7b_AFMAN32-1065 - Grounding.pdf

BY ORDER OF THE

SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE

AIR FORCE MANUAL 32-1065

17 JULY 2020

CIVIL ENGINEERING

GROUNDING & ELECTRICAL

SYSTEMS

COMPLIANCE WITH THIS PUBLICATION IS MANDATORY

ACCESSIBILITY: Publications and forms are available for downloading or ordering on the e-Publishing website at www.e-Publishing.af.mi.

RELEASABILITY: There are no releasability restrictions on this publication.

OPR: AF/A4CF

Supersedes: AFI 32-1064, 29 December

2016; AFI 32-1065, 14 June 2017; AFMAN

32-1083, 30 Nov 1995

Certified by: SAF/IE

(Mr. John W. Henderson)

Pages: 103

This Air Force Manual (AFMAN) implements Air Force Policy Directive (AFPD) 32-10, Installations and Facilities. It assigns responsibilities and requirements for electrical grounding systems, including systems for equipment grounding, lightning protection, and static protection.

This AFMAN also implements the maintenance requirements of Department of Defense DoDM

6055.09, Volume 2, Ammunition Explosives Safety Standards, Enclosure 4, “Lightning

Protection,”, for potentially hazardous explosives facilities. This AFMAN applies to Regular Air

Force (RegAF), Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC) and Air National Guard (ANG) military and civilian personnel performing work or inspections in accordance with this AFMAN. This publication may be supplemented at any level, but all supplements must be routed to the Office of Primary Responsibility (OPR) listed above for coordination prior to certification and approval.

Refer recommended changes and questions about this publication to the OPR listed above using the Air Force Form 847, Recommendation for Change of Publication; route AF Forms 847 from the field through the appropriate chain of command. The authorities to waive wing/unit level requirements in this publication are identified with a Tier (“T-0, T-1, T-2, T-3”) number following the compliance statement. See Air Force Instruction (AFI) 33-360, Publications and

Forms Management, Table 1.1 for a description of the authorities associated with the Tier numbers. Submit requests for waivers through the chain of command to the appropriate Tier waiver approval authority, or alternately, to the Publication OPR for non-tiered compliance items. Ensure all records created as a result of processes prescribed in this publication are maintained in accordance with Air Force Manual (AFMAN) 33-363, Management of Records, and disposed of in accordance with the Air Force Records Disposition Schedule located in the

Air Force Records Information Management System. The use of the name or mark of any http://www.e-publishing.af.mi/

2 AFMAN32-1065 17 JULY 2020

specific manufacturer, commercial product, commodity, or service in this publication does not imply endorsement by the Air Force.

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

This AFMAN has been substantially revised and must be completely reviewed. Major changes include the addition of electrical safe practices, updated office symbols, updated glossary, and updated references.

Chapter 1—Roles and Responsibilities 7

Section 1A—Maintenance 7

1.1. The Assistant Secretary of the Air Force Installations, Environment, and Energy

(SAF/IE) shall:

1.2. The Headquarters, United States Air Force, Deputy Chief of Staff for Logistics, Engineering and Force protection, Directorate of Civil Engineers (AF/A4C) shall:

1.3. The Air Force Installation and Mission Support Center (AFIMSC) shall:

1.4. The Air Force Civil Engineer Center (AFCEC) shall:

1.5. The Base Civil Engineer (BCE) shall:

Chapter 2—Recordkeeping and Review for Explosives Facilities. 9

2.1. Inspectors and testers

2.2. The Base Civil Engineer (BCE)

2.3. Inspectors and testers

2.4. Mandatory Review and Update of Record Drawings for Nuclear-Capable

Weapons and Munitions Storage and Maintenance Facilities

2.5. Active and ongoing projects

2.6. Contract for a lightning protection system project

Chapter 3—FORMS 11

3.1. Forms for inspectors and testers

Chapter 4—PERSONNEL QUALIFICATIONS. 12

4.1. General Qualifications

4.2. Advanced Qualifications

4.3. Project Acceptance Qualifications

AFMAN32-1065 17 JULY 2020 3

4.4. IG and Nuclear Surety

Chapter 5—DEVELOPING PROCEDURES 14

5.1. Standard and procedures

Chapter 6—TESTING REQUIREMENTS 15

Section 6A—Grounding Resistance and Continuity Tests and Visual Inspections 15

6.1. Testing Requirements

Chapter 7—VISUAL INSPECTIONS OF LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEMS 16

7.1. Inspections

Chapter 8—VISUAL INSPECTION OF FACILITY GROUNDS 17

Section 8A—Grounding and Lightning Protection Requirements 17

8.1. Visual Inspection

Chapter 9—INTRODUCTION 18

Section 9A—Grounding and Lightning Protection Requirements 18

9.1. Grounding and lightning protection requirements

Chapter 10—TESTING AND INSPECTING STATIC AND LIGHTNING PROTECTION

SYSTEMS AND GROUNDING 19

10.1. Procedures

10.2. Inspection and Testing

10.3. Records

Figure 10.1. Example Sketch of Test Points (Typical)

Chapter 11—Static Protection 21

11.1. Static Protection for Electronics and Electrical Equipment

11.2. Static Bus Bars

Figure 11.1. Grounding Static Bus Bar on Interior Wall

11.3. Belting Requirements

11.4. Conductive Floor Grounds

Chapter 12—LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEMS 25

12.1. Lighting protection requirements

12.2. General

4 AFMAN32-1065 17 JULY 2020

12.3. Bonding Requirements

12.4. Resistance to Ground

12.5. Lightning Protection for Explosives Facilities

12.6. Explosives Facility with Large Perimeter

Figure 12.1. ECM With Center Conductor and Air Terminals

Figure 12.2. ECM Without Center Conductor and Air Terminals

12.7. Sunshades

12.8. Protective Aircraft Shelters (PAS) (also known as Hardened Aircraft Shelter

(HAS)

12.9. Lightning Protection for Above Ground Launch Structure

Chapter 13—SURGE PROTECTION 30

13.1. Surge protection

13.2. WSAs, MSAs, and Communications Facilities:

13.3. Igloos or ECMs:

13.4. Maintenance Facilities:

13.5. Communications Facilities:

13.6. General Requirements:

13.7. User Requirements:

Chapter 14—APPLICATION AND SCOPE 33

Section 14A—Electrical Safe Practices 33

14.1. Application and Scope

Chapter 15—SUPERVISOR RESPONSIBILITIES 34

15.1. Personal Safety

15.2. Planning and Worker Awareness

15.3. Training Assistance

15.4. Safety Meetings

15.5. Specific Job-Related Safety Training

15.6. Assigning Tasks

15.7. Job Site Inspection

AFMAN32-1065 17 JULY 2020 5

15.8. Mishap Reports

15.9. Standards and Codes

15.10. Protective Equipment

15.11. Scheduling Routine Maintenance

15.12. First Aid Training

15.13. Rescue Training

15.14. Noise Hazards

15.15. System Maintenance

15.16. Technical Data

15.17. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Systems

15.18. Safe Clearance

15.19. Work on Energized Equipment

15.20. Routine Maintenance Outages

Chapter 16—POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCB) 39

16.1. Purpose and Limitations

16.2. Personal Contact Precautions

16.3. Cleaning Spills

16.4. Controlling Equipment Containing PCB

Chapter 17—SAFE CLEARANCE REQUIREMENT 40

17.1. Safe Clearance Requirement

17.2. Switching and Blocking Procedures

17.3. Tagging Procedures

17.4. Underground Distribution Systems

17.5. Grounding Lines and Equipment

Chapter 18—ENERGIZED CIRCUITS 42

18.1. Energized Circuits

18.2. Electrical Hand Holes

18.3. Low Voltage Electrical Panels

18.4. Electrical Manholes Containing Low-Voltage Circuits

6 AFMAN32-1065 17 JULY 2020

18.5. Electrical Work Not In Manholes or Hand holes

18.6. Electrical Work in Manholes Containing Distribution Voltage

18.7. Electrical Manholes Containing Transmission-Voltage Circuits

Attachment 1—GLOSSARY OF REFERENCES AND SUPPORTING INFORMATION 46

Attachment 2—SCHEDULED MAINTENANCE FOR GROUNDING SYSTEMS. 54

Attachment 3—BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR GROUNDING SYSTEMS 67

Attachment 4—BASIC BONDING REQUIREMENTS 74

Attachment 5—LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEMS 84

Attachment 6—MAINTENANCE SELF-CHECK FOR EXPLOSIVES FACILITIES 87

Attachment 7—TESTING REQUIREMENTS 88

Attachment 8—REQUIREMENTS FOR WEAR OF MILITARY UNIFORMS WITH ARC

THERMAL PERFORMANCE VALUE (ATPV) RATED PERSONAL

PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE) 101

AFMAN32-1065 17 JULY 2020 7

Chapter 1

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

Section 1A—Maintenance

1.1. The Assistant Secretary of the Air Force Installations, Environment, and Energy

(SAF/IE) shall:

1.1.1. Be responsible for all doctrine, strategy, policy, guidance, and resource advocacy related to the Air Force electrical systems and grounding program.

1.2. The Headquarters, United States Air Force, Deputy Chief of Staff for Logistics, Engineering and Force protection, Directorate of Civil Engineers (AF/A4C) shall:

1.2.1. Be responsible for Air Force Civil Engineering policy, strategy, doctrine, oversight, directive guidance, and resource advocacy.

1.2.2. Be responsible for non-directive guidance related to the Air Force electrical systems and grounding program.

1.2.3. Be responsible and responsible for the career field management of all Air Force

Electrical Systems personnel and advocate to ensure the Air Force has adequate combat electrical systems capability.

1.3. The Air Force Installation and Mission Support Center (AFIMSC) shall:

1.3.1. Support the development of Air Force policy, strategy, doctrine, directive guidance, and oversight related to the Air Force electrical systems and grounding program.

1.3.2. Be responsible for the development of non-directive publications and resource advocacy related to the Air Force electrical systems and grounding program.

1.4. The Air Force Civil Engineer Center (AFCEC) shall:

1.4.1. Support the development of Air Force policy, strategy, doctrine, directive guidance, oversight, and resource advocacy related to the Air Force electrical systems and grounding program.

1.4.2. Provide the Air Force electrical systems and grounding program subject matter expert(s) (SME) to act as the Air Force senior consultant(s).

1.4.3. Execute the Air Force electrical systems and grounding program by setting standards, developing procedures, and providing technical assistance to implement Air Force policy and programs. This includes criteria for design, maintenance, repair, and management of grounding and bonding systems in accordance with mandatory requirements of Unified

Facilities Criteria (UFC) 3-520-01, Interior Electrical Systems; UFC 3-550-01, Exterior

Electrical Power Distribution; UFC 3-575-01, Lightning and Static Electricity Protection

Systems; and UFC 3-580-01, Telecommunications Interior Infrastructure Planning and

Design.

1.4.4. Be responsible to develop, maintain, and approve non-directive guidance to implement the Air Force electrical systems and grounding program.

8 AFMAN32-1065 17 JULY 2020

1.4.5. Consult with SAF/IE and AF/A4C on all non-directive guidance and execution of the

Air Force electrical systems and grounding program.

1.4.6. Assist Major Command and installation electrical systems and grounding personnel to implement an effective electrical systems and grounding program. Provide technical support for Direct Reporting Units (DRU) and small units in accordance with this AFMAN.

1.4.7. Coordinate with other service agencies on military electrical systems and grounding program.

1.4.8. Review emerging and evolving technologies and evaluates for applicability to the Air

Force.

1.4.9. Evaluate grounding and bonding training conducted internally to the Air Force, conducted by the Defense Ammunition Center (DAC), and conducted by the private sector.

1.4.10. Assist DRUs and Air Force installations with inspecting grounding and bonding systems and with troubleshooting electrical issues suspected to stem from grounding and bonding issues and discrepancies.

1.4.11. Assists Air Force Safety Center (AFSEC) and Inspector General (IG) personnel with determining the equivalency of grounding and bonding protection systems.

1.5. The Base Civil Engineer (BCE) shall:

1.5.1. Provide oversight and support in accordance with DoD, federal, state, and legally applicable host nation laws. (T-0).

1.5.2. Provide facilities, equipment, and material to support the local electrical systems and grounding program. (T-0).

1.5.3. Maintain lightning and grounding systems specifically identified in Table A2.1 according to the procedures within, or procedures referenced by, this AFMAN. Wavier tiers per grounding system provided within table.

1.5.4. Ensure that user organizations identified in Table A2.1 are aware of their maintenance responsibilities. (T-2).

1.5.5. Train users to perform their responsibilities to inspect and maintain lightning and grounding systems as identified in Table A2.1 when requested. On installations with privately owned electrical utility systems, consult with the owner. (T-2).

1.5.6. Review the lightning protection system record drawings on each facility at least annually or after repair actions (including facility repairs and construction additions by contractors) have been completed.

1.5.7. Ensure that, for all functions of the civil engineer squadron that are contracted (e.g., base operations support (BOS) and contractors supporting contractor-maintained government-owned facilities and installations), the responsibilities listed within this AFMAN are included in the contract, as applicable.

1.5.8. Ensure compliance with applicable codes and specifications in Attachment 1 unless modified in this AFMAN, or deviations are justified due to local conditions. (T-1).

AFMAN32-1065 17 JULY 2020 9

Chapter 2

RECORDKEEPING AND REVIEW FOR EXPLOSIVES FACILITIES.

2.1. Inspectors and testers. Inspectors and testers must compile and maintain records of their inspections and tests. (T-1). Records should include the following (sample records are provided in Attachment 6, Figures A7.6, A7.7, A7.8, and A7.9):

2.1.1. A sketch of the grounding and lightning protection system is provided showing test points and where services enter the facility. The sketch should also show the location of the probes during the ground resistance test. Separate sketches are suggested for static, earth ground, and lightning protection systems on large complex facilities. See Figure A7.8 and

Figure A7.9 for examples of sketches or drawings that contain required information.

2.1.2. Date action was performed.

2.1.3. Inspector's or tester's names, duty location or agency and contact information.

2.1.4. General condition of air terminals, conductors, and other components.

2.1.5. General condition of corrosion protection measures.

2.1.6. Security of attachment for conductors and components.

2.1.7. Resistance measurements of the various parts of the ground terminal system.

2.1.8. Variations from the requirements of this AFMAN.

2.1.9. Discrepancies noted and corrective actions taken.

2.1.10. Dates of repairs.

2.2. The Base Civil Engineer (BCE). The BCE will review records for deficiencies; also analyze the data for undesirable trends. If test values differ substantially from previous or original tests obtained under the same test procedure and conditions determine the reason and make necessary repairs. (T-1).

2.3. Inspectors and testers. Inspectors and testers will keep test and inspection records in accordance with DoDM 6055.09 Volume 2 DoD Ammunition And Explosives Safety Standards:

Explosives Safety Construction Criteria. (T-1).

2.4. Mandatory Review and Update of Record Drawings for Nuclear-Capable Weapons and Munitions Storage and Maintenance Facilities. Reproducible lightning protection system

(LPS) drawings are required to be included in record drawings and available for immediate use by AFSEC in initial and updated explosives site plans. The BCE will ensure the record drawings contain:

2.4.1. Dimensions and material sizes for all LPS materials from top view and applicable elevations. (T-2).

2.4.2. Identification of test points. (T-2).

2.4.3. A 100-foot (30.5-meter) radius rolling sphere superimposed on elevations. (See

Figure A7.10 for a sample drawing.) (T-2).

10 AFMAN32-1065 17 JULY 2020

2.5. Active and ongoing projects. No ongoing or currently active project (awarded or under design) on nuclear, nuclear-capable, weapons storage area (WSA) or munitions storage areas

(MSA) shall be accepted until drawings are delivered to and approved by the BCE. BCE may designates a representative, they need to do so in writing. Drawings must meet American

National Standards Institute (ANSI), Architectural Graphic Standards (AGS), and Architectural

Engineering and Construction (AEC) standards for content, abbreviations, reproducibility, and graphics. A signature by the BCE or their designated representative is required as proof of receipt and approval of as-built drawings. (T-2).

2.6. Contract for a lightning protection system project. The contract for a lightning protection system project, or for any project on a facility containing a lightning protection system, shall require an LPS inspection by other than the designer and installer, prior to acceptance of the project. This may be accomplished by compliance with UFC 3-575-01, third-party inspection requirements, or by advanced government training, as outlined in paragraph

6.2 of this AFMAN. Projects calling for a facility addition, with or without addition to the existing LPS, shall consider the configuration of the overall facility LPS in the design. Projects of this type shall ensure the final LPS as a whole is compliant with this AFMAN and National

Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 780, in that priority order. (T-2) Chapter 12 applies for facilities housing explosives, whether permanent or temporary. See AFMAN 91-201, Explosive

Safety Standards, for testing requirements. (T-0).

AFMAN32-1065 17 JULY 2020 11

Chapter 3

FORMS

3.1. Forms for inspectors and testers. Inspectors and testers will provide copies of completed forms to the facility user. For munitions facilities maintained by host nation civil engineers, the using agency must receive a copy of the completed forms. (T-1).

3.1.1. Sample questions and Visual Inspection Forms, for inspection and test records are provided in Attachment 6, Figures A7.6, and A7.7

3.1.2. Either the sample forms or the Air Force General Purpose Form (3100 series) may be used to record test results for other-than-explosives facilities.

12 AFMAN32-1065 17 JULY 2020

Chapter 4

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATIONS.

4.1. General Qualifications. Workers maintaining, repairing, modifying, and testing grounding systems must be thoroughly familiar with test equipment operation, lightning protection, grounding, bonding theory, practices, referenced codes, standards, specific requirements, and procedures in this AFMAN. DAC course number 4E-F37 645-F21 (formerly referred to as

AMMO-47), AMMO-48, or an official on-the-job (OJT) program. If OJT is selected, the trainee must be instructed and mentored by a worker who has completed AMMO-47 or AMMO-48 within the last three years, and training milestones comparable to those in formal training must be tracked and documented by the electrical superintendent. Minimum OJT program is 6 months.

Workers will renew maintenance training every three years, +/- one month. One person with completion of AMMO-47 or AMMO-48 within the past three years must be part of the electrical shop at all times. (T-2). Attachments 2 through 6 provide information suitable for use in training and familiarization. Exception: ANG will determine training requirements for their technicians that follows this guidance as closely as reasonably possible.

4.2. Advanced Qualifications. In addition to general qualifications, government personnel may meet the third party inspector requirements of this AFMAN with additional training.

Government personnel responsible for inspection and acceptance of contracts, including simplified acquisition of base engineering requirements (SABER) contracts, on facilities with

LPS installation have the following requirements: For official (designated in writing by the BCE)

CE inspectors, advanced qualifications shall be renewed every three years. AFRC units and

ANG may comply with UFC 3-575-01, in lieu of these advanced qualifications for a third-party inspector. (T-1).

4.2.1. Attendance and completion of the Senior Inspector AMMO-50 course, or equivalent, with completion certificate. AFCEC/CO must approve the equivalent course, based on content, prior to participation. An equivalent course would be one in which all topics in

AMMO-50 are covered, all codes and references in AMMO-50 are addressed, a class field inspection is conducted for the purpose of identifying real-world common discrepancies, and certification must be conditional upon passing a graded, comprehensive examination, which includes an LPS design, essay questions, and code Air Force criteria (with focus on this

AFMAN) based questions. A certificate of completion and competency within three years prior to the inspection is required.

4.2.2. Air Force Specialty Code (AFSC) 3E0X1, 7-level, with training commensurate with that level of expertise and experience or, for civilians, training and experience equivalent to this AFSC.

4.2.3. Proficiency using test equipment required to obtain test readings for inspections referenced in this AFMAN.

4.3. Project Acceptance Qualifications. Air Force-approved inspectors, with authority to recommend acceptance of LPSs that protect explosives facilities and communications facilities, are limited to:

4.3.1. Nationally recognized inspection agencies who have a minimum 10 years of experience in inspection of LPS for explosives facilities on DoD or Department of Energy

AFMAN32-1065 17 JULY 2020 13

(DoE) installations and have exhibited accuracy in identifying discrepancies, evidenced by no modifications having been required for the system during the warranty period (see UFC 3-

575-01). Discrepancies must not be listed on any database with public access. (T-1).

4.3.2. Air Force personnel with a minimum six years of experience in LPS maintenance and have taken an advanced lightning protection systems senior inspector course approved by the

Air Force. (T-2).

4.3.3. Air Force-contracted maintenance personnel (BOS or other contracted maintenance to government-owned facilities) shall meet the experience levels of paragraph 4.3.2 (T-2).

4.4. IG and Nuclear Surety. Qualifications required for Nuclear Surety Inspections (NSI), Nuclear Surety Staff Assistance Visits (NSSAV), and Initial Nuclear Surety Inspection (INSI) of nuclear facilities:

4.4.1. Military technicians must:

4.4.1.1. Attend and complete the initial Air Force Inspection Agency inspector’s course.

(T-1).

4.4.1.2. Attend and complete the AMMO-47, AMMO-48, or equivalent experience, with completion certificate or supervisor memorandum of qualification stating what equivalent course was taken on file. (T-1).

4.4.1.3. Attend and complete an advanced commercial lightning protection course per paragraph 4.2 (T-1).

4.4.1.4. AFSC 3E0X1, 7-level, with training and experience commensurate to that intended level of expertise. (T-1).

4.4.1.5. Proficiency using test equipment required to obtain test readings for inspections referenced in this AFMAN, validated in writing by a supervisor. (T-1).

4.4.2. Civilian must:

4.4.2.1. Attend and complete AMMO-47, AMMO-48, or equivalent experience, with completion certificate or supervisor memorandum of qualification on file. (T-1).

4.4.2.2. Attend and complete an advanced commercial lightning protection course per paragraph 4.2.2 (T-1).

4.4.2.3. Have 10 years of experience in maintenance and inspection of LPS in a field equivalent to AFSC 3E0X1, 7-level. (T-1).

4.4.2.4. Proficiency using test equipment required to obtain test readings for inspections referenced in this AFMAN, validated in writing by a supervisor. (T-1).

14 AFMAN32-1065 17 JULY 2020

Chapter 5

DEVELOPING PROCEDURES

5.1. Standard and procedures. The organization performing inspections and tests must develop standard procedures based on the requirements in this AFMAN. To avoid potential security issues, inspection information providing the facility name, facility number, street address, may include base on which the facility is located must not be posted to any site available for public access. (T-0).

AFMAN32-1065 17 JULY 2020 15

Chapter 6

TESTING REQUIREMENTS

Section 6A—Grounding Resistance and Continuity Tests and Visual Inspections

6.1. Testing Requirements. See Attachment 7 for resistance and continuity test requirements for typical systems. (T-1). Instruments must be able to measure 10 ohms +10 percent for ground resistance tests and 1 ohm +10 percent for continuity testing.

6.1.1. Only instruments designed specifically for earth-ground systems are acceptable for ground resistance testing.

6.1.2. Follow the manufacturer’s instruction manual except as modified herein when using the instruments.

6.1.3. Earth-ground resistance should be less than 25 ohms at the service grounding electrode unless otherwise specified in this AFMAN. Note. The National Electrical Code

(Articles 250.52 and 250.53) does not require 25 ohms to ground for a ground ring

(counterpoise); therefore, ground rings are not required to be tested for resistance. Resistance test requirements are for the grounding electrodes bonded to the ground ring. Continuity testing is required for the ground ring (counterpoise).

6.1.4. Periodic tests should be made at approximately the same time each year to minimize distortions to readings resulting from seasonal changes see Attachment 2. (T-1).

6.1.5. If the resistance measured during continuity tests is greater than 1 ohm, check for deficiencies, repair, and then retest. NOTE: When performing a continuity test over very long lengths of conductors (more than 65 feet (20 meters) with no parallel paths), readings above 1 ohm but less than 3 ohms may occur. This can be due to the added resistance of the test wire and is acceptable. Documentation of the procedures is required and kept on file. The base electrical engineer may modify the test procedures to compensate for local conditions as long as the intent of the test is still met.

16 AFMAN32-1065 17 JULY 2020

Chapter 7

VISUAL INSPECTIONS OF LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEMS

7.1. Inspections. Inspector will annually inspect all visible parts of the system. (T-1). Pulling or tugging on conductors and connections to ensure soundness is a necessary part of these inspections, be careful not to damage the system in the process. Visual or physical inspection must determine if:

7.1.1. The system is in good repair.

7.1.2. Loose connections might be causing high-resistance joints.

7.1.3. Corrosion or vibration has weakened any part of the system.

7.1.4. Down conductors, roof conductors, ground terminals and all other components are intact, air terminals exceeding 24 inches in length are supported at a point not less than one-half their length, and no components or fasteners are missing.

7.1.5. Braided bonding wires or straps are excessively frayed (cross-sectional area reduced by half).

7.1.6. Ground wires and down conductors, air terminals (for earth-covered magazines

(ECM), masts, or poles that might have been damaged by mowers, equipment, or vehicles.

7.1.7. Conductors and system components are securely fastened to mounting surfaces.

Position connections to better protect against accidental displacement. Do not use Adhesive-type fasteners.

7.1.8. Project additions or alterations to the protected structure require additional protection.

See UFC 3-575-01.

7.1.9. Surge protective devices (SPDs) supporting facilities and facility service appear damaged or indicator lamps signal an operation has occurred. Note: Inspection, repair, and replacement of SPDs protecting equipment are the responsibility of the equipment owner or user.

7.1.10. The system complies with the intent of applicable sections of the most recent version of NFPA 780, unless otherwise noted in this AFMAN. (T-1).

AFMAN32-1065 17 JULY 2020 17

Chapter 8

VISUAL INSPECTION OF FACILITY GROUNDS

Section 8A—Grounding and Lightning Protection Requirements

8.1. Visual Inspection. Unless otherwise specified by references in Table A2.1, conduct visual inspections as follows. Inspect all visible and accessible parts of the facility grounding system.

Validate satisfactory condition and verify the installation meets the National Electric Code

(NEC) requirements (T-1). Typical items to check include:

8.1.1. The system is in good repair.

8.1.2. No loose connections are visible.

8.1.3. The system neutral is grounded at the service entrance. This may be achieved either by bonding the neutral bus to the ground bus in the main distribution panel or by connection to the grounding electrode (single point ground) for the facility.

8.1.4. Separately derived systems are properly grounded.

8.1.5. Flashover protection (bonding) is installed on insulating fittings on underground metallic pipelines entering the facility.

8.1.6. Grounding systems and static systems within the facility are bonded together at floor level or at or below ground level outside the building.

18 AFMAN32-1065 17 JULY 2020

Chapter 9

INTRODUCTION

Section 9A—Grounding and Lightning Protection Requirements

9.1. Grounding and lightning protection requirements. This section covers requirements for grounding and lightning protection systems, including systems installed on or in areas such as explosives buildings, magazines, operating locations, and aircraft shelters. Use these requirements when inspecting to determine compliance and when repairing or modifying systems. See AFMAN 91-201.

AFMAN32-1065 17 JULY 2020 19

Chapter 10

TESTING AND INSPECTING STATIC AND LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEMS

AND GROUNDING

10.1. Procedures. Use Attachment 4 and Attachment 5 as a guide for establishing proper maintenance procedures and as a self-check prior to inspections. (T-1).

10.2. Inspection and Testing. Visually inspect and test the static, grounding, and lightning protection systems for buildings and facilities in accordance with Section A, Maintenance

Policy, and Section B, Grounding Resistance and Continuity Tests and Visual Inspections, and the special requirements in this section. (T-1).

10.3. Records. Inspectors and testers will keep test and inspection records in accordance with

DoDM 6055.09, for a minimum of six inspection cycles. (T-1). Figure 10.1 is an example sketch of a grounding and lightning protection system with test points.

20 AFMAN32-1065 17 JULY 2020

Figure 10.1. Example Sketch of Test Points (Typical).

AFMAN32-1065 17 JULY 2020 21

Chapter 11

STATIC PROTECTION

11.1. Static Protection for Electronics and Electrical Equipment. The best methods to eliminate or reduce the hazard from static electricity are bonding and grounding. Bonding minimizes potential differences between conductive objects. Grounding minimizes potential differences between objects and the ground. Inspectors will inspect and test facilities for compliance with NFPA 77, Static Electricity, which contains the minimum acceptable static grounding and bonding requirements for Air Force activities, except as modified in this

AFMAN. (T-0). See Attachment 3. (T-1).

11.1.1. Bonding conductors shall be large enough to withstand mechanical damage.

Minimum size for existing bonding conductors is American wire gauge (AWG) No. 8. If bonding conductors are in areas of high use or are subject to physical damage, make repairs with wires no smaller than AWG No. 6 copper. Static grounds for portable or movable equipment must be of braided cable for added flexibility. (T-0).

11.1.2. Static grounds shall be 10,000 ohms to ground or less, unless otherwise stated. (T-0).

Static electricity creates extremely small (on the magnitude of milliamps) currents, so even this large resistance is small enough to bleed off static charges. But because the static grounding system must be connected to the facility grounding system, resistances of less than

25 ohms are common.

11.2. Static Bus Bars. Static bus bars are usually 2-inch by 0.25-inch copper bars installed on the interior wall of the facility. The length will vary for new facilities but design the bar itself to be no closer than 12 inches from the intersection of an interior wall with an exterior wall for side-flash reasons. See Figure 11.1 for bus bar end and for transition at floor level, around windows, and doorways (requires depression for ground wire).

11.2.1. Design the down conductor location so that it does not “cross” an interior static bus bar. For existing facilities at which this condition exists, perform side-flash calculations to ensure that the wall thickness exceeds the side flash distance. Typically, the side flash distance through the wall, using the basic bonding formula (BBF), exceeds the calculated side-flash distance at the normal static bus bar height up to 48 inches (1.2 meters).

11.2.2. If installed within side flash distance, relocate either the down conductor or discontinue the static bus bar 1 foot (0.3 meter) either side of the exterior down conductor location and bond the two sections of the static bus bar at floor level, using a 1/0 copper conductor. Note: For structures exceeding 250 feet (76 meters) in perimeter, if relocating the down conductor results in a separation distance of greater than 100 feet (30.5 meters) between down conductors, an additional down conductor may be necessary.

11.2.3. The grounding conductor from the static bus bar shall be connected directly to the facility grounding electrode system. See Attachment 6 for testing requirements. Use static bus bars only for static grounding.

11.2.4. Communications systems, electrical conduit, intrusion detection systems, and other permanently installed systems shall not use the static bus bar as a system ground. As a general rule, do not connect a static bus to any facility metal body or use this bus to ground

22 AFMAN32-1065 17 JULY 2020

structural components of a facility; however, coincidental connections of the bus bar through its anchoring, mounting system are acceptable, as is the mounting of the static bars on the skin of a metal structure.

11.2.5. Portable grounding straps from equipment to the static grounding bus are not real property; therefore, visual inspections and continuity tests for these straps are the responsibility of the user. (T-0).

AFMAN32-1065 17 JULY 2020 23

Figure 11.1. Grounding Static Bus Bar on Interior Wall.

11.3. Belting Requirements. On equipment such as belt-driven compressors and conveyor belts, if static electricity is a hazard, use non-static-producing belting. Belting must have a

24 AFMAN32-1065 17 JULY 2020

resistance not exceeding 1,000,000 ohms when measured according to Institute of Electrical and

Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Standard 142, IEEE Recommended Practice for Grounding for

Industrial and Commercial Power Systems (Green Book), reference Chapter 3. (T-0).

11.4. Conductive Floor Grounds. If the electronic equipment within a facility requires a resistance of the floor-to-ground of less than 1,000,000 ohms, a conductive floor is required.

This resistance value is the sum of the resistance of the floor plus a person, added together.

Static dissipative footwear which is a type of personal protective equipment (PPE) will ensure protection for personnel from electric shock hazard and will allow bleed-off of static buildup in personnel and equipment. Testing requirements are in Attachment 7. (T-1). Using agency must keep a record of test results. (T-1).

AFMAN32-1065 17 JULY 2020 25

Chapter 12

LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEMS

12.1. Lighting protection requirements. The following requirements will be used as a guide for facilities that require or possess lightning protection. (T-1).

12.2. General. Lighting Protection Systems must comply with NFPA 780 and UFC 3-575-01, whichever is more restrictive (except as modified herein). See Attachment 4. (T-0). Early streamer emission systems, charge dissipation systems, or other unconventional systems are not permitted. Parts and materials must carry the Underwriters Laboratories® (UL) label or equivalent, and must be listed for use on lightning protection systems. (T-0). Components not carrying a UL label or equivalent, or components carrying a UL label or equivalent and not listed for use on lightning protection systems, must be approved by the BCE or designated representative. (T-2). Facilities in foreign countries may use host nation codes and standards if they offer equivalent protection, as determined by the BCE, with concurrence from

AFCEC/COSM and, for facilities housing explosives, approval of the DoD Explosive Safety

Board (DDESB). (T-0). Otherwise, the status of forces agreement (SOFA) must specifically permit the use of host nation codes. Where the SOFA requires compliance with host nation codes, translate those required codes into English, make them available to all appropriate personnel, and conduct necessary training. Maintain all installed systems in accordance with this

AFMAN. If an existing lightning protection system is no longer required, coordinate with the facility manager to remove the LPS. Test records of the LPS must remain with the facility for six inspection cyclesinspections are required every 24 months. therefore, six inspection cycles are

24 months times 6 inspection cycles divided by 12 months per year or 12 years. (T-1).

12.3. Bonding Requirements. Adequate bonding is more important than grounding. Bonding ensures all metallic objects are at equal potentials to protect personnel against dangerous arcs or flashovers. Inspectors will inspect and test facilities for compliance with NFPA 780 and

Attachment 3 (T-0).

12.4. Resistance to Ground. Low resistance is desirable but not essential for lightning protection. For most facilities and per NEC Article 250.53, Grounding and Bonding, (resistance to ground should be less than 25 ohms at the service grounding electrode. If 25 ohms cannot be achieved with the addition of a grounding electrode, a supplemental electrode may be necessary, depending upon the magnitude of resistance obtained and the contents of a facility being protected. The resistance to ground of a ground loop conductor is acceptable even if greater than

25 ohms. See Attachment 2. (T-1).

12.5. Lightning Protection for Explosives Facilities. AFMAN 91-201 identifies explosives facilities that require lightning protection systems. Use the basic practices in that AFMAN, with the following additions:

12.5.1. The system shall be designed for a 100-foot (30.5-meter) striking distance. (T-0).

Note: an administrative, educational, or other non-explosives-type facility located within a weapons or munitions storage area may be designed for a 150-foot (45.7-meter) striking distance.

12.5.2. Installation of test wells or hand holes at corner grounding electrodes for existing connections to grounding electrodes is recommended to aid with access for testing unless

26 AFMAN32-1065 17 JULY 2020

conductors are exothermically welded to the grounding electrode and the exothermic weld is shown on record drawings.

12.5.3. Replace existing bolted connectors on down conductors and roof conductors, when in need of repair, with high compression or exothermic-weld type connectors. Connections to air terminals are an exception, but they must be tight and in good repair. Bolted connections to aluminum bodies (such as vents) and to metal bodies for the purpose of bonding are also acceptable. Brazing to metal bodies is not allowed for new construction due to the possibility of a cold weld with inadequate strength. (T-0).

12.5.4. The metal framework of a structure shall be permitted to be utilized as an air terminal and main conductor of a lightning protection system if it is equal to or greater than 3⁄16

(0.188) inch (4.8 millimeters) in thickness and is electrically continuous, either inherently or made. (T-0).

12.6. Explosives Facility with Large Perimeter. New explosives facilities with a perimeter over 300 feet (91.4 meters) that require lightning protection and do not use the structural steel as an air terminal equivalent shall use either a mast system or an overhead wire system. See

Attachment 4 for requirements. (T-1). Such indirect air terminal designs are intended to provide lightning attachment away from the facility and not directly to the facility. It also reduces maintenance and installation costs. The BCE may waive this requirement (overhead or mast system). ECMs are not required to carry air terminals from headwall to headwall (for drive-through ECMs) or from headwall to air vent. (T-2).

AFMAN32-1065 17 JULY 2020 27

Figure 12.1. ECM With Center Conductor and Air Terminals.

28 AFMAN32-1065 17 JULY 2020

Figure 12.2. ECM Without Center Conductor and Air Terminals.

AFMAN32-1065 17 JULY 2020 29

12.7. Sunshades. The metal framework of a sunshade structure shall be permitted to be utilized as an air terminal and main conductor of a lightning protection system if structural members are equal to or greater than 3⁄16 (0.188) inch (4.8 millimeters) in thickness and structural members are electrically continuous (either inherent or made) to ground. Grounding requirements depend upon the footing of the vertical support units (columns). Vertical support units with full footers require no further grounding. The flight line (to include sunshade areas) is evacuated once lightning is at a distance in nautical miles (NM]) determined by the base; therefore, step potential is not considered for sunshades. Vertical support units bolted to the apron concrete make it necessary to, as a minimum, install one grounding electrode at two diagonally opposite corners.

Roof material, whether metallic or fabric, is of no consequence when considering the steel structure as a lightning protection system.

12.8. Protective Aircraft Shelters (PAS) (also known as Hardened Aircraft Shelter

(HAS). Aircraft shelters with continuous interior steel arches, either visible or validated by record drawings, provides a Faraday-like shield and therefore requires no air terminals. Exterior metallic ventilators with an enclosure at least 3/16 (0.188) inch (4.8 millimeters) in thickness do not require air terminals if properly bonded to the steel arch. Metallic ventilators less than 3/16

(0.188) inch (4.8 mm) in thickness must be protected by an air terminal bonded to the steel arch in accordance with NFPA 780. All metal bodies mounted to the steel arch shall be bonded and grounded in accordance with this AFMAN and NFPA 780. The facility grounding system shall also comply with this AFMAN and NFPA 780. Since the floor is designed to be separable from the walls, the walls and the floor shall be permanently bonded to a single grounding point or series of connected grounding points identified on record drawings. If no record drawings are available, continuity shall be validated by a minimum of four shell-to-ground tests interior to the facility. A sketch will be made, indicating test points, and this shall become the record drawing.

Visual inspection will be conducted every 12 months and testing will be conducted every 24 months. (T-0).

12.9. Lightning Protection for Above Ground Launch Structure. Above ground launch structures shall be provided the same protection as explosive facilities (see paras 12.5 and 12.6) with the following additions:

12.9.1. Lighting Protection for Above Ground Launch Structure will be designed in accordance with NFPA 780 and this document. Base the design on top 100 feet (30.48 meters) of the structure.

12.9.2. All structural metal shall be bonded.

12.9.3. When practical, structural steel members will be made electrically continuous and used as down conductors.

12.9.4. The structure will have an interconnecting ring conductor installed every 200 feet

(60.91 meters) in height when the structural members do not form a ring every 200 feet

(60.91 meters). In some cases, it will be necessary to attach temporary conductors between the fixed and moveable portions of the launch structure to ensure potential equalization.

12.9.5. All antennas, radomes, and dishes mounted external to the structure will have surge suppression installed where the conductor enters the launch structure.

30 AFMAN32-1065 17 JULY 2020

Chapter 13

SURGE PROTECTION

13.1. Surge protection. Surge protection is required on electrical service entrances and on some interior distribution panels in accordance with NFPA 780. (T-0). Protection shall meet the requirements of the following paragraphs. (T-1).

13.1.1. SPD, formerly referred to as TVSS (transient voltage surge suppression), protect facilities and facility contents from transient voltages resulting from lightning surges, switching surges, and surges internal to the facility. SPDs may protect the upstream distribution system from the rapid switching effects of user-owned electronics.

13.1.2. For large facilities, SPDs are most effective when used in the form of tiered protection. Tiered protection means providing protection at main distribution panels, at secondary or sub-panels, and at the equipment point of use.

13.1.3. For protection of non-real property installed equipment, refer to the equipment manufacturers’ requirements for surge protection. The owner of the communications or other equipment funds the purchase, installation, and maintenance of any surge protective devices required for the protection. To include items desired by the user for additional protection of communications and other equipment.

13.1.4. In facilities such as dormitories and other facilities with only basic electronics, low-dollar content, or with minimal occupants, surge protection may be met by the a lightning protection system.

13.1.5. Surge protection shall be provided for all incoming power to facilities with electronic-intensive training systems. (T-3).

13.2. WSAs, MSAs, and Communications Facilities:

13.2.1. Standard, published, minimum 10-year unlimited replacement warranty on product.

Entire unit shall be replaced upon detection of the failure of any mode. (T-1).

13.2.2. All mode (10 modes), directly connected protection elements (l-n, l-g, l-l, n-g).

Direct clamping l-n and l-l is required. (T-1).

13.2.3. F1 polycarbonate enclosure or National Electrical Manufacturers Association

(NEMA) 4 or NEMA 4X steel enclosure: Inaccessible to unqualified persons. (T-1).

13.2.4. Internal over-current fusing on each phase for self-protection from failed component(s) and an internal disconnect for each phase. (T-1).

13.2.5. Individual component level thermal fusing. (T-1).

13.2.6. Bi-polar protection. (T-1).

13.2.7. The SPD shall contain continuous self-monitoring devices with indicator lamps for each mode. (T-1). These may be located inside enclosed areas such as mechanical rooms if an indicator lamp is provided in a visible area. Install the indicator lamp in a location that can easily be seen from a vehicle (to allow drive-by visual inspections), if permitted. Drive-by visual inspections allow maintenance personnel to quickly identify devices are operated and to assess whether a group of SPDs in a single area have operated.

AFMAN32-1065 17 JULY 2020 31

13.2.8. Cable connection between a bus and SPD shall be minimum No. 10 AWG for installation at main distribution panels and sub-panels. (T-1).

13.3. Igloos or ECMs: Up to 60A service.

13.3.1. Visible indicators of SPD operation on the exterior of facilities. Drive-by visual inspections may be an effective means of inspecting SPDs.

13.3.2. 60kA/mode to allow the following requirement.

13.3.3. 180kA/phase peak service surge current.

13.3.4. Non-modular. The entire unit shall be replaced upon detection of the failure of one mode of operation. Ease of installation shall not be traded for possible minimized protection level. (T-1).

13.4. Maintenance Facilities: 400-600A service. (T-1).

13.4.1. Visible indicators of SPD operation on the exterior of facilities. Drive-by visual inspections may be an effective means of inspecting SPDs.

13.4.2. 180kA/mode to allow the following requirement.

13.4.3. 240kA/phase peak service surge current.

13.4.4. Non-modular. The entire unit shall be replaced upon detection of the failure of one mode of operation. Ease of installation shall not be traded for possible minimized protection level. (T-1).

13.5. Communications Facilities: Up to 1800A.

13.5.1. Visible indicators of SPD operation on the exterior of facilities or audible alarm.

13.5.2. 200kA/mode to allow the following requirement.

13.5.3. 600kA/phase peak service surge current.

13.5.4. Non-modular. The entire unit shall be replaced upon detection of the failure of one mode of operation. Ease of installation shall not be traded for possible minimized protection level.

13.6. General Requirements:

13.6.1. Nominal discharge current test at 20kA (UL testing allows 10kA or 20kA, but testing at 10kA is not allowed for Air Force facilities). (T-0).

13.6.2. Unit type (NFPA 70, NEC, Article 285): (T-0).

13.6.2.1. Type 1 unit is required for the supply side of the service or building disconnect means. (T-0).

13.6.2.2. Type 2 or 3 units, when required by the equipment, must be installed on the load side of the overcurrent protective devices (not needed for igloos). (T-0).

32 AFMAN32-1065 17 JULY 2020

13.7. User Requirements: SPDs shall be provided on proprietary equipment by the communications provider or the tenant communications agency or group. (T-1).

AFMAN32-1065 17 JULY 2020 33

Chapter 14

APPLICATION AND SCOPE

Section 14A—Electrical Safe Practices

14.1. Application and Scope. This section applies to all electrical work done either in house or by contract when incorporated as a part of the contract documents on infrastructure and facilities that are maintained and operated by the Air Force, assigns supervisor responsibilities and provides necessary guidance to safely build, operate, and maintain electrical distribution systems and equipment. It complies with NFPA 70E, Standard for Electrical. Safety in the Workplace, 29

CFR 1910, Subpart S, Occupational Safety and Health Standards, UFC 3-560-01, Operation and

Maintenance: Electrical Safety and incorporates National Consensus Standards.

34 AFMAN32-1065 17 JULY 2020

Chapter 15

SUPERVISOR RESPONSIBILITIES

15.1. Personal Safety. Supervisors must provide a safe and healthful work environment. (T-0).

Supervisors must ensure facilities, work areas, equipment, and work procedures comply with safety, fire, and health policies. (T-0). Each supervisor must be thoroughly familiar with safe working practices, particularly those in UFC 3-560-01 and applicable standards and codes referenced in Attachment 1 of this AFMAN. (T-0).