Specifications

No. 2896 U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration

IAH ASDE REFLECTORS

Houston, TEXAS

PREPARED BY:

Infrastructure Support Center – Kansas City AJW-2C15D

DATE: Aug 2024

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION SOUTHWEST REGION

FORT WORTH, TEXAS

August 2024, SPECIFICATION

OPTIMIZE PLOT OF THE IAH ASDE REFLECTORS

Houston International Airport, Texas

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DIVISION TITLE

1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

SECTION 1A - SPECIAL CONDITIONS

SECTION 1B - SAFETY ON AIRPORTS

2 SITE WORK

SECTION 2A - EARTHWORK AND SITE IMPROVEMENTS

SECTION 2B - CRUSHED AGGREGATE AND SITE SURFACING

3 SITE LOCATION

APPENDIX TITLE

1. Advisory Circular AC No: 150_5300_13_chg8

2. Advisory Circular AC No: 150-5370-10H

3. Tri-Service Pavements Working Group Manual

DIVISION 1 - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

SECTION 1A

SPECIAL CONDITIONS

1A.1 SCOPE.

a. Description. This Specification covers general requirements for optimizing plot of the IAH ASDE reflectors surrounding area.

The Contractor shall furnish all plant, labor, materials (except Government-furnished property), equipment, energy, transportation, and other services necessary to construct all elements of the systems required in the Specifications, and other Contract documents. Construction shall include all miscellaneous and incidental work necessary for a complete and operational system, whether or not such work is specifically shown or specified.

Work shall include, but not limited to the following:

1. All work should be Coordinated with local FAA SSC personnel, airport

2. Stake out/mark exact location of IAH ASDE Reflectors.

3. Search and locate underground utilities in the vicinity of the Deflectors

4. Excavate and dispose 4” deep surface soil around reflectors, in square area of 60’ x 60’.

Deflectors must be centered within this area.

5. Provide and place weed barrier around each reflector (Square area of 60’ x 60’)

6. Place / compact aggregate base course on top of weed barrier up to 4” deep.

7. All power cables shall be tested for continuity and insulation integrity per Section 16G of these specifications after installation in the presence of the COR and SSC technician.

8. Restore, regrade, areas disturbed by construction per Section 2B of these specifications.

9. Contractor shall participate in Contractor’s Acceptance Inspection (CAI), and quickly address any punch list items. CAI must be conducted in conjunction with Joint Acceptance Inspection (JAI) with the local FAA personnel.

b. Runway Shutdown Coordination. Any work that will be conducted inside the Runway Safety Area (RSA) will require a runway shutdown and shall be coordinated well in advance through the FAA. The contractor shall stay clear of the RSA unless a runway shutdown has been requested. Runway shutdown must be coordinated a minimum of 45 days before construction start.

c. Schedule. After the award of the contract and prior to starting work, the contractor must submit to the Contracting Officer Representative (COR) a satisfactory progress schedule which must show the proposed sequence of work and the number of working days set up in the contract.

The contractor must confer with the COR at regular intervals. regarding the prosecution of the work according to the progress schedule.

A working day is defined as follows: Monday through Friday, length of a workday is no less than 8 hours and no more than 10 hours. No work will be performed on federal holidays or FAA moratoriums.

The COR will determine which days are workable. Work schedule and times will be determined during preconstruction meeting.

A partial working day of one-half will be charged under the following conditions:

1. When weather conditions do not permit the completion of a full day’s work.

2. When job conditions due to recent weather do not permit full efficiency of the men or equipment.

3. A shortage of help which is beyond the contractor’s control prevents reasonable progress.

4. When any condition over which the contractor has no control prevents completing a full day’s production.

No working day will be charged under the following:

1. When adverse weather prevents work.

2. When job conditions due to recent weather prevent work.

3. When work has been suspended by an act or an omission of the FAA.

4. When any condition over which the contractor has no control causes suspension of work.

1A.2 GOVERNMENT-FURNISHED Material (GFM). No Government-furnished Material is provided under this contract.

1A.3 CONTRACTOR-FURNISHED MATERIAL. The Contractor shall furnish all material under this contract.

1A.4 SUBMITTALS AND BRAND NAME USAGE.

a. Introduction. Each product required for use in the Specifications must meet the actual minimum needs of the Government as demonstrated in the salient characteristics for that product. If a brand name product is used in the Specifications, it should be regarded as a "known acceptable source" (i.e., a product that meets the actual minimum needs, and demonstrates the appropriate salient characteristics). The product used can be identical or equal to the brand name product or known acceptable source in meeting the salient characteristics, but it need not exceed the actual minimum requirements. Any brand name product or known acceptable source mentioned will, however, not be required for use in order to comply with the Specification unless those documents make it clear that the brand name product is required, and substitution is prohibited. The following submittal procedure shall be followed in order to:

1. Insure adherence to functional and quality standards in substitution of Contractor-furnished material.

2. Provide manufacturers catalog sheets for all material to be furnished and installed by the contractor.

b. Definition. A submittal is a collection of information required by Specifications, or by the Contracting Officer, presenting detailed information on:

1. Material or equipment items the Contractor proposes to use.

2. Methods or plans of action which the Contractor intends to employ in specific situations.

c. Requirements. All products that a Contractor wishes to use must be approved before use by the Project Engineer or the Contracting Officer's Representative (COR). To gain approval, the Contractor must submit documents and/or samples that demonstrate the product clearly meets the Government's minimum needs and demonstrates appropriate salient characteristics. All submittals must be in writing. The Contracting Officer shall have the right to require submittals from the Contractor where the Contractor makes an unsolicited change proposal. The information presented in a submittal shall be sufficient to demonstrate that all Specification requirements for the subject material, equipment, methods, or plans are met by the Contractor's proposal. The informational materials may include documents such sketches, calculations, data sheets, written plans of action, manufacturers' catalog cuts, brochures, and/or specification sheets.

d. Submittal Review. When submitting before the Notice to Proceed date, the Contractor shall send the submittal package(s) directly to the Contracting Officer. When submitting after Contract work has begun, the Contractor shall give submittal packages to the COR, who will forward them promptly to the Contracting Officer or Project Engineer. The Contracting Officer may personally evaluate the submittal, or request Project Engineer to evaluate it. In either case, the submittal will return directly from the Contracting Officer to the Contractor, with the Contracting Officer's approval, approval with comments, or disapproval.

e. Submittal Time Frame. To provide adequate time for document transmission and submittal review, the FAA reserves the right to take two weeks to complete a review, transmission date to transmission date. Terminal navigational aid contracts are brief contracts. The review process can therefore span a substantial portion of the contract period. For this reason:

1. The Contractor is urged to initiate submittals as soon as feasible after contract award, and to expedite document transmission. At a minimum, submittals must be made no later than 45 days before construction start.

2. The Project Engineer and other reviewers (if any) will expedite reviews and document transmission insofar as feasible.

f. Procurement Before Approval. The Contractor is advised not to procure any item for which submittal approval is required but not yet granted. If approval is denied, the Contractor will be prevented from installing the disapproved item(s). The Contractor must transmit a new submittal package for the new items replacing the disapproved items and must procure only approved items. The Contractor shall take responsibility for the delivery and installation of any items installed before submittal approval is granted. The FAA reserves the right to discontinue field work on any item furnished without submittal approval.

1A.5 PRE-CONSTRUCTION CONFERENCE. The Contractor shall attend a pre- construction conference when required by the Contracting Officer. The Contractor shall abide by all agreements reached at the conference regarding safety practices, ingress and egress routes to the site, maintenance.

1A.6 COORDINATION. All coordination between the Contractor and the airport management and local FAA personnel, shall be accomplished through the COR.

1A.7 COMPLIANCE WITH LOCAL AND OTHER CODES. The Contractor shall comply with standards (e.g., AC No: 150/5300-13, AC No: 150/5370-10H)) adopted by the Contract documents, and with local and other codes. Where the requirements of the Specifications exceed those of the adopted and local codes, the Contractor shall comply with the requirements of the Specifications.

1A.8 SANITARY FACILITIES. Sanitary facilities are not available at the work sites. The Contractor shall provide temporary toilet facilities for their employees as required by OSHA regulations.

The locations of the toilet facilities shall be where directed by COR.

DIVISION 1 - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

SECTION 1B

SAFETY ON AIRPORTS

1B.1 DEFINITIONS.

Classified Area. For classified area such as the Runway Safety Area (RSA), Object Free Area (OFA. Classified areas are specific for every site.

1B.2 GENERAL PRECAUTIONS. The Contractor shall abide by all requirements as specified herein, in the Contract clauses, on the construction safety plan, and as established by airport authorities in the pre-construction conference. The Contractor shall be responsible for thoroughly explaining all safety and security precautions required on the airport to all workmen, both under his direct employment and under his subcontractors.

1B.3 CONSTRUCTION WITHIN CLASSIFIED AREAS.

a. Restrictions.

1. Construction within or access through classified areas will not be permitted whenever runways or taxiways defining the classified areas are being used for aircraft operations.

2. If runways and taxiways within classified areas are required to remain open, construction within the classified areas will be interrupted as necessary to permit normal aircraft operations. No person is allowed in the RSA when runway is in operation.

b. Time Frame. All construction within classified areas shall be completed within the shortest possible time. Construction shall be performed continuously during normal working hours, except as otherwise specified or agreed upon in writing, until all work within the classified areas is completed. Contractor and COR shall coordinate with Airport Authority, FAA technical operations, and FAA air traffic to ensure all stakeholders are informed of project schedule and work progress.

1B.4 MAINTENANCE OF AIRCRAFT OPERATING SURFACES. Soil, debris, or loose materials dropped or tracked onto airport roads, runways, taxiways, and ramps shall be immediately swept up and removed. Likewise, all loose material at the job site or dropped enroute to the job site which can be blown onto the above aircraft surfaces shall be immediately placed in closed containers to prevent damage to aircraft.

1B.5 EQUIPMENT PARKING. All equipment not in use at the close of each day shall be parked in the staging area provided in the construction and safety plan.

1B.6 RADIO COMMUNICATIONS. At airports served by airport traffic control towers or airport owner/operator radio communications facilities, (if directed by the airport management), the Contractor shall furnish and operate two-way radio communications with these facilities when personnel, vehicles, and equipment are required to enter the aircraft operations area, to obtain proper clearance for construction hazards to aircraft, and at all other times established during the pre-construction conference.

1B.7 ADVISORY CIRCULAR.

As a minimum, the Contractor shall adhere to all requirements of Advisory Circular AC 150/5370-2G, "Operational Safety on Airports During Construction". This document is available at [https://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Advisory_Circular/150- 5370-2G.pdf]

END OF SECTION

http://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Advisory_Circular/150-

DIVISION 2 - SITE WORK

SECTION 2A

EARTHWORK AND SITE IMPROVEMENTS

2A.1 DESCRIPTION OF WORK. The extent of earthwork is indicated on the sketches attached to the specification and by the provisions of this section.

2A.2 QUALITY ASSURANCE.

a. Codes and Standards. Perform all earthwork in compliance with applicable requirements of governing authorities having jurisdiction.

b. Testing and Inspection.

1. Soil materials, moisture content, and degree of compaction shall conform to ASTM specifications referenced herein. Professional soil testing methods associated with this specification will generally not be required, but the FAA reserves the right to engage a state-licensed soil testing service to resolve disputes regarding adequacy of all earthworks performed.

2. Visual inspection and qualitative testing shall be performed by the contractor in the presence of, and whenever directed by, the COR.

2A.3 SAFETY REQUIREMENTS.

a. Refer to Division 1 Section 1B for construction within classified areas.

b. All excavated areas should be excavated and backfilled during the same day.

2A.4 JOB CONDITIONS

a. Existing Utilities.

1. Locate all underground cables, utility lines, and other underground construction before beginning excavation work. Utilize 3rd party Ground Penetrating Radar or other approved means to locate such utilities withing any area of excavation. Any damage to such lines or construction belonging to the FAA, utility companies, or others, shall be promptly repaired, at contractor's expense, to the complete satisfaction of the owner.

2. Project sketches generally indicate locations of cables maintained by the Federal Aviation Administration only. The FAA will mark with paint or flags the approximate locations of its own cables. Provide a minimum of 72-hour notice to COR prior to digging so that the cables can be marked.

b. Weather Conditions.

1. Excavating and backfilling for placing material around the ASDE Reflectors shall not proceed when excessively wet or freezing weather conditions could adversely affect the load- bearing characteristics of the soil or prevent proper compaction.

2. If an excavation is already at full depth, the excavation shall be protected from frost.

c. Drainage.

1. All excavations shall be continually drained by natural means or pumping to prevent any decrease in soil bearing capacity or damage to poured foundations or to trenches.

2. Provide and maintain pumps and discharge lines, and other dewatering system components necessary to convey water away from excavations.

3. Establish and maintain temporary drainage ditches and other diversions outside excavations limits to convey rainwater and water removed from excavations to ng or run-off areas. Do not use trench excavations as temporary drainage ditches.

2A.5 EXCAVATION

a. Excavation Classification. Excavation is unclassified and includes excavation to subgrade elevation indicated, regardless of character of materials and obstructions encountered excepting as qualified herein.

b. Unauthorized Excavation. Removal of materials beyond design subgrade elevations or dimensions without specific direction from the COR constitutes unauthorized excavation. Remedial work for such excess excavation shall be as directed by the COR at the Contractor's expense.

c. Additional Excavation. When any excavation has reached required subgrade elevation, notify the COR, who will inspect soil conditions. If the COR determines that the soil possesses inadequate bearing capacity, carry such excavation deeper as directed by the COR.

d. Preparation of embankment area (AC No: 150/5370-10H) All sod, and vegetative matter shall be removed from the surface upon which the embankment is to be placed. The cleared surface shall be broken up by plowing or scarifying to a minimum depth of 4 inches.

e. Formation of embankment (AC No: 150/5370-10H): material shall be constructed in lifts as established in the control strip, but not less than 4 inches (150 mm) of compacted thickness.

2A.6 COMPACTION

a. General.

1. All compactions shall be accomplished by using power- operated mechanical equipment except for limited use of manual tampers in constricted areas. Operate all power equipment as herein specified to achieve the minimum degree of compaction subject to acceptance by testing.

Compaction of runway safety areas shall be to FAA specification P-152 found in AC 150/5370-10

2. The Contractor shall make the necessary corrections and adjustments in methods, materials or moisture content to achieve the specified embankment density. (AC No: 150/5370-10H)

b. Gravel Compaction.

1. The subgrade in areas outside the limits of the pavement areas shall be compacted full depth (4 inches) and to a density of not less than (95) percent of the maximum density as determined by ASTM (D698). (Per AC 150/5370-10)

2. The material to be compacted shall be within ±2% of optimum moisture content before being rolled to obtain the prescribed compaction, follow the methods in ASTM D698 and ASTM D1557 procedures in AASHTO T180 Annex for correction of maximum dry density and optimum moisture for oversized particles. (Per AC 150/5370-10)

3. Use motor-operated soil tamper (stomper) in confined areas, including trenches, on each layer of fill until no further visible consolidation is evident.

4. Use a heavy blunt tamping rod on each layer of fill in the most constricted locations where power equipment cannot be used.

c. Moisture Control.

1. Where soil material must be moisture-conditioned before compaction, uniformly apply water to a layer of soil material in such quantity that free water will not appear on the surface during or subsequent to compaction operations.

2. Scarify soil material that is too wet to compaction to specified density.

d. Qualitative Testing and Inspection Procedures.

1. General. The Contractor shall perform qualitative soil compaction testing and inspection procedures for each type of backfill or fill material used wherever directed by, and in the presence of, the COR. Special attention shall be given to the backfilling of structures and trenches.

2. Qualitative Testing.

i. Qualitative soil testing will consist of comparing the resistance to penetration of undisturbed soil to that of compacted backfill of the same composition. For borrow material the penetration comparison shall be made between maximum test sample density and in-place fill density.

ii. A soil penetration device (penetrometer) indicating depth and force exerted shall be utilized. Compaction will be adequate if backfill or fill possesses at least 95% of the resistance to penetration of undisturbed soil or test le, respectively.

2A.7 Surface Tolerance

a. Backfill and Fill Surface Elevations. Finished grade, shown on the sketches, is the top surface of crushed rock or crushed stone surfaced areas.

b. In those areas on which a base course is to be placed, the surface shall be tested for smoothness and accuracy of grade and crown. Any portion lacking the required smoothness or failing in accuracy of grade or crown shall be scarified to a depth of at least 3 inches (75mm), reshaped and re-compacted to grade until the required smoothness and accuracy are obtained and approved by the RPR.

c. Uniformly grade areas within limits of grading, including adjacent transition area. Smooth the finished surfaces within specified tolerances and compact with uniform slopes between points where elevations are indicated, or between such points and existing grades.

d. The Contractor shall perform all final smoothness and grade checks in the presence of the RPR. Any deviation in surface tolerances shall be corrected by the Contractor at the Contractor’s expense. (Per C 150/5370-10)

e. On safety areas, turfed areas and other designated areas within the grading limits where no subbase or base is to be placed, grade shall not vary more than 0.10 feet (30 mm) from specified grade. Any deviation in excess of this amount shall be corrected by loosening, adding or removing materials, and reshaping.

2A.8 MAINTENANCE.

a. Protection of Graded Areas. Protect newly graded areas from traffic and erosion. Keep free of trash and debris.

b. Reconditioning. Where compacted areas are disturbed by construction operations, adverse weather, or where any settlement has occurred, scarify surface, add acceptable fill, reshape, grade, and compact as necessary.

2A.9 DISPOSAL OF EXCESS AND WASTE MATERIALS. Remove and dispose of all excess soil and waste material from the project site and adjacent lands. All costs associated with disposal shall be at Contractor's expense.

DIVISION 2 - SITE WORK

SECTION 2B

CRUSHED AGGREGATE AND SITE SURFACING

2B.1 DESCRIPTION OF WORK. The extent of work is indicated on the sketches and by the provisions of this section.

2B.2 STATE SPEIFICATIONS. State highway construction specifications, latest edition, form a part of this Specification and are applicable for all work unless otherwise specified. This referenced specification will be hereinafter referred to as "State Specifications”. Disregard all references in the State Specifications to layout of work by others, and to measurements and payments. All layout work will be accomplished by the Contractor, and payment for all work under this section will be a part of the lump-sum contract.

2B.3 MATERIALS.

a. Landscape Fabric.

1. Application. Landscape fabric shall be applied under all crushed rock surfacing. In these applications, landscape fabric is placed over prepared walkway subgrade soil, and crushed aggregate is placed and compacted on top of the landscape fabric.

2. Landscape Fabric Selection Criteria. The landscape fabric fibers shall be a needle punched nonwoven geotextile composed of polypropylene, polyester, polyolefin, or polyamide fibers. The fabric shall be resistant to chemical attack, mildew, and rot. The fabric shall conform to the physical property requirements listed in the following table. All values shall represent certifiable minimum values in the weakest principal direction of the fabric.

Property Test Method Requirement Grab Tensile Strength ASTM D-4632 120 lbs

Grab Elongation ASTM D-4632 50% Trapezoidal Tear ASTM D-4533 50lbs

CBR Puncture Strength ASTM D-6241 310 lbs Apparent Opening Size ASTM D-4751 U.S. Sieve #70, max

Permittivity ASTM D-4491 1.7 sec-1 Flow Rate ASTM D-4491 135 gpm/ft2

Mirafi 140N manufactured by Royal Ten Cate Corporation is one of the products which meets these Specifications. For any substitution, provide the Contracting Officer with complete product literature, including values of the properties tabulated above, and a sample of fabric.

Do not procure any substitute before receiving the Contracting Officer's approval. See Paragraph 1A.4 above.

3. Landscape Fabric Width. Fabric in walkway areas shall be cut to fit and overlapped per Paragraph

2B4 c(2)(b), below, to fully cover such areas.

b. Crushed Aggregate Surfacing.

1. Crushed rock or crushed stone aggregate shall comply with State Specification quality requirements for crushed rock or crushed stone used for road surface course, and shall be of the State gradation most closely conforming with the following gradation:

Sieve Size Total Passing.

Percentage 1-inch 100 3/4-inch 80-100 3/8"-inch 30-60 No 4 48-65 No 8 35-50 No 30 19-30 No 50 13-23 No 100 7-15 No 200 0-8

2. A certified sieve analysis, referenced to State Specification gradation, shall be submitted to the

COR for approval.

2B.4 CONSTRUCTION.

a. General Requirements. All earthwork requirements in Section 2A for areas to receive surfacing are applicable, excepting as qualified herein. Where the additional work or more stringent requirements in this section conflict with Section 2A, requirements herein shall prevail.

b. Surface Preparation.

1. All topsoil shall be removed from areas to Landscape fabric.

2. Compaction. Compact as required in Section 2A.

3. Grading. Shape with motor grader to achieve such surface trueness that when tested with a 10-foot straightedge, no deviation greater than 1/2-inch shall exist.

4. Corrective Work. Any ruts or soft-yielding spots that may appear in the subgrade, any areas having inadequate compaction, and deviations of the surface from the requirements specified shall be corrected by loosening, removing, and adding approved material and reshaping and recompacting the affected areas to line and grade, and to the specified density.

c. Landscape Fabric.

1. General. Landscape fabric shall be installed on prepared subgrade for all areas around the deflectors.

2. Construction Requirements.

i. Prepared subgrade and foundations shall be compacted smooth, and level as specified elsewhere as follows:

ii. The fabric shall be rolled out directly upon the prepared surface and shall not be dragged over any surface. Fabric in place shall have a smooth surface and shall be free of folds, wrinkles, cuts, or other imperfections. Individual panels of fabric shall be overlapped at least 12 inches, with the preceding layer overlapping the following layer in the direction that surfacing material will be spread. No vehicular traffic will be permitted directly upon the fabric.

d. Crushed Aggregate Surfaced Areas

1. Spreading. Crushed aggregate surfaced areas shall be constructed in one or more layers of minimum 4- inches compacted thickness each. The aggregate shall be back dumped on the fabric, and machine spread in the direction of overlap. Dumping in windrows, which requires excessive rehandling, will not be permitted. When deposited, the aggregate shall be free from segregation, and shall require minimum blading or manipulation.

2. Compaction and Grading.

i. Each layer of aggregate shall be compacted using equipment required in the State Specifications.

For compacting aggregate on landscape fabric, use a smooth-drum roller. Compaction shall closely follow the spreading operation to prevent loss of contained moisture or displacement of materials.

ii. When the surface stability of the crushed aggregate cannot be obtained due to lack of fines, additional fines shall be added to the upper portion of the course in an amount sufficient to secure stability, at no additional cost to the Government. In no case, however, shall the quantity of fines added, increase the percent passing the Number 200 sieve by more than 15% in the upper portion.

iii. Any irregularities or depressions that develop in the layers under rolling operations shall be corrected by loosening the material and removing or adding aggregate and rerolling. The rolling shall be continued until the surface is shown to be smooth and uniform, and to such trueness that when tested with a 10-foot straightedge it shall not show any deviation in excess of 1/4-inch. At all places not accessible to the roller, the aggregate of each layer shall be tamped separately and compacted to grade and line with mechanical tampers.

iv. If any subgrade material is worked into the aggregate material during the compacting or finishing operations, all granular material within the affected areas shall be removed and replaced with new aggregate. The COR may restrict hauling or traffic over the completed or partially completed base after inclement weather or at any time when the subgrade is soft, and there is a tendency for the subgrade material to work into the base material.

v. If considered necessary by the COR, water shall be applied to each layer to aid in compaction and prevent segregation of the material. Disc or harrow surfacing material during moistening operations to secure uniform moisture distribution. Add water in a manner that will not soften the subgrade. All work associated with the additional water shall be accomplished at no additional cost to the Government.

vi. The aggregate shall be compacted to 95% maximum density as determined by AASHTO-T99.

Compaction shall continue until no further discernible compaction is evidenced under action of the compaction equipment.

DIVISION 3 – SITE LOCATION

Reflector Location

Longitude Altitude

Reflector 1 29°59'37.38"N 95°21'41.76"W Reflector 2 29°59'34.1"N 95°21'32.8"W Reflector 4 29°58'44.4"N 95°20'19.2"W Reflector 5 29°58'34.1"N 95°19'06.8"W Reflector 6 29°57'39.5"N 95°20'36.4"W Reflector 7 29°57'40.44"N 95°20'36.99"W

Figure 1. Reflector locations

Figure 2 Reflector #1 Figure 3 Reflector #2

Figure 4 Reflector # 4 Figure 5 Reflector #5

Figure 6 Reflector #6 Figure 7 Reflector #7