A21 - (D) Enclosure A - PRCS-Falls Lake.pdf

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Falls Lake

Wake Forest, North Carolina

PERMIT-REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE

ENTRY PROGRAM

Prepared by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Wilmington District Safety and Occupational Health Office

(910)-251-4698

26 October 2015

Signature Sheet

William F. Harris, Jr. - Chief, SOHO, Plan Preparer Date

Steve J. Mason – Nat. Res. Specialist, Falls Lake, Plan Reviewer Date

Dana L. Matics – Supv. Natural Resource Specialist, Plan Reviewer Date

Carol M. Banaitis – Piedmont OPM, Plan Reviewer Date

Richard M. Paarfus – Mech. Engr., Lakes Branch, Plan Reviewer Date

William J. Bond – Chief, Lakes Branch (Acting), Plan Concurrence Date

Daniel S. Brown – Chief, Operations Division, Plan Approver Date i

Signature Sheet

Revised By Date ii

K7SO9WFH

Typewritten Text Reviewed by WFH. In Appendix E - changed reference from OSHA

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Typewritten Text 10 May 2019

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Typewritten Text to ACGIH.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS

FALLS LAKE

CONFINED SPACE ENTRY PROGRAM

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paragraph No. Page No.

1. GENERAL

2. PURPOSE

3. SCOPE

4. DEFINITIONS

5. PROGRAM ELEMENTS

5.1. Identification and Labeling

5.2. Confined Space Hazard Identification

5.3. Safe Confined Space Entry Conditions

5.3.1. Non-Permit Required Confined Spaces (NPRCS)

5.3.2. Permit Required Confined Spaces (PRCS)

5.3.2.1. PRCS Entry Permit Completion, Review, Processes, Signature Authority

5.3.2.2. Acceptable Entry Conditions

5.3.2.3. Observation by the Authorized Entrant of Monitoring or Testing in PRCS

5.3.2.4. Isolation of the PRCS

5.3.2.5. Purging, Inerting, Flushing or Ventilating the PRCS

5.3.2.6. Installation of Barriers to Protect Entrants from External Hazards

5.3.2.7. Monitoring to Verify Acceptable Entry Conditions of the Duration of the Authorized Entry iii

5.4. Alternate Entry Procedures

5.4.1. Conditions for Alternate Entry

5.4.2. Requirements for Alternate Entry

5.5. Reclassification of a PRCS

5.6. Changes in the Use or Configuration of a Non-Permit Confined Space

5.7. Equipment (and equipment maintenance procedures) to be Used for Confined Space Entry

5.7.1. Atmospheric Testing and Monitoring Equipment

5.7.2. Ventilation Equipment to Assure Maintenance of Safe Entry Conditions

5.7.3. Communication Equipment for Entry

5.7.4. Personal Protective Equipment Necessary

5.7.5. Lighting Equipment for Entry

5.7.6. Barriers and Shields to Keep Unauthorized Entrants Out of the Confined Space During Entry

5.7.7. Ladders or Other Equipment Necessary for Entrant Access and Egress

5.7.8. Rescue and Other Emergency Equipment Needed

5.8. Policies and Procedures to Assure That One Attendant is Available

5.9. Authorized Personnel With Active Roles in Confined Space Entry. . . . . . . . . . . …17

5.10. Documentation of Procedures for PRCS Entry for Coordinating With Employees from Outside Organizations

5.11. Procedures for Reviewing Entries and Documentation of Lessons Learned

5.12. Employee Training

5.13. Rescue and Emergency Services

iv

Appendices

Appendix A – Confined Space Decision Flow Chart

Appendix B – Confined Spaces at Falls Lake

Appendix C – Confined Space Hazard Identification Checklist

Appendix D – Confined Space Entry Permits

Appendix E – Signs and Symptoms of Common Atmospheric Hazards

Appendix F – Authorized Personnel for Permit-Required Confined Space Entry

Appendix G - Notes v

1. GENERAL. Confined space hazards are dangerous because often there are no apparent signs of danger, and rescuing a fellow employee who needs help is usually difficult, often resulting in the deaths of the primary entrant and the rescuer. All existing hazards in confined spaces must be thoroughly evaluated before entry into the space and monitored continuously thereafter. The work to be performed in the confined space shall be evaluated to assure that it will not pose a hazard during the entire duration of the work.

2. PURPOSE. The purpose of this document is to define the Permit-Required Confined Space Entry Program (PRCS) at Falls Lake and assure compliance with the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.146 and EM 385-1-1. The program contains the procedures that are necessary to safely enter all confined spaces at the project.

3. SCOPE. The requirements of this program are applicable to all entries made into Permit-Required Confined Spaces at Falls Lake. This includes all USACE personnel, contractors, and other personnel that may have a need to enter the space. Authorization for entry requires proof of permit required confined space entry training, fall protection training (if required) and a thorough knowledge of this program.

4. DEFINITIONS.

4.1 Acceptable entry conditions. Conditions that must exist in a permit space to allow entry and to ensure that employees involved with the permit-required confined space entry can safely enter into and work within the space.

4.2 Attendant. An individual stationed outside the permit space who monitors the authorized entrants and who performs all of the attendant’s duties assigned in the employer’s permit-required confined space program.

Note: attendants may only monitor one space at a time.

4.3 Authorized entrant. An authorized entrant is an individual who is authorized by the employer to enter a permit space.

4.4 Blanking or binding. The absolute closure of a pipe, line or duct by the fastening of a solid plate that completely covers the bore and that is capable of withstanding the maximum pressure of the pipe, line, or duct with no leakage beyond the plate.

4.5 Confined space. A space that is (all three conditions are required to be met):

a. Is large enough and so configured that an employee can bodily enter and perform assigned work;

b. Has limited or restricted means for entry or exit;

c. Is not designed for human occupancy.

Confined spaces may be open topped enclosures with depths that restrict the natural movement of air; or enclosures with limited openings for entry and exit.

4.6 Confined Space Competent Person (CSCP). A person with a thorough knowledge of OSHA’s Confined Space Standard, 29 CFR 1910.146, experience with permit-required confined space entry procedures and, the authority to supervise and influence how work is performed on job sites and in facilities.

4.7 Double block and bleed. The closure of a line, duct, or pipe by closing and locking or tagging two in-line valves and by opening and locking or tagging a drain or vent in the line between the two closed valves.

4.8 Emergency. This is any occurrence (including any failure of hazard control or monitoring equipment) or event internal or external to the permit space that could endanger entrants.

4.9 Engulfment. The surrounding and effective capture of a person by a liquid or finely divided (flowable) solid substance that can be aspirated to cause death by filling or plugging the respiratory system or that can exert enough force on the body to cause death by strangulation, constriction, or crushing.

4.10 Entry. The action by which a person passes through an opening into a permit-required confined space. Entry includes ensuing work activities in that space and is considered to have occurred as soon as any part of the entrant’s body breaks the plane of an opening into the space.

4.11 Entry permit. The written or printed document that is provided by the employer to allow and control entry into a permit space and that contains the information specified on the entry permit contained in Appendix C of this document.

4.12 Entry supervisor. The person (such as the employer, OPM, CSCP, foreman, crew chief) responsible for determining if acceptable entry conditions are present at a permit space where entry is planned, for authorizing entry and overseeing entry operations, and for terminating entry as required by this document.

Note: As noted in paragraph (b) (3) of 29 CFR 1910.146, an entry supervisor also may serve as an attendant or as an authorized entrant, as long as that person is trained and equipped as required by 29 CFR 1910.146 for each role he or she fills. Also, the duties of the entry supervisor may be passed from one individual to another during the course of an entry operation.

4.13 Hazardous atmosphere. An atmosphere that may expose employees to the risk of death, incapacitation, impairment of ability to self-rescue (that is escape unaided from a permit space), injury, or acute illness from one or more of the following:

a. Flammable gas, vapor, or mist in excess of 10 percent of its lower flammable limit

(LFL);

b. Airborne combustible dust at a concentration that meets or exceeds its LFL;

Note: This concentration may be approximated as a condition in which the dust obscures vision at a distance of 5 feet or less;

c. Atmospheric oxygen concentration below 19.5 percent or above 23.5 percent;

d. Atmospheric concentration of any substance for which a dose or a permissible limit is published in Subpart G, Occupational Health and Environmental Control, or in Subpart Z, Toxic and Hazardous Substances which could result in employee exposure in excess of its dose or permissible exposure limit;

e. Any other atmospheric condition that is immediately dangerous to life or health.

Note: For air contaminants for which OSHA has not determined a dose or permissible exposure limit, other sources of information, such as Material Safety Data Sheets that comply with the Hazard Communication Standard, section 1910.1200 of 29 CFR 1910, published information, and internal documents can provide guidance in establishing acceptable atmospheric conditions.

4.14. Hot work permit. This is the District’s written authorization to perform operations (for example, riveting, welding, cutting, burning, and heating), capable of providing a source of ignition.

4.15. Immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH). Any condition that poses an immediate or delayed threat to life or that would cause irreversible adverse health effects or that would interfere with an individual’s ability to escape unaided from a permit space.

Note: Some materials – hydrogen fluoride gas and cadmium vapor, for example – may produce immediate transient effects that, even if severe, may pass without medical attention, but are followed by sudden, possibly fatal collapse 12-72 hours after exposure.

The victim “feels normal” from recovery from transient effects until collapse. Such materials in hazardous quantities are considered to be “immediately” dangerous to life or health.

4.16. Inerting. This is the displacement of the atmosphere in a permit space by a noncombustible gas (such as nitrogen) to such an extent that the resulting atmosphere is noncombustible.

Note: This procedure produces and IDLH oxygen-deficient atmosphere.

4.17. Isolation. The process by which a permit space is removed from service and completely protected against the release of energy and material into the space by such means as: blanking or blinding; misaligning or removing sections of lines, pipes, or ducts; a double block and bleed system; lockout or tagout of all sources of energy;

blocking or disconnecting all mechanical linkages.

4.18. Line breaking. This is the intentional opening of a pipe, line, or duct that is or has been carrying flammable, corrosive, or toxic material, and inert gas, or any fluid at a volume, pressure or temperature capable of causing injury.

4.19. Non-permit confined space. This is a confined space that does not contain or, with respect to atmospheric hazards, have the potential to contain any hazard capable of causing death or serious physical harm.

4.20. Oxygen deficient atmospheric. This is an atmosphere containing less than 19.5 percent oxygen by volume.

4.21. Oxygen enriched atmospheric. This is an atmosphere containing more that 23.5 percent oxygen by volume.

4.22. Permit-Required Confined Space (PRCS). A PRCS is a confined space that has one or more of the following characteristics:

a. Contains or has a potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere;

b. Contains a material that has the potential for engulfing an entrant;

c. Has an internal configuration such that an entrant could be trapped or asphyxiated by inwardly converging walls or by a floor which slopes downward and tapers to a smaller cross-section; or

d. Contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazard.

4.23. Permit-Required Confined Space Program. A written program for controlling, and, where appropriate, for protecting employees from permit space hazards and for regulating employee entry into permit spaces.

4.24. Permit system. A permit system is a written procedure for preparing and issuing permits for entry into a space and for returning the permit space to service following termination of entry.

4.25. Prohibited condition. This is any condition in a permit space that is not allowed by the permit during the period when entry is authorized.

4.26. Rescue service. The rescue service is personnel designated to rescue employees from permit spaces.

4.27. Retrieval system. This is the equipment, including a retrieval line, chest or full-body harness, wristlets if appropriate, and a lifting device or anchor, used for non-entry rescue of persons from permit spaces.

4.28. Testing. Testing is the process by which the hazards that may confront entrants of a permit space are identified and evaluated. Testing includes specifying the tests that are to be performed in the permit space.

Note: Testing enables employers both to devise and implement adequate control measures for the protection of authorized entrants and to determine if acceptable entry conditions are present immediately prior to, and during entry.

5. Program Elements.

5.1. Identification and Labeling.

5.1.1. Initial identification. An evaluation of the Falls Lake Project (areas managed by USACE only) was conducted during the summer of 1995. The purpose of the evaluation was to identify and classify confined spaces. The evaluation was conducted by industrial hygiene consultants from Health & Hygiene, Inc. with assistance from project personnel.

The spaces were evaluated in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.146 and EM 385-1-1 (1992).

Another evaluation was conducted during the summer of 1997 by Environmental and Safety Service, Inc. Evaluations were based upon the PRCS Decision Flow Chart (Appendix A).

5.1.2. Regular inspection of facilities for PRCS. The project’s Collateral Duty Safety Officer (CDSO) and/or Confined Space Competent Person (CSCP) will conduct inspections of all new construction at the project to identify confined spaces. In addition to inspections by the CDSO/CSCP, representatives from the District Safety Office will review concept designs, and plans and specifications for new facilities to identify new confined spaces. Annual site visits by the District Safety Office will also serve to identify new confined spaces.

5.1.3. Labeling and enforcement procedures.

5.1.3.1. All confined spaces shall be labeled as a danger and defined as either a Permit- Required Confined Space (PRCS) or as a Non Permit-Required Confined Space

(NPRCS).

5.1.3.2. All permit-required spaces are marked legibly with the following message:

DANGER

PERMIT-REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE

ENTER BY PERMIT ONLY

A list of all confined spaces and their classification and potential hazards is contained in Appendix B.

5.1.3.3. All existing and new NPRCS shall be marked legibly with the following message:

DANGER

NON PERMIT-REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE

FOLLOW NPRCS ENTRY PROCEDURES

5.1.3.4. Unauthorized Entry into PRCS shall be prevented by one or more of the following:

a. All personnel at the project will have Confined Space Awareness Training.

Personnel required to make PRCS entries will have PRCS entry training. Position Hazard Analyses (PHA) for personnel will note that PRCS entries will be made only if trained in PRCS entry.

b. Locking entry points or requiring special tools to open.

c. Disciplinary action for those that make unauthorized entry.

d. The Operations Project Manager shall ensure that all PRCSs at the project that are managed by USACE are accessible only by deliberate acts or that only trained personnel are authorized to enter. The CSCP will inspect all new construction to identify confined spaces and will label each space accordingly. Additionally, the CSCP will revise this PRCS Program to include any new confined spaces that are identified and inform the staff, the District Safety Office, and the O&M contractor of those spaces.

5.2. Confined Space Hazard Identification. See paragraph 5.1.1. There are no records of initial air sampling for any of the spaces. Entries have been made into many of the spaces and air monitoring revealed oxygen at an acceptable level between 19.5% and 23.5% . Additionally, fall hazards in the space also support PRCS classification for some of the spaces. Regardless, hazard identification must take place prior to each entry.

5.2.1. The first step in hazard identification is determining the reason for entry.

Knowledge of why the space is being entered and the nature of the work to be performed provides some initial insight to the types and magnitude of hazards within the space.

Potential hazards associated with confined spaces at the project include the following:

oxygen deficient and toxic atmospheres; slips, trips, and falls; mechanical; electrocution;

noise; heat or cold stress; and engulfment. Potential hazards associated with each space are contained in Appendix B (please note these are not all inclusive and may vary depending on the task performed in each space).

5.2.2. The second step in hazard identification is determination of the activity that will be performed. These must be identified on the activity specific Activity Hazard Analysis (AHA) for the entry. Examples: the use of portable electric tools will have the potential for electrical shock; welding will have the potential for creating an atmospheric hazard.

5.2.3. The third step is to identify potential hazards outside of the space. A nearby gasoline or diesel motor that is upwind of the space has the potential to create an atmospheric hazard. The checklist contained in Appendix C will be used to assist in the identification of hazards for each entry.

5.3. Safe Confined Space Entry Conditions (Practices and Procedures).

5.3.1. Non-Permit Required Confined Spaces. This procedure shall be used for spaces that DO NOT HAVE A PHYSICAL OR ATMOSPHERIC HAZARD and DO NOT

HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO DEVELOP PHYSICAL OR ATMOSPHERIC

HAZARDS.

5.3.1.1. Notify the supervisor where the space is located that an entry is required.

5.3.1.2. Entry by those trained in PRCS entry only.

5.3.1.3. Determine if any change in the use or configuration of the space has occurred that could change the space’s classification.

5.3.1.4. Determine if any activities in the area could cause a hazardous atmosphere to form in the space.

5.3.1.5. Do not perform any activities in the space that could cause a buildup of a hazardous atmosphere (i.e., welding, painting, or use of chemicals).

5.3.1.6. Check atmosphere prior to entry and monitor continuously while in the space.

5.3.1.7. Do not under any circumstances work alone.

5.3.2. Permit Required Confined Spaces. A permit-required confined space is a confined space in which there is a physical hazard or an atmospheric hazard that cannot be controlled by continuous forced air ventilation alone. Safe entry into a PRCS is documented through the use of entry permits. Entry permit forms are contained in Appendix D.

5.3.2.1. PRCS Entry Permit Completion, Review Processes, Signature Authority, and Maintenance Procedures.

5.3.2.1.1. Review all available information on the space.

5.3.2.1.2. Determine if entry is necessary.

5.3.2.1.3. Determine is work to be performed can create a hazard in the space.

5.3.2.1.4. Identify possible hazards (see checklist in Appendix C) and control measures.

Develop a written AHA.

5.3.2.1.5. Perform initial atmospheric testing and record on appropriate permit (see Appendix D for permit form). Oxygen level shall be between 19.5% and 23.5% for safe entry.

5.3.2.1.6. Identify equipment and PPE required for the entry.

5.3.2.1.7. Assemble all equipment.

5.3.2.1.8. If necessary erect barriers around the opening.

5.3.2.1.9. If necessary, provide traffic control.

5.3.2.1.10. Fill out the permit to document safe entry into the permit-required space and for compliance with 29 CFR 1910.146 and EM 385-1-1. The permit shall include the following information:

a. Name of permit-space to be entered;

b. Purpose of the entry;

c. Date and the authorization duration of the entry permit;

d. Name of authorized entrants within the space for the duration of the permit;

e. Name of the personnel serving as attendants; the name of the person serving as entry supervisor;

f. Hazards of the space to be entered;

g. Procedures needed to isolate the permit space and to eliminate or control permit space hazards before entry;

h. Acceptable entry conditions;

i. Results of initial and periodic tests performed, and the names or initials of the testers, and an indication of when the tests were performed;

j. The rescue and emergency services that can be summoned and the means for summoning those services;

k. Communication procedures used by authorized entrants and attendants;

l. Equipment, such as personal protective equipment, testing equipment, communications equipment, alarm systems, and rescue equipment, to be provided;

m. Barriers needed to protect entrants from external hazards;

n. Steps necessary to ensure acceptable conditions are present through-out the entry;

o. Any other information, given the circumstances of the space necessary to ensure employee safety such as additional permits for hot work. The permit will be filled out by an entry team member. The entry supervisor will review the permit to ensure that it is properly filled out. After the review and any necessary changes are made, the entry supervisor will sign the permit to authorize entry. The signed permit will be reviewed by all members of the entry team, and posted near the entrance to the space. The duration of the permit shall not exceed the time required to complete the assigned task.

5.3.2.1.11. Provisions for Closing Permit-Required Spaces and Returning Them Back To Service After Work is Completed:

a. Once the entry is complete, verify that all entrants have left the space and that all equipment and supplies have been removed from the space;

b. Check any gaskets or seals for damage and secure all openings. Use the PRCS entry permit to identify any locked-out/tagged-out or isolated equipment and return it to its normal operating condition;

c. Clean and inspect all entry equipment. Any items that were damaged during entry should be removed from service and repaired or replaced. Return equipment to its proper storage place.

5.3.2.1.12. Canceling Entry Permits. The entry supervisor will terminate the entry and cancel the permit when:

a. The task listed on the permit has been completed;

b. A condition that is not allowed under the permit arises in or near the space. A prohibited condition automatically cancels the permit and all entrants must exit the space.

A new permit is required prior to further work inside the space. Each canceled entry permit shall be kept on file for 2 years to facilitate the annual PRCS program review.

The annual program review will be conducted by the District’s Safety and Occupational Health Office. Comments concerning problems with entry should be noted on the permit so that entry procedures can be evaluated and, if necessary, revised.

5.3.2.2. Acceptable Entry Conditions. Atmospheric testing is required to evaluate airborne hazards present in each PRCS, and to verify that acceptable entry conditions are present. Before an employee enters the space, the internal atmosphere will be tested with a calibrated direct-reading meter. The meter utilized will be as noted on the entry permit. Results of the atmospheric testing will be recorded on the entry permit and compared to the acceptable entry conditions. If the testing reveals oxygen deficiency or the presence of toxic gases or vapors, the space must be ventilated or purged and retested for acceptable conditions before entry.

5.3.2.2.1. Testing Procedure:

a. Appoint one person to act as air monitor. The person must have completed confined space entry training as well as training on the proper use of multi-gas meters.

b. In a clean atmosphere, perform equipment check or operational check as stated in the operating instructions for the multi-gas meter. Ensure the equipment is calibrated as recommended by the equipment manufacturer.

c. If possible, draw an air sample through a hole leading to the space before opening the entry port. If not possible, open the entry port and start sampling every 4 feet in the direction of travel and from side to side. Sampling time should be twice the response time of the equipment.

d. Test the atmospheric parameters in the following order:

1. Oxygen

2. Flammability

3. Toxicity

5.3.2.2.2. Compare the sampling results to the following acceptable entry conditions:

a. Oxygen. Oxygen levels must be between 19.5% and 23.5%. Any level below 19.5% is considered to be oxygen deficient and is not safe for entry. Any level above 23.5% is considered to be oxygen enriched and is not safe for entry. Both conditions are considered to be Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH). The oxygen level must be monitored for the duration of the entry to assure that it is maintained between 19.5% and 23.5%. Entrants shall immediately exit the space for any deviation above or below the acceptable oxygen level or if the alarm sounds on the gas meter.

b. Flammable gases, vapors or mists. Flammable gases, vapors or mists concentration cannot be in excess of 10 percent of its lower flammable limit. Entrants will not enter the space if the flammable gas, vapor or mist level is in excess of 10 percent of its lower flammable limit.

c. Toxic gases and vapors. An atmospheric concentration of any substance in excess of the dose of permissible exposure limit (PEL) published in Subpart G, Occupational Health and Environmental Control, or in Subpart Z, Toxic and Hazardous Substances. Hydrogen sulfide is the primary substance of concern. The PEL for hydrogen sulfide is 10 ppm. Other substances: less than the Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL).

5.3.2.2.3. Record the results on the entry form

5.3.2.2.4. The following readings shall be taken:

a. Before ventilation;

b. After ventilation;

c. Initial entry survey;

d. Continuously thereafter with readings recorded every 30 minutes.

5.3.2.2.5. Measurement Duration. The measurement of each atmospheric parameter shall be made for at least the minimum time recommended by the manufacturer. It is recommended that the measurement be made for twice the manufacturer’s recommended response time.

5.3.2.2.6. Stratified Atmospheres. The density of the gases and vapors will cause stratification:

a. Heavier than air will settle to the bottom of a space (hydrogen sulfide)

b. Lighter than air will concentrate at the top of the space (methane)

c. The same as air will accumulate in the center (carbon monoxide)

When monitoring for entries involving descent into atmospheres that may be stratified, the space should be tested every four feet in the direction of travel and to each side. The entrant’s rate of progress should be slowed to allow for sampling and meter response.

ENTRANTS SHALL EXIT THE SPACE IMMEDIATELY IF THE METER

SOUNDS AN ALARM.

5.3.2.3. Observation by the Authorized Entrant of Monitoring or Testing in PRCS.

Results of pre-entry monitoring or testing of the PRCS will be documented on the permit.

All Authorized Entrants will review and sign the permit. The signature of the Authorized Entrants on the permit serves as verification that conditions are safe for entry. The Entry Supervisor will not sign the permit and authorize entry until all Authorized Entrants have reviewed and signed the permit.

5.3.2.4. Isolation of the PRCS. The Falls Lake Lockout-Tagout Program (Safe Clearance Procedures) will be utilized to lock out and tag all energy sources for the space to be entered. See the Falls Lake Lockout-Tagout Program.

5.3.2.5. Purging, Inerting, Flushing or Ventilating the PRCS. Purging, inerting, and flushing are not required of any of the PRCS. Local exhaust and natural ventilation will be utilized where required to maintain safe atmospheric conditions.

5.3.2.6. Installation of Barriers to Protect Entrants from External Hazards. External hazards are not anticipated. Prior to each entry, the area around each space will be surveyed for external hazards. The hazards will be documented on the permit under “other” hazards and appropriate controls will be implemented.

5.3.2.7. Monitoring to Verify Acceptable Entry Conditions for the Duration of the Authorized Entry. Continuous gas monitoring shall be performed for the duration of the entry. The gas monitor shall be read every 30 minutes. The readings shall be communicated to the Entry Supervisor or Attendant and recorded on the permit.

5.4. Alternate Entry Procedures. Alternate entry procedures may be utilized for entering a permit space.

5.4.1 Conditions:

a. The only hazard posed by the permit space is an actual or potential hazardous atmosphere;

b. Continuous forced air ventilation alone is sufficient to maintain the permit space for safe entry;

c. Monitoring and inspection data supports the demonstrations required by paragraphs 5.4.a and 5.4.b above;

d. The determinations and supporting data required by 5.4.a, 5.4.b, and 5.4.c are documented and are made available to each employee who enters the permit space or to the employee’s authorized representative;

e. Entry into the permit space are performed in accordance with the requirements of paragraph 5.4.2.

Note: If an initial entry of the permit space is necessary to obtain the data required by 5.4.c, the entry shall be performed in compliance with PRCS entry procedures.

5.4.2. The following requirements apply for using alternate entry procedures for entry into permit spaces that meet the conditions set forth in paragraph 5.4.1:

a. Any condition making it unsafe to remove an entrance cover or open a hatch shall be eliminated before the cover is removed or the hatch is opened;

b. When entrance covers are removed or hatches are opened, the opening shall be promptly guarded by a railing, temporary cover, or other temporary barrier that will prevent an accident fall through the opening or entry into the space that will protect each employee working in the space from foreign objects entering the space;

c. Before an employee enters the space, the internal atmosphere shall be tested, with a calibrated direct-reading instrument, for oxygen content, for flammable gases and vapors, and for potential toxic air contaminants, in that order. Any employee who enters the space, or that employee’s authorized representative, shall be provided an opportunity to observe the pre-entry testing required by this paragraph;

d. There may be no hazardous atmosphere within the space whenever any employee is inside the space;

e. Continuous forced air ventilation shall be used as follows:

(1) An employee may not enter the space until the forced air ventilation has eliminated any hazardous atmosphere;

(2) The forced air ventilation shall be so directed as to ventilate the immediate areas where an employee is or will be present within the space and shall continue until all employees have left the space;

(3) The air supply for the forced air ventilation shall be from a clean source and may not increase the hazards in the space.

f. The atmosphere within the space shall be continuously monitored to ensure that the continuous forced air ventilation is preventing the accumulation of a hazardous atmosphere. Any employee who enters the space, or that employee’s authorized representative, shall be provided with an opportunity to observe the continuous monitoring required by this paragraph;

g. If a hazardous atmosphere is detected during entry:

(1) Each employee shall leave the space immediately;

(2) The space shall be evaluated to determine how the hazardous atmosphere developed;

(3) Measures shall be implemented to protect employees form the hazardous atmosphere before any subsequent entry takes place.

h. Verification shall be made that the space is safe for entry and that the pre-entry measures required by 5.4.2 have been taken, through a written certification that contains the date, the location of the space, and the signature of the person providing the certification. The certification shall be made before entry and shall be made available to each employee entering the space or to that employee’s authorized representative. A PRCS permit for may be utilized for the written certification.

5.5 Reclassification of a PRCS. A space classified as a permit-required confined space may be reclassified as a non-permit confined space under the following procedures:

a. If the permit space poses no actual or potential atmospheric hazards and if all hazards within the space are eliminated without entry into the space, the permit space may be reclassified as a non-permit confined space for as long as the non-atmospheric hazards remain eliminated;

b. If it is necessary to enter the permit space to eliminate hazards, such entry shall be performed under PRCS entry procedures. If testing and inspection during that entry demonstrate that the hazards within the permit space have been eliminated, the permit space may be reclassified as a non-permit confined space for as long as the hazards remain eliminated;

c. The employer shall document the basis for determining that all hazards in a permit space have been eliminated, through a certification that contains the date, the location of the space, and the signature of the person making the determination. The certification shall be made available to each employee entering the space or to that employee’s authorized representative. A PRCS permit for may be utilized for the written certification;

d. If hazards arise within a permit space that has been declassified to a non-permit space, each employee in the space shall exit the space. The space shall then be reevaluated to determine where it must be reclassified as a permit space.

5.6 Changes in the use or configuration of a non-permit confined space. When there are changes in the use or configuration of the confined space that might increase the hazards to entrants, the space shall be re-evaluated and if necessary reclassify the space as a permit-required confined space.

5.7. Equipment (and equipment maintenance procedures) to be Used for Confined Space Entry.

5.7.1. Atmospheric Testing and Monitoring Equipment.

5.7.1.1. Gas detector – A direct reading, calibrated, detector. The gas detector will be provided by the entry team.

5.7.1.2. Maintenance – As recommended by the manufacturer.

5.7.2. Ventilation Equipment to Assure Maintenance of Safe Entry Conditions.

5.7.2.1. Fan – One industrial fan is available, but most spaces are such that natural ventilation is sufficient.

5.7.2.2. Maintenance – As recommended by the manufacturer.

5.7.3. Communication Equipment for Entry.

5.7.3.1. Two-way radios – Each employee will have a radio.

5.7.3.2. Maintenance – Radios are repaired by the manufacturer. The Entrant and Attendant will perform a radio check before entering the space.

5.7.4. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) as required for safe entry and identified in the AHA. The equipment includes, but is not limited to the items listed below (asterisk indicate items that are supplied by the Government for Government employees):

a. Safety Boots

b. Safety Glasses

c. Faceshield

d. Hard hats

e. Gloves

f. Hearing Protectors

g. Respirators

h. Personal Fall Arrest System (full body harness, lanyards, suspension straps)

i. Personal floatation devices

j. Welding leathers

5.7.5. Lighting equipment for entry (area and personal head lantern or flashlight).

Minimum lighting level is 30 foot-candles.

5.7.5.1. Area lights – Two 100 watt halogen stand work lights.

5.7.5.2. Head lanterns – LED Energizer headlights for each entrant.

5.7.6. Barriers and shields to keep unauthorized entrants out of the confined space during entry.

5.7.7 Ladders or other equipment necessary for entrant access and egress. All ladders will be fiberglass and will be inspected prior to each use. Ladders will be secured from falling when in use.

5.7.8. Rescue and other emergency equipment needed to remove entrants in the event of an emergency (tripod, winch, full body harnesses, and DO NOT ENTER folding signs)*

5.7.9. Other equipment needed for safety entry:

5.8. Policies and Procedures to Assure That at Least One Attendant is Immediately Available Outside the PRCS During Entry Operations to Monitor the Conditions of the Space, to Communicate with Entrants, and Respond to Emergencies.

5.8.1. All PRCS entries will be in accordance with this written program and 29 CFR 1910.146.

5.8.2. Attendants will be trained on PRCS entry procedures and will know their assigned duties. Attendants will have no other duties while serving as an attendant. Attendants may only monitor one space at a time. Attendants will communicate regularly with entrants to check for symptoms and behavioral effects of hazard exposure.

5.9. Authorized Personnel With Active Roles in PRCS Entry.

5.9.1. The Operations Project Manager and CSCP may serve as entry supervisors. All personnel that enter the PRCS for maintenance purposes may serve as attendants, or entrants. All must be properly trained on PRCS entry procedures. Others that may enter the space for inspections or engineering surveys must be properly trained as PRCS entrants. Properly trained contractor personnel may enter the space to perform maintenance. All permits shall be signed by each entrant entering the space, the CSCP, the attendant, and the entry supervisor. See Appendix F for a list of all who have a role in the project’s PRCS program.

5.9.2. Responsibilities of personnel who have a role in PRCS entry are listed below:

5.9.2.1. Entrants (must be authorized on entry permit or roster) shall:

a. Know the hazards that may be encountered during the entry. Entrants must review the entry permit prior to entry;

b. Must be able to recognize the signs and symptoms of exposure to possible atmospheric hazards (See Appendix E);

c. Understand the consequences of exposure to contaminants. Refer to Material Safety Data Sheets;

d. Use equipment properly. Entrants must be trained in the proper use of all personal protective equipment. Regular entrants must also be trained and proficient in the use of testing equipment and other equipment required for confined space entry;

e. Stay in contact with the attendant so the attendant can monitor entrant status and alert entrants of any need to evacuate the space;

f. Evacuate the space and alert the attendant whenever they recognize any warning sign or symptom of exposure to a dangerous situation or they detect a prohibited condition, or whenever the attendant of entry supervisor orders evacuation or an evacuation alarm is activated;

g. Exit the space quickly when directed to do so.

5.9.2.2. Attendants shall:

a. Know the hazards that may be encountered during the entry. Entrants must review the entry permit prior to entry;

b. Must be able to recognize the signs and symptoms of exposure to possible atmospheric hazards (See Appendix E);

c. Must remain outside the PRCS during entry operations until relieved by another attendant;

d. Take action when unauthorized persons approach or enter a PRCS while entries are underway. Warn them that they must stay away from the PRCS or they must immediately exit if they have entered the PRCS. Inform authorized persons and the entry supervisor if unauthorized persons have entered the PRCS;

e. Continuously maintain an accurate count of authorized entrants in the PRCS.

Ensure that the means used to identify authorized entrants is accurate;

f. Communicate with authorized entrants as necessary to monitor entrant status and to alert entrants of the need to evacuate the PRCS;

g. Monitor activities inside and outside the PRCS to determine if it is safe for entrants to remain in the PRCS;

h. Immediately order evacuation of the PRCS if they detect any of the following:

(1) A prohibited condition;

(2) The behavioral effects of hazard exposure in an authorized entrant;

(3) A situation outside the PRCS that could endanger the authorized entrants;

(4) The attendant cannot effectively and safely perform any of his or her duties and responsibilities;

i. Perform non-entry rescues, as specified by the confined space entry permit; summon rescue and other emergency services as soon as it is determined that authorized entrants may need assistance to escape from PRCS hazards;

j. Not, under any circumstance, monitor more than one occupied PRCS at any given time or perform any duty that might interfere with the primary duty to monitor and protect the authorized entrants.

5.9.2.3. Entry supervisors shall:

a. Know the hazards that may be encountered during the entry. Entrants must review the entry permit prior to entry;

b. Must be able to recognize the signs and symptoms of exposure to possible atmospheric hazards (See Appendix E);

c. Verify by checking that the appropriate entries have been made on the permit and that all tests specified by the permit have been conducted and that all procedures and equipment specified by the permit are in place before endorsing the permit and allowing entry to begin;

d. Terminate the entry and cancel the permit when the entry operations covered by the entry permit have been completed or whenever a condition that is not allowed under the entry permit arises in or near the PRCS;

e. Verify that rescue services are available and that the means for summoning them are operable.

f. Remove unauthorized individuals who enter or who attempt to enter the PRCS during entry procedures.

g. Determine (at intervals dictated by the hazards and operations performed within the PRCS and whenever responsibility for a PRCS entry operation is transferred) that entry operations are consistent with terms of the entry permit and that acceptable entry conditions are maintained.

5.9.2.4. Confined Space Competent Person (CSCP). The CSCP shall:

a. Maintain the project’s PRCS Program and update as necessary;

b. Ensure that all of the project’s PRCS are identified and labeled;

c. Enforce the preparation of confined space permits for entry at all PRCSs at the project;

d. Maintain all canceled PRCS permits (a minimum of two years).

5.9.2.5. Operations Project Manager (OPM). The OPM will assure that all personnel not required to enter PRCSs, receive Confined Space Awareness training, and that all required to make entries into PRCSs receive confined space entry training and other training necessary to safely enter the project’s confined spaces. The OPM will also ensure that annual PRCS rescue training is conducted.

5.10. Documentation of procedures for PRCS entry for coordinating with employees from outside organizations.

5.10.1. Outside Employees. It is the responsibility of the Operations Project Manager or Confined Space Competent Person to ensure that all entrants into PRCSs have PRCS training. A certificate of training is required for each prospective participant. Prior to entry, the employees shall be provided a briefing on the project’s PRCS Program.

5.10.2. If an outside contractor is required to work in a PRCS, it is the responsibility of the Contracting Officer (CO) and the Contracting Officer’s Representative (COR) with assistance from the OPM and the CSCP to:

a. Inform the contractor that the work involves entry into PRCS and that entry is allowed only through compliance with a PRCS program meeting the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.146 and EM 385-1-1. This should be included in the solicitation;

b. Inform the contractor of the elements, including the hazards identified in or near the space, and what makes the space a permit space;

c. Inform the contractor of any past experiences which USACE employees or other contractors may have had in the space;

d. Inform the contractor of any precautions or procedures that are in place for the protection of employees working in or near the space;

e. Coordinate entry operations with the contractor, when both USACE personnel and contractor personnel will be working in or near permit spaces;

f. Debrief the contractor at the conclusion of the PRCS entry regarding the PRCS program followed and any hazards that were encountered or created in the space during entry;

g. Assure the contractor submits for review its written PRCS program prior to commencement of work. This includes proof of PRCS, fall protection, first aid/CPR and any other safety training that may be applicable during PRCS entry.

5.11. Procedures for reviewing PRCS entries and documenting lessons learned.

5.11.1. Review of Entry Operations. Entry supervisors shall review entry operations when measures taken are not sufficient to protect employees. Examples of circumstances requiring review of entry operations include:

a. An unauthorized entry into a PRCS;

b. The detection of a hazard not covered by the permit (this should be noted on the permit);

c. The detection of a condition that is prohibited by the permit;

d. The occurrence of an injury or near-miss during entry;

e. A change in the use or configuration of a space;

f. An employee complains about the effectiveness of the program.

5.11.2. Annual Program Audit. The PRCS Program shall be reviewed annually by examining the canceled permits to ensure that any problems encountered during the entry that were noted on the entry permit were addressed and if necessary, entry procedures were revised accordingly.

5.12. Employee Training.

5.12.1. All project personnel to include entrants, attendants, entry supervisor, Confined Space Competent Person, and Operations Project Manager, shall receive initial permit-required confined space entry training as well as instructions on specific duties while in the space. The training must provide personnel with the necessary knowledge and skills needed to safely perform their PRCS duties. Training shall include the following:

a. Roles and responsibilities in conducting an entry;

b. Use, calibration and maintenance of monitoring, communications, and retrieval equipment;

c. The hazards of entry and the control of the hazards;

d. The training shall include a hands-on practical exercise with all the equipment, a rescue exercise, and completing the CS permit;

e. Fall Protection Training when there are fall hazards;

f. Respiratory Protection Training when there are respiratory hazards;

g. Control of Hazardous Energy (Lockout/Tagout) Training.

5.12.2. Tool Box Safety Meeting. Prior to each entry into a CS, the entrant, attendants, entry supervisor, CSCP, and any workers in close proximity shall review the entry procedures, the use of air monitoring, personal protective, and retrieval equipment. If emergency responders are from outside sources, they shall be invited to the tool box safety meeting. If it has been a year since the last rescue exercise, a rescue exercise shall be a part of the tool box safety meeting.

5.12.3. Refresher PRCS training shall be given:

a. When the employee’s duties change;

b. When space hazards change;

c. When inadequacies in entry operations have been identified;

d. Annually for rescue training.

5.12.4. Hands on training in the proper use and care of tools and equipment includes:

a. Appropriate PPE.

b. Air monitoring equipment;

c. Ventilating equipment;

d. Fire protection equipment;

e. Intrinsically safe electrical equipment;

f. Retrieval and non-entry rescue equipment.

5.12.5. Training shall be documented on certificates by listing the names of the employees, the trainer, and the date of training, and the type of the training. Copies of the training certificates shall be kept on file and shall be available for inspection.

5.13. Rescue and Emergency Services. PRCS entry will not take place without completion of the annual rescue training if in-house rescue is planned or without the local fire department or rescue service being on standby. Emergency rescue training shall be conducted a minimum of once per year, quarterly training is preferable. When feasible, non-entry rescues shall be conducted utilizing retrieval systems that are set up and in place prior to entry. When rescue is provided by the local fire/rescue, the local fire rescue will be notified and placed on standby. If the local fire/rescue has to respond to another emergency during PRCS entry, the PRCS entry shall be immediately terminated and shall not resume until the local fire/rescue is on standby. The local fire/rescue shall be invited to the site to assess rescue requirements for the intake tower and discharge conduit. This shall be done annually.

APPENDIX A

PERMIT-REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE DECISION FLOW CHART

PERMIT-REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE DECISION FLOW CHART

YES

NO

STOP

YES

NO

YES

YES

NO NO

YES

NO YES

STOP

NO

YES

YES

STOP

NO

STOP

NO

NO

YES

NO

YES

CONTINUE

Does the workplace contain PRCS as defined by 1910.146(b)? Consult other applicable OSHA standards

Inform employees as required by 1910.146(c)(2).

Will the permit space be entered?

Prevent employee entry as required by 1910.146(c)(3). Do task from outside of space.

Will contractors enter?

Task will be done by contractors’ employees. Inform contactor as required by 1910.146(c)(8)(i), (ii) and (iii). Contractor obtains information required by

1910.146(c)(9)(i), (ii), from host.

Both contractor and host employees will enter the space.

Coordinate entry operations as required by 1910.146(c)(8)(iv) and (d)(11). Prevent unauthorized entry.

Will host employees enter to perform entry tasks?

Does space have known or potential hazards?

Can the hazards be eliminated?

Prevent unauthorized entry

Can the space be maintained in a condition safe to enter by continuous forced air ventilation only?

Prepare for entry via permit procedures.

Not a PRCS. 1910.146 does not apply.

Consult other OSHA standards.

Employer may choose to reclassify space to non-permit required confined space using 1910.146(c)(7).

Space may be entered under 1910.146(c)(5).

Permit not valid until conditions meet permit specifications.

Verify acceptable entry conditions. (Test results recorded, space isolated if needed, rescuers/means to summon available, entrants properly equipped, etc.)

Per…