specs.pdf

USDA FOREST SERVICE Project Specifications

October 5, 2007 Lookout Tower Lightning Protection 02318-1/3

SECTION 02318

EXCAVATION AND BACKFILL FOR UTILITIES

1. PART 1 - GENERAL

1.01 SUMMARY

A. This section specifies excavation and backfill for the ground wires and utilities, including excavation; furnishing, hauling and placing of backfill material; disposal of excess or unsuitable backfill material; and grading.

B. Contractor shall place Coke Breeze or other soil enhancements with backfill as shown on the drawings and specified in Section 16675.

C. Class of Material.

1. Material to be excavated for installation of ground conductors is unclassified.

1.02 SUBMITTALS

A. The Contractor shall provide submittals for the following:

1. Certification, test results, source and samples for all imported material.

2. Required permits.

1.03 REFERENCES

A. 16675 - Lightning Protection System

2. PART 2 - PRODUCTS

2.01 MATERIALS

A. Backfill Materials.

1. Backfill material shall contain no frozen or organic material.

2. Select Excavated Material, consisting of compacted native earth backfill as shown on details 24/E04 and 31/E04

a. Excavated material, containing no rocks larger than 2 inches in largest dimension can be used as backfill.

3. Coke Breeze or specified soil enhancements as specified on the drawings.

Reference Section 16675.

3. PART 3 - EXECUTION

3.01 CONSTRUCTION

A. Excavation.

1. All trenches shall be excavated in reasonably close conformity with the lines shown on the Drawings. Any shifting or change from the alignment shown on the Drawings must receive prior approval by the CO in writing.

2. Do not place bedding or backfill until excavation has been approved by the

CO

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B. Over excavation.

1. Restore to grade any overexcavation by backfilling with select material.

C. Salvage of Topsoil.

1. Excavate top surface material and stockpile separately for use as topsoil backfill material.

D. Rock Excavation and Blasting.

1. Blasting for excavation will be permitted when proper precautions are taken for the protection of persons and property. Notify the CO of blasting schedule a minimum of 48 hours prior to commencing blasting operations.

2. Any damage caused by blasting shall be repaired at the Contractor's expense.

The methods or procedure shall conform to State laws and regulations.

3. The hours of blasting shall be between 9:00 AM and 3:00 PM. (Do not blast during weekends and holidays).

E. Excavated Material.

1. Pile excavated material at the side of the trench where it will give the best protection for the work. Leave adequate space between the toe of the spoil pile and edge of trench to prevent material from falling into the trench.

F. Backfill.

1. Do not place backfill until installation of cable or utility and connections have been approved by the CO.

2. Reference Section 16675 for soil enhancements as needed.

3. Before compacting backfill other than rock or sand, prepare material to a water content that will permit proper compaction by either aerating the material if it is too wet, or spraying the material with water if it is too dry.

Do not compact material above conductor and utility until there are 6 inches of cover over the pipe, conductor, and/or utility.

4. Bedding Material: Place in lifts 4 inches or less in thickness and compact with a minimum of 3 passes over the entire lift surface. Compact around pipe barrel and bells by hand tamping.

5. Other backfill materials place in 6 inches lifts or less and compact with a minimum of 3 passes over the entire lift surface.

6. The number of tamper passes required may be reduced upon acceptance by the COR, if approved test method results demonstrate that the backfill compaction meets or exceeds the density of the natural ground adjacent to the trench. Any such testing shall be performed at the Contractor's expense.

G. Provide 6-inch wide yellow metallic core Detectatape warning tape as available, buried six inches below grade. See Section 16675 for materials.

1.Refer to Typical Ground Trench Details on Detail Drawing

3.02 REPAIR/RESTORATION

A. Damage to existing underground utilities.

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1. Stop all work associated with damage to existing utilities, and notify the CO.

Repair utility as directed by the CO.

2. Repair at Government expense underground utilities not shown on Drawings or not marked on the ground, and damaged by the Contractor.

3. Repair at Contractor's expense underground utilities that are within 5 feet of where shown on Drawings, and damaged by the Contractor.

B. Surface Restoration.

1. Restore all surfaces in kind and in accordance with backfill classes indicated on Drawings:

a. Mound final un-compacted lift above finished grade. In areas where trench profile exceeds 10 percent slope water bar at 100 foot intervals with bales of straw weighing not less than 50 pounds each or by other methods approved by the CO.

2. Final Finish.

a. After the wire installation and backfill has been completed, finish all disturbed areas, except trench area required to be mounded, to a smooth, uniform grade and texture, well blended to the original contours, showing minimum evidence of construction activity.

3.03 CLEANING

A. Disposal of Excess Excavation and Unsuitable Material.

1. Spread excess excavation, without mounding, within the clearing limits.

END OF SECTION 02318

USDA Forest Service Project Specifications

SECTION 16010

GENERAL TECHNICAL PROVISIONS FOR THE REMOVAL AND

REPLACEMENT OF EXISTING LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEMS

1. PART 1 - GENERAL

1.01 DESCRIPTION

A. Furnish all labor and material necessary for the installation, connection, testing and adjustment of all Lightning Protection equipment specified herein, specified or required in other portions of this specification and delivered to the Government as a complete installation in all respects ready for use. Components and installation shall conform to U.L.

96 and 96A for U.L. Certification.

B. Coordinate all sections of Division 16 within the division and with all other divisions. All general technical provisions apply to all sections of this division.

C. Work shall consist of, but not be limited to the following:

1. Remove existing lightning protection system and install new lightning protection air terminals, conductors, down conductors, earthing systems and bonding conductors as determined by the engineering analysis, design and recommendations of this contract.

2. Restore all trenching to virgin conditions as close as possible.

3. Coordinate with COR and Forest Service telecommunications personnel when working around telecommunication facilities.

1.02 REFERENCES

A. 02318 - Excavation and Backfill for Utilities

B. 16050 - Basic Materials and Methods

C. 16650 - Ground Resistance Testing

D. 16675 - Lightning Protection System

E. 16800 – Ground Connector System

1.03 QUALITY ASSURANCE

A. Codes and Standards:

1. All materials shall conform to the applicable current standards (standard rules, regulations and specifications) of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) and the National Electric Code (NEC).

2. All materials shall bear the label of, or be listed by, the Underwriter's Laboratory, Inc., (U.L. (96 & 96a).

3. Where conflicts exist between any of the above standards, the standard most stringent shall take precedence.

4. Resolve all conflicts with applicable regulations. Prepare and submit to the CO all additional clarifying details including substitute methods and materials as needed to secure the required approval and resolve conflicts.

B. All work shall be done by electricians licensed by the state in which the work is performed with experience in grounding and working on high structures.

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C. Inspections: Arrange for all inspections of the work by the local or state authority having jurisdiction over the construction. Final inspection and acceptance of the work will be made only after all certificates of inspections, including final certificate of acceptance of the work by the inspection authority have been accepted to the CO.

1.04 MATERIAL SUBMITTALS

A. Submit catalog cuts, shop drawings, diagrams, and manufacturer's installation, operating and maintenance instructions for all material and equipment requiring submittals in each section of Division 16

B. Obtain written approval for the above submittals prior to construction, assembly, and delivery.

C. Furnish complete material submittals where possible. Partial submittals will be considered only to allow timely ordering of equipment.

D. Shop drawings shall be folded to 8-1/2" x 11" sheet size.

E. Submittals shall have sufficient detail to determine if ratings, characteristics, and physical construction are equivalent to those specified.

F. Where manufacturer's catalog sheets are used, indicate the specific items to be supplied in ink either by arrow, encircled on the sheet, or the inapplicable portion blocked out. List manufacturer's name, contract, section and drawing sheet reference number on each catalog sheet. Identify where equipment is to be used, if not obvious.

G. Submittals shall show any changes to be made resulting from substitution of equipment or materials for those that are specified.

H. Submittal format

1. Submit one hardcopy of catalog cuts, shop drawings, diagrams and manufacturing installation, operating and maintenance instructions bound in a loose-leaf binder, indexed in the order they appear in the specifications.

2. Submit a pdf file indexed in the same format as the hardcopy.

3. The approved hardcopy shall be returned to the Contractor for use as the project record set.

I. Make complete submittals of all equipment within 10 calendar days of notice to proceed.

1.05 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUALS

A. Supply Operation and Maintenance Manuals as specified. Label the front cover of the manuals with the following information: The name of the project, the General Contractor, the Electrical Contractor, the date of construction, and contract number.

B. Submit a preliminary complete copy to the CO for approval at least 2 weeks prior to the final inspection.

C. Deliver two approved bound copies and the pdf file of a CD of final Operation and Maintenance Manuals to the CO prior to closing of the contract.

D. Furnish manuals in 8-1/2" x 11" size in hard cover, loose leaf, 3-ring binder. Accordion fold drawings to 8-1/2" x 11" size. Provide an index and tabs for listing contents. Arrange contents in order of their appearance in the specifications.

E. Include the following information as part of the maintenance manuals:

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1. Required Data: As-built shop drawings, diagrams, catalog data, parts lists, all approved submittal data, manufacturer's installation, operating and maintenance instruction manuals for all equipment and fixtures.

2. List major equipment with the names, addresses and telephone numbers of the equipment representative providing factory trained service personnel.

3. As-Built Drawings: Furnish one set of electrical drawings in CAD format showing the project "as-built". Include physical layout of all conduit, buried wire, stubouts, splice vault locations, circuit changes, interior wiring, fixture and equipment location, and marked with all changes and corrections made during the course of the work.

The Government will provide CAD drawing files on disk or CD to the contractor to modify drawings of all of the contract drawings for as-builts. The base background drawing files will be supplied to use in X-referencing the appropriate layer for each sub system.

F. Keep one copy of record drawings, other than working drawings, on the site at all times during construction, and note all changes and corrections made during the construction period. Transfer these changes to the CAD drawings.

1.06 DELIVERY AND STORAGE

A. Deliver and store materials in original containers, protected from the elements and theft, and accessible for inspection.

B. Store items subject to moisture damage in a dry, heated place.

C. Protect material against dirt, water, chemical or mechanical injury.

1.07 EXCAVATION AND BACKFILL

A. Excavation and backfill for this work shall be in accordance with Section 02318.

1.08 INSPECTIONS AND TESTS

A. At the final inspection, conduct tests to determine that a complete workable Lightning Protection system has been installed conforming to the drawings, to U.L. Listing standards, other applicable codes, and specifications. (See 16010, and 16650, Testing)

2. PART 2 - PRODUCTS

2.01 NOT USED

3. PART 3 - EXECUTION

3.01 GENERAL

A. Follow manufacturer's directions in delivery, storage, protection and installation of equipment and materials.

B. Notify CO of any conflicts between manufacturer's instructions and contract documents.

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3.02 CONDUCTORS

A. General: Provide copper conductors for interior and exterior Lightning Protection systems.

Aluminum will not be permitted.

B. Conductor and associated conduit sizes shown on drawings are for copper.

3.03 TERMINATIONS

A. General: Provide all terminations including all required hardware for a complete installation.

1. Supports: Provide hangers or other devices such as pads, channels, struts, joists, anchors, etc., necessary for the support of electrical equipment. Provide the design, fabrication and erection of supplementary structural framing required for attachment of hangers or other devices supporting electrical equipment. Show on shop drawing supplementary framing including design loads, member size, and location. Verify that dimensions are suitable for the equipment furnished.

2. Terminations shall be in conformance with the standard provided in U.L. 96 and U.L.

96A.

3.04 CONDUCTOR INSTALLATION

A. Keep all conductors within the manufacturer’s allowable tension limits during installation.

Use lubricants for wire pulling intended for use with the insulation and raceway material.

Observe cable manufacturer's and industry standard cable bending radius recommendations.

Do not install conductors at temperatures less than 30 degrees F.

3.05 SPLICING AND TERMINATIONS

A. General: Provide all splices and terminations including all required hardware for a complete installation. Underground splice details are shown on drawings.

3.06 GROUNDING SYSTEM

1. General: Provide all grounding systems and make connections mechanically secure and electrically continuous.

2. Furnish compression, bolted or cad welded grounding conductor connections as shown in 16675.

3. Where not otherwise indicated, grounding conductor size shall conform to the most stringent of the governing codes.

4. Ground the system to exterior ground rods, foundation ground, and ground ring

5. Bond metal parts of lighting fixtures, not otherwise grounded, with copper wire.

Bonding fixtures connected to bonded gas piping is not required.

3.07 TESTS

A. General: Perform the tests as described in 16675 and 16650. Notify the COR in writing five days in advance of all tests in this and other sections of this specification. Perform all tests in the presence of the COR. Upon completion of all tests, submit written test results in duplicate for approval by the COR prior to acceptance.

B. Test Report Forms:

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1. Submit a copy for approval of the proposed data sheet to be used for each required test. Submit data sheets for approval a minimum of 30 days before each test. Enter test data on forms during tests by hand; do not recopy.

2. Furnish data in form listing required test data, name of tested device, location, serial number, type and name of measurement instrument with scale settings.

C. Ground System Tests: Immediately after installation, before connection, test driven grounds and foundation ground. Test driven ground rods individually. The combined resistance of all grounded-together electrodes in a group shall not exceed 25 ohms at the main point of connection. Submit the results, date of test and soil conditions to the COR in writing immediately after testing. Tests shall be made as described in section 16650. A standard ohmmeter will not work for this test.

3.08 FINAL TESTS

A. Final Test: Start final tests after complete preliminary tests have been made. System performance shall conform to the following criteria. Note any deviations on the test reports with indication of corrective action taken or proposed.

B. Test Reports

1. Submit dated "Lightning Protection System Test Reports" indicating all tests performed and demonstrating conformance with the required system performance criteria in tabular form as described above. Include all resistance test data of the ground systems as applicable. Submit test reports prior to final inspection.

C. Final Corrections:

1. Correct promptly any failure or defects revealed by these tests and reconduct tests on these corrected items. Make any final adjustments for optimum operation of all equipment.

END OF SPECIFICATION 16010

SECTION 16050

BASIC MATERIALS AND METHODS

1. PART 1 - GENERAL

1.01 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS

A. See 16010 General Technical Provisions

1.02 DESCRIPTION

A. Furnish all new materials of latest standard design, which are the standard product of manufacturers who regularly engage in the production of such equipment. Provide material of the same type or classification and used for the same purpose of the same manufacturer.

Furnish materials, equipment, and devices approved by the Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., for the purposes for which they are used. Certain classes of materials used are not within the scope of UL Reexamination Services; therefore, this does not apply when not applicable.

1.03 SUBMITTALS

A. Submit shop drawings and equipment catalog data and manufacturer's installation operating and maintenance instructions for approval of the following items in accordance with Section 16010:

1. Disconnect Switches and Fuses

2. Conduit and Raceways

3. Outlet Boxes

4. Pull and Junction Boxes

5. Conduit Fittings

6. Switches, Receptacles and Plugs

7. Conductors

8. Identification Nameplate Schedule

9. Lugs and Connectors

10. Lightning Protection Equipment

11. Duct Seal and Fire Stopping

2. PART 2 - PRODUCTS

2.01 DISCONNECT SWITCHES

A. Furnish and install disconnect switches conforming to NEMA KS 1, type HD, sized for the ampere and voltage as shown on the Drawings and as required by the National Electrical Code and nameplate requirements of the equipment served.

B. Disconnect switches shall be of the fused type as required by the load served. Where fused disconnects are specified or required provide fuses as specified herein.

1. Construction: Switches heavy-duty class, quick-make, quick-break, safety type, externally operable, (with bypassable interlock to allow opening of cover in "ON" position). Switch shall have positive indication of "OFF" and "ON" position.

Devices shall have visible blades unless molded case breaker mechanism is used.

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Switches shall be constructed to prevent single phasing of switch blades due to mechanical failure.

2. Provide switches of the proper ampere, and voltage rating with number of poles required to open all ungrounded conductors under rated load and with S/N bar where required.

3. Enclosure: Unless otherwise indicated, furnish individually mounted switches in NEMA Type 3R or 4 enclosure as required or shown on the drawings.

4. Fuses: Fuses 600 amperes and less: ANSI/UL 198E, Class RK5; as indicated on the drawings; dual element, current limiting, time delay, Bussman FRN-R for 250 volt.

5. Provide one fuse for each ungrounded conductor and a minimum of three spare fuses of each ampacity and voltage used on the project.

2.02 CONDUIT AND RACEWAY

A. Intermediate Metal Conduit (ANSI C80.3)

B. Electrical Metallic Tubing ANSI C80.3.

2.03 OUTLET BOXES

A. Provide metallic outlet boxes as follows unless otherwise noted or detailed. No nonmetallic boxes will be permitted.

1. Outlet and Switch and Junction Box Types Provide the following types of outlet and switch boxes in locations listed unless otherwise shown on drawings.

CONDUIT SYSTEM NEMA 1

Pressed Metal

NEMA 3 & 4

Cast Boxes with Threaded Hubs

EMT systems not exposed to weather X X IMC or RGC systems nonhazardous locations

X

Nonhazardous boxes exposed to weather, EMT, RGC or IMC systems

X

B. Exposed Boxes

1. Boxes exposed to weather, wet locations, hazardous locations, rigid conduit or EMT systems threaded hubs and case gasketed cover, meeting F.S. W-C-586. Any type, design, form, and style will be acceptable unless otherwise specified or shown on the drawings.

2. Boxes in other locations shall be corrosion resistant finish meeting F.S. W-J-800.

3. Catalog numbers shown below are Appleton Electric Company. Similar products of other manufacturers are equally acceptable.

C. Nonmetallic and EMT Systems (dry locations) (NEMA 1)

1. Lighting Outlet Boxes (Concealed) -No. 4O-3/4

2. Lighting Outlet Boxes (Exposed) -No. 4S-3/4 or 4O-3/4 with device

Cover.

3. Switch, Receptacles, and Junction -No. 4S-3/4 with extension ring

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Boxes (Flush or exposed dry if required.

locations)

4. Same (Flush, Limited Space -No. 225

Locations)

5. Same (Exterior and Damp Locations) -FS Series with cast cover and gasket.

D. IMC, RGC Conduit Systems (wet locations) (NEMA 3 & 4)

1. Switch Receptacle and Junction Boxes -FS Series with

(IMC and RGC systems, exterior cast cover and exposed to weather and damp locations) gasket.

E. Pull and Junction Box

1. Provide code gage galvanized sheet steel NEMA 1, 3, 4, 7, 12 pull boxes where required on the drawings. Provide removable screw cover on the largest access side of the box unless otherwise detailed. Where cast boxes are indicated or specified, provide conduit entrances with threaded hubs. Provide stainless steel screws at all exterior and damp locations. Where pull boxes are required but not shown on the drawings, provide pull boxes as specified above sizes per NEC requirements or at Contractor's option, utilize OZ Type PB, PBW, or PFV pull box fittings. Paint all pull boxes with a rust inhibiting primer and finish coat to match surrounding finish.

2.04 CONDUIT FITTINGS

A. Provide conduit fittings as follows unless otherwise noted or detailed. Catalog numbers shown are Appleton Electric Company unless otherwise noted. Other brands of the same construction will be accepted.

B. Nonhazardous Area Fittings

EMT Raintight and Concrete Tight Series 86T, Compression Fittings 95T TWR,TWLL Series

EMT Rigid Conduit Insulated Bushings Series BU EMT Rigid Conduit Grounding Insulated Bushings

Series GIB

2.05 SWITCHES AND RECEPTACLES

A. Provide wiring devices indicated. Furnish ivory colored devices and plates unless otherwise indicated.

B. Wall Switches F.S. W-S-896. Phenolic compound bodies, 20 ampere, 120-277 volt for use on alternating current only, tungsten rated, side and back wired.

C. Receptacles F.S. W-C-596 with third post for ground, impact resistant nylon face and body, side and back wired, 20 ampere, NEMA 5-20R duplex 125 volt, for use on alternating current only.

D. All 120 VAC normal convenience and isolated ground receptacles shall be 20 ampere rated, fed from 20 ampere circuits. Outlets shall be specification grade, nylon body and faceplate, October 5, 2007 Lookout Tower Lightning Protection 16050 - 3/5 back and side wired for use with stranded or solid wire. Normal outlets shall be ivory in color.

E. Cover Plates and Engraving

1. Provide impact resistant brown or ivory colored, nylon cover plates for all wiring devices in finished space unless otherwise indicated.

2. Receptacle nameplates shall have panel and circuit number engraved at top of plate in

0.25 inch high letters. Engraving shall be filled with black enamel for ivory plates, white enamel for brown plates and ivory plates filled with orange paint for isolated ground receptacle.

2.06 CONDUCTORS

A. This specification covers all conductors not specifically specified in other sections. Furnish conductors and cable conforming to UL, Federal Specification J-C-30, or IPCEA as applicable. Provide new cable manufactured within 1 year prior to installation. Deliver to jobsite in original cartons bearing U.L. label.

B. 600V Power, Lighting and Control Circuits: Provide copper conductors. Aluminum will not be allowed. Copper conductors unless otherwise specified, conform to Federal Specification J-C-30. For cable type THW, or THWN, provide insulation conforming to Federal Specification J-C-30A. For type XHHW, XLP-USE, provide cross-linked polyethylene insulation conforming to IPCEA S-66-524. Color code insulation for wire sizes No. 14 through No. 6.

2.07 IDENTIFICATION NAMEPLATES

A. Provide permanently mounted laminated plastic engraved nameplates for all electrical equipment listed in 16010 indicating name, function and rating. Submit nameplate legends for approval with shop drawings of equipment. Furnish black nameplates with engraved white letters for 120/240. Letter height 1/4 inch minimum.

2.08 WIRE NUMBERS

A. Provide vinyl cloth, machine numbered adhesive labels for each termination of all power and control conductors. Numbered plastic slip-on sleeves, or crimp-on sleeves are also acceptable. Number labels to correspond to schematic and wiring diagrams for each conductor.

2.09 LUGS, CONNECTORS AND TERMINATIONS

A. F.S. W-S-610B

B. Solderless insulated pressure twist-on connectors for conductors No. 8 or smaller for in-line splices for circuits.

2.10 INSULATION

A. Provide insulation equal to insulation of conductors used. For above ground installations, use thermoplastic tape, heat shrink tubing, preinsulated splices, expandable insulated sleeves or resin encapsulated splices.

2.11 TAPE

A. Tape F.S. HH-I-595B.

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2.12 MOUNTING HARDWARE

A. NSC threads on all threaded fasteners, nuts, bolts, screws, lag bolts, expansion shield, and other miscellaneous fasteners. Provide cadmium plated steel hardware.

2.13 DUCT SEAL

A. Provide re-enterable duct seal for sealing conduit which remains pliable after in-place use, RVS Industries, No. KM1146, duct seal or equal.

3. PART 3 - EXECUTION

3.01 See Section 16010 for EXECUTION.

END OF SPECIFICATION 16050

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SECTION 16650

GROUND RESISTANCE TESTING

1. PART 1 GENERAL

1.01 GROUND RESISTANCE DESIGN AND TESTING PARAMETERS

A. Soil Resistivity

1. Soil resistivity measurements are made to determine the soil conditions for future design. Soil resistivity directly affects the design of a grounding system, and it is to that task that this discussion is directed. When designing an extensive grounding system, it is advisable to locate the area of lowest soil resistivity in order to achieve the most economical grounding installation.

2. Soil resistivity is the key factor that determines what the resistance of a grounding electrode will be, and to what depth it must be driven to obtain low ground resistance.

The resistivity of the soil varies widely through out the world and changes seasonally.

Soil resistivity is determined largely by its content of electrolytes, which consist of moisture, minerals and dissolved salts. A dry soil has high resistivity if it contains no soluble salts

3. (Figure 1).

Resistivity (approx), ohm-cm

Soil Min. Average Max.

Ashes, cinders, brine, waste 90 2,370 7,000

Clay, shale, gumbo, loam 340 4,060 16,300

Same, with varying proportions of sand and gravel 1,020 15,800 135,000

Gravel, sand, stones with little clay or loam 59,000 94,000 458,000

FIGURE 1

B. Factors Affecting Soil Resistivity

1. Moisture: The resistivity of the soil is seen to change quite rapidly until approximately 20% or greater moisture content is reached (Figure 2).

2. Other factors like temperature, layout, salts content, etc, but to a much lesser extent on lookout sites. Typically, most of the dissolved salts have been washed off the mountaintops by rain and snow.

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FIGURE 3 FIGURE 2

1.02 SOIL RECEPTIVITY MEASUREMENTS (4-POINT MEASUREMENT)

A. Resistivity measurements are of two types; the 2-point and the 4-pointmethod. The 2-point method is simply the resistance measured between two points. For most applications the most accurate method is the 4-point method. The4-point method, as the name implies, requires the insertion of four equally spaced and in-line electrodes into the test area. A known current from a constant current generator is passed between the outer electrodes.

The potential drop (a function of the resistance) is then measured across the two inner electrodes.

= _______ 4AR _______ .

1 + 2A - 2A .

SQRT(A2 + 4B2) SQRT(4A2 + 4B2)

Where:

A = distance between the electrodes in centimeters B = electrode depth in centimeters If A > 20 B, the formula becomes:

= 2¹ AR (with A in cm) 4-POINT SOIL

RESISTIVITY TEST

= 191.5 AR (with A in feet) = Soil resistivity (ohm-cm)

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USDA Forest Service Project Specifications USDA Forest Service Project Specifications

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1.03 GROUND RESISTANCE TESTING PRINCIPLE

A. (Fall of Potential — 3-Point Measurement)

B. The potential difference between rods X and Y is measured by a voltmeter, and the current flow between rods X and Z is measured by an ammeter.

C. (Note: X, Y and Z may be referred to as X, P and C in a 3-point tester or C1,P2 and C2 in a 4-point tester.) (See Figure 4.)

D. By Ohm's Law E = RI or R = E/I, we may obtain the ground electrode resistance

R. IF E = 20 V AND I = 1 A, THEN

R = E = 20 = 20

I 1

E. It is not necessary to carry out all the measurements when using a ground tester. The ground tester will measure directly by generating its own current and displaying the resistance of the ground electrode.

F. Position of the Auxiliary Electrodes on Measurements

1. The goal in precisely measuring the resistance to ground is to place the auxiliary current electrode Z far enough from the ground electrode under test so that the auxiliary potential electrode Y will be outside of the effective resistance area of both the ground electrode and the auxiliary current electrode. The best way to find out if the auxiliary potential rod Y is outside the effective resistance areas is to move it between X and Z and to take a reading at each location. If the auxiliary potential rod Y is in an effective resistance area (or in both if they overlap, as in Figure 14), by displacing it the readings taken will vary noticeably in value. Under these conditions, no exact value for the resistance to ground may be determined. On the other hand, if the auxiliary potential rod Y is located outside of the effective resistance areas (Figure ), as Y is moved back and forth the reading variation is minimal.

G. The readings taken should be relatively close to FIGURE 13 each other, and are the best values for the resistance to ground of the ground

H. X. The readings should be plotted to ensure that they lie in a ‘ plateau ‘ region

I. as shown in Figure . The region is often referred to as the “62% area.

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2. PART 2 PRODUCTS

2.01 GROUND TESTER

A. Provide a Biddle model 250220 ground resistance tester or approved equal.

B. AEMC inductive type testers are not allowed

3. PART 3 EXECUTION

3.01 GROUND TESTING PROCEDURE

A. Perform ground-testing procedures as per description above under 1.03.

B. Provide completed attached Test Report for each ground tested as per 16010.

4. PART 4 GROUND RESISTANCE TEST REPORT

End of Section 16650

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SECTION 16675

LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM

1. PART I – GENERAL

1.01 DESCRIPTION

A. The Contractor shall provide and install a functional lightning protection system complying with the provisions of the latest "Lightning Protection Code" NFPA 780 from the National Fire Protection Association, U.L. 96 & 96A, any state and local codes, and these Specifications. Lookouts shall be classified as Class I if under 75’ in height and Class II if over 75’ in height.

B. The components provided under this specification shall be the standard product of manufacturers regularly engaged in the production of lightning protection systems or components and shall be of the latest approved design. Components shall conform to U.L.

96A for U.L. Certification.

C. All work shall be done by state licensed contractors and electricians, experienced in lightning protection grounding systems, cadwelding, and work on high structures. Note line item requirement for UL installation requirement.

D. Contactor shall provide proof of past work involving of the experience requirements

1.02 SUBMITTALS

A. Submit shop drawings and equipment catalog data and manufacturer's installation operating and maintenance instructions for approval of the following items listed in accordance with Section 16010 for all materials listed in products in this section.

B. Components and installation shall conform to U.L. 96 and 96A for U.L. Listing.

1.03 SUBSTITUTIONS

A. The equipment specified carries brand names and catalog numbers and shall be interpreted as establishing a standard of quality.

1.04 REFERENCES

A. 16010 General technical provisions

B. 16050 Basic Methods and Materials

C. 16650 Ground Resistance Testing.

D. Reference Standards

1. The publications listed below form a part of this specification to the extent referenced. The publications are referred to in the text by the basic designation only.

a. NFPA 780 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Lightning Protection

Code

b. International Building Code (IBC)

c. National Electrical Code (NEC)

d. National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)

e. Underwriters’ Laboratory (UL) Related Work - The work shall be in accordance with the following subsidiary specifications. The subsidiary specifications are referred to in the text by the Section designation only.

i. UL 96 Lightning Protection Components.

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ii. UL 96A Installation Requirements for Lightning Protection Systems.

1.05 - THE LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM SHALL CONSIST OF THE FOLLOWING:

A. Main protective system

1. Air terminals, main down conductors, equal potential rings, bonding exterior metal objects, bonding interior metal objects and connection to the grounding system.

B. Earthing system

1. Radials, ground electrodes, ground enhancement materials if called for on the drawings.

C. Guy wire grounding

1. If present (shown on the drawings) a guy wire bonding system at the structure and at the guy wires base with its required grounding system shall be provided.

D. Telecommunications equipment locations

1. Telecommunications equipment consists of Forest Service radio on the table and a roof-mounted antenna.

2. Bond radio equipment to ground ring.

3. Move antenna to a location within the cone of protection of the lightning protection system or remote from tower (a distance at least twice the tower height).

4. Bond antenna shield conductor to lightning protection system at entry to cab.

E. Tower grounding

1. Varies for conductive and non-conductive towers, see drawings.

F. Fence Grounding

1. Bond all fences as shown on drawings.

G. Gas line, propane tank and appliance grounding

1. Bond gas lines at base of tower and appliances as shown on drawings.

2. Bond propane tank as shown on drawings. See LP fuel line specs.

1.06 SAFETY PLAN

A. Provide a written Safety Plan addressing the remoteness and hazardous heights involved in the work.

1. Define what equipment will be used when working on the Lookouts and towers.

2. Assure all safety procedures are followed regarding safety ropes, harnesses, belts, tie off ropes, and other safety related devices.

3. No one shall climb a lookout without receiving safety instruction and have the proper safety equipment for the task to be performed.

B. Provide a written plan to be used in case of an accident, both minor and critical.

C. Provide a written record of any and all on-the-job accidents to the CO within 24 hrs, including the cause and actions taken.

1.07 DRAWINGS

A. Sites may have extreme slopes, which may not be noted on the drawings. Locate devices and apparatus approximately as shown on drawings where not dimensioned, and coordinate such locations with walkways and other uses to avoid tripping or other safety hazards.

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Work with other trades involved to prevent interferences. Verifying dimensions shown on the drawings is the responsibility of the contractor.

1.08 AS-BUILT DRAWINGS

A. At project completion, submit an accurate set of as-built AutoCAD drawings hard copy and electronic copies on CD-ROM, showing any deviations from the contract documents as per section 16010.

2. PART 2 – PRODUCTS

2.01 MATERIALS

A. All materials and equipment furnished and installed shall be of the highest quality, new and meet the standards of NEMA, NEIS, UL, NFPA, IBC, NEC and shall bear their label wherever standards have been established and label service is available. Where there is a conflict between the standards, the more stringent shall govern. Where materials and equipment are specified by manufacturer's name, the type and quality required is thereby denoted.

B. Materials Included in this Section

1. Air Terminals and mounting plates

2. Lightning conductors

3. Lightning Protection Fittings

4. Grounding Conductors

5. Grounding electrodes

6. Compression Connectors

7. Ground Enhancement Material

2.02 AIR TERMINALS

A. Air terminals shall be 1/2 inch by 10 inches minimum, solid copper. They shall extend at least 10 inches above the object to be protected. All air terminal bases shall be copper with cast bronze connectors.

1. As manufactured by: Harger 80H2 with base per drawing; Thompson 665XELA with base as shown on drawing.

2. Manufacturer shown only to show style and quality. Submittals for substitution will be accepted if like quality and style exist. See Substitution section.

3. Contractor to verify terminal/base size prior to submittals.

B. Center Air terminals shall be 30 inches long where installed in the center of flat roofs or on the peak of hipped roofs, supported as shown on the drawing details and according to code.

1. Existing Center Air Terminal shall consist of refurbishing existing terminals, sharpening point, drilling conductor mounting holes, welding base gussets, and re-plating.

2. New Center Air Terminals (FT-5 for flat roof and FT-6 for hipped roof), Provide units as provided by Fouch Electric – Portland Or. (503) 284-1415.

C. Repair all roof penetrations to assure roofing is sealed around lightning protection equipment and no damage is done to existing roof.

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2.03 CONDUCTORS

A. Conductors shown in specifications are for a Class I tower or structure (75’ high or less). If tower or structure is over 75’ high, use Class II sizes from wire and conduit schedule.

B. Type 1 - Main Down Conductors

1. U.L. Listed #24x14 (65,500cm) braided copper class II conductors.

a. Down Conductors, exterior equal potential rings, shall be main conductor sized.

b. Guy wire bonding conductors, guy anchor bonds or guy wire base Eufer ground conductors shall be main conductor size.

C. Type 2 - Primary bonding conductors

1. Interior equal potential rings shall be U.L. Listed # 32x16 or 17 (59,500/72,500cm) braided copper class II conductor except in telecommunications rooms or buildings.

2. Interior equal potential ring conductors in telecommunications rooms and grounding bulkhead panels shall be 3 inches wide minimum, 16 AWG thick copper strap.

D. Type 5 - Secondary bonding conductors

1. Bonding cable U.L. Listed #14x17 28,500 cm (Type 5) or braided copper (Type 7)

a. Stoves

b. Fire finders

c. Solar panels

d. Refrigerators

e. Metal bed frames

f. Electronic equipment

g. Batteries

h. Radios

i. Gas lights if not connected by metallic pipe

E. Type 9 - Grounding conductors

1. 4/0 bare copper for ring ground

F. See wire and conduit schedule, Drawing E05.

2.04 CABLE CONNECTIONS

A. All connectors shall be Listed or Labeled type of non-corrosive metal and approved for use and qualified as “permanent Connections Used In Substation Grounding, IEEE Std 837.

B. Connections on or in ground see drawings for locations.

1. Cable connections shall be made with Cadweld (Erico Products Inc. 216-248-0100 for information on Cadwelding and Cadweld molds) connections.

C. Connections above ground: see drawings for models

1. Cast bronze connectors

a. Cast bronze with screw-pressure type stainless steel bolts, nuts, and mechanical connections. Hagar or equal.

b. Mechanical joint compound shall be Noalox, or equal.

2. Compression connectors

a. Compression connectors shall be Burndy or equal, Penetrox filled, applied with hydraulic compression tool with die matching fitting.

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3. All connectors must be clearly and permanently marked with the following information:

a. Manufacturer’s inspection symbol

b. Catalog number

c. Conductor accommodation(s)

d. Installation die index or die catalog number (compression)

e. Underwriters Laboratories Listing Mark/CSA certification mark

f. The words “Suitable for Direct Burial,” or “Direct Burial,” or “Burial” as specified per ANSI/UL467.

D. Marking

1. The smallest unit package shall contain the information listed under 3., and shall also include installation tooling.

2.05 SUPPORTS

A. Conductor supports shall be Listed or Labeled type of non-corrosive metal, have ample strength to support conductors. Masonry type cable fasteners on masonry, adhesive type cable fasteners on flat roofs.

2.06 GROUNDING ELECTRODES

A. Ground rods shall be 10 foot ground rods, 3/4 inch by 10 feet copperweld ground rods as called for on the drawings.

2.07 GROUND ENHANCEMENT SALTS

A. Rock salt as available in local grocery store. Apply when called for on the drawings.

2.08 GROUND ENHANCEMENT CARBON BACKFILL MATERIAL (COKE BREEZE)

A. Coke Breeze for Backfill Grounding material when required by drawings.

1. Backfill material is often used for mountaintops where grounding conditions are poor.

Coke breeze offers a backfill solution since it can be compacted to 95% and offers the best conductivity at moisture levels between 5% and 20%. The testing followed ASTM G 57-78 in performing the Werner Four-Electrode Method of Soil Resistivity Measurement.

2. Coke breeze is a waste material from burning coke (byproduct from coal). It costs $0.04 per pound. The other tested materials cost as much as $1.06 per pound.

B. Provide Coke Breeze (Any of the following products are acceptable.):

1. Asbury 218 from LaGrande Industrial Supply- Portland Or. (800) 574-5806

2. Lorenco SC-2 with added salts Far West Corrosion Control (425) 290-8832

3. GEM (ground enhancement material) from Erico Products (1-440-248-0100)

2.09 COKE BREEZE BACKFILL TABLE

A. Coke Breeze Volume & Weight Calculations

1. Volume: To calculate the number of cubic feet of coke breeze, select the applicable hole diameter in inches (column 1), look up the cubic feet per lineal foot (column 2), and multiply by the diameter of the backfill material around the conductor in inches

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(hole diameter).

2. Weight: To calculate the number of pounds of coke breeze, select the applicable hole diameter in inches (column 1), look up the applicable

Coke Breeze Pounds per Lineal Foot

Coke Breeze Pounds per Lineal Foot

Hole Diameter in Inches

Cubic Feet per Lineal Foot Asbury 218 or

Equal Loresco SC-3 or Equal

6.0 0.200 12.00 15.00

6.5 0.230 14.00 17.25

7.0 0.270 16.00 20.25

7.5 0.310 19.00 23.25

8.0 0.350 21.00 26.25

8.5 0.400 24.00 30.00

9.0 0.440 27.00 33.00

9.5 0.490 30.00 36.75

10.0 0.550 33.00 41.25

10.5 0.600 36.00 45.00

11.0 0.660 40.00 49.50

11.5 0.720 43.00 54.00

12.0 0.785 47.00 59.00

12.5 0.850 41.00 64.00

2.10 ANTENNA LINE PROTECTION

A. Antenna line surge suppression shall separate, protect each path (RF and DC) and recombine, all in the same unit. Types with ferrite inductor core are not allowed.

Polyphaser's model IS-DC50LNZ is a +15-volt (also available in +20-volt) protector of this type. Types must be submitted and approved by the Forest Service before installation (types are dependent upon the coax and wave guides installed).

2.11 GENERAL LIGHTNING PROTECTION PRODUCTS

A. The following companies provide a wide range of specialty lightning protection products including air terminals, #29 and #14 cables, clamps, etc.

1. Harger Lightning Protection, Inc. (800-842-7437)

2. Advanced Lightning Technology, Inc. (800-950-7933)

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3. Heary Bros., Inc. (800-421-6141)

4. VFC Inc. (801-292-2956)

5. Thompson (800 777-1230)

6. Robins (800 426-3792)

7. Burndy Compression Connectors (800 451-4956)

3. PART 3 EXECUTION

3.01 DEMOLITION

A. Remove all unused existing electrical or lightning protection conductors and equipment.

Remove all replaced appliances and dispose as per direction from C.O.R.

B. All materials that will not be reused become the property of the Contractor and shall be removed from national Forest lands and disposed of in accordance with state law.

3.02 REPAIR OF EXISTING WORK

A. The work shall be carefully laid out in advance; where cutting, channeling, chasing, or drilling of roofs, walls, or other surfaces is necessary for proper installation, support, or anchorage of the conduit raceways or other electrical work, shall be carefully done, and all damage to building, piping, or equipment shall be repaired by skilled mechanics of the trades involved at no additional cost to the Government.

B. Contractor shall remove all unused existing Lightning Protection equipment from the tower before installing new system.

C. Contractor shall locate all existing grounding conductors and incorporate them into the new system. Do not cut or dig into existing systems, except to connect to them. Reconnect as shown on drawings.

3.03 SITE CLEANUP

A. Remove all construction debris from site, leave as clean as possible.

3.04 AIR TERMINALS

A. Air terminals shall be placed as shown on the drawings. Where there are objects protruding above the roof requiring protection the length of the air terminal is noted on the drawings.

Air terminals installed in the center of a roof shall be 30" long.

B. Air terminals over 18" shall be supported at a point not less than half its height or as shown on the drawings. Do not attach air terminals to metal stovepipes or solar panels and their supports.

3.05 CONDUCTORS

A. Bends in conductors shall be no sharper than 90-degrees with an 8-inch minimum radius.

B. Mechanical protection for conductors shall be provided where required.

C. Metal parts shall not be substituted for conductors except as noted herein.

D. As a conductor joins a down conductor, it shall bend (8 inch minimum radius) downward and meet the continuous straight down conductor on both sides at a 45 degree angle.

E. Where a conductor joins a radial, it shall approach the radial at a 45-degree angle, pointing away from the surge origin (tower or lookout).

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3.06 GROUND CONNECTOR INSTALLATION

A. Installation of connectors shall be made in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations. The instructions typically include conductor preparation (cleaning, pre-crimp), installation tool and die selection, and application of the proper number of crimps.

B. Connectors must be installable under all types of weather/field conditions without special safety precautions or procedures.

C. Connectors must be installable without using or producing hazardous materials or by-products.

D. Ground Connector Inspection

1. Compression dies must provide embossment of the connector upon successful installation. The embossed index must match the marking on the installed connector.

2. Connector marking information specified in 4.1 must be legible after installation for inspector cross-reference.

3. Closed barrel connectors must have inspection holes at the appropriate location to verify proper cable insertion.

E. Performance

1. All system connectors must be Listed by Underwriters Laboratories/Canadian Standards Association for direct burial in earth or embedment in concrete per ANSI/UL467 Standard for Grounding and Bonding Equipment/CSA C22.2 No. 41.

2. All ground connectors must meet the requirements of IEEE Std 837 Standard for Qualifying Permanent Connections Used in Substation Grounding.

3. Connectors must be suitable for lightning protection applications. Listing to UL96 Lightning Protection Components is preferred on applicable items.

3.07 DOWN CONDUCTORS (TYPE 1)

A. Down conductors, main conductor sized, shall be provided at all three of the four tower legs with each air terminal having at least two paths to ground as shown on the drawings. The forth leg is reserved the propane, whether existing or future.

B. Conductors forming each down conductor through its main radial shall be one continuous wire with no splices except where the “through the roof route” is used on R6 flat cabs.

3.08 EXTERIOR EQUAL POTENTIAL RINGS (TYPE 2)

A. Install a roof-level equal-potential ring as shown on the drawings. Other equal potential rings shall be installed as shown on the drawings.

B. Care must be taken to prevent bends sharper than 8 inch radius. As the loop joins a down conductor, it should bend (8 inch radius) downward and meet the continuous straight down conductor on both sides at a 45 degree angle. The ring conductor shall be cut and connected at each down conductor with the fittings indicated on the drawings.

3.09 EXTERIOR INTERCONNECTION OF METALS (TYPE 2)

A. All metallic objects at roof levels shall be bonded.

B. Metal flashing over 3 feet long shall be bonded at both ends when running next to a main conductor.

C. Metal vent pipe shall be bonded…