att i-yng-fy20-fac 2001-tank 2001-final.pdf

US Army Corps of Engineers Omaha District

API 653 In-Service Inspection Report

Youngstown Air Reserve Station Facility 2001

Tank 2001

US Army Corps of Engineers Center of Expertise for Petroleum, Oils and Lubricants

(USACE POL-MCX)

7/16/2020

API 653 Inspection Report Youngstown ARS, Ohio

Table of Contents

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

GENERAL SUMMARY

INSPECTION DATE

STATE REGULATIONS

PREVIOUS INSPECTION DATES

RECOMMENDED FUTURE INSPECTION DATES

GENERAL TANK INFORMATION

A. GENERAL PROJECT INFORMATION

1. API 653 IN-SERVICE (EXTERNAL) INSPECTION

2. SITE INFORMATION

B. TANK INSPECTION COMMENTS

1. TANK CONSTRUCTION

2. TANK FOUNDATION

3. CATHODIC PROTECTION

4. TANK SHELL

5. TANK ROOF

6. TANK APPURTENANCES

7. TANK AND PIPING COATING

8. TANK PIPING SYSTEM

9. FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

10. SECONDARY CONTAINMENT

C. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

1. MANDATORY REPAIRS PER API 650/653, UFC 3-460-01/3-460-03, OR DoD AW 78-24-27

2. SHORT-TERM RECOMMENDED REPAIRS

3. LONG-TERM RECOMMENDED REPAIRS

APPENDIX A: ENGINEERING CALCULATIONS AND DRAWINGS

NEXT INSPECTION

API/OSHA ACCESS STRUCTURE REPORT

APPENDIX B: API 653 CHECKLISTS FOR TANK INSPECTIONS

APPENDIX C: PHOTOGRAPHS

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

API American Petroleum Institute

ARS Air Reserve Station

ATG Automatic Tank Gauge

BBL Barrel

CP Cathodic Protection

DFT Dry Film Thickness

DoD Department of Defense

FML Flexible Membrane Liner

HHLA High-High Level Alarm

HLA High Level Alarm

HLCV High Level Control Valve

IAW In Accordance With

ICCP Impressed Current Cathodic Protection

IFR Internal Floating Roof

LLA Low Level Alarm

LLLA Low-Low Level Alarm

NDT Non-Destructive Testing

NFPA National Fire Protection Association

OOS Out-of-Service

OSHA Occupational Health and Safety Administration

PST Product Saver Tank

TLG Tape Level Gauge

UFC Unified Facilities Criteria

USACE United States Army Corps of Engineers

UTT Ultrasonic Thickness Testing

VT Visual Testing

GENERAL SUMMARY

Pond was retained by the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) to provide an in-service tank inspection for Tank 2001 (Facility 2001) at Youngstown Air Reserve Station (ARS) in Youngstown, Ohio.

The in-service inspection was performed 16 July 2020. Results of this inspection identified recommended repairs/upgrades to fully comply with applicable sections of American Petroleum Institute (API) 650/653, Unified

Facilities Criteria (UFC) 3-460-01/3-460-03, Department of Defense (DoD) Standard Design AW 78-24-27, National

Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 407, Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) guidelines, and industry standards.

Tank 2001 is a welded, steel, vertical, aboveground Jet-A storage tank. The tank was constructed by Chicago Bridge and Iron Company in 1955 and is assumed to be built to API 12C standards. The tank is 42’-6” in diameter and 40’- 1/

16” high with a nominal capacity of 10,000 barrels (BBL) (420,000 gallons).

Testing and inspection activities were performed in accordance with (IAW) applicable sections of API 653, 5th

Edition. This report contains a detailed account of the tank inspection, non-destructive testing (NDT) methods, and conclusions derived from the inspection and testing activities. Findings from this inspection are further detailed in

Section B – Tank Inspection Comments. Recommended repairs and upgrades identified in Section B are further classified and listed in Section C – Findings and Recommendations.

INSPECTION DATE

API In-Service (External) Inspection Date: 16 July 2020 Equipment Used:

Manufacturer: GE Krautkramer Ultrasonic Thickness Gauge Model Number: DMS GO+ Calibration Method: One-Point Calibration

Manufacturer: Fischer Technologies Dry Film Thickness (DFT) Gauge Model Number: Dual Scope MPOR Calibration Method: Calibration to Known Thickness Standard

Manufacturer: Technidea Corporation Model Number: ZipLevel Pro 2000 Calibration Method: Manufacturer Calibrated

Inspectors:

Andrew D. Morrissette Kendall T. Waite

STATE REGULATIONS

State Regulation for API In-Service Tank Inspections: N/A State Regulation for API Out-of-Service Tank Inspections: N/A

PREVIOUS INSPECTION DATES

API Out-of-Service (OOS) (Internal) Inspection Date: July 2011 API In-Service (External) Inspection Date: November 2016

RECOMMENDED FUTURE INSPECTION DATES

API OOS (Internal) Inspection Date: July 2021* API In-Service (External) Inspection Date: July 2025 *OOS inspection date based on the previous in-service inspection report dated November 2016.

Andrew D. Morrissette Kendall T. Waite

Mechanical Integrity Engineer Mechanical Integrity Specialist

API 653 Inspector # 80109

ASNT NDT Level I/II

GENERAL TANK INFORMATION

ITEM DESCRIPTION

Owner US Air Force

Location Youngstown ARS

Facility Number Facility 2001

Tank Number Tank 2001

State / Country Ohio, USA

City Youngstown

Inspection Date 16 July 2020

Tank Manufacturer Chicago Bridge & Iron Company

Design Standard API 12C (Assumed)

Date of Construction 1955

Tank Contents Jet-A

Tank Diameter 42’-6”

Shell Height 40’-1/16”

Tank Capacity 10,000 BBL (420,000 gallons)

Foundation Concrete Ring Wall

Construction

Bottom: Lap-Welded(1) / Double Bottom

Shell: Butt-Welded / Five (5) Shell Courses

Fixed Roof: Retrofitted Shed(2)

Floating Roof:

Lap-Welded / Steel Pontoon / Previously External Floating Roof

Material

Bottom: Carbon Steel(1)

Shell: Carbon Steel

Fixed Roof: Sheet Metal

Floating Roof: Carbon Steel

Cathodic Protection (CP) Impressed Current Cathodic Protection (ICCP) System

Interior Coating System Epoxy (Assumed)

Exterior Coating System Epoxy with Polyurethane Topcoat (Assumed)

Level Gauging Enraf Automatic Tank Gauge (ATG) Varec Tape Level Gauge (TLG)

Overfill Protection High Level Alarm (HLA) / High-High Level Alarm (HHLA) / High-Level Control Valve (HLCV) Float Pilot

Piping Receipt: 6-inch Carbon Steel

Main Suction: 8-inch Carbon Steel

Low Suction: 4-inch Carbon Steel

Water Draw-Off: 2-inch Carbon Steel

Level Alarms HLA/HHLA; Low Level Alarm (LLA) / Low-Low Level Alarm (LLLA)

Notes:

(1) Based on previous in-service inspection report dated November 2016.

(2) Existing shed retrofitted to cover the external floating roof.

A. GENERAL PROJECT INFORMATION

1. API 653 IN-SERVICE (EXTERNAL) INSPECTION

The in-service inspection was performed 16 July 2020. Results of this inspection identified recommended repairs/upgrades to fully comply with applicable sections of API 650/653, UFC 3-460-

01/3-460-03, DoD Standard Design AW 78-24-27, NFPA 407, OSHA guidelines, and industry standards.

2. SITE INFORMATION

The DoD tasks the 910th Airlift Wing at Youngstown Air Reserve Station, Ohio to maintain the DoD’s only large-area fixed-wing aerial spray capability to control disease-carrying insects, pest insects and undesirable vegetation, and to disperse oil spills in large bodies of water. Missions may be executed in combat areas, on DoD installations, or in response to disasters/emergencies as declared by the President of the United States.

The 757th Airlift Squadron pilots, navigators, flight engineers, spray operators/loadmasters, and entomologists conduct aerial spray missions using six C-130H aircraft equipped with the Modular Aerial

Spray System. These systems are maintained by 910th MX support personnel assigned to the spray mission. Youngstown ARS houses one of four EPA-approved Training Centers for DoD Pesticide

Applicator Certification serving both the continental U.S. and overseas DoD pest management facilities.

B. TANK INSPECTION COMMENTS

1. TANK CONSTRUCTION

Tank 2001 is a welded, carbon steel, vertical, aboveground Jet-A storage tank. The tank was constructed by Chicago Bridge and Iron in 1955 and is assumed to be built to API 12C standards. The tank is 42’-6” in diameter and 40’-1/16” high with a nominal capacity of 10,000 BBL (420,000 gallons).

2. TANK FOUNDATION

Tank 2001 rests on a concrete ring wall foundation. The tank is provided one (1) leak detection monitoring well and one (1) leak simulation probe between the primary and secondary tank bottoms.

No leaking fluid was observed at either location. Vegetation growth was observed at the tank chime-to-foundation joint and at the foundation-to-batten bar interface. Sealant at the foundation-to-batten bar interface exhibits cracking and voids along the entire circumference.

A settlement evaluation was performed during the inspection. The settlement evaluation showed no signs of significant settlement. Settlement should be monitored in future inspections. See Appendix A for settlement results.

3. CATHODIC PROTECTION

Tank 2001 is equipped with an ICCP system between the original tank bottom and new tank bottom.

According to the previous CP survey report dated February 2020, all test points for the tank met the

NACE International SP0193-2016 100 millivolt of cathodic protection polarization criteria and the tank is therefore considered to be receiving adequate CP.

4. TANK SHELL

The tank shell is equipped with five (5) fully coated, butt-welded, carbon steel courses. Shell plates were examined using ultrasonic thickness testing (UTT) and visual testing (VT) methods. Nine (9) UTT measurements were taken on each plate of the 1st shell course. Ten (10) UTT measurements were taken on each of the 2nd through 5th shell courses using the spiral staircase for access. UTT measurements indicated no significant signs of metal loss on shell plates.

Product designation labeling, numbering and NFPA emergency responder diamond for Tank 2001 exhibit fading.

Refer to Drawing A-1, “Shell Layout”, in Appendix A for shell plate locations and Table 1, “Shell UTT

Measurements”, in Appendix A for shell plate UTT measurements.

5. TANK ROOF

The tank roof was examined using VT methods. The tank is equipped with a sheet metal shed. According to facility personnel, the tank was previously an external floating roof that was retrofitted with the shed.

The facility stated that there are no issues with water intrusion due to the shed. The dome and associated support members are in good condition with no signs of deterioration or damage.

6. TANK APPURTENANCES

a. TANK SHELL

Tank 2001 is equipped with twelve (12) shell nozzle penetrations: two (2) 36-inch manways, one (1)

36-inch by 22-inch manway, two (2) 1½-inch LLA/LLLA penetrations, two (2) 1½-inch

HLA/HHLA/HLCV float pilot penetrations, one (1) 8-inch main suction, one (1) 4-inch low suction, one (1) 2-inch product saver tank (PST) return, one (1) 2-inch water draw-off, and one (1) 6-inch receipt.

Fasteners at one (1) receipt flange exhibit surface corrosion. The two (2) 36-inch shell manways are provided with hinges for handling the cover plate. The 36-inch by 22-inch manway is not provided a means to handle the cover plate.

Refer to Drawing A-1, “Shell Layout”, in Appendix A for shell nozzle locations and Table 2, “Nozzle/Repad UTT Measurement”, in Appendix A for nozzle and associated reinforcement pad UTT measurements.

b. GAUGING

The tank is provided with an Enraf ATG and Vito temperature/water probe for automatic gauging.

The tank is provided a sampling hatch for manual gauging and sampling operations. Stilling wells for the Enraf ATG, Vito temperature/water probe, and manual gauging hatch are fully slotted. The tank is also provided a Varec TLG for monitoring product from the ground level. The TLG passed the field operability test.

c. LEVEL ALARMS

The tank is provided with independent, shell-mounted level alarms in the low, low-low, high, and high-high positions as well as a HLCV float pilot for overfill protection. According to facility personnel, all level alarms and the HLCV float pilot are functioning properly.

d. STAIRS AND PLATFORMS

The tank is provided a spiral staircase with one (1) upper platform for internal tank access. Stair treads were previously widened at the HLA / HHLA / HLCV float pilot penetrations to allow for safe passage. The spiral staircase and platform are in good condition.

e. GROUNDING AND BONDING

The tank shell is equipped with six (6) grounding cables. Grounding cables are in good condition with no sign of damage, detachment, or deterioration.

7. TANK AND PIPING COATING

External coating for the tank shell and associated piping is assumed to be epoxy with a polyurethane topcoat. External tank shell coating exhibits corrosion staining, cracking, flaking, base metal exposure with surface corrosion and widespread chalking. External coating for the main suction, low suction, and receipt piping exhibits chalking, deterioration, and intermediate coating exposure.

A DFT survey was performed on the external tank shell. Refer to Table 3, “DFT Measurements”, in

Appendix A for tank shell and fixed roof DFT results.

8. TANK PIPING SYSTEM

Piping within the containment dike is constructed of fully-coated carbon steel and is in good overall condition with no signs of stress or corrosion.

9. FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

For internal fire protection, a steel pontoon internal floating roof (IFR) is provided. The IFR is in good overall condition with no visual signs of damage or deterioration. Visual inspection of the IFR was limited due to accessibility.

10. SECONDARY CONTAINMENT

Tank 2001 is located within a 110-foot 8-inch long by 112-foot 6-inch wide flexible membrane liner

(FML) covered concrete secondary containment with sloped walls measuring 5-feet high with a slope length of 9-feet 5-inches. The capacity of the secondary containment is approximately 12,959.67 BBL

(544,306 gallons) and meets the 1-foot capacity requirement of UFC.

Control joint sealant at the top of the dike walls exhibits vegetation growth, disbondment, shrinkage, and voids. Cracking and spalling were also observed at the top of the dike walls. The FML exhibits vegetation growth and tearing at various locations. Furthermore, various batten bars for the FML are broken and warped.

C. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the in-service API 653 inspection of Tank 2001 (Facility 2001) located at Youngstown ARS in

Youngstown, Ohio, preliminary repair/upgrade recommendations have been identified. The following recommendations outline observations from this inspection. All repair recommendations are based on applicable sections of API 650/653, UFC 3-460-01/3-460-03, DoD AW 78-24-27, NFPA 407, OSHA guidelines and industry standards.

1. MANDATORY REPAIRS PER API 650/653, UFC 3-460-01/3-460-03, OR DoD AW 78-24-27

Mandatory repairs represent items that require immediate attention in order to prevent imminent risk to system operators, equipment integrity, or the adjacent environment. The tank should be removed from service until these repairs are completed.

No mandatory repairs are required for Tank 2001.

2. SHORT-TERM RECOMMENDED REPAIRS

Short-term recommended repairs are repairs that will assist in maintaining tank operability and serviceability or are required to meet current codes. Short-term recommended repairs should be performed within five (5) years of the inspection date.

2.1 Tank Shell Coating

OBSERVATION: Coating on the tank shell exhibits corrosion staining, cracking, flaking, base metal exposure with surface corrosion, and widespread chalking.

REFERENCE: UFC 3-460-01, Section 8-3.10

RECOMMENDATION: Provide a full recoat of the tank shell, approximately 6,400 ft2.

2.2 Piping Coating

OBSERVATION: Coating for the main suction, low suction, and receipt piping exhibits chalking, deterioration, and intermediate coating exposure.

REFERENCE: UFC 3-460-03, Section 6-10.1.1.A

RECOMMENDATION: Provide a full recoat of the main suction, low suction, and receipt piping, approximately 500 ft2.

2.3 Tank Chime Vegetation

OBSERVATION: Vegetation growth was observed at the tank chime.

REFERENCE: UFC 3-460-03, Section 8-4.1 (B)

RECOMMENDATION: Remove vegetation growth at the tank chime.

2.4 Secondary Containment Control Joint Sealant

OBSERVATION: Sealant at control joints at the top of the dike wall exhibits vegetation growth, disbondment, shrinkage, and voids.

REFERENCE: UFC 3-460-03, Section 8-10.2.1 (A)

RECOMMENDATION: Provide approximately 75 linear feet (100%) of flexible, fuel-resistant, UV-resistant sealant repair at control joints at the top of the dike wall.

2.5 Secondary Containment Cracking

OBSERVATION: Cracking was observed at the top of the secondary containment dike wall.

REFERENCE: UFC 3-460-03, Section 8-10.2.1 (C)

RECOMMENDATION: Provide approximately 15 linear feet of flexible, fuel-resistant, UV-resistant sealant to cracking at the top of the dike wall.

2.6 Secondary Containment Spalling

OBSERVATION: Spalling was observed at the top of the secondary containment dike wall.

REFERENCE: UFC 3-460-03, Section 8-10.2.1 (C)

RECOMMENDATION: Provide approximately 10 ft3 of concrete repair at the top of the dike wall.

2.7 Tank Foundation-to-Batten Bar Interface

OBSERVATION: Sealant at the tank foundation-to-batten bar interface exhibits vegetation growth, cracking, and voids along the entire circumference.

REFERENCE: UFC 3-460-03, Section 8-10.5.1 (B)

RECOMMENDATION: Provide approximately 140 linear feet of sealant repair at the tank foundation-to-batten bar interface.

2.8 Secondary Containment Liner

OBSERVATION: The secondary containment flexible membrane liner (FML) exhibits vegetation growth and tearing.

REFERENCE: UFC 3-460-03, Section 8-10.5.1 (B)

RECOMMENDATION: Remove vegetation growth and provide approximately 10 linear feet of FML repair at tearing.

2.9 FML Batten Bars

OBSERVATION: Batten bars securing the FML are broken and warped.

REFERENCE: UFC 3-460-03, Section 8-10.5.1 (B)

RECOMMENDATION: Replace approximately 100 linear feet of broken and warped batten bars.

3. LONG-TERM RECOMMENDED REPAIRS

Long-term repairs that relate to repair/upgrade of an asset to bring it up to the current standard from the standard at time of construction. Long-term repairs represent items that should be addressed in a timely manner in order to prevent future potential risks to system operators, equipment integrity, or the adjacent environment.

3.1 Tank Labeling

OBSERVATION: Tank labeling exhibits fading.

REFERENCE: UFC 3-460-01, Section 2-17

RECOMMENDATION: Replace tank labeling including product designation, tank labeling, NFPA emergency responder diamond, and all other markings IAW MIL-STD-161.

3.2 Receipt Flange Fasteners

OBSERVATION: Fasteners at one (1) receipt flange exhibit surface corrosion.

REFERENCE: BMP

RECOMMENDATION: Replace eight (8) fasteners at one (1) receipt flange.

3.3 Tank Shell Manways

OBSERVATION: Manways 1 and 2 are provided with a hinge for the cover plate. Manway 3 is not provided with a means to handle the cover plate

REFERENCE: AW 78-24-27, Sheet D.10 Detail 3

RECOMMENDATION: Provide each manway with a davit arm and grease fitting to facilitate handling of the cover plate.

APPENDIX A: ENGINEERING CALCULATIONS AND DRAWINGS

GROUNDING CABLE

(TYP. 6)

7'-3"

8'-0"

8'-0"

1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-6 1-7 1-8

2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5

3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5

4-1 4-2 4-3 4-44-5

5-1 5-2 5-3 5-45-5

8'-0"

8'-0"

0'-9

MW1

LEAK SIMULATION

PROBE

TRACER GAS /

CP SLIDER TUBE

(TYP. 4)

ORIGINAL

TANK BOTTOM

NEW TANK

BOTTOM

N1

N2

N3

N4

N5 N6

N7

N8

MW2

MW3

N9

LAP PATCH

LAP PATCH

CONDUIT

SUPPORT

(TYP. 15)

STAIRWAY

SUPPORT

(TYP. 6)

UPPER

PLATFORM

SUPPORT

UPPER PLATFORM

LAP PATCH

(TYP. 2)

LEVEL ALARM SUPPORT

(TYP. 8)

TLG SUPPORT

(TYP. 5)

SPIRAL

STAIRCASE

RETROFITTED SHED

NOTES:

1. REFER TO TABLE 1, "SHELL UTT MEASUREMENTS", IN

APPENDIX B FOR INDIVIDUAL SHELL PLATE UTT

READINGS.

2. REFER TO TABLE 2, "NOZZLE / REPAD UTT

MEASUREMENTS", FOR NOZZLE DATA.

C O

N T

R A

C T

N

O

F I L E

A M

E

D W

N

B

Y

C K

D

B

Y

D E

S I G

N E

D

B

Y

D E

S C

R I P

T I O

N

D

2 3

C

A

B

M A

R K

A P

P R

D A

T E

F I L

U M

B E

R

S I Z

E

S U

B M

I T

T E

D

B

Y

P L O

T

S

C A

L E

P

L O

T

D

A T

E

D A

T E

M A

R K

D E

S C

R I P

T I O

N

D E

L I V

E R

Y

O

R D

R

SHEET

IDENTIFICATION

D A

T E

A P

P R

SHEET OF

U S

A

R M

Y

C

O R

P S

F

E

N G

I N

E E

R S

O M

A H

A

N

E

O M

A H

A

D

I S

T R

I C

T

Y O

U N

G S

T O

W N

O

H I O

Y O

U N

G S

T O

W

A

R S

T A

K

L A

Y O

U T

N T

S

N A

W

F

D

W

F

F

A N

S I

B

P a r k w a y

L a n e

S u i t e

P e a c h t r e e

C o r n e r s

G

A

P h o n e

F a x

J O

B

N

O

A E

C

C J P

A D

M

N A

TANK INFORMATION

TANK NO.: TANK 2001

MANUFACTURER: CHICAGO BRIDGE & IRON CO.

YEAR BUILT: 1955

TANK DIAMETER: 42'-6"

TANK HEIGHT: 40'-

NOMINAL CAPACITY: 10,000 BBLS

PRODUCT: JET-A

PRODUCT SPECIFIC GRAVITY: 0.84

GPS COORDINATES: 41.264288°, -80.674357°

N A

S H

E L

L

L A

Y O

U T

A-1

NOZZLE

SCHEDULE

NOZZLE

SIZE

SHELL LAYOUT

MW1 36" MANWAY

N1 1

" LLA/LLLA

N2 1

" LLA/LLLA

N3 1

" HLA/HHLA/HLCV FLOAT PILOT

N4 1

" HLA/HHLA/HLCV FLOAT PILOT

N5 8" MAIN SUCTION

N6 4" LOW SUCTION

N7 2" PST RETURN

N8 2" WATER DRAW-OFF

MW2 36" MANWAY

MW3 36" x 22" MANWAY

N9 6" RECEIPT

TABLE 1 - SHELL UTT MEASUREMENTS

Roof

Shell Course

Plate 5-1 Plate 5-2 Plate 5-3 Plate 5-4 Plate 5-5 .240 .242 .244 .238 .239 .243 .236 .238 .245 .245

Avg. .241 Circumferential Weld C5

Shell Course

Plate 4-1 Plate 4-2 Plate 4-3 Plate 4-4 Plate 4-5 .238 .234 .244 .234 .251 .235 .235 .242 .241 .240

Avg. .239 Circumferential Weld C4

Shell Course

Plate 3-1 Plate 3-2 Plate 3-3 Plate 3-4 Plate 3-5 .242 .243 .234 .245 .238 .231 .242 .234 .234 .231

Avg. .238 Circumferential Weld C3

Shell Course

Plate 2-1 Plate 2-2 Plate 2-3 Plate 2-4 Plate 2-5 .234 .237 .240 .229 .240 .240 .226 .201 .237 .230

Avg. .232 Circumferential Weld C2

Shell Course

Plate 1-1 Plate 1-2 Plate 1-3 Plate 1-4 Plate 1-5 Plate 1-6 Plate 1-7 Plate 1-8

.230 .237 .236 .246 .249 .250 .251 .245 .249 .240 .247 .246 .252 .251 .254 .248 .247 .246 .246 .248 .245 .246 .240 .247

.237 .237 .245 .246 .253 .252 .251 .247 .253 .245 .250 .250 .252 .251 .252 .245 .249 .249 .247 .250 .248 .247 .246 .247

.238 .239 .240 .244 .250 .251 .248 .244 .245 .243 .246 .250 .247 .244 .244 .246 .246 .248 .247 .250 .246 .245 .244 .243

Avg. .238 .249 .248 .246 .250 .247 .247 .245

Circumferential Weld C1

Thickness represented in inches. Average shell course 2: .232” Average shell course 4: .239”

Average shell course 1: .246” Average shell course 3: .238” Average shell course 5: .241”

TABLE 2 - NOZZLE / REPAD UTT MEASUREMENTS

Nozzle Nozzle Size (Diameter or

Width/Height)

Repad Shape

Repad Size (W X

H)

Repad Thickness

Nozzle Thickness H1 H2

Nozzle Location (Measured circumferentially from Manway 1)

Notes

0⁰ 90⁰ 180⁰ 270⁰

MW1 36'' D 72" x 70" .734 .369 .362 .365 .360 3'-6" - 0'-0" Manway

N1 1 1/2" - - - TH TH TH TH 3'-0" 2'-11" 9'-6" LLA/LLLA

N2 1 1/2" - - - TH TH TH TH 0'-11" 0'-10" 9'-6" LLA/LLLA

N3 1 1/2" - - - TH TH TH TH 1'-2" 0'-6" 11'-3" HLA/HHLA/HLCV Float Pilot

N4 1 1/2" - - - TH TH TH TH - - 17'-0" HLA/HHLA/HLCV Float Pilot

N5 8" D 25" x 24" .495 .483 .480 .504 .491 1'-0" - 47'-3" Main Suction

N6 4" B 12" .309 .324 .322 .317 .311 - - 113'-3" Low Suction

N7 2" - - - .217 .218 - - 3'-2" - 144'-8" PST Return

N8 2" - - - .205 .227 - - 1'-0" 0'-5" 149'-6 Water Draw-Off

MW2 36" D 74" x 70" .734 .364 .364 .366 .364 0'-4" 0'-3" 151'-10" Manway

MW3 36" x 22" A 70" x 48" .362 .338 .334 .342 .327 2'-6" 2'-5" 169'-7" Manway

N9 6" D 26" x 22" .494 .412 .415 .419 .436 9'-5" 6'-9" 184'-10" Receipt

Thickness measurements are in inches.

H1 = Centerline of pipe to edge of tank chime

H2 = Edge of tank or chime to toe weld of reinforcement pad or nozzle

TH = Threaded

Repad shapes:

TABLE 3 – DFT MEASUREMENTS

External Shell Coating Thickness

Average Standard Deviation Number of Readings Minimum Maximum

26.76 5.03 20 15.91 36.29

Thicknesses are represented in mils.

TABLE 4 – SHELL SETTLEMENT MEASUREMENTS

Point Arc Length

(ft.)

Tank Chime

(ft.)

1 0.00 .667

2 16.69 .615

3 33.38 .615

4 50.07 .625

5 66.76 .635

6 83.45 .646

7 100.14 .625

8 116.83 .635

Settlement points were measured clockwise from MW1.

The listed data should be used in future API inspections for comparison.

API-653 APPENDIX B SHELL SETTLEMENT EVALUATION

(para. B.2.2.4)

Report No Client Inspector Vessel Date Youngstown ARS USACE, Omaha ADM Tank 2001 07/16/2020

Base Elev Max Elev Elev

FT 0.615 0.667 0.052 R^2 = 0.612

IN 7.380 8.004 0.624

MorrissetteA Text Box The optimum cosine curve used in the shell settlement evaluation per API 653 para. B.2.2.4 is invalid as R2 is less than 0.90. As an alternative, the evaluation provided in API 653 para. B.2.2.5 was used in determining shell settlement. See next page.

(para. B.2.2.5)

Report No. Client Inspector Vessel Date

Youngstown ARS USACE, Omaha ADM Tank 2001 7/16/2020

Base Elev Max Elev Elev

FT 0.615 0.667 0.052

IN 7.380 8.004 0.624

Report No.: Youngstown ARS

D H Roof Type 1st Crs Plt Spec Y E K

42.500 40.1 F Unknown 30000 29000000 10.500

Where:

D = Tank Diameter, in ft H = Tank Height, in ft Roof Type: F = fixed, O = Open Y = Yield strength of shell 1st course , in pounds per Sq.Inch (psi) E - Young's modulus, in pounds per Sq.Inch (psi) K = factor from table in B.3.2.2 (API-653 App. B) PE2 = Predicted elevation (for secondary evaluation), in ft Sarc = the effective settlement arc length, see B.2.2.5.1, in ft Si = out-of-plane settlement, in inch Smax = Maximum allowed out-of-plane settlement, in inch (min(K*Sarc*(D/H)*(Y/E), 4.0)

Point Elevation PE2 Sarc Si Smax Results

1 0.667 0 0.667 83.4 0.000 0.961 SAT

2 0.615 45 0.663 83.4 0.574 0.961 SAT

3 0.615 90 0.659 83.4 0.523 0.961 SAT

4 0.625 135 0.654 83.4 0.353 0.961 SAT

5 0.635 180 0.650 83.4 0.182 0.961 SAT

6 0.646 225 0.646 50 0.000 0.577 SAT

7 0.625 270 0.653 50 0.336 0.577 SAT

8 0.635 315 0.660 50 0.300 0.577 SAT

SHELL MINIMUM THICKNESS CALCULATIONS

Tank Shell Minimum Thickness and Remaining Life Calculations Date 07/16/2020

File No. Report No. Client Tank No. Temp. (degF) Initials

4113 Youngstown ARS USACE, Omaha Tank 2001 ADM tmin = 2.6(H-1)DG

SE

Where:

H = The height above the bottom of the course of study to the maximum liquid level height of the product, in ft. For corroded or pitted areas, H = the height from the bottom of the corroded or pitted area to the maximum liquid level height of the product, in ft.

tmin = The calculated minimum acceptable shell thickness, in inch (cannot be less than

0.10 inch for any course). The minimum acceptable shell thickness allowed by API-653 and STI-SP001 for tank size, in inch .

D = Nominal diameter of tank, in ft.

G = Highest specific gravity of the contents (including test water if tank will, or may, be tested in the future).

S = Maximum allowable stress, in psi. For welded tanks; use the smaller of 0.80Y of 0.429T for bottom and second course or the smaller of 0.88Y or 0.472T for all other courses. For riveted tanks; S = 21000 psi. For STI Tank Inspections S = 26000 psi (E = 1)

Y = Specified minimum yield strength of the plate, in psi; use 30000 psi if not known (N/A for riveted tanks).

T = The smaller of the specified minimum tensile strength of the plate or 80000 psi; use 55000 psi if not known (N/A for riveted tanks).

E = Original joint efficiency for the tank. For welded tanks; use API-653, Table 2-1 ; use E =

1.0 when evaluating the retirement thickness in a corroded plate, when away from welds or joints by at least the greater of one inch or twice the plate thickness. For riveted tanks; use E = 1.0 for shell plates greater than 1 inch away from rivets; use the value of E from API- 653 Table 2-1 when within 1 inch of rivets. For STI Tank Inspections E = 1 where S = 26000 psi.

D (ft) 42.50 G 0.84 E 0.85 Fill Height (ft) 40.1

Material Crs H (ft) H (ft) S (psi) tmin (inch) Course 1 Unknown 7.25 40.1 23600 0.181 Course 2 Unknown 8 32.9 23600 0.147 Course 3 Unknown 8 24.9 26000 0.100 Course 4 Unknown 8 16.9 26000 0.100 Course 5 Unknown 8 8.9 26000 0.100

SHELL REMAINING LIFE CALCULATIONS

Tank Shell Minimum Thickness and Remaining Life Calculations Date 07/16/2020

File No. Report No. Client Tank No. Temp. (degF) Initials

4113 Youngstown ARS USACE, Omaha Tank 2001 ADM

Ca = tact-tmin = Remaining Corrosion Allowance (inch) Cr = tprev-tact / Y = Corrosion Rate (inch/Yr) RL = Ca / Cr = Remaining Life (year)

Y = 4 = Tank age (year)

Where:

Ca = Remaining corrosion allowance of the shell course under consideration, in inch.

Cr = Corrosion rate of the shell course under consideration, in inch per year.

FHc = Calculated fill Height = (SEtact/2.6DG+1) + (product height below course of interest), in ft.

tact = Minimum thickness measurement of the shell course under consideration, as recorded at the time of inspection, in inch.

tmin = minimum required thickness of shell course, at the maximum allowable fill height, in inch.

tprev = previous thickness measurement of shell course under consideration, as recorded at last inspection or nominal thickness if no previous thickness measurements, in inch.

RL = Estimated remaining life of the shell course under consideration, in year.

Y = Time span between thickness readings or age of the tank if nominal thickness is used for tprev, in year.

tprev tact tmin Ca Cr RL FHc Course 1 0.234 0.246 0.181 0.065 0.0000 >40 54.16 Course 2 0.242 0.231 0.147 0.084 0.0028 30 58.17 Course 3 0.240 0.238 0.100 0.138 0.0005 276 72.92 Course 4 0.248 0.239 0.100 0.139 0.0023 62 81.15 Course 5 0.242 0.241 0.100 0.141 0.0003 564 89.63

MorrissetteA Snapshot

NEXT INSPECTION

The interval between tank inspections (both internal and external) should be determined by the tank service history.

Inspection intervals can be adjusted based on known corrosion rates. Corrosion rates can only be determined when a comparison is made between UTT measurements taken over an interval of time. In this case, corrosion rates were determined using UTT measurements from the previous in-service inspection report dated November 2016 and UTT measurements taken during this inspection. Listed below are recommended inspection intervals:

1. Routine In-service Inspection

Facility personnel shall perform a visual inspection of the tank exterior surfaces and associated piping. Gross defects, leaks, shell distortions, signs of settlement, and corrosion should all be monitored along with the foundation condition (including tank chime-to-foundation joint), coating, and appurtenances.

a. Interval: Monthly

2. External Visual Inspection

Formal visual external inspection shall be performed by an API certified inspector every five (5) years or RCA/4N years (where RCA is the difference between the measured shell thickness and the minimum required thickness and

N is the shell corrosion rate), whichever is less. Based on the review of shell thickness measurements, the 5-year interval will govern the next external visual inspection. This inspection includes inspection requirements listed in a routine in-service inspection as well as a visual inspection of the tank grounding system.

b. Interval: Five (5) years; July 2025

3. External Visual Inspection with Ultrasonic Thickness Testing

An API certified inspector with the assistance of an NDT examiner shall perform this inspection. UTT measurements shall be taken to verify thickness of the tank shell and associated components. Obtained UTT measurements are used to determine corrosion rates and remaining life of the tank shell. UTT measurements of shell plates can be performed with the tank in service and scheduled at a maximum interval of fifteen (15) years or RCA/2N, whichever is less.

Based on shell thickness measurements and corrosion rates, the recommended interval for this inspection is fifteen

(15) years.

c. Interval: Fifteen (15) years; July 2035

4. Internal Inspection

An API certified inspector with the assistance of an NDT examiner shall perform this inspection. This inspection consists of verifying that the tank bottom is not severely corroded and/or leaking, identifying and evaluation tank bottom settlement, and inspection requirements listed in both external visual inspections. The next OOS API 653 inspection is based on recommendations from the previous in-service inspection report dated November 2016.

d. Interval: Ten (10) years; July 2021

API/OSHA ACCESS STRUCTURE REPORT

API/OSHA Stairway Data

API Required OSHA Required

Handrail Actual (in) Min (in) Max (in) Min (in) Max (in) Pass/Fail

Height: 30 30 34 30 38 Pass

Width: 31 28 N/A 22 N/A Pass

APPENDIX B: API 653 CHECKLISTS FOR TANK INSPECTIONS

Tank In-Service Inspection Checklist

Item Completed

X

C.1.1 Foundation

Measure foundation levelness and bottom elevations (see Appendix A for extent of measurements). X

C.1.1.1 Concrete Ring a Inspect for broken concrete, spalling, and cracks, particularly under backup bars used in welding butt-welded annular rings under the shell.

X b Inspect drain openings in ring, back of water draw basins and top surface of ring for indications of bottom leakage.

X c Inspect for cavities under foundation and vegetation against bottom of tank. X d Check that runoff rainwater from the shell drains away from tank. X e Check for settlement around perimeter of tank. X

C.1.1.2 Asphalt X a Check for settling of tank into asphalt base which would direct runoff rain water under the tank instead of away from it.

N/A b Look for areas where leaching of oil has left rock filler exposed, which indicates hydrocarbon leakage. N/A

C.1.1.3 Oiled Dirt or Sand a Check for settlement into the base which would direct runoff rain water under the tank rather than away from it.

N/A

C.1.1.4 Rock a Presence of crushed rock under the steel bottom usually results in severe underside corrosion. Make a note to do additional bottom plate examination (ultrasonic, hammer testing, or turning of coupons) when the tank is out of service.

N/A

C.1.1.5 Site Drainage a Check site for drainage away from the tank and associated piping and manifolds. X b Check operating condition of the dike drains. X

C.1.1.6 Housekeeping a Inspect the area for buildup of trash, vegetation, and other inflammables buildup. X

C.1.1.7 Cathodic Protection a Review cathodic protection potential readings. X

C.1.2 Shells

C.1.2.1 External Visual Inspection a Visually inspect for paint failures, pitting, and corrosion. X b Clean off the bottom angle area and inspect for corrosion and thinning on plate and weld. X c Inspect the bottom-to-foundation seal, if any. X

C.1.2.2 Internal (Floating Roof Tank) a Visually inspect for grooving, corrosion, pitting, and coating failures. X

C.1.2.3 Riveted Shell Inspection a Inspect external surface for rivet and seam leaks. N/A b Locate leaks by sketch or photo (location will be lost when shell is abrasive cleaned for painting). N/A c

Inspect rivets for corrosion loss and wear.

N/A

Tank In-Service Inspection Checklist Continued

Item Completed

X d Inspect vertical seams to see if they have been full fillet lap-welded to increase joint efficiency. N/A e If no record exists of vertical riveted seams, dimension, and sketch (or photograph) the rivet pattern:

number of rows, rivet size, pitch length, and note whether the joint is butt-riveted or lap-riveted.

N/A

C.1.2.4 Wind Girder (Floating Roof Tanks) a Inspect wind girder and handrail for corrosion damage (paint failure, pitting, corrosion product buildup), especially where it occurs at tack-welded junction, and for broken welds.

N/A b Check support welds to shell for pitting, especially on shell plates. N/A c Note whether supports have reinforcing pads welded to shell. N/A

C.1.3 Shell Appurtenances

C.1.3.1 Manways and Nozzles a Inspect for cracks or signs of leakage on weld joint at nozzles, manways, and reinforcing plates. X b Inspect for shell plate dimpling around nozzles, caused by excessive pipe deflection. X c Inspect for flange leaks and leaks around bolting. X d Inspect sealing of insulation around manways and nozzles. N/A e Check for inadequate manway flange and cover thickness on mixer manways. N/A

C.1.3.2 Tank Piping Manifolds a Inspect manifold piping, flanges, and valves for leaks. X b Inspect firefighting system components. N/A c Check for anchored piping which would be hazardous to the tank shell or bottom connections during earth movement.

X d Check for adequate thermal pressure relief of piping to the tank. X e Check operation of regulators for tanks with purge gas systems. X f Check sample connections for leaks and for proper valve operation. N/A g Check for damage and test the accuracy of temperature indicators. N/A h Check welds on shell-mounted davit clips above valves 6 in. and larger. N/A

C.1.3.3 Autogauge System a Inspect autogauge tape guide and lower sheave housing (floating swings) for leaks. X b Inspect autogauge head for damage. X c Bump the checker on autogauge head for proper movement of tape. X d Identify size and construction material of autogauge tape guide (floating roof tanks). N/A e Ask operator if tape tends to hang up during tank roof movement (floating roof tanks). X f Compare actual product level to the reading on the autogauge (maximum variation is 2 in.). X g On floating roof tanks, when the roof is in the lowest position, check that no more than two ft of tape are exposed at the end of the tape guide.

N/A h Inspect condition of board and legibility of board-type autogauges. N/A i Test freedom of movement of marker and float. N/A

C.1.3.4 Shell-Mounted Sample Station a Inspect sample lines for function of valves and plugging of lines, including drain or return-to-tank line.

N/A b Check circulation pump for leaks and operating problems.

Completed

X c Test bracing and supports for sample lines and equipment. N/A

C.1.3.5 Heater (Shell Manway Mounted) a Inspect condensate drain for presence of oil indicating leakage. N/A

C.1.3.6 Mixer a Inspect for proper mounting flange and support. N/A b Inspect for leakage. N/A c Inspect condition of power lines and connections to mixer. N/A

C.1.3.7 Swing Lines: Winch Operation a Non-floating. Raise, then lower the swing line with the winch, and check for cable tightness to confirm that swing line lowered properly.

Floating. With tank half full or more, lower the swing line, then let out cable and check if swing has pulled cable tight, indicating that the winch is operating properly.

c

Indicator. Check that the indicator moves in the proper direction: Floating swing line indicators show a lower level as cable is wound up on the winch. Non-floating swing line indicators show the opposite.

C.1.3.8 Swing Lines: External Guide System a Check for leaks at threaded and flanged joints. N/A

C.1.3.9 Swing Lines: Identify Ballast Varying Need a Check for significant difference in stock specific gravity. N/A

C.1.3.10 Swing Lines: Cable Material and Condition a For nonstainless steel cable, check for corrosion over entire length. N/A b All cable: check for wear or fraying. N/A

C.1.3.11 Swing Lines: Product Sample Comparison

Check for water or gravity differences that would indicate a leaking swing joint. N/A

C.1.3.12 Swing Lines: Target a Target should indicate direction of swing opening (up or down) and height above bottom where suction will be lost with swing on bottom support.

N/A

C.1.4 Roofs

C.1.4.1 Deck Plate Internal Corrosion a

For safety, before accessing the roof, check with ultrasonic instrument or lightly use a ball peen hammer to test the deck plate near the edge of the roof for thinning. (Corrosion normally attacks the deck plate at the edge of a fixed roof and at the rafters in the center of the roof first.)

C.1.4.2 Deck Plate External Corrosion a Visually inspect for paint failure, holes, pitting, and corrosion product on the roof deck. N/A

C.1.4.3 Roof Deck Drainage a

Look for indication of standing water. (Significant sagging of fixed roof deck indicates potential rafter failure. Large standing water areas on a floating roof indicate inadequate drainage design or, if to one side, a nonlevel roof with possible leaking pontoons.

Completed

X

C.1.4.4 Level of Floating Roof a

At several locations, measure distance from roof rim to a horizontal weld seam above the roof. A variance in the readings indicates a nonlevel roof with possible shell out-of-round, out-of-plumb, leaking pontoons, or hang-up. On small diameter tanks, an unlevel condition can indicate unequal loading at that level.

N/A

C.1.4.5 Gas Test Internal Floating Roof a Test for explosive gas on top of the internal floating roof. Readings could indicate a leaking roof, leaking seal system, or inadequate ventilation of the area above the internal floating roof.

N/A

C.1.4.6 Roof Insulation a Visually inspect for cracks or leaks in the insulation weather coat where runoff rain water could penetrate the insulation.

N/A b Inspect for wet insulation under the weather coat. N/A c Remove small test sections of insulation and check roof deck for corrosion and holes near the edge of the insulated area.

N/A

C.1.4.7 Floating Roof Seal Systems a Inspect the condition of the seal, measure and record maximum rim spaces and seal-to-shell gaps around the full roof circumference at the level of inspection.

NOTE Inspection of the seal and measurement of the rim spaces and seal-to-shell gaps at more than one level may be necessary to more fully determine if any problems exist at other levels of tank operation).

Measure and record annular space at 30-ft spacing (minimum of four quadrants) around roof and record. Measurements should be taken in directly opposite pairs.

N/A

1) _______ _______ Opposite pair 1. N/A

2) _______ _______ Opposite pair 2. N/A c Check if seal fabric on primary shoe seals is pulling shoes away from shell (fabric not wide enough). N/A d Inspect fabric for deterioration, holes, tears, and cracks. N/A e Inspect visible metallic parts for corrosion and wear. N/A f Inspect for openings in seals that would permit vapor emissions. N/A g Inspect for protruding bolt or rivet heads against the shell. N/A h Pull both primary and secondary seal systems back all around the shell to check their operation. N/A i Inspect secondary seals for signs of buckling or indications that their angle with the shell is too shallow.

N/A j Inspect wedge-type wiper seals for flexibility, resilience, cracks, and tears. N/A

C.1.5 Roof Appurtenances

C.1.5.1 Sample Hatch a Inspect condition and functioning of sample hatch cover. N/A b On tanks governed by Air Quality Monitoring District rules, check for the condition of seal inside hatch cover.

N/A c Check for corrosion and plugging on thief and gauge hatch cover. N/A d Where sample hatch is used to reel gauge stock level, check for marker and tab stating hold-off distance.

Completed

X f On floating roof sample hatch and recoil systems, inspect operation of recoil reel and condition of rope.

N/A g Test operation of system. N/A h On ultra clean stocks such as JP4, check for presence and condition of protective coating or liner inside sample hatch (preventing rust from pipe getting into sample).

N/A

C.1.5.2 Gauge Well a Inspect visible portion of the gauge well for thinning, size of slots, and cover condition. X b Check for a hold-off distance marker and tab with hold-off distance (legible). N/A c On floating roofs, inspect condition of roof guide for gauge well, particularly the condition of the rollers for grooving.

N/A d If accessible, check the distance from the gauge well pipe to the tank shell at different levels. N/A e If tank has a gauge well washer, check valve for leakage and for presence of a bull plug or blind flange.

N/A

C.1.5.3 Fixed Roof Scaffold Support

Inspect scaffold support for corrosion, wear, and structural soundness. N/A

C.1.5.4 Autogauge: Inspection Hatch and Guides (Fixed Roof) a Check the hatch for corrosion and missing bolts. X b Look for corrosion on the tape guide’s and float guide’s wire anchors. X

C.1.5.5 Autogauge: Float Well Cover a Inspect for corrosion. N/A b Check tape cable for wear or fraying caused by rubbing on the cover. N/A

C.1.5.6 Sample Hatch (Internal Floating Roof) a Check overall conditions. N/A b When equipped with a fabric seal, check for automatic sealing after sampling. N/A c When equipped with a recoil reel opening device, check for proper operations. N/A

C.1.5.7 Roof-mounted Vents (Internal Floating Roof)

Check condition of screens, locking and pivot pins. N/A

C.1.5.8 Gauging Platform Drip Ring a On fixed roof tanks with drip rings under the gauging platform or sampling area, inspect for plugged drain return to the tank.

N/A

C.1.5.9 Emergency Roof Drains a Inspect vapor plugs for emergency drain: that seal fabric discs are slightly smaller than the pipe ID and that fabric seal is above the liquid level.

N/A

C.1.5.10 Removable Roof Leg Racks a Check for leg racks on roof. N/A

C.1.5.11 Vacuum Breakers a Report size, number, and type of vacuum breakers. Inspect vacuum breakers. If high legs are set, check for setting of mechanical breaker in high leg position.

N/A

C.1.5.12 Rim Vents a Check condition of the screen on the rim vent cover.

Completed

X b Check for plating off or removal of rim vents where jurisdictional rules do not permit removal. N/A

C.1.5.13 Pontoon Inspection Hatches a Open pontoon inspection hatch covers and visually check inside for pontoon leakage. N/A b Test for explosive gas (an indicator of vapor space leaks). N/A c If pontoon hatches are equipped with locked down coves, check for vent tubes. Check that vent tubes are not plugged up. Inspect lock-down devices for condition and operation.

N/A

C.1.6.1 Accessways

See Tank Out-of-service Inspection Checklist, Item C.2.12. X

APPENDIX C: PHOTOGRAPHS

C.1: Tank 3 North View C.2: Tank 3 South View

C.3: Tank 3 East View C.4: Tank 3 West View

C.5: Manway 1 C.6: Nameplate

C.7: Tank Labeling C.8: Varec TLG

C.9: Varec TLG C.10: Typical Conduit Support

C.11: Manway 2 C.12: Manway 3

C.13: Typical CP Tube C.14: Lap Patch

C.15: Low Suction C.16: Low Suction

C.17: Typical TRV C.18: Typical TRV

C.19: Main Suction C.20: Main Suction

C.21: LLA/LLLA C.22: PST

C.23: PST Return (Left) and Water Draw-Off (Right) C.24: Typical Grounding Cable

C.25: Receipt C.26: Receipt

C.27: Leak Detection Monitoring Well C.28: Lap Patch

C.29: Spiral Staircase Overview C. 30: Spiral Staircase Overview

C.31: HLA / HHLA / HLCV Float Pilot C.32: Lap Patch

C.33: Upper Platform C.34: Tank Internal Access

C.35: IFR Overview C.36: IFR Overview

C.37: Enraf ATG (Left) and Vito

Temperature/Water Probe (Right) C.38: Manual Gauging Hatch

C.39: Dome and Supports Overview C.40: Dome and Supports Overview

C.41: Internal Ladder C.42: Stilling Wells and Internal Ladder

C.43: Secondary Containment Overview C.44: Secondary Containment Overview

C.45: Secondary Containment Overview C.46: Secondary Containment Overview

C.47: Secondary Containment Overview C.48: Secondary Containment Overview