AFMAN_91-201.pdf

BY ORDER OF THE

SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE

AIR FORCE MANUAL 91-201

21 MARCH 2017

Certified Current 09 June 2017

Safety

EXPLOSIVES SAFETY STANDARDS

COMPLIANCE WITH THIS PUBLICATION IS MANDATORY

ACCESSIBILITY: Publications and forms are available on the e-Publishing website at www.e-Publishing.af.mil for downloading or ordering.

RELEASABILITY: There are no releaseability restrictions on this publication.

OPR: AFSEC/SEW

Supersedes: AFMAN 91-201, 12 January

Certified by: AFSEC/CD (Mr. James Rubeor)

Pages: 474

This Manual implements Air Force Policy Directive (AFPD) 91-2, Safety Programs, and DoD 6055.09-M, Volumes 1–8, DoD Ammunition and Explosives Safety Standards. It establishes a central source for explosive safety criteria. It identifies hazards and states safety precautions and rules when working with explosives. It applies to all Air Force, Air National Guard (ANG), Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC), and contractor personnel and facilities involved in explosive operations. The use of the name or mark of any specific manufacturer, commercial product, commodity, or service in this publication does not imply endorsement by the Air Force. This AFI may be supplemented at any level, but all supplements that directly implement this publication must be routed to SAF/AAII Policy Branch for coordination prior to certification and approval. Refer recommended changes and questions about this publication to the Office of Primary Responsibility (OPR) using the AF Form 847, Recommendation for Change of Publication; route AF Forms 847 from the field through the appropriate functional chain of command. The authorities to waive wing/unit level requirements in this publication are identified with a Tier (“T-0, T-1, T-2, T-3”) number following the compliance statement. See AFI 33-360, Publications and Forms Management, Table 1.1 for a description of the authorities associated with the Tier numbers. Send MAJCOM supplements to AFSEC/SEW, 9700 G Avenue SE, Kirtland AFB NM 87117-5670. Ensure that all records created as a result of processes prescribed in this publication are maintained in accordance with (IAW) Air Force Manual (AFMAN) 33-363, Management of Records, and disposed of IAW the Air Force Records Disposition Schedule (RDS) in the Air Force Records Information Management System

(AFRIMS).

http://www.e-publishing.af.mil/

2 AFMAN91-201 21 MARCH 2017

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

This revision reflects changes in guidance and procedures dealing with Air Force explosives safety standards. Major changes include incorporation of GM1; expansion of blast effects on personnel; updates weather watch/warning procedures; expansion of protective design construction requirements; and the deletion of Chapter 9, Protection of Electro-Explosive Devices From Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation to Ordnance (HERO) and its replacement with a chapter on Munitions Potentially Presenting and Explosive Hazard. The HERO information previously presented in Chapter 9 is available in AFI 91-208, Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation to Ordnance (HERO) Certification and Management. It also includes guidance for overpressure barricade design; clarification of chocking requirements for explosives-loaded vehicles (e.g., munitions materials handling equipment (MMHE) and materials handling equipment (MHE)); updates to electromagnetic radiation (EMR) formulas for pulsed systems; clarifies withdrawal procedures for ammunition and explosives (AE) not involved in a fire; updates compatibility requirements for licensed location; adopts new rounding rules used for quantity distance (QD) calculations; updates QD criterion for various facility types and situations; and, corrects and updates notes used in QD tables. Furthermore, it removes written Commander acceptance requirements for parking aircraft at less than survivability; reduces coordination host/tenant requirements for explosives site plans (ESP) (may also be referred to as a QD safety submission (QDSS)) without exceptions; removes references and procedures for Risk Based Siting; includes additional chapters for Real Property, Waste Military Munitions, Material Potentially Presenting an Explosive Hazard (MPPEH);

Unexploded Ordnance (UXO); includes review elements for both munitions response explosives safety submissions (MRESS) and munitions response explosives site plan (MRESP) packages;

and incorporates use of a revised Automated Explosives Safety Siting Program for use in developing ESPs. Additionally, this Manual introduces new phraseology for an MRESS, formerly an explosives safety submission (ESS); a munitions response chemical safety submission (MRCSS), formerly a chemical safety submission (CSS); and an MRESP, formerly an explosives site plan (ESP) when referring to munitions response activities under the Military Munitions Response Program (MMRP).

Chapter 1—INTRODUCTION AND EXCEPTION PROGRAM 28

Section 1A—Explosives Safety General Instructions 28

1.1. Purpose

1.2. Scope

Section 1B—Exception Program 30

1.3. General

1.4. Deviations

1.5. Event Waivers (Nonrecurring)

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1.6. Waivers

1.7. Exemptions

1.8. SECAF New Construction Exemption

1.9. Exceptions for Non-DoD Explosives Activities on Air Force Installations

1.10. Waiver and Exemption Information Requirements

1.11. HAF-Level Waiver and Exemption Information Requirements

1.12. Waiver and Exemption Decision Nomograph

1.13. Periodic Reviews for Exceptions

Figure 1.1. Waiver and Exemption Decision Nomograph-Peacetime/Armistice Operations. .. 40

Figure 1.2. Waiver and Exemption Decision Nomograph-Wartime/Contingency Operations. 41

Table 1.1. Likelihood of a Mishap

Table 1.2. Exposure

Table 1.3. Explosive Mishap Severity

Chapter 2—REACTION EFFECTS 47

Section 2A—Principal Effects of Hazard Division (HD) 1.1 Events 47

2.1. Blast

2.2. Fragments

2.3. Thermal Hazards

2.4. Groundshock and Cratering

2.5. Expected Consequences

Section 2B—Principal Effects of HD 1.2 Events 52

2.6. Blast

2.7. Fragments

2.8. Thermal Hazards

2.9. Expected Consequences

Section 2C—Principal Effects of HD 1.3 Events 54

2.10. Gas Pressures

2.11. Fragments

2.12. Thermal Hazards

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2.13. Expected Consequences

Section 2D—Principal Effects of HD 1.4 Events 55

2.14. Blast

2.15. Fragments

2.16. Thermal Hazards

2.17. Expected Consequences

Section 2E—Principal Effects of HD 1.5 and HD 1.6 Events 55

2.18. HD 1.5 Effects

2.19. HD 1.6 Effects

Table 2.1. Expected Peak Incident Pressures From HD 1.1 Events

Table 2.2. Probability Of Window Breakage From Incident Pressure

Table 2.3. General Blast Effects On Personnel Eardrum Rupture

Table 2.4. General Blast Effects On Personnel – Lung Damage

Table 2.5. General Blast Effects On Personnel – Lethality Due To Lung Rupture

Chapter 3—HAZARD CLASSIFICATION 59

3.1. Purpose of Hazard Classification

Section 3A—DoD Hazard Classification System 59

3.2. Responsibility for Hazard Classification

3.3. Hazard Classification Authorities

3.4. Standards for Determining DoD Hazard Classification

3.5. Description of DoD Hazard Classification System

3.6. Net Explosive Weight (NEW) and NEW for Quantity-Distance (NEWQD)

3.7. Requirement for DoD Hazard Classification

Section 3B—Storage and Transportation Without DoD Hazard Classification 61

3.8. Storage and Transportation Without DoD Hazard Classification

3.9. Explosives With DOE Hazard Classifications

3.10. DoD-Owned Non-Stock-Listed Commercial Explosives

3.11. Manufacturing, R&D Items

3.12. Foreign Explosives

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3.13. Non-DoD-Owned Explosives

Section 3C—Hazard Classification of Unpackaged Items 66

3.14. Hazard Classification of Unpackaged Items

Section 3D—Class 1 Divisions and Subdivisions 67

3.15. HD 1.1 – Mass-Explosion

3.16. HD 1.2 – Non-Mass Explosion, Fragment Producing

3.17. HD 1.3 – Mass Fire, Minor Blast or Fragment

3.18. HD 1.4 – Moderate Fire, No Significant Blast or Fragment

3.19. HD 1.5 – Explosive Substance, Very Insensitive (With Mass Explosion Hazard). 68

3.20. HD 1.6 – Explosive Article, Extremely Insensitive (No Mass Explosion Hazard). 68

Section 3E—Compatibility Groups and Sensitivity Groups 69

3.21. Storage and Transportation Compatibility Groups

3.22. Sensitivity Groups

Chapter 4—RISK ASSESSMENTS AND PROTECTION PRINCIPLES 71

Section 4A—Risk Assessments 71

4.1. Requirements for Risk Assessments

4.2. Risk Assessments

4.3. Risk Management (RM)

4.4. System Safety

4.5. Professional Assistance for Risk Assessments and System Safety Analyses

Section 4B—Munitions Systems and Equipment 72

4.6. Safety Certification of Munitions Systems

4.7. Risk Assessments for Explosives Equipment

Section 4C—Explosives Operations and Facilities 73

4.8. Risk Assessment for Explosives Operations

4.9. Risk Assessments for Explosives Facilities

Section 4D—Glass Breakage Risk Assessments 73

4.10. Purpose of Glass Breakage Risk Assessments

4.11. Requirements for Performance of Glass Breakage Risk Assessments

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4.12. Methodology for Glass Breakage Risk Assessments

4.13. Engineering Mitigation Actions for Reducing or Eliminating Glass Breakage Hazards to Personnel

Section 4E—Health Hazard and Environmental Assessments 75

4.14. Health Hazard Assessments

4.15. Environmental Assessments

Section 4F—Protection Principles 75

4.16. Protective Shielding and Remotely Controlled Operations

4.17. Intentional Ignition or Initiation of AE

4.18. Protective Measures

4.19. Emergency Operations

Figure 4.1. 5-Step Risk Management Process

Chapter 5—GENERAL EXPLOSIVES FACILITY DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND

MAINTENANCE, AND EQUIPMENT DESIGN, MAINTENANCE AND

INSPECTION 80

Section 5A—Introduction 80

5.1. Applicability

Section 5B—Glass Panels 80

5.2. Glass Panels in Facilities Exposed to Explosives Hazards

Section 5C—Hazardous Locations 81

5.3. Hazardous Locations

5.4. Electrical Equipment in Hazardous Locations

5.5. Interior Surfaces in Class II Hazardous Locations

5.6. Hardware in Hazardous Locations

5.7. Static Electricity in Hazardous Locations

5.8. Ventilation in Hazardous Locations

Section 5D—Electric Supply Systems 83

5.9. Electric Supply Systems

5.10. Backup Power

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Section 5E— Static Grounding and Bonding 83

5.11. Areas Requiring Static Grounding and Bonding Systems

5.12. Static Grounding and Bonding Requirements

5.13. Permanent Static Grounding Systems

5.14. Temporary Static Grounding or Bonding Cables

5.15. Static Grounding or Bonding Reels

5.16. Belting

Section 5F—Conductive Floors 86

5.17. Areas Requiring Conductive Floors

5.18. Requirements for Conductive Floors

5.19. Testing and Maintenance of Conductive Floors

5.20. Testing and Maintenance of Conductive Footwear

Section 5G—Installed Systems and Equipment Grounds 87

5.21. Installed Systems and Equipment Grounds

Section 5H—Lightning Protection Systems 87

5.22. Facilities Requiring LPS

5.23. LPS Design

5.24. LPS Inspection, Maintenance, Testing, and Training

5.25. LPS Exceptions

Section 5I—General Design Considerations for Explosives Facilities 93

5.26. Blowout-type Construction

5.27. Non-combustible Construction

5.28. Underground Explosives Storage Facilities

5.29. Outdoor Explosives Storage Sites

5.30. Stairways

5.31. Fixed Ladders

5.32. Platforms, Runways, and Railings

5.33. Passageways

5.34. Walkways

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5.35. Roads

5.36. Gates

5.37. Drainage

5.38. Drains and Sumps

5.39. Tunnels

5.40. Laundries

5.41. Steam for Explosives Processing or Facility Heating

5.42. Magazine Ventilation and Vermin-Resistance

Section 5J—Emergency Exits for Explosives Buildings 97

5.43. General

5.44. Building Exits

5.45. Exit Doors

5.46. Safety Chutes

Section 5K—Explosive Dust Collection Systems 99

5.47. Vacuum Collection

5.48. Location of Dry-Type Collection Chambers

5.49. Location of Wet-Type Collection Chambers

5.50. Design and Operation of Collection Systems

Section 5L—Water Supply and Fire Suppression Systems for Explosives Facilities 100

5.51. Water Supply for Explosives Manufacturing Areas and Loading Plants

5.52. Automatic Sprinkler Systems

5.53. Deluge Systems

Section 5M—Monitoring of Design and Construction of Explosives Facilities 101

5.54. Monitoring of Design of Explosives Facilities

5.55. Monitoring of Construction of Explosives Facilities

Section 5N—Maintenance and Repair of Explosives Facilities and Equipment 102

5.56. Removal of Explosives

5.57. Requirements for Maintenance and Repair With Explosives Present

5.58. Maintenance of Explosives Facilities

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5.59. Maintenance and Repair in Hazardous Locations

5.60. Maintenance and Repair of Hazardous Location Equipment and Electrical Installations

5.61. Maintenance and Repair of Electrical Equipment

5.62. Post-Maintenance and Repair of Explosives Facilities and Equipment

Table 5.1. Lightning Sideflash Policy for Nuclear Weapon Configurations

Chapter 6— PROTECTIVE CONSTRUCTION AND SPECIFIC EXPLOSIVES

FACILITY DESIGNS 105

Section 6A—Introduction 105

6.1. General

6.2. Aboveground Magazines (AGM)

6.3. Special Structures

6.4. High Performance Magazines and Underground Explosives Facilities

Section 6B—Protective Construction 105

6.5. Purpose of Protective Construction

6.6. Requirements for Use of Protective Construction

Section 6C—Earth-Covered Magazines 107

6.7. Earth-Covered Magazines

6.8. Earth-Covered Magazine NEWQD Limits

6.9. Earth-Covered Magazine Design Load Criteria

6.10. Earth-Covered Magazine Earth Cover Criteria

6.11. Earth-Covered Magazine Drawings

Section 6D—Barricaded Open Storage Modules 109

6.12. Barricaded Open Storage Modules

6.13. Barricaded Open Storage Modules NEWQD and AE Type Limits

6.14. Barricaded Open Storage Module Design Criteria

Section 6E—Barricades 344

6.15. Barricades

6.16. Barricade Size and Orientation to Prevent Propagation Due to High-Velocity, Low-Angle Fragments

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6.17. Barricade Size and Orientation for Barricaded ILD Protection

6.18. Barricade Size and Orientation for Protection Against Overpressure

6.19. Barricade Construction Materials

6.20. Barricade Designs

6.21. Natural Barricades

6.22. Inspection of Barricades

Section 6F—Earth-Filled, Steel Bin-Type Barricades for Outside Storage 114

6.23. Earth-Filled, Steel Bin-Type Barricades for Outside Storage

6.24. Revetment HD Limits

6.25. Types of Revetments

6.26. Requirements for Revetments

Section 6G— Substantial Dividing Walls and Blast Doors 115

6.27. Substantial Dividing Walls

6.28. Blast Doors

Section 6H— Multicube or Segregated Magazines 118

6.29. Multicube or Segregated Magazines

Figure 6.1. Typical Eight-Cell Barricaded Open Storage Module

Figure 6.2. Determination of Barricade Length and Height to Prevent Propagation Due to High-Velocity, Low-Angle Fragments

Figure 6.3. Determination of Barricade Length and Height for Barricaded ILD Protection

Table 6.1. HD 1.1 IMD for Barricaded Open Storage Module

Chapter 7— EXPLOSIVES OPERATIONS AND STORAGE 123

Section 7A— Introduction 123

7.1. Introduction

Section 7B— Locally Written Instructions 123

7.2. Locally Written Instructions

7.3. Contents of Locally Written Instructions

Section 7C— General Requirements for Operations Involving Explosives 124

7.4. Personnel Qualifications

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7.5. Personnel Limits

7.6. Explosives Limits

7.7. Housekeeping

7.8. Handling of Explosives

7.9. Portable Equipment

Section 7D— Static Grounding 127

7.10. Static Electricity

7.11. Requirement for Static Grounding

7.12. Static Grounding for Handling Unpackaged EIDs

7.13. Static Grounding for Aircraft During Explosives Loading and Unloading

7.14. Static Grounding Techniques

7.15. Methods to Reduce the Hazards of Static Electricity

Section 7E— Testing, Procedures Verification, Disassembling and Modifying Explosives Items 130

7.16. Requirements for Test, Disassembly, and Modification of Explosives Items

7.17. Electrical Testing of Explosives Items

7.18. Use of Live Explosives for Weapons System Testing

Section 7F— Requirements for Specific Situations 132

7.19. Places of Public Assembly

7.20. Static or Public Displays

7.21. Fireworks Displays and Airshow Events

7.22. Live-Fire Demonstrations

7.23. Hunting

7.24. Training Involving Blank Ammunition (including Dye-Marking Cartridges)

7.25. Exercises and Training Involving Simulators and Smoke Producing Munitions. .. 137

7.26. Training or Exercises Involving AE

7.27. Military Working Dog Explosives

7.28. Repairing Containers

7.29. Remotely Controlled Operations

7.30. Flightline Munitions Holding Areas

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7.31. Security Response Team Ammunition at the Missile Alert Facility (MAF)

Section 7G— Operations in Explosives Storage Spaces 140

7.32. Operations in Explosives Storage Spaces Containing Explosives

Section 7H— Procedures in the Event of Electrical Storms 141

7.33. Local Lightning Watch, Warning and Advisory Support

7.34. Procedures in the Event of Lightning for Conventional AE Only

7.35. Procedures in the Event of Lightning for Nuclear Weapons

Section 7I— Explosives Storage Requirements 142

7.36. Selection of Explosives Storage Method

7.37. Explosives Storage in Operating Locations

7.38. Explosives Storage Facility Maintenance

7.39. Explosives Stocks Maintenance

7.40. Marking of Explosives Stocks

7.41. Munitions in Austere Areas

7.42. Privately-owned Ammunition

7.43. Government Arms and Ammunition

Section 7J— Storage and Compatibility Principles 145

7.44. Storage and Compatibility Principles

7.45. Found-on-Base AE

7.46. Dangerously Unserviceable AE

Section 7K— Mixed Compatibility Group Storage 146

7.47. Mixed Compatibility Group Storage

Table 7.1. Storage Compatibility Mixing Chart

Chapter 8— EXPLOSIVES TRANSPORTATION 149

Section 8A— Introduction 149

8.1. Introduction

Section 8B— Explosives Transportation Standards 149

8.2. Federal Regulation

8.3. DoD Directives

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8.4. Local Laws Regulating Transportation of Explosives and Dangerous Articles

Section 8C— Hazard Classification for Explosives Transportation 149

8.5. Hazard Classification Requirements for Transportation

8.6. Commercial Explosives Hazard Classification Requirements for Transportation.. 150

8.7. Compatibility of Explosives During Transportation

8.8. Compatibility of Explosives During Temporary Storage

Section 8D— Packaging for Explosives Transportation 151

8.9. Packaging

8.10. Shipment of Damaged Explosives or Explosives that Failed To Function

8.11. Transporting Dangerously Unserviceable Explosive Items for Disposal

Section 8E— Explosives Movement Routes on Base 152

8.12. Explosives Movement Routes on Base

Section 8F— Incoming and In-transit Explosives Shipments 152

8.13. Incoming Explosives Shipments

8.14. In-Transit Explosives Shipments/Secure Holding

8.15. Inspection of Incoming Explosives Shipments

8.16. Inspection of Outgoing Explosives Shipments

8.17. Interchange Yards

8.18. Holding Yards

8.19. Classification Yards

8.20. AE Transportation Mode Change Locations

Section 8G— Transportation and Movement of Explosives by Motor Vehicle and MHE 155

8.21. General

8.22. Transporting Explosives in Passenger Compartments

8.23. Transporting EIDs

8.24. Transporting Aircraft Seats and Survival Kits

8.25. Packaging

8.26. Placarding

8.27. Motor Vehicle Inspection

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8.28. Load Protection and Stability

8.29. Loading and Unloading

8.30. Vehicle Refueling

8.31. Battery-Powered MHE

8.32. Gasoline or Diesel-Powered MHE

8.33. Liquefied Petroleum and Compressed Natural Gas Fueled Vehicles

8.34. Exposed Explosives Precautions

8.35. Storage of Powered MHE

8.36. Operating Powered MHE Inside Structures

8.37. Maintenance of Vehicles Carrying Explosives

Section 8H— Transportation of Explosives by Rail 160

8.38. General

8.39. Movement of Railcars Containing Explosives

8.40. Spotting Railcars

8.41. Switching Railcars

8.42. Marking Railcars with Blue Flags or Signals

8.43. Loading Railcars

8.44. Loading and Bracing

8.45. Placarding of Railcars

8.46. Railcar Requirements

8.47. Leaking Packages in Railcars

8.48. Tools for Loading and Unloading Railcars

8.49. Sealing Railcars

8.50. Processing Incoming Loaded Railcars

8.51. Rail Interchange Yards

8.52. Rail Holding Yards

8.53. Rail Classification Yards

8.54. Trailers on Flat Cars or Piggyback Explosives Loading and Unloading

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Section 8I— Transportation of Explosives by Air and Water 164

8.55. Transportation of Explosives by Air

8.56. Transportation of Explosives by Water

Chapter 9— MATERIAL POTENTIALLY PRESENTING AN EXPLOSIVE HAZARD

(MPPEH) 166

Section 9A— Purpose and Applicability 166

9.1. Purpose and Applicability

Section 9B— Program Management 166

9.2. General

9.3. Training

9.4. Processing Points

9.5. Disposition Procedures

Chapter 10— FIREFIGHTING, EMERGENCY PLANNING AND FIRE PREVENTION 168

Section 10A— Hazard Identification for Firefighting and Emergency Planning 168

10.1. Scope and Applicability

10.2. Fire Divisions

10.3. Fire Division Symbols

10.4. Chemical Agent and Chemical Munition Hazard Symbols

10.5. Obtaining Firefighting Symbol Decals

Section 10B— Posting Firefighting Symbols 170

10.6. Purpose of Posting Firefighting Symbols

10.7. Posting Requirements for Firefighting Symbols

10.8. Exceptions to Posting Firefighting Symbols

Section 10C— Firefighting Measures and Withdrawal Distances 171

10.9. Firefighting Measures

10.10. Fire Withdrawal Distances

10.11. Improvised Explosive Device (IED) Withdrawal Distances

10.12. Withdrawal Distances for AE Not Involved in Fire (e.g., Dropped Munitions)

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Section 10D— Emergency Planning 173

10.13. Emergency Planning

10.14. Fire Drills

Section 10E— Fire Prevention 174

10.15. Heat-Producing Devices

10.16. Vegetation Control

10.17. Firebreaks

10.18. Controlled Burning

10.19. Flammable Liquids for Cleaning

10.20. Paint and Other Flammable Materials

10.21. Operating Support Equipment

10.22. Stacking Combustible Material

10.23. Fire Extinguishers

10.24. Storing Water for Firefighting

10.25. Smoking

Figure 10.1. Fire Division Symbols

Figure 10.2. Chemical Hazard Symbols

Figure 10.3. Supplemental Chemical Hazard Symbols

Table 10.1. Fire Division Hazards and Actions

Table 10.2. Compatibility Group and Chemical Hazard Symbols Required for Storage of Chemical Ammunition and Substances

Table 10.3. Fire Withdrawal Distances for Non-Essential Personnel

Chapter 11— LICENSED EXPLOSIVES STORAGE LOCATIONS 184

Section 11A— Purpose and Limitations for Licensed Explosives Storage Locations 184

11.1. Purpose of Licensed Explosives Storage Locations

11.2. General Limitations on AE in Licensed Explosives Storage Locations

11.3. NEWQD Limitations on AE in Licensed Explosives Storage Locations

Section 11B— Requirements for Licensed Explosives Storage Locations 184

11.4. General Requirements for Licensed Explosives Storage Locations

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11.5. Separation Requirements for Licensed Explosives Storage Locations

Section 11C— Documentation for Licensed Explosives Storage Locations 186

11.6. AF Form 2047

11.7. Instructions for Completing AF Form 2047

11.8. Maintaining the AF Form 2047

Section 11D— Operations Involving AE Stored in Licensed Explosives Storage Locations 188

11.9. Operations Involving AE Stored Licensed Explosives Storage Locations

Section 11E— Requirements for Specific Licensed Explosives Storage Locations 188

11.10. Mobility Storage

11.11. Training and Exercises

11.12. Control Tower

11.13. Aircrew Flight Equipment (AFE)

11.14. Riot Control Items

11.15. Egress Systems Maintenance Shops

11.16. Gun Systems and Maintenance Shops

11.17. Incendiary Equipment and Document Destroyers

11.18. Rod and Gun Clubs

11.19. Retail Stores

11.20. Hand Loading

11.21. Force Support Squadron (FSS) Activities

11.22. Minuteman Handling Team (MHT) Facility

11.23. R&D Laboratories for Specific Experiments

11.24. Base Defense Support Munitions for Dispersed Locations

Section 11F— Items or Situations not Requiring a License 192

11.25. Items or Situations not Requiring a License

Figure 11.1. AF Form 2047-Explosives Facility License

Chapter 12— QUANTITY-DISTANCE CRITERIA 195

Section 12A— Introduction 195

12.1. Introduction

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Section 12B— Quantity-Distance (QD) Principles 195

12.2. General

12.3. Types of Separations

Section 12C— Determining Net Explosive Weight for Quantity-Distance (NEWQD) 197

12.4. Determining NEWQD of AE Items

12.5. Determining NEWQD of a PES

12.6. Maximum NEWQD

12.7. Determining NEWQD for Mixed HD

Section 12D— Determining Distances Between PESs and ESs 199

12.8. General

12.9. Measuring from a PES

12.10. Measuring to an ES

Section 12E— Quantity-Distance (QD) Application 200

12.11. QD K-Factors

12.12. Paired Relationships

12.13. QD Determination

Section 12F— Allowable Exposures 201

12.14. General

12.15. Allowable IBD Exposures

12.16. Allowable PTRD Exposures

12.17. Allowable Unbarricaded ILD Exposures

12.18. Allowable Barricaded ILD Exposures

12.19. Allowable IMD Exposures

12.20. Other Allowable Exposures

Section 12G— Hazard Zones for ECMs and HASs 212

12.21. Hazard Zones for ECMs and HASs

Section 12H— HD 1.1 QD Criteria 212

12.22. HD 1.1 Hazardous Fragment Distances

12.23. HD 1.1 IBD

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12.24. HD 1.1 ILD. Table 12.1

12.25. HD 1.1 IMD

Section 12I— HD 1.2 QD Criteria 217

12.26. HD 1.2.1 and 1.2.2 QD Criteria

12.27. HD 1.2.3 QD Criteria

Section 12J— HD 1.3 QD Criteria 218

12.28. HD 1.3 QD Criteria

Section 12K— HD 1.4 QD Criteria 219

12.29. HD 1.4 QD Criteria

Section 12L— HD 1.6 QD Criteria 219

12.30. HD 1.6 QD Criteria

Section 12M— HD 6.1 Criteria 219

12.31. HD 6.1 Criteria

Section 12N— Energetic Liquids QD Criteria 220

12.32. Scope and Application

12.33. Concept

12.34. Determination of Energetic Liquids Quantity

12.35. Measurement of Separation Distances

12.36. Hazard Classification of Energetic Liquids

12.37. QD Standards

12.38. Contaminated Energetic Liquids

Section 12O— QD Criteria Specific Facilities and Systems 225

12.39. General Airfield Criteria

12.40. Combat Aircraft Related Activities

12.41. Explosives Cargo Aircraft Related Activities

12.42. Munitions or Weapons Storage Area Related Activities

12.43. Concurrent Servicing Operations (CSO)

12.44. Hot-Pit Refueling Operations

12.45. End-of-Runway (EOR) and Arm/de-Arm Pads and Crew Shelters

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12.46. Aircraft NEWQD

12.47. Explosives Aircraft Exempt from Siting as a PES

12.48. Other Aircraft Configurations

12.49. Reduced MCEs for F-15, F-16 and F-22Aircraft with AIM Series Missiles

12.50. Hardened Aircraft Shelters (HAS) and Associated AE Facilities

12.51. Weapons Storage Vaults in Hardened Aircraft Shelters

12.52. Revetments

12.53. Aircraft Battle Damage Repair Sites

12.54. Helicopter Landing Areas for AE Operations

12.55. Mobile Missile Systems Used in a Static, Defensive Role

12.56. Tactical Missile Separations

12.57. Inspection Stations for AE Conveyances

12.58. Interchange Yards for AE Conveyances

12.59. Holding Yards for AE Conveyances

12.60. Classification Yards

12.61. AE Transportation Mode Change Locations

12.62. Suspect Vehicle Holding Areas

12.63. Secure Holding Areas

12.64. Detached Loading Docks

12.65. Service Magazines for Operating Locations

12.66. Non-Explosives Loaded Vehicle Parking Areas

12.67. Inert Storage

12.68. Protective Shielding and Remotely Controlled Operations

12.69. Buffered Storage

12.70. Angled Storage

12.71. Locations Used for Intentional Burning of HD 1.1, HD 1.2, HD 1.3, or HD 1.4 AE or Static Firing of Motors

12.72. Areas Used for Intentional Detonations

12.73. EOD Operational Responses

AFMAN91-201 21 MARCH 2017 21

12.74. EOD Proficiency Training Ranges

12.75. EOD Training at Off-Range Locations and Outside Agency Collaboration Activities

12.76. Training in Explosives Entry Techniques

12.77. Military Working Dog (MWD) Explosives Search Training

12.78. Demilitarization Operations for Expended .50-Caliber and Smaller Cartridge Casings

12.79. POL and Other Hazardous Materials

12.80. Storage Tanks for Water and Other Non-Hazardous Materials

12.81. Underground Tanks or Pipelines for Water and Other Non-Hazardous Materials. 254

12.82. Utilities and Services

12.83. LGM-30 (Minuteman)

12.84. LGM-118 (Peacekeeper)

12.85. Inter-DoD Component Support and Tactical Facilities

12.86. Criteria for non-DoD Explosives Activities on DoD Installations

12.87. Basic Load Ammunition Holding Area/Ammunition Holding Area Criteria

(BLAHA/AHA)

12.88. Piers and Wharfs

Section 12P— -Space and Intercontinental Ballistic Missile Requirements 263

12.89. General Information

12.90. Support Facilities

12.91. Safety Control Area

12.92. Simultaneous Operations

12.93. Barricades

12.94. Space Launch Complex

12.95. Space Test Facilities

12.96. Risk Management (RM)

12.97. Space and Intercontinental Ballistic Missile Criteria

Figure 12.1. Hazard Zones for Earth Covered Magazines (ECMs)

Figure 12.2. ECM Orientation Effects on IMD

22 AFMAN91-201 21 MARCH 2017

Figure 12.3. Hazard Zones for HASs

Figure 12.4. F-15 Aircraft QD Separation Distances for Selected AIM/AGM Series Missile Configurations

Figure 12.5. F-16 Aircraft QD Separation Distances for Selected AIM/AGM Series Missile Configurations

Figure 12.6. Reduced MCEs and QDs for F-15 Aircraft in the Open

Figure 12.7. Reduced MCEs and QDs for F-16 Aircraft in the Open

Figure 12.8. Fragment Zones for General Purpose Bombs

Figure 12.9. Application of Separation Distances for Ship or Barge

Table 12.1. HD 1.1 QD Criteria

Table 12.2. HD 1.2.1, 1.2.2, and 1.2.3 QD Criteria

Table 12.3. HD 1.3, 1.4 and 1.6 QD Criteria

Table 12.4. HD 1.1 Default Hazardous Fragment Distances (HFD) for IBD

Table 12.5. HFD for Open Stacks of Selected HD 1.1 AE

Table 12.6. HD 1.1 IBD and PTRD

Table 12.7. HD 1.1 ILD from an ECM

Table 12.8. HD 1.1 ILD other than ECM

Table 12.9. HD 1.2.1 QD in the Open

Table 12.10. HDD for HD 1.2.1 Stored in Structures Which Can Contribute to the Debris Hazard

Table 12.11. HD 1.2.2 QD

Table 12.12. HD 1.3 QD

Table 12.13. HD 1.4 QD

Table 12.14. HD 1.6 QD

Table 12.15. Hazard Classifications and Minimum QD for Energetic Liquids

Table 12.16. Factors to Use When Converting Energetic Liquid Densities

Table 12.17. Energetic Liquid Explosive Equivalents

Table 12.18. QD Criteria for OSHA/NFPA Class I – III Flammable and Combustible Energetic Liquids Storage in Detached Buildings or Tanks

AFMAN91-201 21 MARCH 2017 23

Table 12.19. QD Criteria for Energetic Liquid Oxidizer (excluding Liquid Oxygen) Storage in Detached Buildings or Tanks

Table 12.20. QD Criteria for Liquid Oxygen Storage in Detached Buildings or Tanks

Table 12.21. QD Criteria for Liquid Hydrogen and Bulk Quantities of Hydrazines

Table 12.23. HAS Separation Criteria to Prevent Simultaneous Detonation

Table 12.24. HAS Separation Criteria for Asset Preservation

Table 12.25. QD from a Third Generation HAS PES to an Unhardened ES

Table 12.26. QD from a First Generation HAS PES to an Unhardened ES

Table 12.27. Default Maximum Case Fragment Distances versus Diameter for Intentional Detonations

Table 12.28. Default Maximum Case Fragment Distances versus Net Explosive Weight for Intentional Detonations

Table 12.29. Minuteman TNT Equivalencies

Table 12.30. Peacekeeper TNT Equivalencies

Table 12.31. Criteria for Non-DoD Explosives Activities on DoD Installations

Table 12.32. QD for HD 1.1 AE for K = 1.1, 1.25, 2, 2.75, 4.5, and 5

Table 12.33. QD for HD 1.1 AE for K = 6, 8, 9, 11, 18, 40

Table 12.34. QD Requirements for Armored and Non-Armored Vehicles

Table 12.35. QD for BLAHA and BLSA

Table 12.36. Variation of MPS QD Factors with Loadout

Chapter 13— EXPLOSIVES SAFETY AND MUNITIONS RISK MANAGEMENT FOR

JOINT OPERATIONS PLANNING, TRAINING AND EXECUTION 341

13.1. Purpose

13.2. Applicability

13.3. Joint and Multinational Planning

13.4. Joint and Multinational Training

13.5. Joint and Multinational ESMRM Execution

13.6. Specific Explosives Safety Criteria

13.7. DDESB TP-15

24 AFMAN91-201 21 MARCH 2017

13.8. Application of Explosives Safety Requirement Other than DoDM 6055.09-M and AFMAN 91-201

Figure 13.1. Combatant Commander (CCDR) ESMRM Process Flow

Figure 13.2. Explosives Site Planning (ESP) Process Decision Matrix-Locations that Can Meet Requirements

Figure 13.3. Site Planning Process Decision Matrix-Locations that Cannot Meet Requirements

Chapter 14— EXPLOSIVES SITE PLANNING 350

Section 14A— Introduction 350

14.1. Purpose of Explosives Site Planning

14.2. Responsibilities for Explosives Site Planning

Section 14B— Explosives Clear Zones 350

14.3. Explosives Clear Zones

14.4. Monitoring of Explosives Clear Zones

14.5. Mapping Requirements for Explosives Clear Zones

14.6. Elimination of Explosives Clear Zones

Section 14C— Explosives Site Plans (ESP) 351

14.7. ESPs

14.8. Funding for Projects Requiring an ESP

14.9. Situations Requiring an ESP

14.10. Situations Not Requiring an ESP

14.11. Facility Modifications or Change in Use

14.12. ESP Development and Installation-Level Coordination

14.13. ESP Contents

14.14. ESP Submission and MAJCOM and Air Force-Level Coordination Process

14.15. ESP Approval

14.16. Maintenance of Approved ESPs

Section 14D— ESP Requirements 356

14.17. ESPs for Non-DoD Explosives Activities on Air Force Installations

14.18. Siting a Non-Explosives Exposed Site

AFMAN91-201 21 MARCH 2017 25

14.19. ESPs Involving Exceptions

14.20. Tiered ESPs

14.21. Components of the ESP

14.22. Transmittal Letter

14.23. ESP Submittal Form

14.24. Site Location Map

14.25. Construction Drawings and Structural Engineering Analyses

14.26. Automated Explosives Safety Siting

14.27. Alternative Submittal Form Formats

Figure 14.1. Evaluation Zone Examples

Figure 14.2. Sample Site Location Map

Figure 14.3. Sample Automated Explosives Safety Siting (ESS) Program Drawing

Table 14.1. Evaluation Zones for Exposed Sites

Table 14.2. Sample AF Form 943-Explosives Site Plan

Table 14.3. Sample Explosives Safety Site Plan Submittal Form

Chapter 15— REAL PROPERTY KNOWN OR SUSPECTED TO CONTAIN

MUNITIONS AND EXPLOSIVES OF CONCERN AND CHEMICAL

AGENTS 373

Section 15A— Introduction 373

15.1. General

Section 15B— Explosives Safety Standards for the Identification and Control of Areas Known or Suspected to Contain MEC or CA 373

15.2. Identification and Control

Section 15C— Safety Aspects of Explosives and CA Response Actions 375

15.3. Response Actions

Section 15D— Special Considerations 378

15.4. Explosive Soil

15.5. Real Property-Buildings and Installed Equipment

15.6. Construction Support

15.7. Anomaly Avoidance

26 AFMAN91-201 21 MARCH 2017

15.8. Frost Heave

15.9. Soil Containing CA

Table 15.1. Hazardous Waste Control Limits (HWCL)

Table 15.2. Health-Based Environmental Screening Levels (HBESL)

Section 15E— Required Explosives Safety Submissions (MRESS, MRCSS and Munitions Response Explosives or CWM Site Plans) 383

15.10. General

Section 15F— Amendments and Corrections 394

15.11. General

Section 15G— After Action Reports (AAR) 395

15.12. General

Section 15H— Transfer of Real Property outside DoD Control 396

15.13. General

Chapter 16— SPECIAL STORAGE PROCEDURES FOR WASTE MILITARY

MUNITIONS 398

Section 16A— Scope and Applicability 398

16.1. Scope and Applicability

Section 16B— General 398

16.2. General

Section 16C— Waivers and Exemptions 399

16.3. Waivers and Exemptions

Section 16D— Storage Requirements 399

16.4. Requirements for Storage of Waste Military Munitions Under CE

Section 16E— Loss of CE 400

16.5. Loss of CE

16.6. Other Storage Standards

16.7. Un-Permitted and Uncontrolled Loss Reporting

Section 16F— Closure of Facilities Storing Waste Munitions 401

16.8. Closure of Facilities Storing Waste Munitions Under CE

AFMAN91-201 21 MARCH 2017 27

Chapter 17— UNEXPLODED ORDNANCE (UXO) 403

Section 17A— Introduction 403

17.1. Overview

17.2. General

Section 17B— Disposition 404

17.3. Disposition of UXO and of Other Military Munitions Being Managed as UXO. .. 404

Section 17C—Special Consideration 407

17.4. General

Section 17D— Access to UXO Areas 409

17.5. Access to Areas Known or Suspected to Contain UXO

Section 17E—Identification and Control 411

17.6. Identification and Control

17.7. Minimum Separation Distance (MSD) for UXO

Section 17F—Other Consideration 411

17.8. General

Attachment 1— GLOSSARY OF REFERENCES AND SUPPORTING INFORMATION 414

Attachment 2— SAMPLE EXPLOSIVES SITE PLAN TRANSMITTAL LETTER 463

Attachment 3— SAMPLE NARRATIVE FOR AIR FORCE QD EXCEPTION REQUEST 465

Attachment 4— SELECTED SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE EXEMPTIONS 467

Attachment 5— QD GUIDANCE FOR ON-BASE ROADS 469

Attachment 6— EXPLOSIVES SITE PLAN REVIEW ELEMENTS 471

Attachment 7— MUNITIONS RESPONSE EXPLOSIVES SAFETY SUBMISSION

(MRESS) REVIEW ELEMENTS 472

Attachment 8— NO DOD ACTION INDICATED (NDAI) MRESS REVIEW ELEMENTS 474

28 AFMAN91-201 21 MARCH 2017

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION AND EXCEPTION PROGRAM

Section 1A—Explosives Safety General Instructions

1.1. Purpose

1.1.1. The purpose of this Manual is to implement AFPD 91-2, Safety Programs, and DoD 6055.09-M and establish an Air Force Weapons Safety program to:

1.1.2. Provide the maximum possible protection to people and property from the potential damaging effects of DoD military munitions, explosive and chemical. Applying the standards herein provides only the minimum protection criteria for personnel and property, and greater protection must always be provided when practicable.

1.1.3. Minimize exposures consistent with safe and efficient operations (i.e., expose the minimum number of people for the minimum time to the minimum amount of explosives or chemical agents (CAs)). This maxim is known as the cardinal principle of explosives safety.

1.1.4. Observe explosives safety practices during all operations that include the use of live explosives.

1.1.5. Comply with DoD and Air Force explosives safety and environmental standards.

1.2. Scope.

1.2.1. The provisions of this Manual apply:

1.2.1.1. Whenever any explosives, propellant, or similar Hazard Class 1 energetic materials or other ammunition items in Classes 2 through 9 are present on Air Force-owned or leased facilities (except as allowed in paragraph 1.2.1.3.), or are in the custody and control of Air Force civilian or military personnel (see paragraph 3.5.1.2.).

1.2.1.2. Whenever United States (US)-titled AE are in the custody of Air Force civilian or military personnel, or Air Force contractors (except as allowed in paragraph 1.2.1.3.).

1.2.1.3. At Air Force-owned and contractor-operated facilities, as specified by contract, the Procuring Contract Officer (PCO) will ensure explosives safety requirements and procedures for compliance with current DoD and Air Force guidance must be clearly specified in the contract. (T-0). The contracting officer provides appropriate portions of DoD 4145.26-M, DoD Contractor’s Safety Manual for Ammunition and Explosives to the contractor. Weapons safety personnel from the organization responsible for the contract will advise the contractor on DoD and Air Force explosives safety standards specified in the contract. (T-0). In the event explosive safety requirements are not specified in a contract, apply the provisions of DoD 4145.26-M.

1.2.1.4. When DoD AE are located in overseas areas, comply with US AE safety standards to the extent consistent with appropriate international agreements and/or arrangements with the host country concerned. (T-0). Ensure host-nation officials receive appropriate notification of explosives-related activities. (T-1). When DoD AE are located in overseas areas, comply with US AE safety standards except when

AFMAN91-201 21 MARCH 2017 29

compliance with more restrictive local standards is made mandatory by an appropriate international agreement. (T-1). When such ammunition is not in US custody, comply with US standards to the extent consistent with agreements or arrangements with the host country concerned. (T-1). If Air Force civilian or military personnel occupy leased bases within North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) countries, also apply the safety distances in Allied Ammunition Storage and Transport Publication (AASTP)-1, Manual of NATO Safety Principles for the Storage of Military Ammunition and Explosives, to exposures outside the base boundary and NATO criteria to host-nation exposed sites (ES) within the base. (T-0).

1.2.1.5. To Air Force personnel and facilities exposed by any other potential explosion site (PES), whether it is DoD, host-nation, or commercial AE, Commanders will ensure that US personnel and US-titled munitions are accorded the quantity-distance (QD) separation standards required by the Air Force and by DoD, even at foreign locations. (T- 1). U.S. units will document their adherence to these standards by showing that US ESs are located at the required separation distances from host-nation PESs. US ESs will be licensed according to Chapter 14, and host-nation PESs identified in ESPs. (T-1). The identification of host-nation PESs does not constitute “siting” because the US does not authorize AE for host-nation facilities not under US control. If a violation of Air Force or DoD QD criteria to US targets is possible based on this analysis, obtain a waiver or exemption as outlined in Section 1B. (T-0) If correction of the problem is beyond US capabilities, notify the host-nation Commander by letter from the waiver or exemption approval level. (T-0) Attach to this letter enough information to convey the location, nature and extent of the potential explosives hazards. While other countries are not obligated to follow US rules, it may be helpful to explain to host-nations that US QD standards are enforced on US installations, and are based on testing, experience, and scientific analysis.

1.2.1.6. With the exception to Tier-0 (T-0) identified requirements that cannot be waived, Commanders will ensure all exceptions (i.e., deviations, event waivers, waivers, exemptions, and Secretary of the Air Force (SECAF) waivers and exemptions for new construction) to this Manual are accomplished IAW Section 1B. (T-1). All remaining waivers and deviations will be submitted IAW AFI 33-360. For the purposes of this instruction, the following definitions apply:

1.2.1.6.1. “Shall”, “must”, and “will” indicates a mandatory requirement that must be waived/ deviated from IAW AFI 33-360. “Will” is also used to express a declaration of purpose for a future event.

1.2.1.6.2. “Should” indicates a preferred, but not mandatory, method of accomplishment.

1.2.1.6.3. “May” indicates an acceptable or suggested means of accomplishment.

1.2.1.6.4. “Sign” indicates a requirement to obtain and maintain a signature by digital, electronic, or hard copy means.

1.2.1.7. To Air Force contract personnel (except as allowed in paragraph 1.2.1.3.)

exposed to AE on Air Force installations. Such personnel may be afforded the same level of protection that would be similarly provided to Air Force civilian and military

30 AFMAN91-201 21 MARCH 2017

personnel. The installation weapons safety office will notify the contracting officer, in writing, of explosives hazards to Air Force contract personnel. (T-1).

1.2.1.8. To the siting and construction of Air Force facilities (except as allowed in paragraph 1.2.2.)

Note: For purposes of this Manual, the term “MAJCOM” includes, Major Commands, Field Operating Agencies (FOA), Direct Reporting Units (DRU), and Air Component Commands (e.g., US Air Forces Central (USAFCENT).

1.2.2. Continue to use existing facilities not complying with these standards only when current hazards are not greater than those assumed for their original use, and only provided installations can clearly demonstrate that redesign or modification is not feasible, and that the quantity of explosives, propellants, or chemical agents cannot be reduced for reasons of operational necessity. (T-1).

1.2.2.1. To invoke this grandfathering clause for continued use of such facilities, have the following on file at the installation: (T-1).

1.2.2.1.1. Date of construction, original purpose and quantity of explosives approved.

1.2.2.1.2. Explosives safety criteria in effect at the time of construction.

1.2.2.1.3. An explanation why redesign or modification is not feasible.

1.2.2.1.4. An explanation why quantities cannot be reduced below existing levels.

1.2.2.1.5. An explanation why current explosives safety criteria cannot be applied to the facility.

1.2.2.1.6. A statement that risks are not greater than those assumed for the original siting.

1.2.2.1.7. Written approval from the installation Commander and the Major Command’s Chief of Safety (MAJCOM/SE) when initially invoking grandfather clause.

1.2.2.2. The installation Weapons Safety Manager (WSM) will review the information required in paragraph 1.2.2.1. at least every five years to see if mission changes allow the facility to be brought into compliance with current standards. (T-1). If compliance with current standards is not possible and the facility is still being used for its original purpose and IAW its original criteria, then continue to maintain the documentation that was generated at the onset. (T-1). The installation WSM will ensure documentation of the periodic review must be kept on file at the installation. (T-1).

1.2.2.3. Resiting such facilities requires compliance with these standards unless guidance of paragraph 1.2.2. is met or an exception is obtained IAW Section 1B. (T-1).

1.2.3. Evaluate non-DoD explosives siting submissions on DoD installations only to ensure compliance with DoD explosives safety standards to non-commercial (DoD and public) exposures (see paragraph 12.86.). (T-0).

Section 1B—Exception Program

1.3. General.

AFMAN91-201 21 MARCH 2017 31

1.3.1. The AE safety standards herein are designed to manage the risks associated with AE by providing protection against serious injury, loss of life, and damage to property but are not intended to be so rigid as to prevent the Air Force from accomplishing its assigned missions.

Consequently, when exceptions from these standards are made, proper authority within the Air Force must accept the added risk to personnel and property against the strategic or compelling operational reasons that necessitate such exceptions. Added risk to personnel and property must be analyzed and documented to include methods used to reduce the risk to a level acceptable to the Air Force approval authority.

1.3.2. Ease of operation or convenience is not an acceptable reason for requesting an exception.

1.3.3. This section implements Air Force Instruction (AFI) 90-802, Risk Management, by providing a mechanism for units to assess the level of risk involved with QD exceptions and by providing guidance on the appropriate approval level for each exception. Make this determination after a complete analysis of the mission, explosives requirements, and facilities.

1.3.4. Outside Continental United States (OCONUS) locations, Commanders will ensure host-nation military and civilian personnel are provided the same level of protection as U.S.

personnel. (T-1) Commanders will ensure host-nation Commanders are notified when QD exceptions to Air Force standards place host-nation personnel at additional risk beyond normal QD requirements. (T-1). If required by Status of Forces Agreements (SOFA), basing, or other international agreements, host-nation approval must be obtained. (T-1).

Review of documents establishing US physical presence and/or activities should be reviewed to identify any notice or approval requirements. See paragraph 1.2.1.5. for additional guidance, when explosives content of host-nation’s facilities may be hazarding Air Force facilities and personnel.

1.3.5. Exceptions need not be submitted when compensatory measures can be taken (e.g., temporarily reducing the authorized net explosive weight for quantity-distance (NEWQD) of a PES) that avoid an exception. Document as prescribed in paragraphs 14.22.8. and 14.23.12.

1.3.6. Exceptions need not be submitted for situations that, upon analysis by Headquarters Air Force Safety Center/Weapons Safety Division (AFSEC/SEW) and the DoD Explosives Safety Board (DDESB) are determined to provide the required degree of safety through use of protective construction or other specialized safety features.

1.3.7. The host base weapons safety offices must maintain copies of current waivers, exemptions, deviations, and compensatory measures. (T-1).

1.3.8. Commanders will ensure operations or activities involving exceptions are not allowed until the exceptions are approved by the required approval authority. (T-1).

1.4. Deviations.

1.4.1. A deviation is a written authority permitting exceptions from mandatory non-QD requirements of this Manual for strategic or compelling operational reasons. Generally, Chapter 12 of this Manual contains QD requirements and all other Chapters contain non-QD requirements. AFSEC/SEW must formally approve deviations from paragraph 5.23.4., 32 AFMAN91-201 21 MARCH 2017

“Side flash Protection for Nuclear Weapons” or AFI 91-208, Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation to Ordnance (HERO) Certification and Management, for “Modern Mobile Emitters (MME)”. (T-1).

1.4.1.1. Commanders will ensure deviation requests are documented as required in paragraph 1.4.3. below (T-1), with the following changes:

1.4.1.1.1. For deviations from paragraph 5.23.4., there is an additional requirement for a detailed description of compensatory measures which have been developed and are in place. The description must include the reduced value of side flash separation distance which will be observed. (T-1).

1.4.1.1.2. For deviations from paragraph 5.23.4., modify the requirement for a risk assessment (Chapter 4) to include only a review of the trade-offs between any expected additional risk from the decreased side flash separation distance and any expected increased safety due to the compensatory measures. (T-1). Develop on a case-by-case basis and in coordination with AFSEC/SEW, the requirements necessary to complete this assessment. (T-1).

1.4.1.1.3. For deviations from HERO requirements, modify the requirement for a risk assessment (Chapter 4) to include only a detailed technical evaluation of the electromagnetic hazards and Electrically Initiated Device (EID) sensitivities involved, and a description of the operational need for the deviation. (T-1).

1.4.1.1.4. For deviations from either paragraph, there is an additional requirement for a signed statement with the authority to accept any increased risk and acknowledge responsibility for any consequences resulting from performing operations under this deviation.

1.4.1.2. AFSEC/SEW will forward copies of all approved deviations to MAJCOM/SEW.

(T-1).

1.4.1.3. MAJCOMs determine the criteria to identify, track and review base level deviations.

1.4.2. MAJCOMs will determine and document approval levels for all other deviations.

1.4.3. Document deviations using a memorandum format (T-1) and include the following information:

1.4.3.1. Requirement of this Manual (cite specific reference) that is being excepted.

1.4.3.2.