Attachment_16_-_FOD_Management_0002.pdf

U.S. Department of Transportation

Federal Aviation Administration

Advisory Circular

Subject: Airport Foreign Object Debris (FOD) Management

Date: 9/30/2010 Initiated by: AAS-100

AC No: 150/5210-24 Change:

1. PURPOSE. This advisory circular (AC) provides guidance for developing and managing an airport foreign object debris (FOD) program. In addition, this AC provides specifications for the equipment used in FOD removal operations.

2. SCOPE. The program described herein is composed of four main areas: prevention;

detection; removal; and evaluation. Each of the four areas (corresponding to a dedicated chapter in this AC) contains strategies and practices that can help reduce FOD at airports.

The guidance in this AC is particularly applicable to airport owners and operators, air carrier station managers, and general aviation operators. Individuals in these positions may then be able to communicate to apron crews, maintenance technicians, and aircraft servicing personnel the safety hazards posed by FOD.

The FOD management guidelines presented in this AC are advisory and can be implemented at the discretion of the airport operator in accordance with the airport operator’s approved Airport Certification Manual.

3. CANCELLATION. AC 150/5380-5B, Debris Hazards at Civil Airports, dated 7/5/96, is canceled.

4. APPLICATION. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) recommends the guidance and specifications in this Advisory Circular for developing and managing an airport FOD management program. In general, use of this AC is not mandatory. However, use of this AC is mandatory for the acquisition of FOD removal equipment through the Airport Improvement Program (AIP) or the Passenger Facility Charge (PFC) Program. See Grant Assurance No. 34, Policies, Standards, and Specifications, and PFC Assurance No.9, Standards and Specifications.

AC 150/5210-24 9/302010

ii

5. COMMENTS OR SUGGESTIONS for improvements to this AC should be sent to:

Manager, Airport Engineering Division (AAS-100)

ATTN: FOD MANAGEMENT

Federal Aviation Administration 800 Independence Avenue SW Washington DC 20591

Michael J. O'Donnell Director of Airport Safety and Standards

9/302010 AC 150/5210-24

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1. TERMINOLOGY AND REFERENCES

1.1. DEFINITIONS

1.2. ACRONYMS AND TERMS

1.3. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS

CHAPTER 2. INTRODUCTION

2.1. GENERAL

2.2. FOD FUNDAMENTALS

2.3 AN AIRPORT FOD MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

CHAPTER 3. FOD PREVENTION

3.1. AWARENESS

3.2. TRAINING AND EDUCATION

3.3. MAINTENANCE PROGRAMS

CHAPTER 4. FOD DETECTION

4.1. GENERAL

4.2. FOD RISK ASSESSMENT

4.3. FOD DETECTION OPERATIONS

4.4. FOD DETECTION EQUIPMENT

CHAPTER 5. FOD REMOVAL

5.1. BACKGROUND

5.2. EQUIPMENT CHARACTERISTICS

5.3. PERFORMANCE

5.4. REMOVAL OPERATIONS

CHAPTER 6. FOD EVALUATION

6.1. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

6.2. CONTINUOUS PROGRAM IMPROVEMENT

APPENDIX A: SUGGESTED DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE FOD

MANAGER

A.1. GENERAL

A.2. THE FOD MANAGER

APPENDIX B: FOD REMOVAL EQUIPMENT: ADDITIONAL STANDARDS

B.1 DESIGN STANDARDS

B.2 CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS

B.3 DELIVERY AND ACCEPTANCE STANDARDS

B.4 POST-DELIVERY STANDARDS

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2-1. Relationship between the four main areas in a FOD program iii iv

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CHAPTER 1. TERMINOLOGY AND REFERENCES

1.1. DEFINITIONS.

a. Air Operations Area (AOA). All airport areas where aircraft can operate, either under their own power or while in tow. The AOA includes runways, taxiways, apron areas, and all unpaved surfaces within the airport’s perimeter fence.

b. Airport Apron (or Ramp). A surface in the AOA where aircraft park and are serviced (refueled, loaded with cargo, and/or boarded by passengers).

c. Clean-as-you-go. The practice of cleaning one’s surroundings before, during, and after a shift, especially when working with items that may become FOD.

d. Foreign Object Debris (FOD). Any object, live or not, located in an inappropriate location in the airport environment that has the capacity to injure airport or air carrier personnel and damage aircraft. NOTE: The FAA is cooperating with international aviation organizations in an effort to develop a standard, international definition of FOD. If, and when, such a definition is developed and adopted by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), that definition will take precedence over the one provided in this AC.

e. Foreign Object Debris (FOD) Damage. Any damage attributed to a foreign object that can be expressed in physical or economic terms which may or may not downgrade the product’s safety or performance characteristics. NOTE: For the purposes of this AC, and to reduce confusion and ensure consistency in language and terminology, “FOD” will only refer to the phrase “foreign object debris.”

f. Hazard. A condition, object or activity with the potential for causing damage, loss, or injury.

g. Manufacturer. The distributor, lessor, or supplier of automated FOD detection equipment. This includes any operator of a FOD removal program that incorporates FOD detection equipment and removal equipment.

1.2. ACRONYMS AND TERMS.

ACM Airport Certification Manual

AOA Air Operations Area

FAA Federal Aviation Administration

FOD Foreign Object Debris

GSE Ground Support Equipment

ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization

NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

SAE Society of Automotive Engineers

USAF United States Air Force

1.3. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS.

The following documents form part of this specification and are applicable to the extent specified.

a. DOT Standards / FAA Orders, Specifications, Drawings, and Advisory Circulars (ACs).

AC 150/5200-5 Wildlife Attractants On or Near Airports

AC 150/5210-5 Painting, Marking, and Lighting of Vehicles Used on an Airport

AC 150/5200-18 Airport Safety Self-Inspection

AC 150/5200-30 Airport Winter Safety and Operations

AC 150/5220-24 Airport Foreign Object Debris (FOD) Detection Equipment

AC 150/5300-13 Airport Design

AC 150/5370-2 Operational Safety on Airports During Construction

AC 150/5380-6 Guidelines and Procedures for Maintenance of Airport Pavements

NHTSA FMVSS 103 Windshield Defrosting and Defogging Systems

b. Industry Publications.

Chaplin, G. Make it FOD Free: The Ultimate FOD Prevention Program Manual

NAFPI Foreign Object Debris (FOD) Prevention Guidelines

NAS 412 Foreign Object Damage/Foreign Object Debris (FOD) Prevention

San Antonio International Airport FOD Prevention Program Manual

SAE 1247 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment — General Requirements

SAE J1503 Performance Test for Air-Conditioned, Heated, and Ventilated

Off-Road Self-Propelled Work Machines

c. Sources.

(1) FAA ACs may be obtained from the FAA website at:

http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/advisory_circulars/

(2) FAA Orders, Specifications, and Drawings may be obtained from: Federal Aviation Administration, ATO-W CM-NAS Documentation, Control Center, 800 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20591. Telephone: (202) 548-5256, FAX: (202) 548-5501 and website:

http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ato/service_units/techops/atc_facilitie s/cm/cm_documentation/

(3) NHTSA Standards may be obtained from: NHTSA HQ, 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE, West Building Washington, DC 20590. Website: www.nhtsa.dot.gov

(4) Industry publications may be obtained from:

(a) National Aerospace FOD Prevention, Inc., Telephone: (800) 363-1121 and website: www.nafpi.com

(b) The FOD Control Corporation, 8987 East Tanque Verde Road, Building 309 - Mail Stop #360, Tucson, Arizona USA, 85749-9399 and website: www.makeitfodfree.com

(c) National Aerospace Standards (NAS), from the Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc., 15 Inverness Way East, Inglewood, CO 80112 and website:

global.ihs.com/?RID=AIA

(d) San Antonio International Airport, 9800 Airport Blvd., San Antonio, TX 78216, Telephone: (210) 207-3475 and website: www.sanantonio.gov

(e) Society of Automotive Engineers, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ato/service_units/techops/atc_facilities/cm/cm_documentation/ http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ato/service_units/techops/atc_facilities/cm/cm_documentation/ http://www.nafpi.com/ http://www.makeitfodfree.com/ http://www.sanantonio.gov/

CHAPTER 2. INTRODUCTION

2.1. GENERAL.

The presence of FOD on an airport’s air operations area (AOA) poses a significant threat to the safety of air travel. FOD has the potential to damage aircraft during critical phases of flight, which can lead to catastrophic loss of life and airframe, and at the very least increased maintenance and operating costs. FOD hazards can be reduced, however, through the implementation of a FOD management program and the effective use of FOD detection and removal equipment.

2.2. FOD FUNDAMENTALS.

a. FOD Hazards. FOD can severely injure airport or air carrier personnel or damage equipment. Types of potential damage include: cutting aircraft tires; being ingested into engines;

or becoming lodged in mechanisms affecting flight operations. Personnel injuries or even death can occur when jet blast propels FOD through the airport environment at high velocities.

b. Sources of FOD.

(1) FOD comes from many sources, which complicates efforts to maintain safe airfield operations. FOD can be generated from personnel, airport infrastructure (pavements, lights, and signs), the environment (wildlife, snow, ice) and the equipment operating on the airfield (aircraft, airport operations vehicles, maintenance equipment, fueling trucks, other aircraft servicing equipment, and construction equipment).

(2) FOD can collect both on and below ground support equipment stored or staged on the airport apron, particularly in apron areas. Jet blast can then blow FOD onto personnel or an aircraft. Jet blasts can also create runway FOD when an aircraft transitions from a relatively large-width runway onto a smaller-width taxiway. Outboard engines blow any loose dirt and materials from the shoulder and infield areas onto the runway. Also, the outboard engines of four-engine aircraft can move debris from the runway edge and shoulder areas, where it tends to accumulate, back toward the center of the runway or taxiway.

(3) Helicopters that maneuver over freshly mowed or loose-dirt infield areas can also move FOD onto runways, taxiways, and ramps. In addition, the rotor wash from a helicopter can propel lightweight ground support equipment (GSE) or materials staged nearby.

(4) FOD is often more common when airports begin construction activities. FOD may also be more prevalent in winter conditions, as aging pavement infrastructure may be influenced by weathering (freeze and thaw cycles) and begin to crack or break apart.

(5) Advisory Circular 150/5200-30, Airport Winter Safety and Operations, contains specific guidance on using and removing sand to minimize its chances of becoming FOD in winter weather conditions.

(6) Weather can also be the cause of FOD due to movement. For example, wind can blow dry debris, such as sand or plastic bags, from relatively non-critical areas onto the flight area. Rain water and drainage can stream mud, pebbles and other small items along the path of least resistance. Awareness of weather-related sources of FOD movement helps civil engineers to design barriers and other structures properly.

c. FOD Taxonomy. The exact nature of FOD is also varied. FOD can be composed of any material and can be of any color and size. In a one year airport study (Information Paper on French Study on Automatic FOD Detection Systems – Workshop EUROCONTROL, 9-10 June 2008), over 60% of the collected, known FOD items were made of metal, followed by 18% of the items being made of rubber. Dark-colored items made up nearly 50% of the FOD collected.

Typical FOD includes the following:

aircraft and engine fasteners (nuts, bolts, washers, safety wire, etc.);

aircraft parts (fuel caps, landing gear fragments, oil sticks, metal sheets, trapdoors, and tire fragments);

mechanics' tools;

catering supplies;

flight line items (nails, personnel badges, pens, pencils, luggage tags, soda cans, etc.);

apron items (paper and plastic debris from catering and freight pallets, luggage parts, and debris from ramp equipment);

runway and taxiway materials (concrete and asphalt chunks, rubber joint materials, and paint chips);

construction debris (pieces of wood, stones, fasteners and miscellaneous metal objects);

plastic and/or polyethylene materials;

natural materials (plant fragments, wildlife and volcanic ash); and contaminants from winter conditions (snow, ice).

FOD removal operations are not meant to occur when a given area is contaminated with snow or ice. In such winter conditions, the procedures listed in AC 150/5200-30, Airport Winter Safety and Operations, are used to clear the AOA surfaces.

2.3 AN AIRPORT FOD MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

a. Airport Regulatory Requirements.

(1) The need for an airport to manage FOD is based on the requirements outlined in 14 CFR Part 139, Certification of Airports. The presence of FOD in the airport environment is discussed in §139.305.(a).(4), Paved Areas, which states: “Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, mud, dirt, sand, loose aggregate, debris, foreign objects, rubber deposits, and other contaminants must be removed promptly and as completely as practicable.” In addition, daily inspections performed at certificated airports (which form the primary means of FOD detection and removal at some airports) are required under §139.327, Self-Inspection Program. Inspections are a key component in airport operations, and an effective self-inspection program enables an airport operator to identify and eliminate unsafe conditions.

(2) Other FAA guidance documents, such as AC 150/5200-18, Airport Safety Self- Inspection, contain detailed information on the Part 139 inspection process, stating that “The inspector should continuously check for, and remove any FOD in movement areas, aircraft parking areas and loading ramps” (reference paragraph 11.g). It should be noted that while Part 139 requirements are mandatory for a holder of a Part 139 Airport Operating Certificate, the regulation contains many safety practices the FAA recommends for use at all airports.

(3) International standards and practices also discuss the issue of FOD in airports. ICAO Annex 14, Aerodrome Design and Operations, Chapter 10.2.1 states, “The surfaces of all movement areas including pavements (runways, taxiways and aprons) and adjacent areas shall be inspected and their conditions monitored regularly as part of an aerodrome preventive and corrective maintenance programme with the objective of avoiding and eliminating any loose objects/debris that might cause damage to aircraft or impair the operation of aircraft systems.”

b. Program Areas.

(1) A successful FOD management programs typically contain four main areas, each containing significant elements, as outlined below and in Figure 2-1:

Prevention

- Awareness (existence of the FOD program and management support)

- Training and education (implementation of the FOD program)

- Maintenance

Detection

- Operations (manual inspections and use of detection equipment)

- Equipment

Removal

- Equipment

- Operations

Evaluation

- Data collection and analysis

- Continuous improvement (trending, feedback, incident investigation)

Figure 2-1. Relationship between the four main areas in a FOD program

(2) Practical guidance for FOD managers. FOD managers are encouraged to build upon the guidance provided in this AC when implementing or improving their own programs.

CHAPTER 3. FOD PREVENTION

3.1. AWARENESS.

a. Program Existence and Status.

(1) A first step in implementing a successful FOD management program is making sure that applicable personnel are aware of the program’s existence. An airport’s FOD management system should be visible in all aspects of the airport operation. Improvements in FOD safety will occur most efficiently if all airport personnel are actively encouraged to identify potential FOD hazards, act to remove observed FOD, and propose solutions to mitigate those hazards. Some examples of organizational communication are:

(a) FOD seminars;

(b) FOD letters, notices and bulletins;

(c) FOD lessons-learned;

(d) FOD bulletin boards, safety reporting drop boxes, and electronic reporting through web sites or email; and

(e) A method to exchange safety-related information with other airport operators through regional offices or professional organizations.

(f) Airport FOD program promotional materials, such as t-shirts, stickers, FOD disposal cans, and smaller give-away items.

(g) FOD discussion at employee staff meetings.

b. FOD Policy and Management Support.

(1) An effective FOD program must also have the full support of management.

Management’s commitment to FOD prevention should be formally expressed in a statement of the organization’s FOD policy. The statement will serve to formally establish the FOD management program. Posting this policy statement in conspicuous locations will help reinforce the organization’s commitment to FOD prevention and help remind employees of their FOD management duties. Some key elements of an airport’s FOD policy are:

(a) An outline of the methods and processes that the organization will use to achieve desired safety outcomes.

(b) The organization’s policy concerning responsibility and accountability.

(2) The FOD Program Manager.

(a) Airport operators should designate an accountable staff member to manage the airport’s FOD programs and issues. This designated individual can be a dedicated FOD manager or can have other duties (e.g., operations manger, safety manager, etc.).

(b) The responsibilities of the FOD Manager should be clearly defined along the identified lines of communication within the organization. Additionally, the FOD manager should be allowed to report to the highest levels of management (e.g. airport president, chief executive officer (CEO), etc.) to assure appropriate consideration of all reports, recommendations, and issues.

(c) The FOD manager should regularly communicate the status of the FOD program to airport staff and ensure that lessons learned from hazardous occurrence investigations and case history or experiences, both internally and from other organizations, are distributed widely. An open line of communication should always be available between the FOD Manager and the airport/air carrier staff.

(d) An expanded discussion of the suggested duties and responsibilities of a FOD manager are provided in Appendix A.

(3) The FOD Committee.

(a) A number of airports of varying sizes and complexities have found it helpful to establish a FOD committee. Note: The level of authority or power of the FOD committee will be different for each airport, as it is set by the airport’s executive management.

(b) The composition of the committee is under the airport’s discretion, but typical committee members include those stakeholders with a direct relationship to FOD (such as those in a position to produce or remove FOD), including: tenant representatives, air carriers, airport operations and public safety staff, and contractor representatives, etc. The FOD manager would typically chair the committee.

(c) One of the most important functions of the FOD committee is to serve as a resource for the FOD manager. In addition, the determination of potentially hazardous FOD situations can be performed by the FOD committee, as well as performing an evaluation of collected FOD data.

c. Safety Culture. An effective FOD management program requires more than the implementation of rules and procedures to be followed. It requires the support of management to establish the attitude, decisions, and methods of operation at the policy-making level that demonstrate the organizations priority to safety. In effective safety cultures, there are clear reporting lines, clearly defined duties and well understood procedures. Personnel fully understand their responsibilities and know what to report, to whom and when. Though it is an intangible aspect of a safety program, proper personal attitudes and corporate commitment enable or facilitate the elimination of unsafe acts and conditions that are the precursors to accidents and incidents.

3.2. TRAINING AND EDUCATION.

a. Audience. Each individual with access to the AOA should understand their role in the prevention of FOD. These personnel include: airport operations; construction; aircraft maintenance and permanent/seasonal servicing staff (e.g. catering, fuel, cabin cleaning, baggage and cargo handling, waste disposal, etc.), and any other contractors. A formal orientation/indoctrination program familiarizing new employees with safety, security, communications, and vehicle operations should include FOD management training. This training can supplement the general FOD awareness incorporated into the driver training curriculum (or training for apron walking privileges) already in place at many airports.

b. Features. The FOD manager provides current information and continual training relating to FOD issues relevant to the specific operation of the airport. The provision of appropriate training to all staff, regardless of their level in the organization, is an indication of management’s commitment to an effective FOD management program. FOD training and education programs typically contain the following features:

(1) A documented process to identify training requirements;

(2) A validation process that measures the effectiveness of training;

(3) Recurrent training and education (to help maintain awareness);

(4) Human (and organizational) factors.

c. Training Objectives. The primary objectives of the FOD training program will be to increase employee awareness of the causes and effects of FOD damage and to promote active employee participation in eliminating FOD during performance of daily work routines. The FOD manager should emphasize FOD management through employee motivational programs as well as by conducting training courses to emphasize FOD prevention through efficient design, product discipline, maintenance, and flight line activities. The following subject matter should be included, as applicable, in the FOD manager’s FOD prevention program:

(1) Overview of the FOD management program in place at the airport;

(2) Safety of personnel and air carrier passengers;

(3) Causes and principal contributing factors of FOD;

(4) The consequences of ignoring FOD, and/or, the incentives of preventing FOD;

(5) Practicing clean-as-you-go work habits, and the general cleanliness and inspection standards of work areas (including the apron and AOA);

(6) Proper care, use, and stowage of material and component or equipment items used around aircraft while in maintenance or on airport surfaces;

(7) Control of debris in the performance of work assignments (e.g. loose items associated with luggage, ramp equipment, and construction materials);

(8) Control over personal items and equipment;

(9) Proper control/accountability and care of tools and hardware;

(10) Requirements and procedures for regular inspection and cleaning of aircraft and apron areas;

(11) How to report FOD incidents or potential incidents;

(12) Continual vigilance for potential sources of hazardous foreign objects;

(13) FOD Detection procedures, including the proper use of detection technologies (if applicable); and

(14) FOD Removal procedures.

d. Training Documentation. Training requirements and activities should be documented for each area of activity within the organization. To the extent possible, a training file should be developed for each employee, including management, to assist in identifying and tracking employee training, training requirements, and verifying that the personnel have received the planned training. Any training program should be adapted to fit the needs and complexity of the airport in question. At certificated airports, this is already being done for training required by 14 CFR Part 139, Certification of Airports.

3.3. MAINTENANCE PROGRAMS.

a. An airport’s FOD prevention program should be tailored to mitigate the particular actions and activities that generate FOD. A few examples of these activities include:

(1) Aircraft Servicing. Air carriers and airport tenants generate much of the FOD found in the airport apron, service roads, baggage makeup areas, and areas near flight kitchens.

Agreements between air carriers and their support organizations should specify which of the parties are responsible for cleaning various areas. In addition, the airport can help these organizations to establish procedures to inspect GSE for signs of wear and tear that can lead to FOD hazards. Procedures to inspect the baggage loading and unloading areas every time an aircraft is serviced can also be helpful, as luggage items (such as baggage wheels, zippers, and accessories) are common FOD items found in the airport apron.

(2) Aircraft Maintenance. Account for and dispose of nuts, bolts, washers, safety wire, etc. Account for hand tools used in repair jobs. Aids in the control of these items include checklists, shadow boards, and cut out tool tray liners. All items should be contained in a spill proof tote bag, tray or toolbox.

(3) Air Cargo. In an air cargo area, there is a high potential for blowing debris such as cargo strapping and plastic. Establish procedures to contain such debris, possibly by installing

(and monitoring) fencing where appropriate. Of course, FOD trapped by such fences should be removed regularly.

(4) Construction.

(a) Both airside and landside construction activities, as well as scheduled maintenance, should be communicated to airports users as early as possible. Specific FOD prevention procedures should be established and employed for each construction project. These procedures should be based on the proximity of construction activities to operational areas but in general should stress containment and regular cleanup of construction debris. Airport preconstruction planning should include a means for controlling and containing FOD generated by the construction. This is especially true in high-wind environments where debris is more likely to become airborne. For additional guidance on airport actions during construction activities, please reference AC 150/5370-2, Operational Safety on Airports During Construction.

(b) The designated routes of construction vehicles on the AOA should be examined, so as to avoid or minimize crossings of critical areas of aircraft operations. If high-risk crossings cannot be avoided, subsequent provisions such as an increased frequency of FOD inspections could be implemented. Airport operators should ensure that these provisions are incorporated into their FAA-approved Safety During Construction Plan.

(c) Contractors must fully understand the requirements and penalties incorporated in their contracts regarding the control and removal of FOD. To help ensure this occurs, airport operators may consider drafting standard “FOD Control and Clean-up” related language for all construction projects taking place within the AOA. The standard and project-specific FOD provisions could then be included into the contract documents for AOA construction projects.

These items may include:

Requiring contractors to cover all loads;

Requiring contractor to secure any lose items that could easily be blown;

Specifying whether any mechanical FOD removal devices will be required;

Specifying how monitoring for FOD hazards will be done; and Requirements for inspecting tires prior to traversing areas where aircraft are located.

(5) Airfield Maintenance Operations.

(a) Mowing and other maintenance operations routinely disturb the vegetation and soil in areas adjacent to areas traveled by aircraft. Establish procedures to remove debris such as the use of an assigned airfield sweeper or personnel on foot using shovels to repair vegetation and soil.

(b) Airfield lighting, pavement, and marking maintenance operations generate concrete/asphalt debris as well as increase the potential for dropped repair parts, tools, and other items stored on the maintenance vehicles. Corrective procedures should include the use of airfield sweepers and inspection of the work site after the procedures are completed.

(6) Pavements. Asphalt and concrete pavements may be the most common source of FOD on an airport. Therefore, effective pavement maintenance practices are critical to the mitigation of FOD. The FAA has developed extensive resources for pavement maintenance. For further information on this topic, please refer to AC 150/5380-6, Guidelines and Procedures for Maintenance of Airport Pavements, or visit http://www.faa.gov.

http://www.faa.gov/

CHAPTER 4. FOD DETECTION

4.1. GENERAL.

a. While proper FOD awareness is fundamental for any successful FOD program, the act of detecting FOD is one of the critical FOD operations that occur at an airport. This process involves not only the identification of potential FOD causes and locations, but also the timely detection of any FOD on airport surfaces. Whether detection occurs manually, through regular inspections, as a result of pilot reports, or through the use of advanced detection technologies, the outcome is equally important.

b. Runway Closures.

(1) A highly sensitive question involved in the use of continuously operating FOD detection technologies arises once an object is detected. If the location or characteristics of the FOD present no immediate safety hazard the object should be removed as soon as the operational schedule permits. If the location or characteristics of the FOD present an immediate safety hazard, provisions in the FOD management program should clearly indicate that a hazard exists and allow for an airport supervisor to take action and temporarily cease operations and, in the case of aircraft or airport equipment source of the FOD, notify the equipment operator. This is an appropriate issue, for example, for an airport’s FOD committee to study and provide further guidance to airport management and operations staff.

(2) On March 17, 2009, the FAA issued CertAlert 09-06, Closing active runway for FOD checks increases safe operations. In this advisory notice, the FAA stated that although not all types of FOD will necessitate an immediate runway closure, quick and decisive action should be taken, in all cases, to assess the threat posed by reported FOD. The FAA recommends that airports work closely with their Airport Traffic Control facilities in establishing procedures for handling such matters. For those interested, local FAA Airport District or Regional Offices can provide sample Letters of Agreement that address these types of situations and that have been successfully implemented at high activity air carrier airports.

4.2. FOD RISK ASSESSMENT.

A FOD risk assessment enables an airport to determine where unsafe FOD conditions exist.

However, since the risk assessment process is an integral part of an airport’s Safety Management System (SMS) program, and the FAA does not require airports to have an SMS program, the risk assessment process will not be discussed at this time. If, or when, airports are required to have an SMS program in the future, this AC will be updated to reflect the appropriate risk assessment procedures.

4.3. FOD DETECTION OPERATIONS

a. Inspection Areas. While detailed inspection guidance is provided in AC 150/5200-18, Airport Safety Self-Inspection, additional information can be helpful for airport personnel conducting FOD inspections. The following areas and operations are typically prone to having

FOD:

(1) Movement Areas (runways and taxiways).

(a) The portion of the runway used by aircraft to take off is where departing aircraft are most susceptible to FOD damage.

(b) Deteriorating or neglected pavement can exhibit spalling or cracks. For example, pieces of concrete can break loose from pavements or FOD can develop from fatigue corner cracks and airfield markings. FOD associated with building materials, debris falling from construction vehicles or blown from the airport apron onto aircraft maneuvering areas. Broken pieces of pavement can collect at the edge of the airport apron and be carried onto the aircraft maneuvering area by the tires of vehicular GSE.

(c) Service roads that cross taxiways should be monitored closely to prevent the vehicles using these roads from moving FOD onto the taxiways (especially in the case of construction operations, as addressed in the airport’s Safety During Construction Plan).

(d) Shoulders. Unpaved areas adjacent to pavement should be stabilized to prevent FOD. (AC 150/5300-13, Airport Design, provides further guidance in the construction of stabilized shoulders.)

(e) Pavement Joints. Special attention should be paid to the cleaning of cracks and pavement joints as tests have shown that these are the main sources of foreign objects which are ingested.

(f) Turf Areas. Turf grass and ditches collect and hold large amounts of light debris such as paper, cardboard, plastic, and various containers that trash often originate in terminal aprons, cargo ramps, and hangar ramps. This trash can blow back into areas traveled by aircraft unless collected in a timely manner.

(g) Fence-lines. Fences can collect trash on windy days. This FOD should be collected before the wind increases or shifts direction and the trash blows back on to areas traveled by aircraft.

(2) Airport Apron. Anywhere on the aircraft apron where ground vehicles operate.

(3) Aircraft Servicing Operations.

(a) Refueling, catering, cabin cleaning, and baggage and cargo handling can produce broken materials.

(b) Baggage pieces, including bag tags and wheels, can break off luggage and either fall onto the apron or collect in the door sill. Items collected in the door sill can damage the door or prevent it from properly closing. They can also be knocked out of the sills and onto the apron at the next station.

(c) Other areas where FOD is likely to collect include the ground at both ends of the conveyor, and the area between the baggage cart and the conveyor belt.

(4) Air Cargo Operations.

(a) High potential for blowing debris such as plastic cargo wrappers.

(b) Fencing used to contain debris should be cleaned regularly.

(5) Construction Operations.

(a) The proximity of construction activities to operational areas presents a risk of debris.

(b) Regular and thorough cleaning of the construction site, including the construction haul routes, is expected. These provisions are typically outlined in local rules and pre-existing agreements, such as the construction safety plan. Particular attention should be paid to construction vehicle routes that cross or are adjacent to active pavements.

(6) Aircraft Maintenance Activities.

(a) These activities, which may be performed on the apron, require a variety of small objects, such as rivets, safety wire, and bolts that become FOD when they are inadvertently left behind.

(b) All tools should be accounted for as a matter of practice. Aids in the control of these items include checklists, shadow boards, and cut out tool tray liners. For more information on an effective tool control program, please see NAS 412, Tool Accountability.

(7) Other activities. All vehicles should be driven on clean, paved surfaces when possible. If a vehicle must be driven on unpaved surfaces, the operator should check the vehicle tires for foreign objects immediately after returning to the pavement.

b. Methods and Techniques.

(1) The FAA and ICAO require a daily, daylight inspection of aircraft operating areas.

Operational areas must be inspected at least once each day, with additional inspections being made in construction areas and immediately after any aircraft or ground vehicle accident or incident or any spill of material which may cause slippery conditions. In addition to performing these inspections at the beginning of the day or shift, personnel in the AOA should practice a clean-as-you-go technique of looking for FOD during their normal shifts in the course of their regular duties. Inspections occurring at night, taking place after the runway is closed or before the runway is opened, also occur frequently. During night time inspections, personnel and vehicles should be equipped with additional lights/lighting systems to better detect FOD.

(2) Detection Technologies.

(a) Recent technological developments have greatly expanded the capabilities of FOD detection through automation. Advanced technologies are now available for improved FOD detection, including capabilities for continuous detection on runways and other aircraft movement areas and mobile detection devices to supplement the capabilities of airport personnel.

If an airport chooses to implement these new FOD detection technologies, they should ensure that the personnel monitoring these systems either have the authority (or the ability to quickly contact those in authority) to take appropriate and timely action if FOD is detected. Please see AC 150/5220-24, Airport FOD Detection Equipment, for more detailed information on the performance capabilities of advanced FOD detection technologies.

(b) FOD Detection Notification. The airport operator and air carriers have considerable flexibility in terms of how to implement continuous detection systems at the airport.

The user interface may be located in the airport’s operation or maintenance center, or it may be located in the airport traffic control (ATC) tower. Regardless of the configuration, an airport will determine the most efficient way to notify airport/air carrier personnel to remove the detected FOD, as well as the ATC staff to divert aircraft if a significant risk is presented.

(c) Wildlife. There are currently no uniform standards or procedures for the detection of wildlife on an airport. However, anecdotal evidence suggest that dead wildlife are more appropriately handled as a component of a FOD management program, while live wildlife are a component of a wildlife hazard management program. An overlap of these two programs therefore occurs whenever wildlife are struck by aircraft and/or their remains serve as an attractant to other wildlife. In addition, elements of certain wildlife programs can create FOD, e.g. the introduction of cracker shell casings. Certificated airports (under 14 CFR Part 139) and airports that have a Wildlife Hazard Assessment Plan may therefore need to review their plan as it relates to the airport’s FOD program.

(3) Manual Detection.

(a) When conducting an inspection on a runway, inspection techniques will be determined by runway availability and type of operation. Ongoing construction requires more frequent inspections. It may even be necessary to assign dedicated personnel to continually inspect for FOD during major construction activities. As part of the FOD management program, the FOD manager may find it appropriate to reach out to air carriers and flight crews to leverage the airport’s current FOD management efforts. For example, flight crews could be asked to report to ATC and station operations any FOD they observe on runways and taxiways. Air carrier and aircraft handling agents may also be asked to designate individuals to inspect apron areas prior to aircraft movement to and from the gate.

(b) A runway inspection will involve passage along the length of the runway to observe and remove FOD. The most effective method involves two or more passages to reduce the width of the inspection zone. When there is time to do only one pass on the runway, inspection personnel, whenever practical, should drive in the opposite direction that aircraft are landing on the runway with high intensity flashing beacon and headlights on at all times. This practice will enable self-inspection personnel to see approaching aircraft and improve visibility of the vehicle to pilots. Inspection personnel should also drive the stub taxiways between the runway and parallel taxiway because these areas are commonly overlooked.

(c) Encouraging the participation of airport tenants in inspections will reinforce the concept that FOD prevention is a team effort and demonstrate the airport operator's commitment to a debris-free environment. As such, air carrier personnel, when feasible, should join the airport staff in daily movement area inspections. This practice helps increase familiarity with local airfield conditions, and promotes effective communication between the airport and air carriers. The placement of convenient and conspicuous FOD containers (as described in Paragraph 5.2 of this AC) is a helpful reminder of the need to be vigilant in preventing the occurrence of FOD.

(i) An effective and clever operation currently in place at airports is the promotion of all-hands “FOD walks.” These walks are typically conducted as part of an airport’s FOD management campaign. Walks involve the coordination and invitation of airport and air carrier staff (e.g. ground handling agents, air carriers, Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting (ARFF) and apron personnel), external partners, and other community volunteers to participate in manually collecting airport FOD. These events can be promoted with offering food and water to participants, and various prizes (i.e. airport clothing) to those who collect the most FOD. Of note, during this type of event, identifying the location and origin of FOD (for data analysis and evaluation) is not always possible.

(d) For further guidance on the performance of airport inspections, please see AC 150/5200-18, Airport Safety Self-Inspection.

4.4. FOD DETECTION EQUIPMENT.

The standards and specifications found in AC 150/5220 24, Airport Foreign Object Debris (FOD) Detection Equipment, represent the FAA guidance for the evaluation and procurement of FOD detection systems.

CHAPTER 5. FOD REMOVAL

5.1. BACKGROUND.

Once FOD is detected, the next major operation of a FOD management program will occur:

removing FOD from the airport environment. The most effective resource for FOD removal is the use of FOD removal equipment, especially in areas where FOD can be expected, such as near areas of construction. For removal of an isolated FOD object detected on a runway, manual removal will be the most efficient. Although specialized equipment is available and highly suited to some airport operations, FOD removal methodologies and technologies are available for all airports.

5.2. EQUIPMENT CHARACTERISTICS.

This AC does not limit the equipment that airports may use for FOD removal. Currently available removal equipment can be categorized into two types: mechanical and non-mechanical. Additionally, the category of storage systems (FOD containers) is also of fundamental importance.

a. Mechanical Systems. These technologies use powered devices in mechanical systems that remove or retrieve FOD items and contain retrieved FOD for proper disposition. Equipment in this category varies in size, and is found in sizes from small push units to large area systems that are truck mounted. Types of mechanical removal systems include:

(1) Power Sweepers, including tow-behind bristle trailers. The sweeper removes debris from cracks and pavement joints, and is typically used in all areas of the AOA including areas where GSE are staged. NOTE: For all brush systems, operators are cautioned that bristles can detach from brooms and produce a FOD source. Brushes made with metal bristles or spines are not recommended to be used for FOD removal purposes. Plastic or combination plastic/metal bristles may be appropriate, but the user should consult the equipment manufacturer for specific recommendations. Regardless of the equipment used, a thorough check of the pavement should be conducted at the conclusion of the sweeping procedure.

(2) Vacuum Systems. These systems perform FOD removal functions similar to the power sweepers described above, but use air flow as the primary means of object retrieval. The systems may also perform in conjunction with mechanical brooms or other recirculating air units.

(3) Jet Air Blowers. These systems move FOD and other debris by directing a stream of high velocity air towards the pavement surface. When used in the airport environment, it is recommended that these systems incorporate a debris collection mechanism so that FOD will not simply be relocated to another area in the AOA.

b. Non-Mechanical Systems.

(1) Friction Mat Sweepers. A rectangular assembly towed behind a vehicle that employs a series of bristle brushes and friction to sweep FOD into sets of capture scoops, which are covered by a retaining mesh to hold collected debris.

(2) Magnetic Bars (attached to vehicles). These bars can be suspended beneath tugs and trucks to pick up metallic material. However, the bars should be cleaned regularly to prevent them from dropping the collected debris. Vehicles operation in the AOA should be inspected periodically to ensure that they have no loose items that can fall off. Common magnetic materials include ceramic, rare earth, and alnico metals. Conversely, magnetic bars are not able to pick up the following types of common FOD materials: titanium and aluminum alloys, some stainless steels, and plastics.

(3) Rumble strips (also “FOD Shakers”). Long devices, which are 10 to 15 ft (3 to

4.60 m) long, that are positioned on the pavement to dislodge FOD from vehicles that drive over them. While these devices may have been used in the past, they are no longer a widely accepted FOD removal system. Their effectiveness at removing debris from tires or vehicle undercarriages is negligible, and the equipment can generate its own FOD if not cleaned out regularly. The current best practice for removing FOD from tires is to stop a vehicle at a designated checkpoint, perform a visual inspection, and then use a hand tool to manually remove detected debris.

c. Storage Systems (FOD Containers).

(1) Designated FOD containers should be conspicuously placed at all gates for the collection of debris. The containers should be well marked, properly secured, and emptied frequently to prevent them from overflowing and becoming a source of FOD themselves. In addition, airport personnel can wear waist pouches to collect debris.

(2) “Closed-type” containers are preferable, given the opportunity for wind to dislodge the container contents. Consequently, “open-type” containers are not advised. Airport operators should ensure that FOD containers do not blow over during periods of high winds. This can be accomplished by using heavy trash cans or securing the containers to the ground with a tether or a weight. FOD containers should also have placards stating that hazardous materials may not be deposited in them.

(3) Locations. Suggested locations include: near all entry points to the AOA, in hangars, in aircraft tie-down and aircraft maintenance areas, and at each aircraft gate or baggage area. Central or well-known storage locations increase the likelihood that collected debris will be deposited by personnel.

(4) Other means for containing FOD include: wind barriers and netting to restrict movement of airborne FOD; fencing to prevent animals from entering the airfield; and well-maintained paved surfaces. If damaged pavement cannot be repaired immediately, airport operators should make arrangements for aircraft to take an alternate route.

(5) Evaluating the debris collected in containers and pouches can reveal its sources and indicate where personnel and equipment should be deployed for more effective control. Chapter six of this AC will provide more information on this practice.

5.3. PERFORMANCE.

a. Operational Standards. Unless otherwise specified, the following standards apply only to “mechanical” FOD removal systems.

(1) Operational Speeds. The minimum speeds that FOD removal equipment should operate and collect 90% of FOD (based on the “test/validation objects described in paragraph 5.3.b) is 15 mph (25 km/h). Maximum speeds are limited by airport operations regulations.

(Mechanical and non-mechanical systems)

(2) Collection Path.

(a) The minimum path for a removal system used during airport operations is 60 in (150 cm) wide.

(b) Systems that are used on the airport apron or designed to be mounted on existing airport operations vehicles must have a minimum path 40 in (100 cm) wide.

(c) Magnets must be at least 36 in (90 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) wide. (Mechanical and non-mechanical systems)

(3) Retention / Hopper Capacity.

(a) The minimum usable capacity of a power sweeper used during airport operations is 40 cu ft (1 cu m).

(b) For systems mounted on airport operations vehicles, the volume of the truck bed will represent the retention capacity.

b. Testing / Validation.

(1) All FOD removal equipment must be able to demonstrate the ability to collect 90 percent of the items listed in paragraph below, when they are placed in a 10 ft x 10 ft (3 m x 3 m) square on the pavement surface, on one pass of the equipment at a minimum speed of 15 mph (25 km/h). Where specific dimensions and weights are not provided, the purchaser will determine the object properties most characteristic of those found on their airport.

(2) Test / Validation Objects.

- A metal cylinder measuring 1.2 in (3.1 cm) high and 1.5 in (3.8 cm) in diameter (both ferrous (i.e., magnetic) or non-ferrous metals are acceptable),

- A sphere, measuring 1.7 in (4.3 cm) in diameter (i.e., a standard size golf ball),

- A “chunk” of asphalt or concrete,

- Any portion of a runway light fixture (in-pavement or edge light),

- A wrench (up to 8 in. (20 cm) in length),

- A socket (at least 2 in. (5 cm) in length),

- A piece of rubber from an aircraft tire,

- A distorted metal strip (up to 8 in. (20 cm) in length),

- Fuel cap (aircraft or automotive),

- Lug nut,

- Hydraulic line (from aircraft or GSE, up to 8 in. (20 cm) in length), and

- Aircraft fasteners and safety wire.

(3) Further testing requirements are contained in Appendix B, Section B.3, of this document.

c. Additional Standards. Additional FOD removal system standards are located in Appendix C.

5.4. REMOVAL OPERATIONS.

a. Individuals responsible for FOD removal operations should have direct responsibility for the safety of those operations and should be given the resources to implement the necessary controls.

b…