ATP 4-43 PETROLEUM SUPPLY OPERATIONS APR 2022.pdf

ATP 4-43

Petroleum Supply Operations

APRIL 2022

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*ATP 4-43

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

*This publication supersedes ATP 4-43, dated 6 August 2015.

ATP 4-43 i

Army Techniques Publication

No. 4-43

Headquarters

Department of the Army

Washington, D.C., 18 April 2022

Petroleum Supply Operations

Contents

Page

PREFACE................................................................................................................... vii

INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... ix

Chapter 1 PETROLEUM OPERATIONS OVERVIEW ............................................................... 1-1 Petroleum Definition .................................................................................................. 1-1 Petroleum Supply Description ................................................................................... 1-1 Petroleum Supply Operations in the Army Operational Contexts ............................. 1-4 Fundamentals of Petroleum Quality Management .................................................... 1-7 General Safety and Environmental Considerations .................................................. 1-9 Additional Considerations ........................................................................................ 1-10

Chapter 2 PETROLEUM SUPPLY ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE ................................... 2-1

Section I – Joint and Strategic Level Organizations ............................................ 2-1 United States Transportation Command ................................................................... 2-1 Defense Logistics Agency ......................................................................................... 2-2 United States Army Materiel Command .................................................................... 2-2 United States Army Petroleum Center ...................................................................... 2-2 Geographic Combatant Command ............................................................................ 2-3 Joint Petroleum Office ............................................................................................... 2-4

Section II – Theater Echelon Army Organizations And Capabilities .................. 2-4 Theater Army ............................................................................................................. 2-5 Theater Sustainment Command................................................................................ 2-7

Section III - Overview of Operational and Tactical Level Support .................... 2-11 Field Army ................................................................................................................ 2-11 Corps ....................................................................................................................... 2-12 Division .................................................................................................................... 2-15 Echelons Above Brigade Functional Units .............................................................. 2-16 Tactical Level Organizations ................................................................................... 2-27

Chapter 3 PLANNING FOR PETROLEUM SUPPORT OPERATIONS .................................... 3-1 The Planning Process ............................................................................................... 3-1 Operational Art in Sustainment.................................................................................. 3-2 Petroleum Planning in the Army Operational Contexts ............................................. 3-4 Planning Considerations by Warfighting Functions ................................................. 3-11 Petroleum Planning by Echelon .............................................................................. 3-12 Petroleum Planning Tools ....................................................................................... 3-24

Chapter 4 DISTRIBUTION MANAGEMENT AND MATERIEL MANAGEMENT PROCESS ... 4-1

Contents ii ATP 4-43 18 April 2022

Distribution Management Functions ......................................................................... 4-1 Materiel Management Functions ............................................................................... 4-2 Transportation Management Functions .................................................................... 4-3 Distribution Management and Materiel Management Process for Petroleum .......... 4-4 Distribution Management By Echelon ..................................................................... 4-11 Tactical Distribution Management ........................................................................... 4-25

Chapter 5 PETROLEUM OPERATIONS ................................................................................... 5-1

Section I – Stock Control and Reporting .............................................................. 5-1 Accountability ............................................................................................................ 5-1 Measurement ............................................................................................................ 5-2

Section II – Receipt, Storage, and Distribution Overview ................................... 5-6 Receipt ...................................................................................................................... 5-6 Storage ...................................................................................................................... 5-7 Distribution ................................................................................................................ 5-8

Section III – Petroleum Pipeline Operations ...................................................... 5-10 Site Selection .......................................................................................................... 5-10 Site Preparation ...................................................................................................... 5-11 Duties of Pipeline and Terminal Personnel ............................................................. 5-12 Deployment and Layout .......................................................................................... 5-13 Line Operations ....................................................................................................... 5-14 Scheduling .............................................................................................................. 5-18 Batching in a Multi-Product Pipeline ....................................................................... 5-21 Dispatching and Records Control of Product in Pipelines ...................................... 5-23

Section IV - Bulk Fuel Supply Points .................................................................. 5-25 Duties of Class III Personnel ................................................................................... 5-26 Layout...................................................................................................................... 5-27 Operation ................................................................................................................ 5-27 Fuel System Supply Point ....................................................................................... 5-27 Modular Fuel System .............................................................................................. 5-29

Section V – Refuel on the Move ........................................................................... 5-30 Concept ................................................................................................................... 5-31 Planning Considerations ......................................................................................... 5-31 Establishing the ROM Site ...................................................................................... 5-32 Operations ............................................................................................................... 5-32

Section VI - Aircraft Refueling ............................................................................. 5-38 Types of Aircraft Refueling ...................................................................................... 5-38 Refueling Policy ...................................................................................................... 5-39 Site Layout .............................................................................................................. 5-40 Operation ................................................................................................................ 5-41

Section VII – Assault Hoseline System Operations ........................................... 5-44 Duties of Assault Hoseline Personnel ..................................................................... 5-45 Layout...................................................................................................................... 5-45

Section VIII – Tank Vehicle Operations ............................................................... 5-48 Preparation for Operation........................................................................................ 5-48 Use of Tank Vehicles .............................................................................................. 5-49

Section IX - Defueling Operations ....................................................................... 5-49 Method .................................................................................................................... 5-49 Power Defueling ...................................................................................................... 5-49 Gravity Defueling ..................................................................................................... 5-50 Defueling Techniques ............................................................................................. 5-50

Section X – Waterfront Operations ..................................................................... 5-52

18 April 2022 ATP 4-43 iii

Temporary Structures .............................................................................................. 5-52 Responsibilities ........................................................................................................ 5-52

Section XI - Tank Car Operations ........................................................................ 5-53

Section XII - Packaged Petroleum Products ....................................................... 5-53

Chapter 6 SAFETY, ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP, AND PROTECTION..................... 6-1

Section I - Petroleum Properties ............................................................................ 6-1 Description of Fuels ................................................................................................... 6-1 Characteristics and Hazards ..................................................................................... 6-3

Section II - Safety and Health ................................................................................. 6-6 Storage and Tank Vehicles ....................................................................................... 6-6 Static Electricity ......................................................................................................... 6-9 Bonding and Grounding ........................................................................................... 6-10 Personal Protection ................................................................................................. 6-11 Personal Protective Equipment and Individual Protective Equipment .................... 6-13 First Aid for Petroleum-Related Injuries .................................................................. 6-13 Petroleum Firefighting and Prevention .................................................................... 6-14 Environmental Considerations................................................................................. 6-19

Appendix A PETROLEUM SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT ......................................................... A-1

Appendix B MARKING, LABELING, AND PLACARDS ............................................................. B-1

Appendix C INTEROPERABILITY ............................................................................................... C-1

Appendix D METER VERIFICATION ........................................................................................... D-1

Appendix E RECIRCULATION ..................................................................................................... E-1

Appendix F PURGING PETROLEUM TANK VEHICLES AND RIGID WALLED TACTICAL PETROLEUM TANKS ............................................................................................... F-1

Appendix G LOADING AND UNLOADING TANK CARS ........................................................... G-1

Appendix H HYDRAULICS .......................................................................................................... H-1

Appendix I PETROLEUM PRODUCT FACTORS ........................................................................ I-1

Appendix J VOLUME CORRECTION .......................................................................................... J-1

Appendix K VOLUME CORRECTION OF COLLAPSIBLE FUEL TANKS ................................ K-1

Appendix L QUALITY SURVEILLANCE ...................................................................................... L-1

Appendix M FILTER EFFECTIVENESS ...................................................................................... M-1

Appendix N FIELD BLENDING OF ADDITIVES IN COMMERCIAL JET FUEL ........................ N-1

Appendix O AVIATION GASOLINE CONSIDERATIONS ........................................................... O-1

Appendix P ARCTIC AND EXTREME COLD WEATHER CONSIDERATIONS ......................... P-1

Appendix Q PETROLEUM LEADER’S MANAGEMENT TOOL ................................................. Q-1

Appendix R FUTURE QUARTERMASTER FORCE STRUCTURE ............................................ R-1

GLOSSARY ................................................................................................ Glossary-1

REFERENCES ........................................................................................ References-1

INDEX ................................................................................................................ Index-1 iv ATP 4-43 18 April 2022

Figures

Figure 1-1. Undeveloped and developed theater .......................................................................... 1-2

Figure 2-1. Echelons of bulk petroleum distribution in theater ...................................................... 2-5

Figure 2-2. Theater sustainment command, distribution management center .............................. 2-8

Figure 2-3. Expeditionary sustainment command, distribution management center..................... 2-9

Figure 2-4. Quartermaster group (petroleum and water) ............................................................. 2-10

Figure 2-5. Sustainment brigade support operations staff organization ...................................... 2-13

Figure 2-6. Combat sustainment support battalion configuration ................................................ 2-14

Figure 2-7. Notional battlefield array for combat sustainment support battalion ......................... 2-15

Figure 2-8. Division sustainment support battalion for an armored division ................................ 2-16

Figure 2-9. Petroleum support battalion ...................................................................................... 2-17

Figure 2-10. Petroleum pipeline and terminal operating company task organization ................. 2-19

Figure 2-11. Medium truck company (petroleum) ........................................................................ 2-20

Figure 2-12. Petroleum support company ................................................................................... 2-22

Figure 2-13. Petroleum support company battlefield array .......................................................... 2-23

Figure 2-14. Quartermaster composite supply company ............................................................. 2-24

Figure 2-15. Quartermaster composite supply company battlefield array ................................... 2-25

Figure 2-16. Brigade support battalion ........................................................................................ 2-27

Figure 2-17. Notional battlefield array of a brigade support battalion .......................................... 2-28

Figure 2-18. Notional brigade support battalion distribution company ........................................ 2-30

Figure 2-19. Notional forward support company ......................................................................... 2-31

Figure 2-20. Field site of forward support elements .................................................................... 2-32

Figure 2-21. Aviation support battalion task organization in a combat aviation brigade ............. 2-33

Figure 3-1. Military decision-making process ................................................................................ 3-2

Figure 3-2. G-4, S-4 and support operations responsibilities ...................................................... 3-14

Figure 4-1. Distribution management process ............................................................................... 4-4

Figure 5-1. Typical tactical petroleum terminal (TPT) layout ....................................................... 5-13

Figure 5-2. Consumption graph ................................................................................................... 5-19

Figure 5-3. Monthly pipeline schedule ......................................................................................... 5-20

Figure 5-4. Sample graphic progress chart ................................................................................. 5-24

Figure 5-5. Fuel System Supply Point ......................................................................................... 5-29

Figure 5-6. Modular fuel system bulk layout. ............................................................................... 5-30

Figure 5-7. Modular fuel system retail layout. .............................................................................. 5-30

Figure 5-8. Example of a long site refuel on the move configuration .......................................... 5-34

Figure 5-9. Example of a short site refuel on the move configuration ......................................... 5-35

Figure 5-10. Layout of assault hoseline system .......................................................................... 5-46

Figure A-1. Stacking of 55-gallon drums ....................................................................................... A-4

Figure A-2. Dunnage stack of filled 55-gallon drums ..................................................................... A-5

Figure A-3. Layout of area for stacking 55-gallon drums ............................................................... A-5

Figure A-4. Typical collapsible fabric fuel tank .............................................................................. A-7

18 April 2022 ATP 4-43 v

Figure A-5. Offshore petroleum distribution system .....................................................................A-11

Figure A-6. Inland petroleum distribution system (IPDS). ............................................................A-12

Figure A-7. A typical tactical petroleum terminal layout ...............................................................A-13

Figure A-8. Tanker truck receipt manifold ....................................................................................A-14

Figure A-9. Fuel dispensing assembly .........................................................................................A-15

Figure A-10. Tank farm assembly ................................................................................................A-16

Figure A-11. Fire suppression equipment ....................................................................................A-17

Figure A-12. 50,000-gallon tank TPT, optional configuration .......................................................A-18

Figure A-13. Switching manifold ...................................................................................................A-19

Figure A-14. 300,000 gallon fuel system supply point .................................................................A-22

Figure A-15. 800,000-gallon fuel system supply point .................................................................A-23

Figure A-16. Modular fuel system/heavy expanded mobility tactical truck configuration. ............A-25

Figure A-17. Modular fuel system/heavy expanded mobility tactical truck longitudinal transfer configuration. ............................................................................................................A-25

Figure A-18 Modular fuel system/heavy expanded mobility tactical truck transverse transfer configuration. ............................................................................................................A-25

Figure A-19. Vapor recovery kit ....................................................................................................A-31

Figure A-20. Typical petroleum tank car ......................................................................................A-32

Figure A-21. Advanced Aviation Forward Area Refueling System (AAFARS) ............................A-34

Figure A-22. HEMTT tanker aviation refueling system (HTARS) .................................................A-34

Figure A-23. Forward Area Refueling Equipment (FARE-2) ........................................................A-35

Figure A-24. Mobile Tactical Retail Refueling System .................................................................A-45

Figure D-1. Master meter layout .................................................................................................... D-2

Figure H-1. Graph paper setup ..................................................................................................... H-2

Figure H-2. Plotting elevation changes ......................................................................................... H-3

Figure H-3. Terrain profile ............................................................................................................. H-3

Figure H-4. IPDS 800 gallon per minute (GPM) pump performance curve .................................. H-5

Figure H-5. 350 GPM pump performance curve ........................................................................... H-7

Figure H-6. Kinematic viscosities of aviation fuel versus temperature .......................................... H-9

Figure H-7. Plotting Hydraulic gradient (Hg) on trace ................................................................. H-14

Figure H-8. Plotting pump stations along trace ........................................................................... H-15

Figure H-9. Measure pressure at the end of the trace ................................................................ H-16

Figure H-10. Example #1 of static overpressure ......................................................................... H-17

Figure H-11. Example #2 of static overpressure ......................................................................... H-18

Figure H-12. Example #1 of dynamic overpressure .................................................................... H-19

Figure H-13. Example #2 of dynamic overpressure .................................................................... H-20

Figure J-1. Typical API gravity ranges (corrected to 60 degrees Fahrenheit) ............................... J-3

Figure J-2. Hydrometer ready to be read ....................................................................................... J-3

Figure M-1. DD Form 2927, petroleum and lubricants sample identification tag .......................... M-2

Figure R-1. Currently projected fiscal year 2027 quartermaster force structure ........................... R-2

Figure R-2. Projected theater petroleum and water group force structure ................................... R-3 vi ATP 4-43 18 April 2022

Tables

Introductory table. New Army terms ................................................................................................. ix

Table 2-1. Brigade support battalion unit distribution equipment, petroleum distribution capability (in gallons) and mobility index percentage ............................................................... 2-29

Table 2-2. CAB & ECAB aviation support battalion unit petroleum distribution equipment, distribution capability (in gallons), and estimated mobility rating ............................. 2-34

Table 3-1. Notional petroleum planning time horizons by echelon .............................................. 3-13

Table 3-2. Flow conversion table ................................................................................................. 3-27

Table 3-3. Vehicle fuel capacity by gallons and consumption by gallons per hour ..................... 3-28

Table 3-4. Average fuel consumption rates for Army helicopters ................................................ 3-28

Table 3-5. Estimated daily fuel consumption planning factors .................................................... 3-28

Table 5-1. Berm dimensions for collapsible fabric fuel tanks ...................................................... 5-28

Table 5-2. Refuel on the move execution checklist ..................................................................... 5-37

Table 5-3. Minimum distance rotor hub-to-rotor hub ................................................................... 5-40

Table 6-1. Classification of flammable and combustible fuel ......................................................... 6-6

Table 6-2. Safe distance for fuel storage in hardwall tanks ........................................................... 6-7

Table 6-3. Required depths for ground rods ................................................................................ 6-11

Table A-1. Maximum storage capacity for collapsible fabric fuel tank ........................................... A-9

Table A-2. List of bulk fuel equipment by name and line item number ........................................ A-45

Table C-1. North American Treaty Organization (NATO) fuel codes and placard identification numbers ...................................................................................................................... C-1

Table C-2. NATO adapter set components ................................................................................... C-2

Table C-3. API bottom load to 4-inch camlock .............................................................................. C-2

Table C-4. Nozzle Fuel and Oil (D1R1) Kit (01-318-6091) ............................................................ C-3

Table E-1. Suction hose ................................................................................................................. E-2

Table E-2. Discharge hose ............................................................................................................ E-2

Table E-3. Fuel content per foot .................................................................................................... E-2

Table I-1. Petroleum product factors .............................................................................................. I-1

Table N-1. Chemical and physical requirements and test methods .............................................. N-2

Table N-2. Static Dissipater Item List ............................................................................................ N-2

Table N-3. Corrosion inhibitor/lubricity improver (CI/LI) item list ................................................... N-2

Table N-4. Fuel system icing inhibitor (FSII) item listing ............................................................... N-3

Table N-5. Additive blending quantities (calculations based on neat fuel) .................................... N-3

Table N-6. Jet Fuel Additization Checklist ..................................................................................... N-6

Table N-7. Sample Jet Fuel Additive Hand Blending Worksheet .................................................. N-7

Table P-1. Arctic fuel operations equipment considerations ......................................................... P-7

18 April 2022 ATP 4-43 vii

Preface

ATP 4-43 provides doctrinal guidance and direction for United States Army units conducting petroleum supply operations. The techniques provided in this publication are ways or methods that units can use to perform petroleum supply missions.

The principal audience for ATP 4-43 is personnel involved in the planning and execution of petroleum supply operations. It is also applicable to personnel assigned to operational commands and staffs and provides each of these groups with information necessary to conduct effective petroleum supply operations. Furthermore, ATP 4-43 provides information pertinent to multi-service partners and to units that must interact with multi-service partners. Commanders and staffs of Army headquarters serving as joint task force or multinational headquarters should also refer to applicable joint or multinational doctrine concerning the range of military operations and joint or multinational forces. Trainers and educators throughout the Army will also use this publication.

Commanders, staffs, and subordinates must ensure that their decisions and actions comply with applicable

U.S., international, and in some cases host-nation laws and regulations. Commanders at all levels will ensure that their Soldiers operate in accordance with the law of armed conflict and the rules of engagement. (See

FM 6-27/MCTP 11-10C.)

ATP 4-43 uses joint terms where applicable. Selected joint and Army terms and definitions appear in the glossary and the text. Terms for which ATP 4-43 is the proponent publication (the authority) are italicized in the text and are marked with an asterisk (*) in the glossary. Terms and definitions for which ATP 4-43 is the proponent publication are boldfaced in the text. For other definitions shown in the text, the term is italicized and the number of the proponent publication follows the definition.

ATP 4-43 applies to the Active Army, United States Army National Guard, and United States Army Reserve unless otherwise stated.

The proponent of ATP 4-43 is the United States Army Quartermaster School. The preparing agency is the

G-3 Doctrine Division, Combined Arms Support Command. Send comments and recommendations on a

Department of the Army (DA) Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) to

Commander, United States Army Combined Arms Support Command, ATTN: ATCL-TS (ATP 4-43), 2221

A Ave, Ft. Lee, VA 23801; or submit an electronic DA Form 2028 by e-mail to: usarmy.lee.tradoc.mbx.leee-cascom-doctrine@army.mil.

mailto:usarmy.lee.tradoc.mbx.leee-cascom-doctrine@army.mil mailto:usarmy.lee.tradoc.mbx.leee-cascom-doctrine@army.mil

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18 April 2022 ATP 4-43 ix

Introduction

ATP 4-43 is the United States (U.S.) Army’s reference for commanders, staff personnel, and Soldiers performing petroleum storage, distribution and quality surveillance operations. ATP 4-43 provides information on petroleum supply operations to include roles of the theater Army, field army, corps and division headquarters, the sustainment headquarters at echelon and Army unit capabilities to execute petroleum supply operations.

This version of ATP 4-43 reflects changes that occurred in force design, distribution management and materiel management since the 2015 edition and re-orients ATP 4-43 to align with FM 3-0 and FM 4-0.

Additions to this manual include information regarding planning activities, the distribution management and materiel management process, cold weather operations, and interoperability with NATO fuel distribution equipment. ATP 4-43 contains six chapters and eighteen appendices.

Chapter 1 provides a brief overview of petroleum supply operations and their role within the Army operational contexts; petroleum quality management, and general safety and environmental considerations.

Chapter 2 provides an overview of Army organizations at the theater, corps and division echelon and their roles in petroleum supply operations and Army unit capabilities to conduct petroleum supply operations explains the Army’s organizational structure for petroleum supply.

Chapter 3 describes the operational art in sustainment. It explains the petroleum planning process across the

Army operational contexts and by each echelon.

Chapter 4 describes the distribution management process for Army petroleum supply operations.

Chapter 5 provides the reader with a basic understanding of Army petroleum operations. This chapter includes accountability and distribution measures and the application of the various petroleum systems and equipment.

Chapter 6 surveys petroleum supply operations considerations for safety, environmental stewardship and protection, primarily for the commander and staff.

A new term is listed in the introductory table.

Introductory table. New Army terms

Terms Remarks offshore petroleum distribution system Term added and defined.

18 April 2022 ATP 4-43 1-1

Chapter 1

Petroleum Operations Overview

Military forces require large quantities of bulk petroleum products to support combat operations. Military bulk petroleum operations require uninterrupted supply from the commercial supplier through the distribution network to the supported unit as far forward as required. Bulk petroleum operations involve requirements determination, resupply, storage, movement of bulk fuel, quality surveillance, accounting for the product and maintaining distribution equipment and facilities. The purpose of this chapter is to give an overview of the petroleum supply operations process.

PETROLEUM DEFINITION

1-1. For the purposes of this text, the term petroleum shall include not only the naturally derived product, but alternative, renewable, and synthetic fuels and their blends as well. Petroleum is divided into bulk petroleum and packaged petroleum:

Class III (B) (bulk petroleum products) includes liquid petroleum product transported by various means (such as pipeline, hoseline, rail tank car, tank truck, barge, or tanker) and stored in tanks or containers having an individual fill capacity greater than 55 gallons.

Class III (P) (packaged petroleum products) includes petroleum products and chemical products generally (lubricating oils, greases, and specialty items) that are normally packaged by the manufacturer and procured, stored, transported, and issued in containers of 55 gallon capacity or less. (An exception is that various-sized collapsible containers such as the 240 gallon totes or larger may also be considered packaged products.)

PETROLEUM SUPPLY DESCRIPTION

1-2. Petroleum supply operations involve the material management and distribution of petroleum to include receipt, storage, distribution, quality assurance and surveillance of bulk petroleum and packaged petroleum products. The petroleum materiel management mission requires continuous situational understanding to anticipate, synchronize, and direct bulk fuel in order to maximize combat power and enable freedom of action for supported units. Petroleum distribution management synchronizes materiel management with transportation (including pipelines and conduit) to move bulk fuel from the source of supply to the supported unit in accordance with the supported commander’s priorities.

BULK PETROLEUM DISTRIBUTION

1-3. The bulk petroleum distribution system in a theater of operations is the network delivering bulk fuel to the supported units. The distribution system may consist of storage terminals, pump stations, pipelines, hoselines, class III supply points, tank vehicles, and rail tank cars. In a developed theater, the bulk distribution system may be similar to that of the undeveloped theater; however, a developed theater normally includes fixed facilities. While host nation support might be available in both undeveloped and developed theaters, Army bulk fuel planners should count on United States assets supplying the vast majority of its own bulk fuel needs.

In the undeveloped theater, bulk petroleum is generally distributed using various temporary, rapidly employed systems. These systems include the offshore petroleum distribution system

(OPDS), a bulk petroleum transfer system used by offshore tankers to provide petroleum for storage in the beach support area, or for onward movement inland. It also includes the inland petroleum distribution system (IPDS), tactical petroleum terminals (TPT), host-nation

1-2 ATP 4-43 18 April 2022 support facilities, assault hoseline system, petroleum tank vehicles, fuel system supply points

(FSSP), the modular fuel system, contracted distribution assets, and other flexible systems.

In the developed theater, bulk petroleum can be locally procured or received from ocean vessels at marine terminals and transferred by pipeline to tank farms. Petroleum managers may implement semi-permanent to permanent bulk petroleum storage facilities in this setting. The IPDS extends as far forward as practicable, and is then supplemented by other means of delivery such as barges, rail tank cars and tank vehicles.

1-4. When entering an undeveloped or developed theater of operations, the layout of petroleum distribution systems will be dependent on operational and mission variables. Theater level organizations, such as the theater Army and the theater sustainment command (TSC), are responsible for the assessment, development and planning of the petroleum distribution management process in a theater of operations, whether undeveloped or developed. Figure 1-1 illustrates a battlefield array of the distribution management process in the undeveloped and developed theater.

Figure 1-1. Undeveloped and developed theater

1-5. In accordance with JP 4-03, the Army provides:

Wartime planning and management of overland petroleum distribution support, including inland waterways, to United States land base forces of all Department of Defense (DOD) components.

Funding and maintenance for its tactical storage and distribution systems to supplement fixed facilities.

The necessary force structure to operate and install tactical petroleum storage and distribution systems, including pipelines. In an immature theater, this includes providing a system that transports bulk petroleum inland from the high-water mark of the designated ocean beach. Thus, the Army is responsible for receiving, storing, transporting, and distributing fuels for all land-based forces from the high-water inland to distribution centers and retail supply points.

Petroleum Operations Overview

18 April 2022 ATP 4-43 1-3

1-6. To supplement its own petroleum force structure, the Army may use operational contract support in varying capacities. Operational contract support of the petroleum distribution network includes, but is not limited to, fixed storage facilities, bulk petroleum line haul and retail fuel support.

1-7. DOD directed the Services to standardize fuel usage, thereby minimizing the types of fuels required in joint operations. Jet propulsion fuel, type 8 (JP8), a kerosene-based jet fuel with similar properties to the commercial jet fuel Jet A-1 (with military additives), is the primary fuel for land-based air and ground forces.

See MIL-DTL-83133K and DODM 4140.25, Vol. 1 for more information.

1-8. While the single fuel on the battlefield policy requires JP8 be used as the primary fuel in most scenarios, petroleum planners will have to plan for other types of fuels, such as diesel, motor gasoline and aviation gasoline, as the situation dictates. Refer to the DLA (Defense Logistics Agency) Energy Commodities

Handbook and MIL-STD-3004-1A for more information.

1-9. The Defense Logistics Agency, Energy (DLA Energy) procures bulk fuel within the theater when possible. Host-nation sources of supply, such as commercial refineries, can shorten the lines of communication considerably and provide support that is more responsive. Tanker ships bring in bulk fuel not available in the theater. Ocean tankers are the most practical means of transporting bulk fuel across long distances; they are capable of providing over 10 million gallons in one load. In developed theaters, marine petroleum terminals receive and transfer bulk fuel by pipeline to tank farms. Pipelines and hoselines extend as far forward as practical to reduce transportation requirements. Barges, rail tank cars, tankers, and aircraft provide other options for moving bulk fuel forward toward the point of need.

1-10. Pipeline is the most efficient means to transport fuel throughout the area of operations. Commercial pipelines are plentiful in many places in the world, including some less developed areas. The IPDS can supplement commercial pipelines or extend the reach of commercial pipelines, stand alone when commercial lines are not available, and be recovered and emplaced at a new location to meet changing operational demands. The least efficient, most costly, but most flexible means of support is via tanker truck.

CONCEPT OF PETROLEUM SUPPLY OPERATIONS

1-11. The concept of petroleum supply operations is an integrated process that links the operational requirements of petroleum products to the sustainment capabilities required to support demands. It focuses on when, where and how to provide petroleum products to forces in the theater via timely distribution methods. The basic petroleum-operating concept is to keep storage tanks full and distribute petroleum forward along open lines of communication. The availability of fuel depends on the location of the theater of operations. The Army provides its own multimodal integrated distribution system.

1-12. The basic stockage concept in theater operations is to have sufficient storage to support the most demanding operation plan and keep on-hand inventories at or near maximum authorized levels, while using available transportation assets as efficiently as possible.

OVERVIEW OF PLANNING AT LEVELS OF WAR

1-13. Providing forces with the right fuel, in the right place, and at the right time requires planning to determine peacetime and wartime requirements, submit requirements, allocate product, establish or arrange for bulk storage, move products forward to and within the theater, ensure quality surveillance, issue and account for the fuel, and maintain distribution equipment and facilities.

1-14. Planning petroleum support in a theater of operations is challenging due to the huge tonnages involved, distribution distances, and the constant demand. Planners make maximum use of all possible sources of supply and distribution in order to establish the redundancies required to ensure continued mission support.

Petroleum supply is planned and executed at all levels of warfare. The following describes the roles and actions at each level.

At the strategic level, the combination of Service, agency, and commercial organizations encompass the top of the petroleum distribution management process. Strategic-level petroleum planners assist in the projection and long-term sustainment of the combatant commander's

(CCDR) bulk petroleum requirements. They utilize the nation's industrial base to enhance the

1-4 ATP 4-43 18 April 2022

CCDR's capabilities through the leveraging of strategic resources while maintaining flexibility in the face of a dynamic logistic environment.

At the operational level, petroleum managers plan the support operations necessary to help maneuver commanders achieve strategic objectives within theaters or other operational areas. The sustainment of unified land operations requires a continuous link between the strategic and operational level. Petroleum planners face the challenges of getting the fuel into theater and integrating the capabilities from many providers who project, distribute, and sustain bulk petroleum for the joint forces command.

The tactical level involves the installation and operation of tactical petroleum storage and distribution systems to support their forces. Tactical units derive their sustainment primarily from the strategic and operational levels for bulk petroleum operations and leverage the benefits of that sustainment to permit freedom of action. Tactical level organizations contribute to force readiness by applying three imperative capabilities critical to success: unity of effort, theater wide petroleum visibility, and rapid and precise response.

DISTRIBUTION MANAGEMENT

1-15. The Army employs the distribution management process to move petroleum from the source to the point of need. Distribution management includes materiel management and transportation management functions. It provides a consistent process whereby petroleum managers learn the things they need to do and the people they need to coordinate with to get the right fuel to the right place at the right time.

1-16. The process begins with planning for requirements and ends when an item is issued to the supported unit. Petroleum planners determine and validate materiel requirements (by commodity, quantity and priority) for distribution to units or locations, obtain materiel, and coordinate its distribution according to command priorities. Transportation managers allocate specific modes for specific commodities, by quantity and priority to coordinate distribution and routing to meet command priorities. Distribution managers use the information provided by the materiel management component to coordinate with the transportation component by commodity, quantity, priority, and recommended mode. Petroleum products, for inland support in a theater of operations, are requested from the TSC or an expeditionary sustainment command (ESC). Once the request is allocated, it is normally moved from the initial source in the joint security area, through the quartermaster petroleum group and operational level sustainment brigades to the tactical level brigade support battalion

(BSB) or forward support company (FSC). Detailed information on distribution management exists in chapter

4 of this publication.

PETROLEUM SUPPLY OPERATIONS IN THE ARMY

OPERATIONAL CONTEXTS

1-17. Army sustainment enables unified land operations by providing the support required to keep the Army, other Service, and allies engaged in operations across the operational environment (OE) as described in FM

4-0. Sustainment units supporting Army operations provide bulk fuel support within the operational contexts of competition, crisis, and conflict to ensure the combatant commander’s freedom of movement, operational reach, and prolonged endurance.

OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT

1-18. The OE is a composite of the conditions, circumstances, and influences that affect the employment of capabilities and bear on the decisions of the commander (JP 3-0). An OE encompasses physical areas of the air, land, maritime, space and cyberspace domains; as well as the information environment (which includes cyberspace); the electromagnetic spectrum, and other factors. These factors include enemy, friendly, and neutral actors that are relevant to a specific operation. The OE involves interconnected influences from the global or regional perspective that impact on conditions and operations. ADP 3-0 and FM 3-0 describe the

OE in detail.

1-19. A threat is any combination of actors, entities, or forces that have the capability and intent to harm

United States forces, United States national interests, or the homeland (ADP 3-0). Threats exist in all domains and may include individuals, groups of individuals (organized or not organized), paramilitary or military

18 April 2022 ATP 4-43 1-5 forces, nation-states, or national alliances. Threats are an inherent part of the OE. Sustainment commanders and staff must understand how current and potential threats organize, equip, train, employ, and control their forces. These leaders must continually identify, monitor, and assess threats as they adapt and change over time.

1-20. Sustainment preparation of the operational environment is the analysis to determine infrastructure, physical environment, and resources in the OE that will optimize or adversely affect friendly forces means for supporting and sustaining the commander’s operations plan (ADP 4-0). It is a continuous shaping activity involving analysis to determine infrastructure, environmental, or resource factors in the OE that impact the

Army’s ability to sustain the commander’s operations plan.

1-21. Petroleum supply operations in theater focus on continuous supply to meet the demand of the force and its equipment, enabling commanders to extend operational reach and prolong operational endurance.

Planning for petroleum supply operations involves constant assessment and adjustments to the initial plan to adapt to a changing OE. In addition, the analysis of the OE includes determination of the infrastructure, physical environment and resources available in relation to petroleum supply support.

1-22. During large-scale combat against peer threats, friendly forces, including those conducting sustainment tasks, assume they are in contact and under observation in the space and cyberspace…