularly to ensure you have the most updated version.

Saving Your File in Word

Save the file in .docx format

· To convert an existing file from .doc, go to File → Convert

· To save .docx as your default, go to File → Options → Save files in this format (first entry)

Metadata: When you receive the Word file back after Denver review, you need to fill in the metadata. Click the “File” tab and choose the “Info” ribbon on the left side of screen. On the right side of the screen is a “Properties” section. Fill out the following properties:

· Title: Enter the title of the document. This is not the file name, but the title of the report itself.

· Tags: Enter tags (key words) that help to identify the content of the document. These should be single words separated by a semicolon. The words do not have to be capitalized. Do not use any special characters.

· Comments (Optional): Enter any special comments for other viewers’ information

· Subject: Enter the subject of the document

· Add an author: Add an author if someone other than you is contributing to the document

Style Guides

The following order of precedence applies for existing style guides:

1. Specific style guidelines for the LCR MSCP

2. U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual

3. The Chicago Manual of Style: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/home.html

Formatting Guidelines

Visual Identity provides guidelines for many report styles, but the following bullets represent a few requirements that cannot be changed (Note: all of these requirements are built into the template):

· Interior page margins are 1-1/2” on the left/right with 1-inch margins on the top/bottom (with a ½-inch header/footer)

· Times New Roman 12 pt for main body text

· Table headings/figure captions should be in Arial 10 (we are using Arial bold on figure captions and regular Arial on table headings since the column headings are bold and shaded). The table font can be reduced down to 8 pt if necessary to fit the table within the “printable” margins (usually 1/2”), but no smaller than 8 pt. (Note: All of the tables in the document do NOT need to be the same font size). Example tables and figure captions can be found on the next page.

· Arial bold (multiple font sizes) should be used for headings (Note: There are 2 paragraph returns before each of the headings up to heading 6. Heading 7 can start either one or two paragraph returns below preceding text – your choice)

· For these reports, use the following headings (in template):

There are headings entitled Heading 2-space, Heading 3-space, etc., which are to be used if headings immediately follow each other without text in between (paragraph spacing is “built in,” so there is no paragraph return between consecutive heading levels).

Use the template created for these reports, as all of the styles have been incorporated and meet Visual Identity standards. Using the template will not only ensure consistency among reports but will help avoid Section 508 accessibility errors. Elaborate formatting needs to be avoided.

Order of a Document

1. Cover

2. Steering Committee Members

3. Title Page

4. Citation

5. Acronyms and Abbreviations

6. Contents

7. Executive Summary or Abstract

8. Literature Cited

9. Acknowledgments

10. Attachments (numbered as 1, 2, 3, etc.)

The Executive Summary will always begin with page number ES-1, and abstracts will have the same Roman numeral numbering as the contents (beginning with the first odd page after the contents numbering)

We use attachments rather than appendices, per the definitions below:

· An attachment could be anything attached that may or may not have a connection to the main document. It is simply attached for extended reasons (just in case if someone might want to take a look and have an idea). Attachments do not contribute to the understanding of the main work.

· “Appendix” is a general term that refers to a series of documents added at the end of a particular report, book, legal contract, etc., to supplement the main work and usually used for further reference. An appendix is helpful to explain any questions or unclear information a potential reader might encounter in the main work; however, the reader can understand the main work without reading the appendix.

Figures

Figures need to be inserted as .jpg or .png files one paragraph return below the text in which the callout appears or as close as possible. If there are multiple “layers” (arrows, text, etc., that appear on top of a figure), the figure must be grouped together.

To easily put figures side by side without putting them in a table:

· Go to “Insert” → Shapes → New Drawing Canvas

· Insert your figures, size and format

· Group the figures together (hold the SHIFT key and click on each figure)

· Move out of the drawing canvas and put your caption underneath

If the figure spans the width of a portrait page, it should be sized to 5.5” wide (396 points) and should have no white space around the border/outside edge.

Figure captions should be concise and limited to just one sentence if possible. All other information will fall below the caption (same size font and not bold) without the “Caption” style attached to it so it does not appear when the Table of Contents is generated. There is a “Caption” style created in the template. Figure captions are to be placed below figures in Arial/bold 10 pt, left aligned, lower case (except for proper nouns), with a period at the end, and should follow the form:

Figure 1.—Planning area study map.

If the caption runs over one sentence, other pertinent information can be added here if necessary (without the caption style attached to it so it won’t appear in the TOC).

Callouts in Text for Figures and Tables

· Lowercase the words “figure” and “table” in the main text if only using the number, but uppercase if the number and title are used (e.g., see table 1, but see Table 1, Species names).

· Be sure that if you call out a table/figure, the information you are calling out can easily be found in that table/figure. For example, a reader should not have to add up table rows if you call out a number in the main text –that number should be shown in the table. If what is said in the text is not precisely shown in a table/figure, it is just a statement, and a callout should not be used.

· If you refer back to a previous table or figure (let’s say table 1 is on page 2 and you’re talking about it on page 24), your callout would read (see table 1, rather than just table 1). Similarly, if you refer to a table or figure that will not immediately follow because it is in another section of the main text that is several pages away, your callout would also read “see table 1,” rather than just table 1.

Tables

(Note: There is a “Table-heading” style created in the template, and sample tables are on the following page.) A table starts two paragraph returns after the paragraph in which it was called out, or as close as possible, and there are two paragraph returns after a table to start new body text. Table titles are to be placed above the table (title should be in a row within the table rather than outside the table with no top or left/right lines), Arial 10 pt (can go down to 8 pt to fit on page), left aligned, lower case (except for proper nouns), with no period at end. The table heading should be concise and limited to just one sentence if possible. All other information will fall below the heading (same size font) without the “Table-heading” style attached to it so it does not appear when the Table of Contents is generated and will be within parentheses, following the style:

Table 1.—Planning areas and associated wildlife (If the heading runs over one sentence, other information can be added here.)

· The table title follows a period and “em” dash. It should be the same font size as the table text.

· The column headings are sentence case (except for proper nouns) and are bolded with 12.5% shading. Wording within cells follows the same capitalization rules. Column headings are aligned bottom center.

· All borders (lines) are defaulted at ½ point. Lines can deviate (some can be made thicker to separate material, but never lighten the color of lines, use dashed lines, or go below ½ pt thickness).

· The cell margins are set at 3 pt (0.04”) for the top/bottom margins of the cell, and 5.4 pt (0.08”) is used for the left/right margins of the cell.

· Table footnotes should be included in a row within the table and are 1 pt smaller than the table text (but they can be no smaller than 8 pt). The footnote number is indented 5 spaces and will be a superscript. One space follows the superscript number to add the text of the footnote. Remove the lines from the bottom and left/right of this cell.

· The font size and cell margins should be reduced only if a table does not fit within printable margins (usually ½” left/right margins for most printers).

· You can choose to right align or center align columns with numbers (we usually right align the numbers if they have decimals, but not mandatory); whichever way you choose, stick with the same format throughout the document.

Sample Basic Table:

Table 1.—Summary of habitat characteristics at the Palo Verde Ecological Reserve

Mean percent canopy closure (Standard error [SE]) range

79.9 (5.9) 0.0–100.0

Mean percent cover live vegetation (SE) range

38.0 (5.5) 0–94.4

Mean percent cover litter (SE) range

24.8 (6.3) 0.0–97.5

Mean percent cover bare ground (SE) range 0 (0) 0–0

Note: The lines of tables sometimes do not convert to Adobe very well, so a PDF may not look like what it does in Word (there is no fix for this…it is a conversion problem that has yet to be resolved between Microsoft and Adobe). Less “fancy” table formatting will create a cleaner PDF table.

In tables, use an acronym IF it has been defined previously in the main text. Do not define an acronym for the first time in a table. You can define the acronym if it is used again in the same table (in table 1, standard error was defined with the acronym and then the acronym was used in other parts of the table). If you define and use an acronym in a table, it must be redefined in the main text and any other tables.

Sample Complex Table:

Table 1.—Height, diameter at breast height, and density estimates for trees and shrubs at the Palo Verde Ecological Reserve (*n refers to number of plots unless otherwise noted.)

Mean height/DBH (SE)3 range

9.5 (0.1) 1.4–12.0

Mean height (SE) range

1.8 (0.04) 1.4–2.5

10.3 (0.1) 7.5–12.0 *n = 225

12.3 (0.2) 8.0–23.0

1.8 (0.05) 1.4–2.5

7.8 (0.2) 5.0–9.5 *n = 83

10.5 (0.2) 8.0–14.5

1.6 (0.1) 1.4–1.9

Mean number of trees/plot (SE) range

0–732

Mean number of shrubs/plot (SE) range

0–27

0–66

Goodding’s willow

13.4 (3.5) 0–59

0–725

0–5

1,364

1 HT = height.

2 DBH = diameter at breast height.

3 SE = standard error.

In this table, acronyms were defined with footnotes, which is also an acceptable form. Use this method when there is limited space in a table for extensive text.

Note that it is now a requirement of Section 508 to avoid multiple blank cells in a row (see difference in table below). You need to merge the cells like in the table above. This requirement seems to change. At first we were told not to merge cells, and then a training video that was recently distributed indicated that merging cells if preferable over blank cells.

In the table below, the three blank cells under the “Shrubs” heading should be merged together in accordance with Section 508 standards.

Table 1.—Height, diameter at breast height, and density estimates for trees and shrubs at Palo Verde Ecological Reserve Phase 2 (*n refers to the number of plots unless otherwise noted.)

Mean number of trees/plot (SE) range

0–732

Mean number of shrubs/plot (SE) range

1.8 (1.2)

0–66

Goodding’s willow

13.4 (3.5) 0–59

General Rules

Covers—The cover, Steering Committee page, title page, and citation page are now part of the Word template. The authors must provide a title, date, author/group, and a photo for the cover (if available). If you don’t have a photo, a general cover created for each group with a background photo will be used. The citation must be provided.

The most important rule when writing a report is to be consistent throughout the document (format, references, nomenclature).

· In scientific writing, interchangeable terms are to be avoided; establish a term and use it throughout, especially when talking about conservation area names, to avoid confusion about whether you are talking about a river, an area, an area within an area, etc. (e.g., Bill Williams River NWR vs. Bill Williams NWR vs. Bill Williams vs. Bill Williams River – choose ONE form you want to use and be consistent). If several national wildlife refuges are mentioned within a single report, you must use NWR with each area – do NOT use Bill Williams River National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) – use Bill Williams River National Wildlife Refuge (Bill Williams River NWR).

When describing species, on first use give the common name (if one exists) followed by the scientific name, as used in the Habitat Conservation Plan, in parentheses (genus name is capitalized, specific epithet is never capitalized, and the entire name is italicized – see example below) and then use the complete common name the rest of the time. Try to explicitly describe which species and/or subsubspecies was detected. If in doubt, use the Latin name. Follow established sources for common names [see the USDA Plant Database at http://www.plants.usda.gov/checklist.html or the American Ornithologists’ Union Checklist of North American Birds at www.aou.org]):

Example: The southwestern willow flycatcher (Empidonax trailli extimus) is found along many areas of the lower Colorado River. Use the full name (southwestern willow flycatcher) throughout the rest of the report.

Use spp. when referring to unidentified multiple species in a genus Use sp. when referring to a single unidentified species

· Capitalize/italicize the genus name when referring to genus only

· Capitalize (no italics) family, order, class, phylum or division, and kingdom

· Acronym use—Acronyms should appear in parentheses after the initial use of the full name and the acronym used thereafter.

Acronyms are defined in the Executive Summary/Preface/Abstract and ALL attachments as if they were stand-alone documents – this means that you define the acronym at first use (with the acronym in parenthesis) and use the acronym thereafter, and then you redefine the acronym in the main text of the report. If the attachments are tables, with no text, and acronyms are used within the table in order for it to fit within the margins, use footnotes to define the acronyms.

If an acronym has been defined in the text, it should be used in tables and figures, where appropriate. If it seems awkward that some entries in the table (such as conservation areas) are spelled out and some are acronyms, you can choose to spell everything out. This may be different per table; it is a judgment call.

An acronym should NOT be first defined if it falls within a table or figure unless that same acronym is used again in the same table or figure. Even if it the acronym is defined and used in a table of figure, it should again be defined at first use in the main text with the acronym in parentheses. Do not first define an acronym in a heading and avoid using acronyms in main text headings.

As a general rule, if a report is ≤ 100 pages, an acronym should be used if it is called out 3 times; if a report is ≥ 100 pages, an acronym should be used if it is called out 5 times. These are just GENERAL guidelines – use your own judgment. Usually with measurements (feet, meters, seconds, etc.) it offers more “readability” if you define the acronym at first use and then use the acronym thereafter even if it is used only once or twice.

· Affect vs. effect

Affect: To influence – used most commonly as a verb (substitute the word “change” in a sentence to see if it makes sense):

· How would this alternative “CHANGE” the environment?

This sentence makes sense, so it would be AFFECT

Effect: To accomplish or cause; outcome or result – most commonly used as a noun (substitute the word “result” in a sentence to see if it makes sense):

· What is the RESULT of this alternative?

This sentence makes sense, so it would be EFFECT Avoid the use of first person (I and we)—Instead, use third person (agency, company, organization) with active voice to ensure that sentences do not become too complicated or wordy. With active voice, the subject of the sentence performs the action; with passive voice, the action is performed upon the subject.

Examples of passive and preferable active voice:

Passive voice: Two LCR MSCP covered species were found by the surveyors.

Active voice: The surveyors found two LCR MSCP covered species.

You can recognize passive voice expressions because the verb phrase will always include a form of be (am, is, was, were, are, or been). The presence of a “be” verb, however, does not necessarily mean that the sentence is in passive voice. A prepositional phrase like “by the” in a sentence indicates that the action is performed on the subject, which makes the sentence passive. If you rewrite a sentence without using first, second, or third person, it is considered past tense, not passive voice, as shown in the examples below:

Past tense: All bird sightings and territory boundaries were recorded. (No use of 1st, 2nd, or 3rd person, so no action is being taken on a subject).

Passive voice: All bird sightings and territory boundaries were recorded by the researcher. (The bolded material makes the sentence passive because an action is being taken on the subject).

· Commas—In scientific writing, a comma is used before the last term in a series of three or more (e.g., cottonwoods, willows, and mesquite). Use a semicolon to separate lists that have commas within them. No commas are used in elevations even if over 4 digits.

· Cutting and pasting—If cutting and pasting to update an older version of a document, be sure that all references, tables, and figures are cited correctly after you make the change (sometimes references are deleted, but still remain in the “Literature Cited” section, or references are added with new text and must be inserted in the “Literature Cited” section, and tables and figures may not have not been updated to reflect the new text or vice versa).

Dates—Dates will be written in the form: January 1, 2016

In referring to a fiscal year, consecutive years, or a continuous period of 2 years of more, when contracted, the form 1900–11 is used, but upon change of century, use 1895–1914, and avoid multiple ciphers together (2000–2001). In main headings and titles, use full years (2014–2015). Note that an “en” dash is used rather than a hyphen.

· Metric vs. English—It is appropriate to use either metric or English units for reports depending on how measurements were taken and existing measurements that are in place (e.g., elevations, river miles). However, it is important to choose one system of units for a given report and be consistent. Where differences exist within a report, measurements should be given in the appropriate system (metric or English) followed by the metric or English equivalent in parentheses. The preferred method used for our reports is English units followed by metric units in parenthesis.

· Numerals (spelled out or a figure?) There are many rules, but the following are the most frequently used:

A figure is used for a single number of 10 or more with the exception of the first word of a sentence.

A unit of measurement, time, or money (actual or implied), which is ALWAYS expressed in a figure, does not affect the use of figures for other numerical expressions within a sentence.

· The contractor, one engineer, and five surveyors inspected the 1-mile road. The measurement uses a figure and does not affect the other numbers in the sentence, which are under 10.

· A team of four men ran the race in 3 minutes 20 seconds. Time uses a figure and does not affect the other numbers in the sentence, which are under 10.

· Each of the five girls earned 75 cents an hour. A money amount uses a figure and does not affect the other numbers in the sentence, which are under 10.

Commas are used in numbers containing four or more digits, except with elevation and military time.

Note: Numeral rules are continued on the next page

When 2 or more numbers appear in a sentence and 1 of them is 10 or larger, figures are used for each number (except the first word of a sentence).

Indefinite expressions are spelled out (the seventies, twelvefold, etc.)

Numbers less than 100 preceding a compound modifier containing a figure are spelled out

· Two ¾-inch boards

· 120 8-inch boards

· Punctuation with quotation marks—Commas and periods go inside quotation marks. Semicolons and colons go outside quotation marks.

· References—When citing references in the main text, follow the author-date system. The most important rule is to be consistent when formatting references. No commas are used after the author (e.g., Black 2001), and multiple authors are separated with a semicolon (e.g., Black 2001; Anderson 2006). Personal communications in the text are cited as (Black 2001, personal communication), and further information (such as agency) is given in the reference section.

· Spacing after punctuation—There are two spaces after periods, colons, and question marks at the end of a sentence.

· That vs. which—A simple rule of thumb is that a comma is used before which (non-essential) but not before that (essential).

· Was vs. were—Number, majority, and total are singular if preceded by the word “the” but plural if preceded by “a.”

· A number of people believe he is innocent.

· A majority of people want to reduce the fees.

· A total of 15 people were arrested last month.

· The number of residents who signed the petition has grown.

Guide to Capitalization, Hyphenation, and Word Usage

Adaptive Management Program Arizona Bell’s vireo biological opinion BIO-WEST (all cap) call-playback cottonwood-willow (mixture of the two); cottonwood/willow (slash indicates “or”) data ARE, not data IS dataset database decisionmaking downstream FROM environmental assessment (capitalized if part of report name) Federal (but federally) fishes (when talking about one or more fish of different species) fishkill flood plain floodflow flyover followup (noun and unit modifier) FY (FY12, not FY2012; fiscal year 2012) grow-out Habitat Conservation Plan hand-held indepth in-holding in-kind interagency agreement Land Use Agreement (preference to capitalize) lower Colorado River Lower Colorado River Basin “ly” words are not hyphenated (e.g., highly sensitive data) manmade mark-recapture memorandum of agreement memorandum of understanding “multi” words are hyphenated (this is a preference) net-hour “non” words are hyphenated (this is a preference) mist net nighttime onsite plug-in Range # Range-wide Reach # recapture Reclamation-wide recontact redesign redetect redistribute redrill regrade regrowth reline relocate renest replant reregulate rescan resight resprout retag River Mile # scan-hour “semi” words are one word Southerly International Boundary stand-alone State (always capitalize to be consistent with the use of capitalization of Federal) Steering Committee subadult swim-up system-wide Township # Upper Colorado River Basin upstream OF Web site There is no such thing as U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (delete U.S.)

Common Acronyms

Conservation Areas

Preferred Acronym Official Name

BBCA Big Bend Conservation Area

BLCA Beal Lake Conservation Area

Cibola Nature Trail Cibola National Wildlife Refuge Unit #1 Conservation Area Nature Trail

Cibola NWR Unit #1 Cibola National Wildlife Refuge Unit #1 Conservation Area

CVCA Cibola Valley Conservation Area

Dennis Underwood Dennis Underwood Conservation Area Conservation Area

HH Hunters Hole

HMM Hart Mine Marsh

IPCA Imperial Ponds Conservation Area

LDCA Laguna Division Conservation Area

MVCA Mohave Valley Conservation Area

Parker Dam Camp Parker Dam Camp

Planet Ranch Planet Ranch

PVER Palo Verde Ecological Reserve

PVER-South Palo Verde Ecological Reserve-South

PWCA Pretty Water Conservation Area

Three Fingers Lake Three Fingers Lake

YEW Yuma East Wetlands

Other Conservation Area/Facility Names

Preferred Acronym Official Name

General Acronyms

Symbols

List of Common and Scientific Names

26 LCR MSCP Covered and 5 Evaluation Species

* Evaluation species.

1 Genetic analyses on the pale Townsend’s big-eared bat indicate that the LCR is likely in the range of the Pacific Townsend’s big-eared bat (Corynorhinus townsendii townsendii) rather than the pale Townsend’s big-eared bat (Piaggio and Perkins 2005). The bats recorded along the LCR will be referred to as pale Townsend’s big-eared bats in this report, as the nomenclature change has not yet been verified by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Bats

Birds

Fish

Plural Forms of Fish

Because some fish can be used in either the singular or plural sense, it was decided that the following fish would be used with the “s” for the plural form (using a plural verb):

· razorback suckers, flannelmouth suckers, chubs and the following fish would be used without the “s” for the plural form (using a plural verb) when talking about multiple fish or the singular verb when talking about just one fish:

· bonytail

Plants

foothill – Parkinsonia microphylla Mexican – Parkinsonia aculeate

Plural Forms of Plants

Because some plants can be used in either the singular or plural sense (e.g., tamarisk), it was decided that the following plants would be used with the “s” for the plural form (using a plural verb):

· cottonwoods, cattails, sedges, and willows and the following plants would be used without the “s” for the plural form (using a plural verb) when talking about multiple plants or the singular verb when talking about just one plant:

· tamarisk, ash, bulrush, mesquite, quailbush

Small Mammals

I. Order of Literature Cited/Reference Entries

· Entries are in alphabetical order based on the last name of the first author listed or the first word in the listing if there is no named author (see “Book with No Named Author,” below.)

· If more than one publication has the same author or the same combination of authors listed in the same order, the publication with the earliest date comes first, and _____ (5 underlines) is used to represent the same author(s).

· Single author entries come before multiple author entries that begin with the same author’s name.

· Two or more publications by the same author in one year are distinguished by a lower case letter immediately following the date (e.g., 2017a, 2017b).

II. General Order of Information within Each Citation

1. Name(s) of Author(s)

Last name, first name or initial, middle initial(s) for first author, first name first for additional authors in the order they appear on the title page. If you use initials rather than full names, or vice versa, be consistent. (Note: There is no space between initials [e.g., S.A. Jones] and 2 spaces after periods and colons.)

2. Date

(If no date: No date.) Preferred placement of date is after the author.

3. Title of Articles/Periodicals

For journal/periodical article titles, capitalize only the first letter of the first word. For journal names, capitalize the first letter of all words (except words such as: and, or, but, the, a, an, of, to, in, from, etc.). Do not abbreviate journal names.

4. Title of Book

“in” precedes the title if the reference is to a titled part of a book. However, if the chapter or part of the book is given, “Chapter XX in” replaces “in.” Capitalize the first letter of all words. Use of subtitles must be consistent (consistently omitted or included); subtitles are separated from titles by colons.

5. Facts of Publication

Names of publishers and journals should be spelled out (use abbreviations sparingly and be consistent). If the location of the city is not well known, it should be given: give the State if within the U.S., the country if outside the U.S. Be consistent (either consistently omit or include the State or country). If the publication is a reprint, the publication facts of the reprint should follow the title, followed by the publication facts of the original (e.g., originally published in 1964 by. . .)

III. Examples (Use an “en” dash for page ranges and spell out State names. (Note: There is a “Reference” style built into the template.)

Abstract

Cummings, Gwenn G. 1991. Secrets of the Snowy Range [abstract]. Geological Society of the Rockies Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 6. Riverton, Wyoming. pp. 2–5.

Article from a Newspaper

Author(s), full date, article title (in quotation marks), newspaper title, page number.

Wisson, P.R. June 3, 1991. “Capitulation,” Denver Post, p. 10.

Book with No Named Author

The name of the group or organization producing a publication that has no named author, editor, etc., is given in place of the author’s name (e.g., Bureau of Reclamation), followed by the date and the name of the book or article. If there is only the publisher’s name or the name of the journal, newspaper, etc., the name of the book or article comes first, followed by the date. The publication is listed alphabetically by the name of the book or article

Fundamentals of Orchard Biology. 1992. McGraw-Hill, New York.

Book by Group or Corporate Author

Alpha Corporation. 1992. Fundamentals of Orchard Biology. McGraw-Hill, New York.

Book by One Author

Author(s), year, full title, edition, publisher, city, state (if necessary). Omit total number of pages.

Alpha, John J. 1992. Fundamentals of Orchard Biology, Third edition. McGraw-Hill, New York.

Book by Two or More Authors

Last name, first name or initial, middle initial(s) for first author, first name first for additional authors in the order they appear on the title page

Alpha, John J. and Robert Brown. 1992. Fundamentals of Orchard Biology. McGraw-Hill, New York.

Book with an Author and an Editor

Alpha, John J. 1992. Fundamentals of Orchard Biology. Brandt, W. and C. Hill (editors). McGraw-Hill, New York.

Book with an Editor, No Author

Bravo, William (editor). 1992. Fundamentals of Orchard Biology. McGraw-Hill, New York.

Books by Same Author(s)

Two or more publications by the same author in one year are distinguished by a lower case letter immediately following the date (no space). A line (_____) equivalent to 5 underlines is used if the authors are the same for two or more references in a row.

Alpha, John J., Hosea Smyth, and Robert Brown. 1992a. Fundamentals of Orchard Biology. McGraw-Hill, New York.

_____. 1992b. How to Make Your Grass Grow. McGraw-Hill, New York.

Chapter of a Book

Author(s), year, chapter title (in quotation marks), inclusive pages, editor(s), book title, publisher, city state (if necessary)

Goldbrique, Herbert. No date. “Collecting Pocket Watches.” Pages 2–5 in W. Stumm (editor). All About Time. McGraw-Hill, New York.

Bravehart, Theodore. 1936. “Repairing Broken Rods.” Chapter 6 in W. Stumm (editor). Those Terrible Wonderful Muskies. McGraw-Hill, New York.

Citation Within a Citation

For the material cited within another reference, only the first letter of the first word is capitalized. For the name of where that citation occurs, capitalize the first letter of all words (except words such as: and, or, but, the, a, an, of, to, in, from, etc.)

Rinne, J.N., J.E. Johnson, B.L. Jensen, A.W. Ruger, and R. Sorenson. 1986. The role of hatcheries in the management and recovery of threatened and endangered fishes. Pages 271–285 in R.H. Stroud (editor). Fish Culture in Fisheries Management. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland. 1992.

Computer Software

FlowGo. Ver. 2.1. [Software]. Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colorado.

Dissertation or Thesis

Author(s), year, title, dissertation title (sentence case), university, city, state (if necessary).

Portz, D. 2007. Fish-holding associated stress in Chinook salmon. Doctoral dissertation. University of California, Davis.

Government Publication

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1986. Quality Criteria for Water. Technical Report Y-78-11, EPA, Washington, D.C.

U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. 1956. National Resources Policy Hearings. 84th Cong., 2d sess.

Journal/Magazine Article

Author(s), date, full title of article (in sentence case), name of journal or magazine (headline case), volume, month/quarter of publication (issue), and pages.

Grayjek, Richard. 1991. The lost nation. Southern Culture 6:17–22.

Lower Colorado Multi-Species Conservation Program Reports

Author(s) or agency, year, title, publication type and number, agency, city, state (if necessary)

Lower Colorado River Multi-Species Conservation Program. 2004. Lower Colorado River Multi-Species Conservation Program, Volume II: Habitat Conservation Plan, Final. December 17 (J&S 00450.00). Sacramento, California.

Lower Colorado River Multi-Species Conservation Program. 2017. Final Implementation Report, Fiscal Year 2018 Work Plan and Budget, Fiscal Year 2016 Accomplishment Report. Bureau of Reclamation, Boulder City, Nevada.

Kendall, S. and J. Lunden. 2009. 2009 Restoration Development Plan: Phase 1. Lower Colorado River Multi-Species Conservation Program, Bureau of Reclamation, Boulder City, Nevada.

Personal Communication Citations

Author(s), year, affiliation, city, state (if necessary)

Kokos, S. 2015. Lower Colorado River Multi-Species Conservation Program, Bureau of Reclamation, Boulder City, Nevada, personal communication.

Unpublished Work

(unpublished) in place of date.

Web Page Citations

Author or agency, year, title (usually capitalized according to how it appears on the Web site, but our convention is to use sentence case), publisher, URL (Note: month and year accessed not necessary – the URL should be updated to the time your report is being written). If there is a chance your report will be used in a court case, the Web page should be printed out and saved in case the URL changes in the future. Start the URL on a new line to try to avoid “splitting” it across multiple lines.

Branca, J. 2003. Henderson bird viewing preserve notes. http://list.audubon.org/archives/nvbirds.html

NatureServe. 2006. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [Web application]. Version 5.0. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia.

http://www.NatureServe.org/explorer

December 7, 2017 Version 22.0