American National Standard Institute (ANSI) D.12017.pdf

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

ANSI D.16-2017

8th Edition

A N

SI

D

.1 6-

Manual on Classification of Motor Vehicle Traffic Crashes

American National Standard ANSI D.16 – 2017

ANSI D.16 – 2017

American National Standard

Manual on Classification of Motor Vehicle Traffic Crashes

Eighth Edition

Secretariat Association of Transportation Safety Information Professionals Prepared by the D.16-2017 Committee on Classification of Motor Vehicle Traffic Crashes under the direction of the Association of Transportation Safety Information Professionals

Approved December 18, 2017 American National Standards Institute, Inc.

American National Standard ANSI D.16 – 2017

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Approval of an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the requirements for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by the standards developer.

Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution.

The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standards or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standards.

The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no circumstance give an interpretation of any American National Standard. Moreover, no person shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American National Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute. Requests for interpretations should be addressed to the secretariat or sponsor whose name appears on the title page of this document.

This document or some of the information contained in this document has been processed in accordance with ANSI’s requirements for an American National Standard or Amendment to an ANS. The same or similar document or amendment (as applicable) will undergo the standards development process set forth in the ASD’s accredited procedures. This ANS or pertinent Amendment(s) shall be withdrawn on or before the five-year anniversary date of its approval as such.

Published by Association of Transportation Safety Information Professionals (ATSIP) c/o R. Robert Rasmussen II, 6394 Greystone Creek Road Mechanicsville, Virginia 23111 Secretariat: Joan Vecchi, TSASS Project Manager

© 2017 by the Association of Transportation Safety Information Professionals All rights reserved

No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher.

Printed in the United States of America

American National Standard ANSI D.16 – 2017 iii

Contents Eighth Edition Revised and New D.16-2017 Definitions ................................................................................................ v Foreword ....................................................................................................................................................................... vi D.16-2017 8th Edition Consensus Body Members ....................................................................................................... vii 1 Introduction 2 Definitions

2.1 Transport Vehicles and Transport Ways

2.2 Land Ways, Land Vehicles and Users

2.3 Injuries and Damage

2.4 Crashes

2.5 Location

2.6 Road Vehicle Crash Types

2.7 Location of Road Vehicle Crashes

2.8 School Bus

2.9 Commerce

3 Classification

3.1 Classification of Persons by Injury Severity

3.2 Classification of Road Vehicles by Damage Severity

3.3 Crash/Accident Classification by Transport Vehicle Type

3.4 Crash Classification by Injury Severity

3.5 Crash Classification by Damage Severity

3.6 Crash Classification by Number of Vehicles

3.7 Crash Classification by First Harmful Event

3.8 Crash Classification by Location

3.9 Type of Motor Vehicle Classification

3.10 Automobile Classification by Size

3.11 Automobile Classification by Weight

3.12 Motorcycle Classification by Type

3.13 Truck Classification by Weight

3.14 Classification of Persons by Work Status

3.15 Classification of Crashes by Work Status

3.16 Classification of Crashes by Level of Vehicle Autonomy

3.17 Classification of Crashes by Driver Distraction Involvement

3.18 Classification of Crashes by Vehicle Special Use / Function

4 Glossary References

American National Standard ANSI D.16 – 2017 iv

Characteristics of Motor Vehicle Traffic Crashes Index ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…69

Table of Figures Figure 1 Trafficway (See 2.2.1, 2.2.28 through 2.2.33)……………………………………………………………………… 5

Figure 2 Trafficway including Frontage Road (See 2.2.1, 2.2.28 through 2.2.33)……………………………………….. 5

Figure 3 Trafficway with Multiple Roadways in the Same Direction (See 2.2.1, 2.2.28 through 2.2.33)……………

Figure 4 – Driveway Access (See 2.5.9)………………………………………………………………………………………25

Figure 5 – Intersection (See 2.5.10)…………………………………………………………………………………………...27

Figure 6 – Channelized Intersection (See 2.5.13)…………………………………………………………

Figure 7 – Frontage Road (See 2.5.18)………………………………………………………………………

Figure 8 – Gore (See 2.5.19)…………………………………………………………………………………………………..28

Figure 9 – Interchange Crashes (See 2.7.7)………………………………………………………………………………

American National Standard ANSI D.16 – 2017 v

Eighth Edition Revised and New D.16-2017 Definitions

Revised from 7th Edition

New for 8th Edition

Ref# Description Ref# Description

2.1.3 Transport device 2.2.9.5 Motorcycle Conversion Kit

2.2.7.3 Commercial Motor Vehicle 2.2.9.7 Autocycle

2.2.33 Trafficway 2.2.33.1 Total Lanes in Roadway

2.2.41 Non-motorist 2.5.22.1 Parking Lot Way Definition

2.2.45 Bicycle Lane 2.7.9 Entrance/exit Ramp Crash

2.3.2 Fatal Injury (K) 2.7.9.1 Entrance/exit Ramp-related Crash

2.3.4 Suspected Serious Injury (A) 3.16 Vehicle Automation Classification

2.3.5 Suspected Minor Injury (B)

3.17 Distracted Driving Classification

2.3.6 Possible Injury (C) 3.18 Vehicle Special Use Classification

2.3.6.1 No Apparent Injury (O)

2.4 Crashes

2.4.4 Unstabilized Situation

2.4.10 Aircraft Accidents

2.4.11 Watercraft Accidents

3.9 Type of Motor Vehicle

Classification

American National Standard ANSI D.16 – 2017 vi

Foreword

(This foreword is not part of American National Standard, Manual on Classification of Motor Vehicle Traffic Crashes, Eighth Edition, ANSI D.16-2017.)

This American National Standard has been used for many decades and serves to maintain uniformity for those who report, analyze, classify, and otherwise use traffic crash data. The Standard has been developed for use throughout the United States and its Territories, to facilitate reporting and classification of crashes across jurisdictions. The uniformity of reporting that results from this standard facilitates development of data on crashes in and out of traffic for nationwide use. Such data becomes the basis for decisions about traffic safety initiatives throughout the country.

The principal changes in this Eighth Edition are the incorporation of new definitions/classifications and modifications to existing definitions/classifications (see “Eighth Edition Revised and New D.16-2017 Definitions” chart on page iv.) During the review for this Eighth Edition, care was taken to maintain consistency between this standard and the Model Minimum Uniform Crash Criteria guidelines.

Evidence of consensus on this standard is obtained through the ANSI committee method. The D.16-2017 Committee on Classification of Motor Vehicle Traffic Crashes, also called a Consensus Body, includes diverse representation from data collectors, managers, users, analysts, and researchers. Consensus Body members are listed on the next page. Recommendations for additional qualified members are welcome.

Questions may arise regarding the application or interpretation of the Standard in unusual situations. Review of the Standard and its continued coverage of all aspects of motor vehicle crashes will ensure that problems or changes may be addressed. The ANSI Committee is particularly interested in questions which help to identify problems in the Manual or subjects that need more detailed coverage. In addition, suggestions for improvement of the Manual are actively solicited and may be submitted at any time. Please submit questions or comments to the Board of Directors, Association of Transportation Safety Information Professionals at:

c/o R. Robert Rasmussen II, 6394 Greystone Creek Road, Mechanicsville, Virginia 23111. When submitting questions or comments, please include a telephone number and/or e-mail address where you may be contacted should additional information or clarification be required.

American National Standard ANSI D.16 – 2017 vii

D.16-2017 8th Edition Consensus Body Members

The following members of the D.16-2017 Consensus Body participated in the review and voting of the Eighth Edition's new and revised definitions and classifications:

1 Participated in ANSI D16.1-2007 consensus body.

2 Participated in the MMUCC 5th Edition expert panel.

Secretariat Joan L. Vecchi12 Program Manager Traffic Safety Analysis Systems and Services, Inc.

Data Collectors Sergeant Thomas Gorman Connecticut State Police –Troop H

Major Mike McDonald2 (Retired) Director of Information Technology/CJIS Systems Officer Delaware State Police

Matthew Packard Colorado State Patrol

Marty Pollock Tennessee State Patrol

Mark Thompson Law Enforcement Liaison Utah Highway Patrol/Highway Safety Office

Data Users/Engineers Daniel J. Magri1 Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development Planning Division

Mike Pawlovich Iowa DOT

R. Robert Rasmussen, II (Retired) Program Administration Manager III Virginia Department of Transportation

Eagan Foster Traffic Engineer City of Dublin, OH

Data Managers Charles Grasso University of Connecticut

Kathleen Haney2 Traffic Records Coordinator Minnesota Department of Public Safety Office of Traffic Safety

Juliet Little Traffic Records Coordinator State of Connecticut

Chris Osbourn2 TITAN Program Director and Tennessee TRCC Co-chair Tennessee Department of Safety and Homeland Security

Warren Stanley2 Crash Data and Reporting Branch Manager Washington Dept. of Transportation

Data Analysts – Researchers Dan Blower1 Associate Research Scientist emeritus University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute

Cindy Burch University of Maryland, Baltimore - National Study Center for Trauma & EMS

American National Standard ANSI D.16 – 2017 viii

J. Patrick Dolan III Statistical Research Specialist/TRCC Co-Chair Tennessee Department of Safety and Homeland Security

Bob Scopatz, PhD.12 Senior Transportation Analyst

VHB

Dennis Kleen Iowa Department of Transportation FARS Manager and Driver Data

Miles Brookes Traffic Records Research Analyst (FARS) Alaska Highway Safety Office

Federal Agencies Jenny Guarino2 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration Office of Analysis, Research and Technology, Analysis Division

Sarah Weissman-Pascual2 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Driver Register and Traffic Records Division

Bob Pollack2 Federal Highway Administration

Other Interested Agencies John McDonough2 President National Institute for Safety Research

Brian Tefft1 AAA Foundation for Safety Research

Deborah Trombley Senior Program Manager National Safety Council

Ken Kolosh Manager Statistics Department National Safety Council

Barbara Harsha Principal BLH Consulting, LLC (GHSA)

Mark Pritchard Lead Data Analyst American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators

American National Standard ANSI D.16 – 2017

Manual on Classification of Motor Vehicle Traffic Crashes 1 Introduction

The primary purpose of the Manual on Classification of Motor Vehicle Traffic Crashes is to promote uniformity and comparability of motor vehicle traffic crash statistics now being developed in Federal, state, and local jurisdictions.

The definitions in this Manual are related, but not necessarily identical, to the definitions found in the Manual of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries and Causes of Death (ICD); United States Code, Title 23, Highways; and the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, ANSI D6.1e-1989. These documents were developed for a variety of purposes. This variety is reflected in the definition of terms; similar terms do not necessarily have similar definitions.

The body of the Manual is divided into three sections, one containing definitions, one containing classification instructions, and a separate alphabetical listing of ANSI D.16-2017 definitions for ease of reference. Within the first section, the definitions are presented in an order which avoids dependence upon special terms not previously defined. In addition, an attempt has been made to make every definition complete; modifications of definitions are not introduced intentionally in subsequent sections or subsections.

The use of this standard does not require the use of all classifications described in the Manual or prohibit the use of additional classifications. Crash report forms and summaries should, however, be compatible with the Manual to permit compilation and comparison of information collected in different jurisdictions.

Nothing in this Manual is to be construed as a requirement for crash reporting or investigation. Reporting requirements which govern drivers or law enforcement are generally established by state law or city ordinance, while requirements for investigation are ordinarily specified in investigative agencies’ policies and procedures.

The assignment of crashes to a geographical location, such as a city, county, or state, does not imply that the jurisdiction is responsible for such crashes or that it could have prevented them. Such arbitrary assignments indicate only that the crashes occurred within the geographical limits of the jurisdiction.

2 Definitions

2.1 Transport Vehicles and Transport

Ways

2.1.1 person: A person is any living human. Within the context of this manual, a fetus is considered part of a pregnant woman rather than a separate individual. After death, a human body is not considered to be a person.

2.1.2 property: Property is any physical object other than a person.

Inclusions:

• Real property, personal property

• Animal — wild or domestic

• Sign, guardrail, impact attenuator

NOTE: The change in the title of this standard from Manual on Classification of Motor Vehicle Traffic Accidents to Manual on Classification of Motor Vehicle Traffic Crashes is the result of the evolution of terminology use from “accident” to “crash” generally as it relates to motor vehicles. The use of the term “crash” instead of “accident” is not a change in the classification other than the term. Traffic safety advocates recognize that, while neither term, accident nor crash, adequately defines all incidents and collisions, the term “accident” connotes an unpreventable event. Many crashes involve behaviors such as speeding, aggressive driving, driver impairment, or distraction. All of these are preventable behaviors. It is also understood that some incidents that are included here are not well-defined by the term “crash” (such as fires and explosions). However, how the terminology is understood in the community generally impacts how these incidents are treated by legislatures, safety programs, and the media. Currently, both terms are used by various agencies and within state and federal statutes and regulations.

Terminology was not changed as it relates to other types of transport vehicles, such as aircraft, watercraft, and trains. Those industries may have different definitions and understanding of what constitutes an accident versus what is a crash.

American National Standard ANSI D.16 – 2017

2.1.3 transport device: A transport device is any device designed primarily for moving persons or property along with the device itself from one place to another, except (1) a weapon, (2) a device used primarily within the confines of a building and its premises, or (3) a personal conveyance.

• Aircraft, including drones

• Watercraft

• Train, including individual cars, caboose, engine

• Snowmobile

• Farm Tractor

• Automobile (See 2.2.12)

• Van (See 2.2.14)

• Utility Vehicle (See 2.2.11)

• Bus (See 2.2.10)

• Truck (See 2.2.13-2.2.26 – except 2.2.14)

• Trailer (See 2.2.15)

• Semitrailer (See 2.2.17)

• Motorcycle (See 2.2.9)

• Bicycle

• Moped (See 2.2.9.4)

Exclusions:

o Devices not designed primarily for moving persons or property for transportation purposes, such as construction machinery, farm or industrial machinery, army tanks, etc.

o Devices which do not move from one place to another, such as pipelines, elevators, escalators, ski lifts, conveyor belt systems, etc.

o Weapons, such as guns, torpedoes, etc.

o Devices used primarily within buildings and their premises, such as fork lifts in factories or lumber yards, motorized baggage trucks in railroad stations, etc.

o Human-powered, non-motorized devices not propelled by pedaling, such as skis, scooters, roller skates, baby carriages, etc.

o Personal conveyances

2.1.4 transport vehicle: A transport vehicle consists of one or more devices or animals and their load. Such devices or animals shall include at least one of the following:

1.) A transport device, or a unit, made up of connected transport devices, while idle or in use, for moving persons or property from one place to another, 2.) An animal or team of animals while in use for moving persons or property other than the animal or team itself from one place to another, or

3.) A movable device such as construction, farm, or industrial machinery outside the confines of a building and its premises while in use for moving persons, the device itself, or other property from one place to another.

If such a device or animal has a load, the load is part of that transport vehicle. Loads include:

• Persons or property upon, or set in motion by, the device or animal

• Persons boarding or alighting from the device or animal

• Persons or property attached to and in position to move with the device or animal

If the load upon a transport device includes another transport device, the entire unit including the load is considered a single transport vehicle.

1.) Transport Devices

• Boxcar coupled to a caboose

• Truck tractor towing a semitrailer and a trailer (See 2.2.21)

• Automobile or ATV towing a person on skates, skateboard, sled or bicycle

• Snowmobile towing a skier

• Automobile towing another automobile

American National Standard ANSI D.16 – 2017

2.) Animals

• Horse and rider

• Dog team drawing a sled

• Team of horses drawing a sled

• Burro carrying a load of firewood

3.) Other Movable Devices

• Road grader while traveling under its own power from a maintenance depot to a working place

• Any mower while being ridden down a street under its own power

• Farm tractor while pulling a wagon loaded with corn from a field to a storage place

• Army tank while moving under its own power from a firing range to a motor pool

2.1.5 aircraft: An aircraft is a transport vehicle designed primarily for, or in use for, moving persons or property through the air from one place to another.

2.1.6 watercraft: A watercraft is a transport vehicle designed primarily for, or in use for, moving persons or property on or through, and supported by, water from one place to another.

2.1.7 land vehicle: A land vehicle is a transport vehicle which is neither an aircraft nor a watercraft.

2.1.8 transport way: A transport way is any way or place reserved or commonly used for the operation of transport vehicles.

o Hiking trail, sidewalk, footpath

2.1.9 airway: An airway is a transport way reserved primarily for use by aircraft taking off, in flight, or landing.

2.1.10 waterway: A waterway is a transport way reserved primarily for use by watercraft.

2.1.11 land way: A land way is the space within property lines or other boundary lines of any transport way that is neither an airway nor a waterway.

2.2 Land Ways, Land Vehicles and

Users

2.2.1 trafficway: A trafficway is any land way open to the public as a matter of right or custom for moving persons or property from one place to another

Figures 1 and 2 below are examples of common configurations and components of trafficways. They are not required for a land way to be a trafficway.

• Within areas with guarded entrances, such as military posts or private residential developments, land ways are trafficways if the guards customarily admit public traffic

• Privately constructed and/or maintained road open to the public for moving persons or property for transportation purposes

• Local road in a residential development, which is open to the public

• Land way providing vehicular access and/or circulation from a trafficway to a business open to the public (See 2.5.22)

Examples:

1.) Land way within a gated community when the gates are open to the public

2.) Circulating system of roadways in the land way of a shopping center or shopping mall which provides public access to the parking lots

3.) A road providing access to the public from the trafficway to the parking lot of a major chain store

4.) A road with unrestricted access in a private retirement community o A land way under construction is not a trafficway if traffic is prohibited from entering by signing or barriers which are in conformance with applicable standards. However, if any part of the land way is open to traffic while the remainder is closed, that part which is open for traffic is a trafficway.

American National Standard ANSI D.16 – 2017

Likewise, any temporary bypass of a construction site is a trafficway.

o A land way temporarily closed to travel and marked by signing or barriers which are in conformance with applicable standards is not a trafficway even though used by authorized vehicles, such as maintenance vehicles, or when intentionally or inadvertently used by unauthorized vehicles. A land way open only to local traffic is not considered closed.

o A road in a gated community that is only open to residents and their guests o A land way not open to the public o Parking space and parking aisle (See 2.5.22)

1.) Driveway to a residence or business

2.) Military base or gated community with restricted access

3.) Parking aisle providing entry to parking spaces or stalls

2.2.2 private way: A private way is any land way other than a trafficway. The space within a crossing of a private way and a trafficway shall be considered a trafficway.

2.2.3 railway: A railway is any private way reserved primarily for land vehicles moving persons or property from one place to another on rails.

2.2.4 railway vehicle: A railway vehicle is any land vehicle that is (1) designed primarily for, or in use for, moving persons or property from one place to another on rails and

(2) not in use on a land way other than a railway.

• Streetcar on private way o Streetcar operating on trafficway (See 2.2.8)

2.2.5 railway train: A railway train is any motorized railway vehicle.

2.2.6 road vehicle: A road vehicle is any land vehicle other than a railway vehicle. (See 2.2.7 and 2.2.8)

2.2.6.1 personal conveyance: A personal conveyance is a device, other than a transport device, used by a pedestrian (See 2.2.36) for personal mobility assistance or recreation.

These devices can be motorized or human powered, but not propelled by pedaling.

1.) Rideable toys

• Roller skates, in-line skates

• Skateboard

• Skates

• Baby Carriage

• Scooter

• Toy Wagon

2.) Motorized rideable toys

• Motorized skateboard

• Motorized toy car

3.) Devices for personal mobility assistance

• Segway-style device

• Motorized and non-motorized wheelchair

• Handicapped scooter

Exclusions:

o Golf cart o Low Speed Vehicle (LSV) (See 2.2.7.1) o Go-cart o Minibike o "Pocket" motorcycle o Motor scooter o Moped (See 2.2.9.4)

2.2.7 motor vehicle: A motor vehicle is any motorized (mechanically or electrically powered) road vehicle not operated on rails. (See 2.2.7.1, 2.2.7.2, 2.2.7.3, 2.2.9 - 2.2.26)

American National Standard ANSI D.16 – 2017

Figure 1: Trafficway (See 2.2.1, 2.2.28 through 2.2.33)

Source: Model Minimum Uniform Crash Criteria, 5th Edition

Figure 2: Trafficway including frontage road (See 2.2.1, 2.2.28 through 2.2.33)

Source: Model Minimum Uniform Crash Criteria, 5th Edition

American National Standard ANSI D.16 – 2017

• Electrically powered bus attached to cables

• Trolley on highway tires

• Low speed vehicle (LSV) (See 2.2.7.1)

• Motor-driven cycle (See 2.2.9.1)

• All working motor vehicles (See 2.2.7.2) Examples:

1.) A tow truck using its winch to pull a vehicle out of a ditch

2.) Electric or telephone company truck with cherry picker repairing cables on a utility pole

3.) Road paint striping truck in the process of painting lines on the roadway

4.) Garbage truck being loaded with trash o Motorized personal conveyance (See 2.2.6.1)

1.) Motorized skate board

2.) Motorized toy car

3.) Motorized wheelchair or handicapped scooter

4.) Segway-style device

2.2.7.1 low speed vehicle: A low speed vehicle (LSV) is a motor vehicle with four or more wheels whose top speed is greater than 20 miles per hour, but not greater than 25 miles per hour (mph).

LSVs are required to be equipped with basic items of safety equipment: headlamps, stop lamps, turn signal lamps, tail lamps, reflex reflectors, parking brake, windshields of either type AS-1 or AS-5 glazing, rearview mirrors, seat belts, and vehicle identification numbers (VINs).

1 LSVs will be subject to Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS), No. 500, Low Speed Vehicles.

Inclusions:

• A conventional golf cart that was modified, after its original manufacture, to increase its top speed into the 20-25 mph range

• An originally manufactured custom golf cart (that is not a modified conventional golf cart) that has a top speed above 20 mph but not greater than 25 miles per hour 1

1.) Neighborhood Electric Vehicle (NEV)

2.) Fleet golf carts sold to golf courses that have been speed-modified to increase their top speed into the 20-25 mph range

3.) Personal golf carts sold to individual persons that have been speed-modified or originally manufactured to achieve a top speed above 20 mph but not greater than 25 miles per hour

4.) Other low speed motor vehicles designed for transport on local streets o Conventional golf cart not modified or originally custom manufactured to achieve top speeds above 20 mph o Automobile o Any personal conveyance (See 2.2.6.1) o Any size slow moving farm tractor/equipment

1.) A golf cart used solely to carry one or more people and golf equipment to play golf, sold to golf courses

2.) A golf cart used to carry one or more people and may carry golf equipment to play golf, sold to individual persons who may use them to travel on trafficways to and from golf courses and to play

American National Standard ANSI D.16 – 2017 golf, to travel on trafficways for purposes unrelated to golf, or for all these purposes

3.) A golf cart that has been speed-modified after its manufacture or originally custom manufactured to achieve top speeds greater than 25 mph

4.) Motorized wheelchair

5.) Motorized skateboard

6.) Motorized handicapped scooter

7.) Personal transport devices such as the Segway

2.2.7.2 working motor vehicle: A working motor vehicle is a motor vehicle in the act of performing construction, maintenance, or utility work related to the trafficway. This "work" may be located within open or closed portions of the trafficway and motor vehicles performing these activities can be within or outside of the trafficway boundaries.

• Vehicle at work in a marked work zone

• Vehicle at work on the median, shoulder, or roadside.

• Mobile maintenance convoy

• A law enforcement vehicle which is participating strictly in a stationary construction or mobile maintenance activity as a traffic slowing, control, signaling, or calming influence Examples:

1) Asphalt roller working in a highway construction zone

2) State highway maintenance crew mowing grass on roadside

3.) Utility truck performing maintenance on the power lines along the roadway

4.) A private excavating company contracted by the state digging the foundation for a new overpass

Exclusions:

o Vehicle performing a private construction/ maintenance activity o Law enforcement vehicle performing other work activities, such as traffic stops, crash investigation, patrolling, and traffic control, which is not related to construction, maintenance, or utility work on the trafficway o Vehicle performing a work activity other than highway construction, maintenance, or utility work o Construction, maintenance, utility vehicle while moving from one job site to another

Examples:

1.) An excavation company digging a foundation for a new building

2.) Garbage truck, delivery truck, taxi, emergency vehicle, tow truck, etc.

2.2.7.3 commercial motor vehicle: A commercial motor vehicle is any motor vehicle used for the transportation of goods, property or people in interstate (See 2.9.2) or intrastate (See 2.9.3) commerce.

• Motor vehicle providing transportation of goods, property, or people for compensation (for-hire)

• Privately owned motor vehicle providing transportation of privately owned goods or property in furtherance of a business enterprise

• Privately owned motor vehicle providing passenger transportation in furtherance of a business enterprise Examples:

1.) A trucking company hauling a manufacturing company's goods for a fee

2.) A motor coach transporting passengers within and between cities and towns

3.) A truck or truck tractor owned by an individual truck driver used to carry goods or property under contract

4.) An airport shuttle bus service paid to transport persons to hotels and other businesses

5.) A manufacturing company hauling its own products to retail stores

American National Standard ANSI D.16 – 2017

6.) A retail store delivering products to its buyers

7.) A business engaged in the transportation of students to and from school and school-related activities

8.) An agricultural farm hauling its produce to market

9.) A taxi or limousine service transporting passengers for a fee o Privately owned motor vehicle providing private transportation of personal property or people

Examples:

1.) A noncommercial horse rancher transporting hay bales from his pasture on one side of the road to his stables on the other side in a medium truck

2.) Homeowner carrying recyclables to a drop-off point in a personally owned pickup truck greater than 10,000 lbs.

3.) Large family of 10 persons taking a trip in the family's 12-person van

NOTE: The definition of commercial vehicle for the purposes of this standard relates to vehicle use. Federal Code defines Commercial Motor Vehicles in Part 390.5 as follows: “Commercial motor vehicle means any self-propelled or towed motor vehicle used on a highway in interstate commerce to transport passengers or property when the vehicle— 1.) Has a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) or gross combination weight rating (GCWR), or gross vehicle weight or gross combination weight, of 4,536 kg (10,001 pounds) or more, whichever is greater; or 2.) Is designed or used to transport more than 8 passengers (including the driver) for compensation; or 3.) Is designed or used to transport more than 15 passengers, including the driver, and is not used to transport passengers for compensation; or 4.) Is used in transporting material found by the Secretary of Transportation to be hazardous under 49 U.S.C. 5103 and transported in a quantity requiring placarding under regulations prescribed by the Secretary under 49 CFR, subtitle B, chapter I, subchapter C.”

2.2.8 other-road-vehicle: An other-road-vehicle is any road vehicle other than a motor vehicle.

• Animal-drawn vehicle (any type)

• Animal harnessed to a conveyance

• Animal carrying a person

• Streetcar (See 2.2.4)

• Pedalcycle (See 2.2.27)

2.2.9 motorcycle: A motorcycle is any motor vehicle having a seat or saddle for the use of its operator and designed to travel on not more than three wheels in contact with the ground.

• Large motorcycle (See 2.2.9.2)

• Motor-driven cycle (See 2.2.9.1)

• Speed-limited motor-driven cycle (See 2.2.9.3)

• Moped (See 2.2.9.4)

• Three-wheeled motorcycle (See 2.2.9.6)

• Motor scooter

• Motorized or motor-assisted bicycle

• Autocycle (See 2.2.9.7) o Construction, farm or industrial machinery

2.2.9.1 motor-driven cycle: A motor-driven cycle is any motorcycle having an engine with less than 150 cubic centimeters’ displacement or with five-brake horsepower or less.

• Moped (See 2.2.9.4)

• Miniature motorcycle (e.g.,” Pocket Bike")

2.2.9.2 large motorcycle: A large motorcycle is any motorcycle other than a motor-driven cycle.

American National Standard ANSI D.16 – 2017

2.2.9.3 speed-limited motor-driven cycle: A speed-limited motor-driven cycle is any motor-driven cycle which:

1.) will not attain a speed of more than 30 miles per hour (48 kilometers per hour) in 1 mile (1.609 kilometers) from a standing start, 2.) has an engine with not more than 50 cubic centimeters’ displacement or with two-brake horsepower or less, and

3.) has a power drive system which does not require its operator to shift gears.

2.2.9.4 moped: A moped is a speed-limited motor-driven cycle which may be propelled by pedaling.

o Motor scooter o Motorized or motor-assisted bicycles

2.2.9.5 motorcycle conversion kit: A motorcycle conversion assembly makes it possible to convert a conventional two-wheel motorcycle into a motorcycle having the look and the stability of a tricycle-type vehicle, which improves stability and increases ease of operation.

2.2.9.6 three-wheeled motorcycle: A three-wheeled motorcycle is any motor vehicle having a seat or saddle for the use of its operator, and having three wheels in contact with the ground.

o Autocycle (See 2.2.9.7)

2.2.9.7 autocycle: A large motorcycle with one rear wheel and two front wheels, with either a saddle and handlebars or seat(s) and a steering wheel, that can be fully enclosed, partially enclosed, or unenclosed.

2.2.10 bus: A bus is a motor vehicle with seating for transporting nine or more persons, including the driver.

• Van-based bus (See 2.2.14.4)

• Small bus (See 2.2.10.1)

• Large bus (See 2.2.10.2)

• School bus designed to carry nine or more persons, including the driver (See 2.8.1)

• Transit bus (See 2.2.10.3)

• Intercity bus (See 2.2.10.4)

• Charter bus (See 2.2.10.5)

• Other bus (See 2.2.10.6)

• Limousine designed for carrying nine or more persons, including the driver o Any school bus that is not designed for carrying nine or more persons o Any school bus that is an automobile or truck (See

2.8.1) o Any school bus that is a van or utility vehicle that is not designed for carrying nine or more persons, including the driver o Recreation vehicle, motorhome and van-based motorhome o Limousine not designed for carrying nine or more persons

2.2.10.1 small bus: A small bus is a bus with seating for nine to fifteen persons, including the driver.

• Van-based bus (See 2.2.14.4)

• Limousine with seating for nine to fifteen persons, including the driver

• Utility vehicle with nine or more seats (See 2.2.11)

2.2.10.2 large bus: A large bus is a bus with seating for sixteen or more persons, including the driver.

2.2.10.3 transit bus: A transit bus is a bus used for passenger transportation over fixed, scheduled routes within primarily urban geographical areas.

• Bus that includes service within a city and between cities that share borders

American National Standard ANSI D.16 – 2017

1.) City metro or ride-on bus

2.) Trolley (on highway tires)

2.2.10.4 intercity bus: An intercity bus is a bus used for long-distance passenger transportation between cities over fixed routes with regular schedules.

• Cross-country bus

• Bus service between cities some distance apart, not cities that share borders.

1.) Greyhound or Trailways bus

2.2.10.5 charter bus: A charter bus is a bus providing contract service for a group tour or outing, usually on a round-trip basis.

• Limousine designed for carrying nine or more persons, including the driver.

2.2.10.6 other bus: An other bus is any bus used for transportation purposes other than a school bus (See 2.8), transit bus, intercity bus, or charter bus.

• Private company providing transportation services for its own employees and others (hotel shuttles, etc.)

• Non-governmental organization (such as churches and non-profit groups)

• Non-educational unit of government (such as departments of corrections)

2.2.11 utility vehicle: A utility vehicle is a motor vehicle other than a motorcycle or large bus consisting primarily of a transport device designed for carrying persons, and generally considered a multi-purpose vehicle that is designed to have off-road capabilities. These vehicles are generally four-wheel-drive (4 x 4) and have increased ground clearance. A utility vehicle typically has a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of 10,000 pounds or less.

Utility vehicles with wheelbases greater than 88 inches are classified by overall width. The wheelbase and overall width should be rounded to the nearest inch.

Primary size categories are:

Mini — the wheelbase is less than or equal to 88 inches.

These are typically a microcar with a high-clearance, off-road capability.

Small — the wheelbase is greater than 88 inches.

Overall width is less than or equal to 66 inches. These are typically a short-wheelbase and narrow-tracked multi-purpose vehicle.

Midsize — the wheelbase is greater than 88 inches.

Overall width is greater than 66 inches, but less than 75 inches. These are typically a multi-purpose vehicle designed around a shortened pickup truck chassis.

Full-size — the wheelbase is greater than 88 inches.

Overall width is from 75 inches to less than or equal to 80 inches. These are typically a multi-purpose vehicle designed around an enlarged pickup truck chassis.

Large — the wheelbase is greater than 88 inches.

Overall width is more than 80 inches. These are typically a multi-purpose vehicle designed around an enlarged pickup truck chassis.

• Small bus

Examples:

Small utility vehicle — S-10 Blazer, Wrangler, Ranger, Jimmy, Tracker

Midsize utility vehicle — Cherokee, Comanche, Yukon, Typhoon, Explorer, Escape, Envoy, Sorrento, Element, Axiom, Rodeo, Mountaineer, Xterra

Full-size utility vehicle — Blazer, Suburban, Bronco, F-Series, Sierra, Land Cruiser, Pathfinder, Armada, Ascender, Pilot, Escalade, Expedition, Excursion, Yukon

Large utility vehicle — Hummer, Navigator

American National Standard ANSI D.16 – 2017

Small bus — Utility vehicles with 9 or more seats, including the driver; i.e., Chevy Suburban, Ford Excursion, Ford Expedition, GMC Yukon XL, Chevy Tahoe o Four-wheel-drive automobiles (See 2.2.12) are not considered utility vehicles

2.2.12 automobile: An automobile is a motor vehicle other than a motorcycle, utility vehicle, or low speed vehicle consisting of a transport device typically designed for carrying eight or fewer persons. Automobiles may be classified by size or weight, or both. Size classification is based on wheelbase. Weight classification is based on curb weight, the weight of an automobile with standard equipment and a full complement of fuel and other fluids, but with no load of persons or property. Before classification, wheelbase should be rounded to the nearest inch and curb weight should be rounded to the nearest 100 pounds.

Small — wheelbase 99 inches (2.51 meters) or less

Midsize — wheelbase 100 to 109 inches (2.54 to 2.77 meters)

Large — wheelbase 110 inches (2.79 meters) or more

Primary weight categories are:

Light — curb weight 2,400 pounds (1,089 kilograms) or less

Midweight — curb weight 2,500 to 3,400 pounds (1,134 to 1,542 kilograms)

Heavy — curb weight 3,500 pounds (1,588 kilograms) or more

Secondary size and weight categories may be developed by subdivision of the primary categories. (See 3.10 and 3.11)

2.2.13 truck: A truck is a motor vehicle designed primarily for carrying property.

• Single-unit truck (See 2.2.19)

• Truck combination (See 2.2.21) o Truck tractor (See 2.2.20)

2.2.14 van: A van is a motor vehicle consisting primarily of a transport device which has a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of 10,000 pounds or less and is basically a “box on wheels” that is identifiable by its enclosed passenger and/or cargo area, step-up floor, and relatively short (or non-existent) hood. Vans are classified by size based on frame type and overall vehicle body width. Before classification, vehicle width should be rounded to the nearest inch.

Minivan — Unibody van: The body and frame are one integral unit

Small — Frame-based small vans: The overall body width is from 72 inches to less than or equal to 78 inches. These are frame-based standard cargo vans or passenger vans.

Midsize — Frame-based midsize vans: The overall body width is from more than 78 inches to less than or equal to 80 inches. These are frame-based midsize cargo vans or passenger vans.

Large — Frame-based large vans: The overall body width is more than 80 inches. These are frame-based large cargo vans or passenger vans.

• Passenger van (See 2.2.14.1)

• Cargo van or delivery van (See 2.2.14.2)

• Van-based motorhome (See 2.2.14.3) o Utility Vehicle

1.) Minivan — Caravan, Voyager, Transport, Lumina

2.) Small — Astro Van, Safari

3.) Midsize — Vandura, Econoline

American National Standard ANSI D.16 – 2017

4.) Large — Step van

2.2.14.1 passenger van: A passenger van is any van where the area behind the driver or cab is designed for carrying passengers.

• Some automobiles (See 2.2.12)

• Minivan

• Van-based bus (See 2.2.14.4) o Cargo van (See 2.2.14.2)

2.2.14.2 cargo van: A cargo van is any van where the area behind the driver or cab is designed for transporting cargo or operated for general commercial use.

• Some single-unit trucks (See 2.2.19.)

2.2.14.3 van-based motorhome: A van-based motorhome is any van where a frame-mounted recreational unit is added behind the driver or cab area.

2.2.14.4 van-based bus: A van-based bus is any passenger van designed for carrying nine or more persons, including the driver.

1.) Full-sized passenger van with nine seats or more, including the driver

2.) Van cutaway or cab-chassis with nine or more seats, including the driver o Any limousine

2.2.15 trailer: A trailer is a road vehicle designed to be drawn by another road vehicle.

• Pole trailer (See 2.2.16)

• Semitrailer (See 2.2.17)

• Full trailer (See 2.2.18)

2.2.16 pole trailer: A pole trailer is a trailer designed to be attached to the towing road vehicle by means of a reach or pole, or by being boomed or otherwise secured to the towing road vehicle, and ordinarily used for carrying property of a long or irregular shape such as poles, pipes or structural members that are generally capable of sustaining themselves as beams between the supporting connections.

2.2.17 semitrailer: A semitrailer is a trailer, other than a pole trailer, designed for carrying property and so constructed that part of its weight rests upon or is carried by the towing road vehicle.

2.2.18 full trailer: A full trailer is a trailer, other than a pole trailer, designed for carrying property and so constructed that no part of its weight rests upon or is carried by the towing road vehicle. An auxiliary undercarriage assembly, commonly known as a converter dolly and consisting of a chassis, fifth wheel and one or more tow bars, is sometimes used to convert a semitrailer to a full trailer. A semitrailer equipped with a converter dolly is considered a full trailer.

2.2.19 single-unit truck: A single-unit truck is a truck consisting primarily of a single motorized transport device designed for carrying property. When connected to a trailer, such a device may be part of a truck combination. (See 2.2.21)

1.) Two-axle, four-tire truck 2.) Two-axle, six-tire truck 3.) Three or more-axle truck o Truck tractor (See 2.2.20) o Truck combination (See 2.2.21)

2.2.20 truck tractor: A truck tractor is a motor vehicle consisting of a single motorized transport device designed primarily for drawing trailers.

2.2.21 truck combination: A truck combination is a truck consisting primarily of a transport device which is a single-unit truck or truck tractor together with one or more attached trailers.

American National Standard ANSI D.16 – 2017

• Truck tractor with semitrailer

• Truck tractor with semitrailer and one or more full trailers

• Single-unit truck with one or more full trailers

2.2.22 gross vehicle weight (GVW): Gross vehicle weight is the actual weight of a road vehicle including the weight of the road vehicle, its load of persons and property, and all added equipment.

2.2.23 gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR): A gross vehicle weight rating is the value specified by the manufacturer as the recommended maximum loaded weight of a single motor vehicle. This rating includes the maximum rated capacity of a vehicle, including the base vehicle, mounted equipment, and any cargo and passengers. Most of the time, GVWR is the sum of the maximum rated capacity of the axles of the vehicle.

• Initial or second-stage manufacturing GVWR ratings

2.2.23.1 gross combination weight rating (GCWR): A gross combination weight rating is the value specified by the manufacturer(s) as the recommended maximum loaded weight of a combination (articulated) motor vehicle. This is for truck tractors and single-unit trucks pulling a trailer(s).

GCWR is the sum of the gross vehicle weight ratings (GVWR) of all units; power unit and its trailer(s).

2.2.24 light truck: A light truck is a truck which has a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of 10,000 pounds (4,536 kilograms) or less.

2.2.25 medium truck: A medium truck is a truck which has a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of more than 10,000 pounds and less than or equal to 26,000 pounds (4,536 to 11,793 kilograms).

2.2.26 heavy truck: A heavy truck is a truck which has a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of more than 26,000 pounds (11,793 kilograms).

2.2.27 pedalcycle: A pedalcycle is a non-motorized other road vehicle propelled by pedaling.

• Bicycle, tricycle, unicycle, pedalcar

2.2.28 roadway: A roadway is that part of a trafficway designed, improved, and ordinarily used for motor vehicle travel or, where various classes of motor vehicles are segregated, that part of a trafficway used by a particular class. Separate roadways may be provided for opposing directions of traffic or for trucks and automobiles (See Figures 1 and 2).

o Bridle path, bicycle path

NOTE: The above definition of “roadway” is consistent with definitions in general use by law enforcement and by traffic engineers. Other highway engineers commonly use the term "roadway" as the term “road” is defined in 2.2.33 below (to include shoulder). The Model Inventory of Roadway Elements and American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials’ guidelines and references may be different.

2.2.29 median: A median is an area of a trafficway between parallel roads separating travel in opposite directions (See Figures 1 and 2). A flush or painted median should be 4 or more feet wide between inside roadway edge lines. Medians fewer than 4 feet wide shall have a barrier to be considered a median. Continuous left-turn lanes are not considered painted medians.

• Physical barrier separating roads with travel in opposite directions

• Depressed, raised, or flush area between roads with travel in opposite directions

• Painted median of 4 or more feet wide between roads with travel in opposite directions

1.) A depressed, grassy median separating directions of travel of a divided highway

2.) A median with a concrete traffic barrier, guardrail, or other physical barrier, separating roads of a multi-lane divided highway

American National Standard ANSI D.16 – 2017

3.) A flush painted median of 4 or more feet of a divided highway o Shoulder, separator (See 2.2.30) o Turn lane (See 2.5.23) o Continuous left-turn lane

2.2.30 separator: A separator is the area of a trafficway between parallel roads separating travel in the same direction or separating a frontage road (See 2.5.18) from other roads (See Figure 3).

• Physical barrier separating roads with travel in the same direction

• Physical barrier separating a frontage road from other roads of a trafficway

• Depressed, raised, or flush area between roads with travel in the same direction

• Depressed, raised, or flush area between a frontage road and other roads of a trafficway

1.) A depressed grassy separator of a freeway between the main travel lanes and a frontage road

2.) A concrete separator between the express travel lanes and local travel lanes of a freeway o Shoulder, median

2.2.31 roadside: A roadside is the outermost part of the trafficway from the property line or other boundary in to the edge of the first road (See Figure 3).

• Area between edge of trafficway and edge of roadway with no shoulder

• Area between edge of trafficway and edge of shoulder

• Roadways, shoulders, separators, and medians

Figure 3 Trafficway with Multiple Roadways in the Same Direction (See 2.2.1, 2.2.28 through 2.2.33)

American National Standard ANSI D.16 – 2017

2.2.32 shoulder: A shoulder is that part of a trafficway contiguous with the roadway for emergency use, for accommodation of stopped road vehicles, and for lateral support of the roadway structure (See Figure 1).

2.2.33 road: A road is that part of a trafficway which includes both the roadway and any shoulder alongside the roadway (See Figure 1).

• Designated parking areas on a roadway or between the roadway and the curb

2.2.33.1 total lanes in roadway: The total number of lanes in a roadway is collected for each vehicle, on the roadway on which that vehicle was traveling. Through lanes also include shared through/turn lanes but exclude turn-only lanes, auxiliary lanes such as collector-distributor lanes, weaving lanes, frontage road lanes, parking lanes, acceleration/deceleration lanes, toll-collection lanes, and truck climbing lanes. Total lanes are collected in two parts as total through lanes and total auxiliary lanes.

2.2.34 in-transport: The term “in-transport" denotes the state or condition of a transport vehicle which is in motion or within the portion of a transport way ordinarily used by…