Attachment 007 - ContractBlasting.pdf

U.S. Forest Service Contract Blasting Guide

Forest Service Blasting Project

January 2007

CONTENTS

Page Subject

3. Training Outline For ER/COR/CO Contract Blasting and Safety Training

3. Contract Preparation and Administration (Training Outline)

5. Regulation For Contract Blasting (Training Outline)

7. Basic Explosives Training For Contract Inspectors (Training Outline)

12. Approved Explosives & Approved Accessories

19. Blank Shot Plan

20. Suggested Blasting Plan

21. Blank Blasting Log

22. Rock Pit Blasting Terminology

23. Blast Hole Cross Section Terminology

24. UN Classification Of Explosives (Explosive Transport)

25. FSM 6745.doc (Responsibilities)

29. FHA Specifications, Section 205 of FWP-03

33. FSSS-Supplemental blasting specs

34. Most Common Blasting Mishaps

36. JHA Blasting Job Hazard Analysis

37. JHA Drilling Job Hazard Analysis

38. Radio Frequency Hazards In Electric Blasting

39. Procedures For Using Explosives

41. Prevention of Accidents In Using Explosives

49. Standards For Blasting Signs

50. Table Of Distance Requirements

51. Transporting Hazardous Materials

53. Blasting Geology

54. Vibration Allowances

56. Vibration and Airblast Questions and Answers

58. Blasting Contractor Information Form

59. Glossary Of Blasting Terms

63. List of Blasting Contacts

Training Outline For ER/COR/CO Contract Blasting And Safety Training

Objective: To provide contracting officers representatives and engineering representatives with appropriate knowledge needed for preparation and administration of contracts involving blasting and explosives use.

All Forest Service personnel who have the responsibility to monitor, or inspect work involving blasting operations must be trained to recognize unsafe or unlawful practices. They must recognize situations that compromise safety of the public, government employees, or government property and resources.

General - Introduction - Overview A. What does the Forest Service use explosives for?

B. Forest Service "Guide for Using, Storing, and Transporting Explosives and Blasting Materials". (Show

Guide and discuss. ER/CORS should contact Forest Blasters’ for support and information from the guide).

Contract Preparation and Administration – PPT.

1. All blasting contracts will comply with applicable Federal, State, and local laws and regulations and the information contained in the latest edition of Forest Service Guide for Using, Storing and Transporting

Explosives and Blasting Materials.

2. In addition, contracts for road and bridge construction that contain blasting should reference, “Standard

Specifications for Construction of Roads And Bridges on Federal Highway Projects, FP-03,” Section 205, Rock Blasting, and the "Forest Service Supplemental Specifications, FSSS.”

All contracts should include the following:

1. A sample blasting plan

2. A blasting plan checklist

3. An experience sheet

4. A request for proof of insurance

5. A request for proof of licensing and hazmat permit (more than 55 lbs. of 1.1 or 1,000 lbs. of 1.4, 1.5)

6. A list of Forest Service approved blast products

Contract Review – Up to 3 reviews are needed, depending on the scope of the contract; (1) Contract proposal, (2) Contractor General Plan , (3) Contractor Site-Specific Plan (FP-03, Section 205.05 and FSM

6745..3)

1. Contract Proposal - Proposed contracts containing blasting should be reviewed by a certified blaster or qualified COR/ER prior to submittal to the CO. If the proposal is complex in nature or contains special considerations, a certified blaster or lead blaster should review the plans. (Complex nature refers to unusual applications such as, tree-topping, pothole development, structure removal, etc.) If the CO receives a proposed package that is complex or has special considerations and has not been properly reviewed, it should be returned.

2. General Blasting Plan – Required for both “Road and Bridge Construction Contracts” or “Specialty

Blasting” contracts such as trail work, fishery improvement or tree blasting. The general plan will contain information on working procedures and safety precautions for storage, transportation and use of explosives.

The plan will detail the type of explosive used, detonation system, primers, delays, information on holes, burden and spacing and applicable drawings of the shot layout. For Road and Bridge Construction contracts, after a contract containing blasting is awarded, the contractor will submit a “general blasting plan” for acceptance at least 14 days before drilling begins per FP-205.05, (a). For other types of blasting contracts, the CO will ensure the plan is reviewed and approved before work commences.

3. Site Specific Plan – For “Road and Bridge Construction Contracts” - Upon acceptance of the general plan, the contractor will submit a “site-specific plan” to be reviewed by a Forest Service certified blaster. (FP-

205.05 b).

Special Considerations for Blasting Contracts

1. Buildings – How far from blast? Is pre-blast condition survey a necessity? (FP-03, 205.06)

2. Wildlife – Nesting birds, endangered species, close to streams

3. Cultural Resources – Distance away from blast

4. Flight Corridors – Check w/dispatch

5. Highways, public roads – Distance away from blast

6. Transmitters/Translators – Distance away from blast

7. Recreation Areas, Trails, Rivers

8. Fire Danger – Prohibit surface blasting and detonation cord

Pre-Work Meeting

1. CO should ask for proof of insurance, blasting license and Federal Hazmat Permit

2 Ensure contractor has all necessary forms

3 Discuss the blasting plan

4. Discuss possible infractions

Blasting Plan Considerations

1. Transporting Explosives

a. Contractor or vendor?

b. Method-truck, pack stock, ATV?

c. Schedule for delivery

d. Route plan

e. Placards?

2. Storage

a. Type of magazines (While on FS property)

b. Storage site (Temporary, approved by BATF)

c. Security (Who is in charge, who has keys)

d. Records (Must be kept by contractor)

e. Length of storage (Shorter the better if located on FS property)

3. Traffic Control/Protecting The Public

a. Guards - Number and position

b. Communication – 5 watt radios okay

c. Signing – Post at 1000’, stop traffic at 700’ (MUTCD Standards apply)

d. Warnings – Verbal and/or horn. Pre and post blast

5. Notifications

a. Public Utilities – At least 24 hours in advance, precautions include use of blast mats, delays, seismic monitoring

b. FAA , Military, Forest Dispatch Office for blasting potentially impacting flight corridors

c. Local local law enforcement agencies, fire departments, emergency response agencies, and any other persons or entities that use the area on a regular basis

6. Use of Explosives

a. Care shall be taken to use the proper types and amount of explosives and delays

b. The use of fuse-initiated explosives is prohibited

c. Detonating cord may be used for trunk lines and branchlines with CO approval

d. Blasting machines for all electric detonators shall be either capacitor discharge or generator-type

e. No explosives will be left unattended

f. Blasting will occur during daytime hours, no weekends or holidays unless approved by CO

7. Emergency Procedures

a. Fire

b. Lightning

c. Theft of explosives

d. Accidents

e. Misfires – Must be guarded 24/7 until resolved

Regulation For Contract Blasting - PPT.

Forest Service Projects (Typical)

Includes; log jam removal, fireline blasting, bridge removal, hazard trees, rock pit development, trail construction, fish habitat improvement, stump removal, avalanche blasting

Safety Is Our Most Critical Element

Blasting has zero tolerance for carelessness or mistakes. No second chances

Explosives Regulations (Responsible Agencies)

1. Storage and Accountability = Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms (BATF) CFR 27, 555

2. Transportation = Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) CFR 49, 172-177

(DOT)

3. Use = Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) CFR 29, 1910.109

4. Explosives Safety = Institute of Makers of Explosives (IME) (Industry Standards) www.ime.org

Forest Service Blasting Regulations (pertaining to contract blasting on FS lands)

1. FSM 6745 – Explosives and Blasting Materials

2. Guide For Using, Storing, and Transporting Explosives and Blasting Materials

3. Standard Specifications for Construction of Roads and Bridges on Federal Highway Projects FP-03, Section 205, Rock Blasting and FS Supplemental Specs, Section 205

Responsibilities According To FSM 6745.03

1. Comply with applicable Federal, State, and local laws and regulations for all work connected with explosives and blasting materials. Follow the most stringent requirements where a difference appears.

2. Ensure that all personnel responsible for monitoring or inspecting blasting operations and activities are trained to recognize unsafe or unlawful practices and procedures.

3. Use only explosives and blasting materials on the approved Forest Service list (FSM 6745.04f).

Ensure that a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for explosives and blasting materials is available at the workplace or job site, and that a job hazard analysis is conducted in accordance with FSH 6709.11.

4. Prohibit the use of cap and fuse in general blasting operations and activities for both force account and contract.

5. Ensure that blasting contracts comply with the same standards, laws, and regulations that are applicable to Forest Service blasting operations and activities (FSM 6745.3).

Individual Responsibilities Written In FSM

1. Forest Supervisors: Ensuring that all blasting operations and activities, including special uses and projects under contract or agreement, are monitored for compliance with all Federal, State, and local laws and regulations and applicable Forest Service requirements for explosives and blasting materials.”

2. Contracting Officers: Contracting Officers are responsible for incorporating contractor requirements listed in FSM 6745.3 into contracts for blasting operations and activities conducted within National

Forest System boundaries or other land and properties under the control of the Forest Service.

http://www.ime.org/

This responsibility includes, “Ensuring that all blasting contracts are reviewed by a certified blaster or qualified Engineering Representative/Contracting Officer Representative for safety and resource protection issues before they are released for solicitation.”

3. Contractor Requirements: Contractors will prepare blast plans in accordance with the most current edition of the Guide for Using, Storing, and Transporting Explosives and Blasting Materials

(FSM 6745.06) (and section 205 of the Standard Specifications for Construction of Roads and Bridges on Federal Highway Projects, FP-03, And FS Supplemental Specs) before commencing any contracted blasting operations and activities within National Forest System boundaries or on other lands and properties administered by the Forest Service. Such blast plans shall include, but are not limited to:

a. Precautions necessary to maximize safety and protect the contractor's employees, Forest Service employees, and the general public during blasting operations and activities.

b. Methods proposed to prevent damage to resources outside the immediate blast area by minimizing earth vibrations, air blast, and thrown fragments.

c. The contractor will provide the contracting officer copies of magazine records and shot logs to account for all explosives items and components and blasting materials brought onto, used, and removed from the contract area.

d. The contractor must conduct all blasting operations and activities in accordance with warnings and instructions adopted by the Institute of Makers of Explosives (IME) contained in every box of explosives and blasting caps, and in compliance with applicable Federal, State, and local laws and regulations.

Basic Explosive Training For Contract Inspectors – PPT.

Components of a Blast -Detonators- (Caps) Used to initiate explosives

Very Sensitive to heat, (150º F.) impact, shock or friction

Electric Caps can prematurely detonate from

Radio Transmission

Cellular Phones

Static Electricity

Inductive Current

Pagers

Radar

Synthetic clothing

Dust or snow storms

Non-Electric Detonators

Hollow plastic tube coated with explosive

Sensitive to heat, shock, friction, impact

Not sensitive to stray electric currents, radar

Components of a Blast – Blast Machines – Used to initiate a detonator

-Remote control units

-Electric capacitor discharge units

-Non-Electric hand-held or mushroom starters

-Electronic spark units

Components of a Blast – Hook-Up Methods – Connecting the blast machine to the shot

-Shock tube

-Detonation Cord

-Duplex Wire

Components of a Blast – Primers – The stick of explosive containing the detonator

-Primers are used to propagate the blast wave

-Some holes may be double or triple primed (decking)

-Extra caution should be used in handling primers

-Primers should not be assembled near the high explosives truck

Components of a Blast – Explosives

-Cartridge or stick explosives

-Cast boosters

-ANFO

-Binary two-part

-Must be on the FS Approved Explosive list

-List issued by MTDC on bi-annual basis

-No dynamite

-No cap and fuse

Safety - Storage

-Any temporary storage of explosives at the work site will be in approved magazines.

-Detonators and Explosives will be kept in separate magazines.

-Should be 150’ space between magazines

-Magazines will meet ATF standards for construction specifications

-Magazines will have two hooded locks with 5-tumbler, 3/8” hasp minimum

-No smoking or flame within 50’

Safety – Transportation

-If detonators and explosives are transported in the same vehicle, one or both must be inside an approved

IME box

-Transport vehicle will be enclosed (canopy) or will have IME boxes secured to the bed of the truck

-No transport of explosives in the bed of an open truck

Safety – Electric Blasting

- Special precautions must be observed when using electric blast caps due to accidental discharge as a result of radar, radio transmitters, dust storms, synthetic clothing and powerlines. Any source of extraneous electricity must be avoided.

Safety – General

-Empty explosive boxes, containers and used blast materials must be removed from the job site.

-No explosives will be left in unguarded boreholes at any time

-Load only those holes to be fired in the next round of blasting

-No unexploded product will be left behind when contractor leaves the project

-Blasting should only be conducted in daylight hours

Safety – Flyrock is the greatest blasting hazard Some of the causes are:

-Overloading – Charge amount is too great for the amount of rock. Average load ratio is around 1 lb. of explosive per cubic yard of rock.

-Inadequate Stemming – rock chip stemming should be equal to or greater than the burden.

-Blasting with no free face

-Failure to use delays in a blast design. (Too many holes firing simultaneously.)

-Using det cord in place of detonators

Safety – Personnel Dangers to employees and visitors

-Struck by Flyrock – Rock fragments can be thrown long distances. All contract blast employees should be a minimum of 500’ to 700’ feet away from the blast.

-Forest employees and visitors should be a minimum of 700’ feet from the blast site and even further for large shots.

-Adequate guarding of the blast site is critcal to safety. There must always be sufficient perimeter guards to ensure no one wanders into the area.

-Good communication ability is a must for maintaining a secure perimeter around the site

-COR must ensure that contractor did not leave any loaded, misfired holes behind at completion of project

How Explosives Work

Detonation creates shock wave and burning gases

-Shock fractures the rock

-Expanding gases open the fractures

Blasthole Anatomy – Cross section of a borehole with terminology

Blast Design Terminology – Rock pit schematic with terminology

Geology

-Dense rock usually requires more energy to break than loose rock

-Exceptions include caliche, some limestone, vesicular basalt

-The rock you see on the surface may be different from what lies below the surface

Geology – Rock Fracturing

-Bedding planes – horizontal layers found mostly in sedimentary rock

-Joints may run perpendicular or parallel to bedding planes. Sometimes filled with mud or clay

-Energy escapes through layers and seams

-Difficult to achieve even distribution of energy

-Joints interrupt radial cracking

Geology – Rock Hardness

-Determine the sonic velocity and density of rock for efficient blast design

-Sonic velocity can be estimated using a l-lb. hammer to strike the rock

-Density can be estimated using the results of the hammer test, i.e., crater = 2.2 to 2.3, dent = 2.4 to 2.5, etc.

-A blast plan and powder factor can now be estimated

Vibration and Overpressure

-Vibration – Blast waves travel through the ground

-Negative response from the public to any type of vibration or noise

-Construction Vibration – compactors, pile drivers, bulldozers

-Vibration from high explosives can be much greater than equipment

Vibration and Overpressure – Seismology

-Detonation in rock results in body and surface waves

-Body Waves – Compressional and Shear waves (P&S) that travel through the ground and surface. -They also move through water (sonic wave) [Rock 6,000-20,000 fps-Water 4,900 fps]

-Surface Waves (Rayleigh or R) Slow arriving

-Wave Intensity varies with geology, distance and load factors. Decreases with distance.

-Waves can cause structural damage

Vibration and Overpressure – Allowances

-20 ips

-For close-in construction blasting, minor damage to nearly all houses, structural damage to some. A few may escape damage entirely. For low-frequency vibrations, major damage to nearly all houses.

-9 ips

-About 90% probability of minor damage from construction or quarry blasting. Structural damage to some houses. Depends on vibration source, character of the vibrations and the house.

-5.4 ips

Minor damage to average house subjected to quarry blasting vibrations.

-2.0 ips

-Widely accepted limit for residences near construction blasting and quarry blasting. This is the accepted limit for most municipalities.

-1.0 ips

-OSM regulatory limits for residences near surface mine operations at distances of 300-5000 ft. (long-term, large-scale blasting) This is also the limit adopted by the Forest Service.

-0.75 ips

-Recommended guideline for sheetrock construction near surface mines.

-0.5 ips

-Recommended guideline for plaster-on- lath construction near surface mines (long-term, large-scale blasting operations).

-0.03 ips

Vibrations are detectable to people.

-0.00 ips

-No vibrations.

Vibration and Overpressure – Airblast

-Broken Windows

-Loud Noise

-Primary factors that contribute to airblast pressure are charge weight per/delay and depth of burial

-Intensity affected by topography and weather

Vibration and Overpressure - General

-When blasting near structures, contractor should use seismograph readings for all shots

-Survey residences ahead of time, taking photos and documenting condition of structures

-Keep air blast overpressure below 120 db to minimize complaints

-Avoid blasting close to wells, pipelines, historic structures, stucco faced buildings

Date:

Subject: USDA Forest Servce Approved Explosives and Blasting Equipment-Fiscal 2006-2007

To: All Forest Service Blasters

Attached is the Forest Service approved explosives and blasting equipment list for Fiscal Years 2006 and 2007. Other explosives not specifically listed may be in evaluation testing under the supervision of a Regional Blaster Examiner. After sufficient evaluation a report shall be submitted to the National Explosives and Blasting Technical Advisory Group for consideration on the approved explosives list.

This list is maintained by the Missoula Technology and Development Center. Please address any changes or corrections in writing to Dennis Davis at ddavis02@fs.fed.us or to the above mailing address.

Additional authorizations and prohibitions are stated below:

1. Approved Manufacturers are those member companies of the Institute of Makers of Explosives (IME) and their distributors.

2. Cap and Fuse are prohibited.

3. Dynamite products containing nitroglycerin are prohibited.

4. Galvanometers that carry the approval of the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA), an approval number as a blasting galvanometer, and have a scale exceeding 100 ohms are authorized.

5. Blasters Ohmmeter manufactured for such purposes are authorized.

6. Blasters Multimeter manufactured for such purposes are authorized.

mailto:ddavis02@fs.fed.us

2005-2006 U.S. Forest Service Approved Explosives and Blasting Equipment

7. Firing Line (wire) specifically manufactured for blasting are authorized:

#14 Duplex solid copper wire, insulated.

#20 Duplex solid copper wire, insulated.

#20 Single solid copper wire, insulated.

8. The FS-9 detonating systems manufactured by Reynolds Industries are authorized.

9. The Osprey 500E Radio remote detonation system manufactured by Safety Devices, Inc., are authorized.

10. The **** radio remote detonation system manufactured by Rothenbuhler Engineering is authorized.

11. Boulder Buster developed by Swartklip Corp are authorized (Note: blaster certification is not necessary to utilize the Boulder Buster).

12. RocKracker propellant-based system and the RockChip wire strand designed to initiate shocktube electrically, both distributed by RockTek, are authorized.

13. Detonating systems for electric blasting caps (EBC) and shock tube manufactured in accordance with *** are authorized.

Manufacturer Electric Detonators

Shock Tube Detonators

Exploding Bridge Wire Detonators

Austin Powder Rock Star;

Time Star;

Coal Mine Delay

Shock Star, Dual-Delay;

In-Hole Delays, MS, LP;

Surface Delay Connector;

Quick-Relay Connector;

Shorties; MS Connectors;

Lead-in-Line

Not applicable

Davefire, Inc. Daveydet MS;

Daveydet ½ sec;

Permissible

Not applicable Not applicable

Dyno Nobel North America

Super SP;

Super LP;

Super Coal;

Nonel MS, LP, SL, TD;

Starter; Twinplex;

MS Connectors;

Lead Line, SMS; EZ Det;

EZ Drifter; EZTL;

Optimizer

Not applicable

Mining Services International (MSI-

USA)

RIODET ZipDet Series;

ZipLine Lead-in-Line

Not applicable

Orica Canada, Inc.

and Orica USA, Inc.

Electric Instant, MS, LP Exel Series:

MS, LP, SHD, HTD,

T&D;

Handidet XT, LP;

Exel Lead-in-Line, MS Connectors

Not applicable

RISI / Reynolds Industry Sys. Inc.

Not applicable Not applicable EBW: RP-80, RP-83, RP-

Manufacturer Detonating Cord Cast Boosters

Austin Powder Fine Line;

Lite Line;

A-Cord;

Tuff-Kote;

Heavy Duty;

Slideline

Austin Cast Boosters;

DES Shape Charges;

Enviroprime;

Rock Crusher; Hornet

Dyno Nobel North America

Primacord; Primaline:

Specialty Cords

D Series; C Series;

CS Series;

DS Series;

Stinger; AV100

The Ensign- Bickford Company

Trojan Super;

Prime Boosters;

OptiPrime, Plus;

Optimum 12;

Spartan

ETI (Canada) Detaline Initiation Cord and Components

HDP;

Super Prime Series

Orica Canada, Inc.

and Orica USA, Inc.

Cordtex Series:

XTL, TL, Premium, 18, LT, SHD; Powercord Series;

Primaflex

Pentex Series:

BST, SB,CD, SL, AP

Manufacturer ANFO (Bagged) Emulsion (Detonator Sensitive)

Emulsion (Booster Sensitive)

Austin Powder Austinite Series:

15, WR, HE

Emulex Series:

500, 900;

Hydromite Series:

600, 1000, 2000, 3000, Dyno Nobel North America

Dyno Mix Series:

100, WR

Dyno TX;

Dyno Series:

AP, AP Plus, Xtra, AP Plus, SL, SL Plus;

Powermite, Raise Bomb, Dyno MC, Plus;

Dynosplit E

SMS; Dyno 1.5SB, SB- 30, SBC; Blastex, Plus

ETI (Canada) ANFO P; WR;

Fragpak SD, SDM;

Lo-Rite K20, K40;

Waterblock

Fragrite Loader;

Sureprime;

Minerite PWE;

Fragrite S

Tovan, Ultimate

Nelson Brothers

(USA)

Nel-ANFO 50# Not applicable Not applicable

Orica Canada, Inc.

and Orica USA, Inc.

Amex, K, HD, WR;

Lomex

Magnum Series:

Loggers, Magnasplit, Plus, Ultra, Powersplit;

Magnagel;

Magnapak;

Magnafrac, Plus;

Powerex, Plus, C

Apex Series: Plus, Ultra, Elite, Extra;

Gianite

Slurry Explosive

(USA)

SEC 500 Not applicable Not applicable

Manufacturer Specialty Products Water Gels (Detonator Sensitive)

Water Gels (Booster Sensitive)

Austin Powder Slurmex Series:

300, 500

Hydromite 415

Dyno Nobel North America

Blastgel;

Dyno SB-30, 1.5SB /

SBC

ETI (Canada) Blastrite 1, 3, 4, Minerite 1, 3, -499;

Trenchrite 5;

Tovex Series:

5000 SD-T, Loader, Loggers Choice II;

Trimrite 1C, 2C, T, T2

Tovan Super 1, 4;

Pourvex Extra S;

Tovite Series: Plus, Tovite, EL 957C:

Tovan Lite

Orica Canada, Inc.

and Orica USA, Inc.

RBC; Cone Pak; Power Cone

Apex Super Series

Slurry Explosive

(USA)

Two Component:

Kinestick, Kinepouch

Detagel Series:

Presplit, HS, LD;

Slurran 915, PerimEX

SLX Series:

600, 800;

Slurran Series:

406, 806, XLS, XG

Fireline Explosive

Manufacturer Fireline Explosive Fully Approved

Fireline Explosive Approved for Field Testing

Austin Powder Aqualine Emuline SE The Ensign- Bickford Company

4- and 7- Strand Fireline Cord

ETI (Canada) FireBreak II

Trimrite 1C in 1-1/4 dia Trimrite 1C in 7/8 dia

Orica Canada, Inc.

and Orica USA, Inc.

Magnum Presplit

Slurry Explosive

(USA)

DetaGel PreSplit

Fireline Resources Fireline E (mfg by SEC as DetaGel Presplit)

SAMPLE SHOT PLAN

TOTALS: caps primers main charges

HOLE DIAMETER: PATTERN: burden x spacing

CUBIC YARDS: POWDER FACTOR: TIME:

BLASTING MACHINE: WEATHER:

SEISMIC DATA:

COMMENTS:

SIGNATURE

TITLE

SUGGESTED BLASTING PLAN

All information should be as complete as possible. This Blasting plan must be submitted to the designated Forest Service personnel no later than 72 hours before the beginning of drilling operations.

This Blasting plan is for information purposes only, and does not constitute acceptance or rejection of the methods, explosives, or equipment used for blasting by the Contractor.

Project Name or Number:

Area of Blasting, or Stations:

Estimated cubic yards in blast:

Spacing: Hole size:

Burden: Hole depth:

Sub drill: # of holes:

Stemming:

Type of explosive (include density, name, and detonating velocity):

Type and size of Primer (if applicable):

Total number and weight of Primers:

Total pounds of explosives:

Planned Powder Factor/cyd:

Timing of Delays (in ms):

Number of each period of delay:

Type blasting machine:

Date and time start drilling:

Date and time start loading:

Date and time of blast (approx.):

Name of blaster:

On a separate sheet, detail the delay system which will be used, indicating the delays in milliseconds, and a cross section of loading of typical hole.

LOG #

B L A S T I N G L 0 G

JOB: DATE:

SHOT NUMBER: BLASTER IN CHARGE:

MAIN

HOLE DEPTH WATER DELAY MS PRIMER CHARGE STEM OTHER

SUGGESTED BLASTING PLAN

All information should be as complete as possible. This Blasting plan must be submitted to the designated Forest Service personnel no later than 72 hours before the beginning of drilling operations.

This Blasting plan is for information purposes only, and does not constitute acceptance or rejection of the methods, explosives, or equipment used for blasting by the Contractor.

Project Name or Number:

Area of Blasting, or Stations:

Estimated cubic yards in blast:

Spacing: Hole size:

Burden: Hole depth:

Sub drill: # of holes:

Stemming:

Type of explosive (include density, name, and detonating velocity):

Type and size of Primer (if applicable):

Total number and weight of Primers:

Total pounds of explosives:

Planned Powder Factor/cyd:

Timing of Delays (in ms):

Number of each period of delay:

Type blasting machine:

Date and time start drilling:

Date and time start loading:

Date and time of blast (approx.):

Name of blaster:

On a separate sheet, detail the delay system which will be used, indicating the delays in milliseconds, and a cross section of loading of typical hole.

LOG #

B L A S T I N G L 0 G

JOB: DATE:

SHOT NUMBER: BLASTER IN CHARGE:

MAIN

HOLE DEPTH WATER DELAY MS PRIMER CHARGE STEM OTHER

D R

A

FT

Hole-To-Crest

Apparent Burden

Apparent Spacing

New Crest (After Mucking) Backbreak

Hole Diameter

Bank Face

Bank Angle

Toe Floor Or Final Grade

Bench Height

Explosive Column Height

Subgrade (Subdrilling)

Burden

Hole Depth

Front Burden

Side Break

Blast Design Terminology

Borehole

D R

A

FT

Bench

Collar

Cuttings

Detonator Lead-In (Shock Tube or Wire)

Depth Of Blasthole

Stemming

Burden

Powder Column

Bank Or Face

Floor

Sub- Drilling

Primer

Anatomy Of A Blasthole

UN Classification Current DOT System

Division 1.1 Class A Explosives (Dynamite, cast boosters, cap sensitive emulsions, water gels and slurries, Class A detonators).

Division 1.2 Class A or Class B Explosives (Division 1.2 will generally be ammunition or materials that have a projection hazard).

Division 1.3 Class B Explosives (Generally propellants or explosives that have a fire hazard but not a mass detonation hazard).

Division 1.4 Class C Explosives (Class C detonators, safety fuse, and other Class C explosives).

Division 1.5 Blasting Agents (AN/FO, non-cap sensitive emulsions, water gels, slurries, packaged blasting agents (wet hole materials).

Division 1.6 No applicable class (Presently there are no commercial explosives in Division 1.6).

Class 1: Explosives

Division 1.1 Explosives that have a mass explosion hazard.

Division 1.2 Explosives that have a projection hazard but not a mass explosion hazard.

Division 1.3 Explosives that have a fire hazard and either a minor blast hazard or a minor projection hazard, or both, but not a mass explosion hazard.

Division 1.4 Explosives devices that present a minor explosion hazard. No device may contain more than 25 grams (0.9 ounce) of a detonating material.

Division 1.5 Very insensitive explosives that have a mass explosion hazard but are so insensitive that there is little probability of initiation or of transition from burning to detonation under normal conditions of transport.

Division 1.6 Extremely insensitive articles that do not have a mass explosion hazard. Articles that demonstrate a negligible probability of accidental initiation or propagation.

TITLE 6700 – SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM

CHAPTER 6740 – HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

6745 - EXPLOSIVES AND BLASTING MATERIALS

Direction in this section applies to Forest Service operations and activities involving explosives and blasting materials to accomplish project works, avalanche control, and fire suppression activities. Related direction is in FSM 2160 and 7103.5 and in FSH 6709.11. Forest Service operations and activities related to the use, storage, and transportation of explosives and blasting materials must also comply with requirements in the most recent edition of the Guide for Using, Storing, and Transporting Explosives and Blasting Materials, published by the Missoula Technology and Development Program.

The term "blaster" used in this section applies to Forest Service employees who are currently certified blasters or blasters-in-training. Requirements governing contractor blaster operations and activities are specifically identified in FSM 6745.3.

6745.01 - Authority

6745.01a - Use

Requirements and constraints on the use of explosives and blasting materials are in:

1. Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations:

a. Section 1910.109, Explosives and Blasting Agents (29 CFR 1910.109).

b. Part 1926, subpart U, Blasting and the Use of Explosives (29 CFR 1926, subpart U).

2. Title 30, Code of Federal Regulations:

a. Part 56, subpart E, Explosives (30 CFR 56, subpart E).

b. Part 57, subpart E, Explosives (30 CFR 57, subpart E).

6745.01b - Storage

Requirements for storage of explosives and blasting materials are in Title 27, Code of Federal Regulations, part 555, Storage (27 CFR part 555).

6745.01c - Transportation

Requirements for the transportation of explosives and blasting materials are in:

1. Title 33, Code of Federal Regulations:

a. Part 125, Identification Credential for Persons Requiring Access to Waterfront Facilities or Vessels (33

CFR 125).

b. Part 126, Handling of Class 1 (Explosive) Materials or Other Dangerous Cargoes Within or Contiguous to Waterfront Facilities (33 CFR 126).

2. Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations:

a. Part 172, Hazardous Materials Table, Special Provisions, Hazardous Materials Communications, Emergency Response Information, and Training Requirements

(49 CFR 172).

b. Part 173, Shippers-General Requirements for Shipments and Packaging

(49 CFR 173).

c. Part 174, Carriage by Rail (49 CFR 174).

d. Part 175, Carriage by Aircraft (49 CFR 175).

e. Part 176, Carriage by Vessel (49 CFR 176).

f. Part 177, Carriage by Public Highway (49 CFR 177).

g. Part 390, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations; General (49 CFR 390).

h. Part 391, Qualifications of Drivers (49 CFR 391).

i. Part 392, Driving of Commercial Motor Vehicles (49 CFR 392).

j. Part 393, Parts and Accessories Necessary for Safe Operation (49 CFR 393).

k. Part 395, Hours of Service of Drivers (49 CFR 395).

l. Part 396, Inspection, Repair, and Maintenance (49 CFR 396).

m. Part 397, Transportation of Hazardous Materials; Driving and Parking Rules

(49 CFR 397).

3. Department of Transportation (DOT), Research and Special Programs Administration, Exemption Number DOT-E 9198, which authorizes the U.S. Department of the Interior and U.S Department of Agriculture Forest Service to transport hazardous materials in aircraft under their exclusive direction and control (FSM 5714.2).

6745.01d - Disposal

1. Requirements for disposal of explosives and excess blasting materials declared as hazardous waste are in Title 40, Code of Federal Regulations, part 264, Standards for Owners and Operators of Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facilities (40 CFR 264).

2. Special policies and procedures governing the utilization, donation, sale, exchange, or other disposition of hazardous materials, dangerous property, and other categories of property with special utilization and disposal requirements are in Title 41, Code of Federal Regulations, part 101-42, Utilization and Disposal of Hazardous Materials and Certain Categories of Property (41 CFR 101-42).

6745.02 - Objectives

1. To ensure safe and secure storage, transportation, and use of explosives and blasting materials.

2. To use explosives and blasting materials in the safest manner possible as cost-effective tools to accomplish project work.

6745.03 - Policy

(See FSM 7103.5 for additional policies related to explosives and blasting materials; see FSM 6745.2 for general standards applicable to blasting operations and activities.) To ensure that employees and the public are protected from injury:

1. Comply with applicable Federal, State, and local laws and regulations for all work connected with explosives and blasting materials. Follow the most stringent requirements where a difference appears.

2. Ensure that all Forest Service blasters take and pass a regional written test, oral examination, and field exercise to attain blaster certification. The certification shall specify the type of blasting qualifications (FSM 6745.1).

3. Ensure that all Forest Service blasters involved in the transportation of explosives and avalanche ammunition comply with requirements to hold a State-issued Commercial Driver's License (CDL) with Hazardous Materials Endorsement and a current Medical Examiner's Certificate.

4. Ensure that all personnel responsible for monitoring or inspecting blasting operations and activities are trained to recognize unsafe or unlawful practices and procedures.

5. Use only explosives and blasting materials on the approved Forest Service list (FSM 6745.04f). Ensure that a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for explosives and blasting materials is available at the workplace or job site, and that a job hazard analysis is conducted in accordance with FSH 6709.11.

6. Use exploding bridgewire or non-electric detonators as the detonation system of choice in all Forest Service blasting operations and activities, unless contraindicated by a particular blasting application.

7. Prohibit the use of cap and fuse in general blasting operations and activities for both force account and contract.

8. Require special training for use of cap and fuse in avalanche control.

9. Ensure that all force account blasting operations and activities (including transportation, use, mixing of component explosives, storage, magazine inspection, and disposal) are conducted by or under the direct supervision of a certified Forest Service blaster in accordance with FSM 6745.1.

10. Designate one certified Forest Service blaster as the Blaster-in-Charge when two or more blasters are working together. Either the respective supervisor or the blasters themselves may designate the Blaster-in-Charge.

11. Use contractors for blasting operations and activities when it is the most cost-effective and efficient alternative for the Government. Ensure that blasting contracts comply with the same standards, laws, and regulations that are applicable to Forest Service blasting operations and activities (FSM 6745.3).

6745.04 - Responsibility

6745.04i - Forest Supervisors and Unit Managers

Forest Supervisors and Unit Managers are responsible for:

1. Issuing Explosives and Blasting Certificates (Form FS-6700-27) on Regional Blaster Examiners' recommendations to blasters-in-training and blasters.

2. Designating certified Lead Blasters based on the Regional Blaster Examiners' recommendations.

3. Suspending or revoking certificates when such action is justified (FSM 6745.11).

4. Ensuring that all blasting operations and activities, including special uses and projects under contract or agreement, are monitored for compliance with all Federal, State, and local laws and regulations and applicable Forest Service requirements for explosives and blasting materials.

6745.04j - Contracting Officers

Contracting Officers are responsible for:

1. Incorporating contractor requirements listed in FSM 6745.3 into contracts for blasting operations and activities conducted within National Forest System boundaries or other land and properties under the control of the Forest Service.

2. Ensuring that all blasting contracts are reviewed by a certified blaster or qualified Engineering Representative/Contracting Officer Representative for safety and resource protection issues before they are released for solicitation.

6745.3 - Contractor Requirements

Contracting officers shall ensure that the following requirements are included in contracts for blasting operations and activities conducted within National Forest System lands or on other lands and properties administered by the Forest Service (FSM 6745.04m):

1. Contractors are to prepare blast plans in accordance with the most current edition of the Guide for Using, Storing, and Transporting Explosives and Blasting Materials (FSM 6745.06) before commencing any contracted blasting operations and activities within National Forest System boundaries or on other lands and properties administered by the Forest Service.

Such blast plans shall include, but are not limited to:

a. Precautions necessary to maximize safety and protect the contractor's employees, Forest Service employees, and the general public during blasting operations and activities.

b. Methods proposed to prevent damage to resources outside the immediate blast area by minimizing earth vibrations, air blast, and thrown fragments.

2. The contractor is to provide the contracting officer copies of magazine records and shot logs to account for all explosives items and components and blasting materials brought onto, used, and removed from the contract area.

3. The contractor must conduct all blasting operations and activities in accordance with warnings and instructions adopted by the Institute of Makers of Explosives (IME) contained in every box of explosives and blasting caps, and in compliance with applicable Federal, State, and local laws and regulations.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS

AND BRIDGES ON FEDERAL HIGHWAY PROJECTS

Section 205. — ROCK BLASTING

Description

205.01 This work consists of fracturing rock and constructing stable final rock cut faces using controlled blasting and production blasting techniques.

Controlled blasting uses explosives to form a shear plane in the rock along a specified backslope. Controlled blasting includes presplitting and cushion blasting.

Production blasting uses explosives to fracture rock.

Material

205.02 Conform to the following Subsection:

Explosives and blasting accessories 725.25

Construction Requirements

205.03 Regulations. Furnish copies or other proof of all-applicable permits and licenses. Comply with Federal, State, and local regulations on the purchase, transportation, storage, and use of explosive material. Federal regulations include the following:

(a) Safety and health. OSHA, 29 CFR Part 1926, Subpart U.

(b) Storage, security, and accountability. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (BATF), 27 CFR Part 181.

(c) Shipment. DOT, 49 CFR Parts 171-179, 390-397.

(d) National Park Service regulations. For projects in National Parks, also comply with NPS Director’s Order #65, Explosives Use and Blasting Safety.

205.04 Blaster-in-Charge. Designate in writing a blaster-in-charge. Submit evidence that the blaster-in-charge has a valid State blaster’s license or other license accepted by the State where the project is located and issued by an equivalent licensing body for the type of blasting required.

205.05 Blasting Plans. Blasting plans are for quality control and record keeping purposes and are to be signed by the blaster-in-charge. The review and acceptance of blasting plans does not relieve the Contractor of the responsibility for using existing drilling and blasting technology, and for obtaining the required results.

Do not deliver explosives to the project until the general blasting plan is accepted.

(a) General blasting plan. Submit a general blasting plan for acceptance at least 14 days before drilling operations begin.

Include, as a minimum, the following safety and procedural details:

(1) Working procedures and safety precautions for storing, transporting, handling, and detonating explosives.

(2) Proposed product selection for both dry and wet holes. Furnish Manufacturer’s Material Safety Data Sheets for all explosives, primers, initiators, and other blasting devices.

(3) Typical plan and section views for both production and controlled blasting, including maximum length of the shot, burden, hole spacing, hole inclination, hole depth, hole diameter, subdrill depth, and powder factor.

(4) Proposed initiation and delay methods and delay times.

(5) Proposed format for providing all the required information for the site specific blasting plans.

(b) Site-specific blasting plans. After the general blasting plan is accepted, submit site-specific blasting plans for acceptance before drilling operations begin. Allow up to three days for review of these plans. Include the following information in the site-specific blasting plan.

(1) Site drawings showing a scaled map of the blast area and cross-sectional views which indicate beginning and ending stations, free face location, hole spacing, hole diameter, hole depth, burden, hole inclination, and subdrill depth. Include on the drawings any significant joints or bedding planes within the blast zone and incorporate this geology into the blast design.

(2) Where blasting may affect nearby structures or utilities, provide method of monitoring and controlling blast vibrations according to Subsection 205.06.

(3) Loading pattern diagram showing the location and amount of each type of explosive to be used in the holes including primer and initiators and the location, type, and depth of stemming, column heights, and overall powder factor for each type of loading.

(4) Delay and initiation diagram showing delay pattern, sequence, and delay times.

205.06 Preblast condition survey and vibration monitoring and control. When blasting near buildings, structures, or utilities that may be subject to damage from ground or airblast vibrations, provide a blast vibration specialist. Provide a specialist with at least 5 consecutive years experience in vibration monitoring for at least 3 projects. Fourteen days before blasting, submit the name and qualifications of the blast vibration specialist including the following:

(a) Project names, locations, and services performed.

(b) Name and phone number of owner/agency contact who can verify the experience of the specialist.

Before blasting, arrange for a preblast condition survey of nearby buildings, structures, or utilities, which could be at risk from blasting damage. Use a survey method acceptable to the Contractor’s insurance company. Damage resulting from blasting is the Contractor’s responsibility. Make all preblast condition survey records available to the CO. Notify the CO and occupants of nearby buildings at least 24 hours before blasting.

Control vibrations with properly designed delay sequences and allowable charge weights per delay when blasting near buildings, structures, or utilities that may be subject to damage from blast-induced vibrations. Base allowable charge weights per delay by carrying out trial blasts and measuring vibration levels. Conduct test blasts with blast plan modifications that limit ground and airblast vibrations to a level that will not cause damage to nearby buildings, structures, or utilities as determined by the blast vibration specialist.

When vibration damage to buildings, structures, or utilities is possible, monitor each blast with approved seismographs and airblast monitoring equipment located at acceptable locations. Use seismographs capable of recording particle velocity for three mutually perpendicular components of vibration. The blast vibration specialist shall interpret the seismograph records and airblast records to ensure that the data is effectively used in the control of the blasting operations.

205.07 Test Blasting. Drill, blast, and excavate one or more test sections as proposed in the blasting plan before full-scale drilling and blasting. Test blasts may be made away from or at the final slope line.

Space blast holes for the cushion (trim) method of controlled blasting no more than 60 inches apart for the initial test blast. Space blast holes for the presplitting method of controlled blasting no more than 30 inches apart for the initial test blast. Adjust the spacing as approved. Use the approved spacing in the full-scale blasting or subsequent test blasts if necessary.

A test blast is unacceptable when it results in fragmentation beyond the final rock face, fly rock, excessive vibration, air blast, overbreak, damage to the final rock face, or overhang. When a test blast is unacceptable, revise the blasting plan and make an additional test blast.

205.08 Blasting.

(a) General. Drill and blast according to the blasting plan.

Before drilling, remove overburden soil and loose rock along the top of the excavation for at least 30 feet beyond the hole drilling limits or to the end of the cut.

Cap all holes to prevent unwanted backfill. Place a stake next to each hole with hole number and total depth drilled.

Use the types of explosives and blasting accessories necessary to obtain the required results. A bottom charge may be larger than the line charges if no overbreak results.

Free blast holes of obstructions for their entire depth. Place charges without caving the blast hole walls. Stem the upper portion of all blast holes with dry sand or other granular material passing the 3/8-inch sieve. Do not stem the hole with drill cuttings.

Following a blast, stop work in the entire blast area, and check for misfires before allowing worker to return to excavate the rock.

Remove or stabilize all cut face rock that is loose, hanging, or potentially dangerous. Scale by hand or machine methods as approved by the CO. Leave minor irregularities or surface variations in place if they do not create a hazard. Drill the next lift only after the cleanup work and stabilization work is complete.

If blasting operations cause fracturing of the final rock face, repair or stabilize it in an approved manner at no cost to the Government. Repair or stabilization may include removal, rock bolting, rock dowels, or other stabilization techniques.

Halt blasting operations when any of the following occur and perform additional test blast:

(1) Slopes are unstable;

(2) Slopes exceed tolerances or overhangs are created;

(3) Backslope damage occurs;

(4) Safety of the public is jeopardized;

(5) Property or natural features are endangered;

(6) Fly rock is generated; or

(7) Excessive ground or airblast vibrations occur in an area where damage to buildings, structures, or utilities is possible.

(b) Drill logs. Submit drill logs. Include the following:

(1) Blast plan map showing designated hole numbers; and

(2) Individual hole logs completed and signed by the driller that show total depth drilled, depths and descriptions of significant conditions encountered during drilling that may affect loading such as water or voids, and date drilled.

(c) Controlled blasting. When test blasts indicate the need for controlled blasting, use controlled blasting methods to form the final rock cut faces when the rock height is more than 10 feet above ditch grade and the staked slope is 2V:1H or steeper.

Controlled blasting includes only those holes drilled on the row furthest from the free face and that are drilled on the design slope.

Use downhole angle or fan drill blast holes for pioneering the tops of rock cuts or preparing a working platform for controlled blasting. Use the blast hole diameter and hole spacing established for controlled blasting during the test blasts.

Drill controlled blast holes not greater than 4 inches in diameter along the final rock face line. Drill controlled blast holes within 3 inches of the proposed surface location. Drill controlled blast holes at least 30 feet beyond the production holes to be detonated or to the end of the cut.

Use drilling equipment with mechanical or electrical-mechanical devices that accurately control the angle the drill enters the rock. Select a lift height and conduct drilling operations so the blast hole spacing and downhole alignment does not vary more than 9 inches from the proposed spacing and alignment. When more than 5 percent of the holes exceed the variance, reduce the lift height and modify the drilling operations until the blast holes are within the allowable variance. Maximum lift height is 50 feet. A 12-inch offset is allowed for a working bench at the bottom of each lift for drilling the next lower controlled blasting hole pattern. Adjust the drill inclination angle or the initial drill collar location so the required ditch cross-section is obtained when the bench is used.

Drilling 20 inches below the ditch bottom is allowed for removing the toe.

Do not use bulk ammonium nitrate and fuel oil for controlled blasting.

Where presplitting, delay the nearest production blast row at least 25…