IFBSpecs-B_-0024_with_APPDXss.pdf

NEW YORK DISTRICT

Removal of Bollards Burlington Harbor

Burlington, Vermont

IFB No. W912DS-13-B-0024

Specifications

THIS PAGE IS BLANK

CHECKLIST - 1

US ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, NEW YORK

INVITATION FOR BIDS NO. . W912DS-13-B-0024

CHECK LIST FOR BIDDERS

ATTACHED IS IFB No. W912DS-13-B-0024

Removal of Bollards, Burlington Harbor

SEGMENT U EMERGENCY STREAMBANK RESTORATION AND

SEGMENT T EAST STREET CLOSURE GATE BLOCK AND TACKLE

BOROUGH OF BOUND BROOK, NEW JERSEY

ALL INFORMATION REQUIRED BY THE TERMS OF THIS SOLICITATION

MUST BE FURNISHED. MISTAKES OR OMISSIONS MAY RENDER YOUR

OFFER INELIGIBLE FOR AWARD. IMPORTANT ITEMS FOR YOU TO CHECK

ARE INCLUDED IN BUT NOT LIMITED TO THOSE LISTED BELOW. THIS

INFORMATION IS FURNISHED ONLY TO ASSIST YOU IN SUBMITTING A

PROPER BID

__HAVE YOU ACKNOWLEDGED ALL AMENDMENTS?

__HAVE YOU COMPLETED THE “REPRESENTATIONS AND CERTIFICATIONS”

(SECTION 00600) PORTION OF THE SOLICITATION?

__IS YOUR DUNS NUMBER LISTED ON THE STANDARD FORM 1442?

__IS YOUR BID PROPERLY SIGNED?

__IS YOUR BID GUARANTEE PROPERLY SIGNED BY BOTH THE BIDDER AND

SURETY AND ARE ALL SEALS AFFIXED?

__DO THE BID BOND AND ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS BEAR

SIGNATURES AND SEALS AFFIXED AFTER THE DOCUMENT WAS

GENERATED, AS OPPOSED TO COMPUTER PRINTER-GENERATED

SIGNATURES AND/OR SEALS?

__HAVE YOU ENSURED THAT YOU HAVE NOT RESTRICTED YOUR OFFER

BY ALTERING THE PROVISIONS OF THE SOLICITATION?

__WHEN REQUIRED, HAVE YOU ENTERED A UNIT PRICE FOR EACH PRICE

CHECKLIST - 2

ITEM? (THE SOLICITATION SPECIFICALLY STATES WHEN THIS IS

NECESSARY.)

__ARE DECIMALS IN YOUR PRICES IN THE PROPER PLACE? ARE YOUR

FIGURES LEGIBLE?

__IF YOU HAVE MADE ERASURES OR CORRECTIONS ON YOUR BID, ARE

THEY INITIALED BY THE PERSON SIGNING THE BID?

__DOES THE ENVELOPE CONTAINING YOUR BID PROPERLY IDENTIFY

THAT IT IS A SEALED BID AND DOES IT CONTAIN THE CORRECT

SOLICITATION NUMBER AND BID OPENING TIME?

__WILL YOUR OFFER ARRIVE ON TIME? (SEE PARAGRAPH ENTITLED “LATE

SUBMISSIONS, MODIFICATIONS, AND WITHDRAWALS OF BIDS” IN THE

INSTRUCTIONS, CONDITIONS, AND NOTICES TO BIDDERS, SECTION 00100

OF THE SOLICITATION.)

NOTE: THERE ARE INCREASED SECURITY MEASURES AT JACOB K.

JAVITS FEDERAL BUILDING, 26 FEDERAL PLAZA THAT MAY AFFECT THE

TIME IT TAKES TO ENTER THE BUILDING. BIDDERS ARE RESPONSIBLE

TO ENSURE THAT THEIR BID IS SUBMITTED TIMELY.

COVER SHEET

NEW YORK DISTRICT

CORPS OF ENGINEERS

NEW YORK, NEW YORK 10278-0090

INVITATION FOR BIDS

FOR

Removal of Bollards, Burlington Harbor

1. Attached is INVITATION FOR BIDS (IFB) NO. W912DS-13-B-0024.

2. BIDS MUST BE SET FORTH full, accurate, and complete information as required by this Invitation for Bids, including attachments. The penalty for making false statements in bids is prescribed under Title 18, United States Code, Section 1001.

3. SUBMISSION OF BIDS: Complete details concerning proper submission of bids are contained in the INSTRUCTIONS, CONDITIONS, AND NOTICES TO BIDDERS (Section 00100).

4. Note the REQUIREMENT FOR AFFIRMATIVE ACTION of the EQUAL

OPPORTUNITY clause as it applies to the contract resulting from this solicitation.

(See paragraph NOTICE OF REQUIREMENT FOR AFFIRMATIVE ACTION TO ENSURE EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY in Section 00100 of this IFB).

5. REPRESENTATIONS AND CERTIFICATIONS – SECTION 00600

Bidders and Offerors are required to complete the REPRESENTATIONS AND CERTIFICATIONS and submit them with their bids.

Within Section 00600, note in particular the PROHIBITION SEGREGATED FACILITIES. Failure of a bidder or offeror to agree to the certification will render his bid or offer non-responsive to the terms of solicitations involving awards of contracts exceeding $10,000 which are not exempt from the provisions of the Equal Opportunity Clause (1984 APR).

6. Please review all bonds and accompanying documents required to be submitted.

Bonds, Powers of Attorney, statements of authenticity and continuing validity, and all related documents MUST NOT bear computer printer-generated signatures and/or seals. Documents bearing signatures and/or seals generated as part of a document, as opposed to being affixed to the document after its generation, will not be accepted.

Submission of such documents may render the bid or offer non-responsive and ineligible for award.

Removal of Bollards, Burlington Harbor, Burlington, VT

MTOC - 1

MAIN TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION TITLE

00010 SF 1442 AND BIDDING SCHEDULE

00100 INSTRUCTIONS TO BIDDERS

00600 REPRESENTATIONS AND CERTIFICATIONS

00700 CONTRACT CLAUSES

00 80 00 SPECIAL CONTRACT REQUIREMENTS

LIST OF DOCUMENTS, EXHIBITS & OTHER ATTACHMENTS

00900 WAGE RATES

00901 APPENDICES

00902 WATER QUALITY CERTIFICATION

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

01 12 00.00 18 DESIGN AND RECORD DRAWING REQUIREMENTS

01 31 10.00 18 PROJECT SCHEDULE: BAR CHART

01 33 00.00 18 SUBMITTAL PROCEDURES

01 35 26 GOVERNMENT SAFETY REQUIREMENTS

01 35 45.00 10 CHEMICAL DATA QUALITY CONTROL

01 45 02.00 18 QUALITY CONTROL SYSTEM (QCS)

01 45 04.00 18 CONTRACTOR QUALITY CONTROL

01 54 00.00 18 MOBILIZATION AND DEMOBILIZATION

01 57 20.00 18 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

TECHNICAL PROVISIONS

02 41 00 DEMOLITION

02 61 13 EXCAVATION AND HANDLING OF CONTAMINATED

MATERIALS

02 65 00 PETROLEUM SOIL AND PIPELINE REMOVAL

02 81 00 TRANSPORTATION AND DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS

MATERIAL

Removal of Bollards, Burlington Harbor, Burlington, VT

MTOC - 2

03 31 29 MARINE CONCRETE

The graphic format for this 4' x 6' sign panel follows the legend guidelines and layout as specified below. The large 4' x 4' section of the panel in the right is to be white with black legend. The 2' x 4' section of the sign on the left with the full corps Signature (reverse version) is to be screen printed Communication Red on the white background.

See attached sheet for fabrication and mounting guidelines.

SAMPLE:

2"

3"

Supervised by

Color: White Typeface: 1.25" Helvetica Regular

Legend Group 3: One- to

Legend Group 2: Division or description of Corps relationship to project

10.5"

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION SIGN

MILITARY PROJECT

4.5"

6.25"

Legend Group 1: One- to two-line

Burlington Harbor

Design and Construction

Castle)

Color: White

District Name (optional). Place below 10.5" Reverse Signature (6"

Typeface: 1.25" Helvetica Regular Maximum line length: 19"

Typeface: 3" Helvetica Bold Maximum line length: 42"

Legend Group 4: One-to two-line identification of project or facility

PostLegend three-line project title legend describes the work being done under this contract.

Color: Black

(civil works) or name of sponsoring department (military).

Color: Black Typeface: 1 5" Helvetica Regular

(Dimensions are in inches)

New York District

US Army Corps

7.75"

9.5"

2"

1.875"

1.875"

6"

4.5"

3"21" 3" 42" of Engineers

Removal of Bollards 4.5"

6"

2.25"

1.875"

1.875"

Specification

Sign

3" 21" 1" 21"

Mounting ColorPanel

2.5"

City of Burlington, VT

Group 4 with the first line of the Corps Signature (US Army Corps) as shown.

4' x 4'

Type g

Typeface: 1.5" Helvetica Regular Maximum line length: 42"

HDO-3

initial capitals only as shown.

Letter and word spacing to follow Corps standards as specified in

Typeface: 1.25" Helvetica Regular Maximum line length: 21"

All typography is flush left and rag

Legend Group 5a-b: One-to-five pg

48" g

* Appendix D

Color: Black

(architect, general contractor, etc.), corporate or firm name, city, state.

Use of Legend Group 5 is optional.

contractors including: type right upper and lower case with line identification of prime

Cross-align the first of Legend

Size Size Code Height Bkg/Lgd

WH-RD/BK

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION SIGN

* Refers to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, "Sign Standards Manual", EPS-310-1-6.

CID-01 various 4' x 6'

The graphic format, color, size and type-faces used on the sign are to be reproduced exactly as specified below. The title with First Aid logo in the top section of the sign, and the performance record captions are standard for all signs of this type. Legend Group 2 and 3 below identify the project and the contractor and are to be placed on the sign as shown.

Safety record numbers are mounted on individual metal plates and are screw-mounted to the background to allow for daily revisions to posted safety performance record.

Legend Group1: Standard two-line title "safety is a Job Requirement", with (8" od.) Safety Green First Aid logo. Color: To match PMS 347 Typeface: 3" Helvetica Bold Color: Black

Legend Group 2: One- to two-line project title legend describes the work being done under this contract and name of host project.

Color: Black 2.25" Typeface: 1.5" Helvetica Regular Maximum line length: 42"

2.25" Legend Group 3: One - to two-line identification: name of prime This project has Days without & contractor and city, state address. 1.875" operated: lost time injury 4.875" Color: Black Typeface: 1.5" Helvetica Regular Total days worked Maximum line length: 42" 1.875" on this contract 4.875"

Legend Group 4: Standard safety Lost time record captions as shown. 1.875" injuries 4.875" Color: Black

Typeface: 1.25" Helvetica Regular

Replaceable numbers are to be mounted on white 060: aluminum

4"

3"

3"

2" 17"

3.875"

SAFETY PERFORMANCE SIGN

Safety is a Job Requirement

3" 3"8"

City of Burlington, VT

3" 31"

6"

Removal of Bollards

Burlington Harbor

4.5"

10.5" mounted on white .060: aluminum plates and screw-mounted to background.

Color: Black Typeface: 3" Helvetica Regular Plate size: 2.5"x.5"

All typography is flush left and rag right, upper and lower case with initial capitals only as shown.

Letter- and word-spacing to follow Corps standards as specified in Appendix D. *

* Refer to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, "Sign Standards Manual", EPS-310-1-6.

Sign Legend Post Specifications Mounting Color Type Size Size Code Height Bkg/Lgd CID-02 various HDO-3 48" WH/BK-GR

.875"

3.125"

.975"

SAFETY PERFORMANCE SIGN

Dimensions inches.

mounting guidelines.

Panel Size

2.5"

4"x4" 4"x4"

2.5" 2.5"

See attached sheet for fabrication and

US ARMY

CORPS OF ENGINEERS, NEW YORK DISTRICT

Removal of Bollards Burlington Harbor

CONTRACTOR:

FUNDED BY:

City of Burlington, VT

PROHIBITED ACTIVITIES

DISTRICT ENGINEER: COLONEL PAUL E. OWEN

COMPLETION DATE:

FOR YOUR SAFETY

1. DO NOT ENTER DESIGNATED WORK AREAS

2. OBEY ALL STATE AND LOCAL REQUIREMENTS CONCERNING

As Construction Project Identification signs Detailed specifications for and Safety Performance signs are to be HDD plywood panel preparation are pro-fabricated and installed as described vided in Appendix B.** below. The signs are to be erected at a Shown below the mounting diagram is location designated by the contracting of- a panel layout grid with spaces provided ficer and shall conform to the size, format, for project information. Photocopy this and typographic standards shown on page and use as a worksheet when pre-the attached sheets. paring sign legend orders.

The sign panels are to be fabri-cated from .75" High Density Over-lay Plywood. Panel preparation to follow HDD specifications provided in Appendix B. **

Sign graphics to be prepared on a white non-reflective vinyl film with positionable adhesive backing.

All graphics except for the Com-munications Red background with Corps signature on the project sign are to be die-cut or computer-cut non-reflective vinyl, pre-spaced legends prepared in the sizes and typefaces specified and applied to the background panel following the graphic formats shown on the attached sheets.

The 2'x4' Communications Red panel (to match PMS-032) with full Corps signature (reverse ver-sion) is to be screen printed on the white background. Identifica-tion of the District or Division may be applied under the signature with white cut vinyl letters pre-pared to Corps standards. Large Construction Project Sign scale reproduction artwork for the Legend Group 1: Corps Relationship signature is provided on page 4.8

Drill and Insert six (6) .375" T-nuts from the front face of the HDD Legend Group 2: Division/District Name sign panel. Position holes as 1.

shown. Flange of T-nut to be flush with sign face. 2

18"

(photographically enlarge from 1.

6.875" to 10.5"). **

2.

Fabrication and Mounting Guidelines

48"

48"

(Dimensions in inches)

** Refers to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, "Sign Standards Manual", EP-310-1-6.

Apply graphic panel to prepared Legend Group 3: Project Title HDD plywood panel following better. Post to be 12" long. Drill six (6) .375" mounting holes in Legend Group 4: Facility Name uprights to align with T-nuts in sign

Assemble sign panel and uprights. Legend Group 5a: Contractor/A&E Legend Group 5b: Contractor /A&E Imbed assembled sign panel and

Safety Performance Sign Legend Group 1: Project Title

Legend Group 2: Contractor/A&E

1.

2.

4. 4.

5. 5.

1.

2.

require bolting additional 2"x4" 2. 2.

struts on inside face of uprights to reinforce installation as shown 3. 3.

screw (4"x.375"). 2.

uprights in 4" hole. Local soil con- 1. 1.

ditions and/or wind loading may

2.Sign uprights to be structural grade 4"x4" treated Douglas Fir

3.or Southern Yellow Pine. No.1 or panel. Countersink (.5") back of 1.

hole to accept socket head cap with sign face. 2.

manufacturers' instructions. 1.

SECTION 00900

WAGE RATES

SECTION 00901

APPENDICES

A. Phase 1 - Geophysical investigation in support of Burlington Harbor Construction Prepared 28 February 2010 by e4sciences – Earthworks, LLC; Sandy Hook, CT 06482

B. Phase II - Investigation in support of Burlington Harbor Construction Prepared 30 November 2010 by e4sciences – Earthworks, LLC; Sandy Hook, CT 06482

C. Phase I Archaeological Survey of Burlington Harbor in Lake Champlain, Vermont Prepared July 2008 by Lake Champlain Maritime Museum, Vergennes, VT 05491

D. Phase IB Oil Bollard Survey at Burlington Harbor, Burlington, Vermont – Final Report Prepared July 2011 by Lake Champlain Maritime Museum, Vergennes, VT 05491

E. Lake Champlain Sediment Toxics Assessment Program – An Assessment of Sediment – Associated Contaminants in Lake Champlain – Phase I Prepared February 1994 by Alan McIntosh (Editor), UVM School of Natural Resources

F. Lake Champlain Sediment Toxics Assessment Program – An Assessment of Sediment – Associated Contaminants in Lake Champlain – Phase II Prepared October 1997 by Alan McIntosh, Mary Watzin and Eric Brown (Editors), UVM School of Natural Resources

G. Ecological Effects of Sediment – Associated Contaminants in Inner Burlington Harbor, Lake Champlain Prepared September 1999 by Retra Tech, Inc.

H. Safe Diving Practices Manual Revision Prepared September 2009 by Lake Champlain Maritime Museum, Vergennes, VT 05491

I. Draft Environmental Assessment, Oil Bollard Removal, City of Burlington, Vermont Prepared by U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, New York District (June 2012) e3endres Text Box I. Plate 4 from e4sciences Phase II report with Supplemental Data Bollards 3, 4, and 5 - Pictures, sketches, dimensions and supplemental data.

Contract No. DACW51-01-D-0018-3 Delivery Order No. 60

Phase I Archaeological Survey of Burlington Harbor in Lake Champlain, Burlington, Chittenden County, Vermont

Final Report

July 2008

PREPARED BY:

Lake Champlain Maritime Museum 4472 Basin Harbor Road Vergennes, Vermont 05491

UNDER SUBCONTRACT TO:

Panamerican Consultants, Inc.

91 Tillman Street Memphis, Tennessee 38111

PREPARED FOR:

Environmental Analysis Section U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, New York District 26 Federal Plaza New York, New York 10278-0090 e3endres Text Box

APPENDIX C

Phase I Archaeological Survey of Burlington Harbor in Lake Champlain ii

Phase I Archaeological Survey of Burlington Harbor in Lake Champlain, Burlington, Chittenden County, Vermont

FINAL REPORT

Adam I. Kane Principal Investigator

By

Adam I. Kane, Christopher R. Sabick, and Joanne M. DellaSalla

Under the Direction of:

Arthur B. Cohn

Prepared by:

Lake Champlain Maritime Museum 4472 Basin Harbor Road, Vergennes, Vermont 05491

Under Subcontract to:

Panamerican Consultants, Inc.

91 Tillman Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38111

Prepared for:

Environmental Analysis Section U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, New York District

26 Federal Plaza New York, New York 10278-0090

Contract No. DACW51-01-D-0018-3 ● Delivery Order No. 60

July 2008 iii

MANAGEMENT SUMMARY

This report presents the results from a Phase I archaeological survey in Lake Champlain, adjacent to Burlington, Chittenden County, Vermont (Figure 1 and Figure 2). The survey included two components: an underwater remote sensing survey, and an archaeological survey and historic assessment of eight oil dolphins. The purpose of these investigations is to facilitate improvements in Burlington Harbor in compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act, of 1966 as amended, and 22 VSA Chapter 14, Vermont Historic Preservation Act.

The archaeological survey and historic assessment were undertaken on November 1 and 2, 2005. The above water portions of each dolphin were documented with digital and slide photographs. The underwater survey required seven dives with at cumulative bottom time of 248 minutes. The total underwater area surveyed was 7.15 acres (28935m2). The historic assessment of the dolphins included conducting background research into their history. With the exception of Dolphin 1, USACE permits for the construction of each dolphin were located.

The diver survey found no cultural resources within 100ft (30.5m) the dolphins. Two previously known archaeological sites, a wooden construction barge (VT-CH-811) and the schooner Excelsior (VT-CH-796) were within 200ft (61m) of Dolphin 1 and Dolphin 4, respectively.

The remote sensing survey was undertaken on May 10-12, 2006, requiring approximately 21 hours of survey time. The primary research instruments were a side-scan sonar and a marine magnetometer. The area surveyed was approximately 1.75mi2 (4.53km2), and constituted 62 survey transects spaced at 100ft (30.5m) intervals.

The survey located 19 anomalies: four previously known historic shipwrecks, three isolated acoustic anomalies, ten isolated magnetic anomalies, one acoustic anomaly with a corresponding magnetic signature and one probable wreck. The probable wreck (Anomaly

8) lies 170ft (51.8m) from Dolphin 3.

iv

Figure 1. Map of the State of Vermont showing the location of the project.

v

Figure 2. Topographic map of Burlington, Vermont showing the location of the survey area.

vi

LCMM RECOMMENDATIONS

Oil Dolphins

Dolphins 2, 4 and 5 are not eligible for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) because they do not meet the minimum 50-year-old threshold. The LCMM recommends that no further work is necessary for the removal of these dolphins. However, the remains of the schooner Excelsior should be marked during the removal of Dolphin 4 to avoid impacting that archaeological site.

Dolphins 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 although more than 50 years old, are unlikely with further study to contribute important information to our understanding of history, and are thus not eligible for the NRHP. The LCMM recommends that no further work is necessary for the removal of these dolphins. However, the remains of a wooden work barge should be marked during the removal of Dolphin 2 to avoid impacting that archaeological site. Additionally, the potential wreck site near Dolphin 3 should be dive verified prior to any work that Dolphin.

The remains of the schooner Excelsior, which are located near Dolphin 4, are found eligible for the NRHP under Criterion D: Information Potential.

The remains of the wooden construction barge near Dolphin 1 are found eligible for the NRHP under Criterion D: Information Potential.

Table 1. Dolphin survey summary table.

Site Date Constructed NRHP Eligible VAI Number Dolphin 1 1923-1929 No NA Dolphin 2 1958-1959 No NA Dolphin 3 1951-1952 No NA Dolphin 4 1964 No NA Dolphin 5 1960-1962 No NA Dolphin 6 1951 No NA Dolphin 7 1934 No NA Dolphin 8 1951 No NA

Oakledge Barge Early/mid 20th century

Yes, Criterion D:

Information Potential

VT-CH-811

Schooner Excelsior 1850/1888 Yes, Criterion D:

Information Potential

VT-CH-796

vii

Additional Observations

The groups of Dolphins located near Oakledge Park (Dolphins 1 and 2) and those near North Beach (Dolphins 6, 7 and 8) have alternate uses which should be considered prior to their removal. Both of these sites are used by beginning SCUBA divers as protected, shallow-water introductory dive sites. In particular, Dolphins 1 and 2 and the nearby construction barge (VT-CH-811) are used as a first dive site during open water diving courses taught by a local dive shop. In the opinion of local dive instructors the Oakledge dolphins and barge are the most heavily dived site in all of Lake Champlain.1 “Oakledge,” as these sites are known in the dive community, is a shallow, protected shore dive with a sandy bottom that contains of number of interesting structures. The proximity to Oakledge Park and associated bathrooms and pavilion structure make them and ideal dive site.

Dolphins 6, 7 and 8 are less frequently dived, however, they offer an alternate venue to Oakledge when the wind is from the north.

LCMM recommends that prior to taking any action, the economic and recreational implications of removing Dolphins 1, 2, 6, 7 or 8 should be carefully considered. The LCMM believes that the value of these structures as dive sites far outweighs their negative characteristics.

Remote Sensing Recommendations

LCMM recommends that twelve of the nineteen anomalies located during the remote sensing survey be dive verified (anomalies 1, 2, 7, 8, 10, 11 and 13 – 18). In particular, Anomaly 8 appears to be previously unknown wreck. Should Anomaly 8 upon verification be confirmed as a wreck it could have significant recreational value given its proximity to the Burlington Waterfront.

viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Management Summary.............................................................................................................. iii LCMM Recommendations.....................................................................................................vi

Oil Dolphins.........................................................................................................................vi Additional Observations...................................................................................................vii Remote Sensing Recommendations ................................................................................vii

Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................viii List of Figures .............................................................................................................................xii List of Tables ..............................................................................................................................xvi Historic Context

Champlain Valley Background Pre-European History of the Champlain Valley

Paleoindian Period (11,300-9000 BP) Archaic Period (9000-2900 BP) Woodland Period (2,900-400 years BP) Contact Period (1609-1666 AD)

Euro-American History (1609-Present) Exploration/Contact Period (1609-1664) French and British Military Conflict (1664-1763) Early Settlement (1763-1775) Revolutionary War (1775-1783) Settlement and Commercialization (1783-1812) War of 1812 (1812-1815) Searching for a New Market (1815-1823) Era of Waterborne Commerce (1823-1848) Railroad Development (1848-1875) Decline of Lake Commerce (1874-1945) Recreational Period (1945-present)

History of Burlington Harbor, Vermont Burlington Prior to European Contact Initial European Settlement and Commercialization of Burlington (1700s-1812) Burlington and the War of 1812 Burlington and the Commercial Era (1815-1875) Construction of the Burlington Breakwater (1836-1890) The Decline of Commerce 1874-1945 Oil Industry on the Burlington Waterfront Burlington Reclaims its Waterfront

Oil Tank Farms Leave the Waterfront The Public Trust Doctrine

Previous Investigations and Archaeological Sites in the Project area ix

Previous Investigations Archaeological Sites within the Burlington Harbor

Prehistoric Sites Historic Sites

General Butler (VT-CH-590) O. J. Walker (VT-CH-594) The North Beach Wreck (VT-CH-607) Burlington Bay Horse Ferry (VT-CH-591) Burlington Bay Breakwater United States Coast Guard Station

Canal Boat (VT-CH-575) Floating Dry Dock (VT-CH-576) Timber Crib (VT-CH-577) Plywood Motor Boat (VT-CH-791) Skiff (VT-CH-792) Canal Boat (VT-CH-592) Construction Barge (VT-CH-811)

Pine Street Barge Canal Breakwater Site Site History Schooner Excelsior (VT-CH-796) Pine Street Breakwater Site Construction Barges

Construction Barge 1 (VT-CH-795) Construction Barge 2 (VT-CH-793) Construction Barge 3 (VT-CH-797)

Hildegarde (VT-CH-794) Canal Boats in the Pine Street Canal

Canal Boat (VT-CH-801) Canal Boat (VT-CH-800) Canal Boat (VT-CH-802) Canal Boat (VT-CH-798) Canal Boat (VT-CH-799) Canal Boats (VT-CH-803, VT-CH-804 and VT-CH-805)

Unverified Sites in Burlington Harbor Wreck E6 Wrecks L6 and K6

Research Design and Methods Oil Dolphin Survey Remote Sensing Survey

Remote Sensing Plan Overview Survey Vessel Side Scan Sonar Magnetometer x

Navigation System Data Collection Systems

Survey Results Oil Dolphin Survey

What is an Oil Dolphin?

Oil Dolphin 1

Historic Background Dolphin Description Dive Survey Results Historic Significance

Wooden Barge (VT-CH-811) Statement of Significance

Oil Dolphin 2 Historic Background Dolphin Description Dive Survey Results Historic Significance

Oakledge Dolphins Recreational Potential Oil Dolphin 3

Historic Background Dolphin Description Dive Survey Results Remote Sensing Results Historic Significance

Oil Dolphin 4 Historic Background Dolphin Description Dive Survey Results Historic Significance

Oil Dolphin 5 Historic Background Dolphin Description Dive Survey Results Historic Significance

Oil Dolphins 6, 7 and 8 Historic Background Dolphin Descriptions Dive Survey Results Historic Significance

Texaco Beach Dolphins Recreational Potential Remote Sensing Data Analysis

Anomaly 1 xi

Anomaly 2 Anomaly 3 (General Butler, VT-CH-590) Anomaly 4 (Horse Ferry, VT-CH-591) Anomaly 5 (North Beach Wreck, VT-CH-607) Anomaly 6 (Oakledge Barge, VT-CH-811) Anomaly 7 Anomaly 8 Anomaly 9 Anomaly 10 Anomaly 11 Anomaly 12 Anomaly 13 Anomaly 14 Anomaly 15 Anomaly 16 Anomaly 17 Anomaly 18 Anomaly 19

Conclusion and Recommendations Survey Results Summary Recommendations

Bibliography Glossary Abbreviations Appendix A: Army Corps of Engineers Oil Dolphin Permits Endnotes xii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Map of the State of Vermont showing the location of the project....................... iv Figure 2. Topographic map of Burlington, Vermont showing the location of the survey area. ........................................................................................................................................ v Figure 3: Native American dugout canoe, circa 1450 AD, found in Shelburne Pond, Shelburne, Vermont Figure 4: A Native American clay pot found in Lake Champlain (LCMM Collection) Figure 5: Drawing of the 1609 battle with Champlain and his allies fighting against a group of Mohawk warriors (From Bellico 1992) Figure 6: Champlain's 1632 map of the northeast (Champlain 1632) Figure 7. Engraving of Fort St. Frederic at Crown Point (Proud 1759) Figure 8: Map showing the British North American Colonies in 1772 (Bell 1772) Figure 9: Regional map showing Lake Champlain at the center of a water route between the St. Lawrence and Hudson Rivers (by Adam Kane) Figure 10: Profile of the schooner Liberty (from "God Bless Our Arms" courtesy of the Fort

Ticonderoga Museum) Figure 11: Battle of Valcour Island", by Henry Gilder, circa 1776 (courtesy of Queen

Elizabeth II) Figure 12: Lieutenant Thomas Macdonough, commander of the United States Naval

Squadron on Lake Champlain (image courtesy of Kevin Crisman) Figure 13: Contemporary painting of the Battle of Plattsburgh Bay (LCMM Collection).29 Figure 14: An "1858-class" sailing canal boat, photographed circa 1900 (LCMM Collection).

Figure 15: Circa 1880 postcard showing a sail ferry at Arnold’s Bay, Vermont (LCMM

Collection) Figure 16: Early twentieth century postcard showing the steamer Vermont III docked next to a railroad line at Montcalm Landing in Ticonderoga, New York (LCMM Collection)

Figure 17: Mid-twentieth century photograph of the Champlain Bridge (LCMM Collection)

Figure 18: Mid-twentieth century postcard showing Sand Bar Bridge connecting Grand Isle to the mainland (LCMM Collection)

Figure 19: 1952 postcard showing the car ferry Roosevelt (LCMM Collection) Figure 20: Aerial photograph of Burlington Harbor (LCMM Collection) Figure 21: Map of Burlington Harbor, with the original shoreline and the present day shoreline differentiated. Sites VT-CH-81 and VT-CH-161 are identified with arrows.

Figure 22: Projectile point types found along the Burlington Waterfront: (left to right) Brewerton side notched, Brewerton ear notched, Levanna

Figure 23: Map of Burlington Harbor in 1830. Note the steep slope of the waterfront and xiii the first wharf at the base or Wharf Street (presently Maple Street) (Courtesy of University of Vermont, Wilbur Special Collections)

Figure 24: Map of Burlington Harbor 1850 (Courtesy of University of Vermont, Wilbur Special Collections)

Figure 25: Image of Burlington Harbor stockpiled with lumber circa1850 (Photo courtesy of UVM Bailey-Howe Library, Wilbur Special Collections)

Figure 26: Burlington’s waterfront circa 1935. (Courtesy of University of Vermont, Bailey Howe Library, Wilbur Special Collections)

Figure 27: Tugboat pushing a barge on Lake Champlain (by Arthur Cohn) Figure 28: 1932 Flyover image of Burlington Harbor with Oil Tank farms noted (Photo

Courtesy of UVM Bailey Howe Library) Figure 29: Photograph of Burlington’s waterfront looking north toward North Beach.

Shell, Gulf, Texaco, and Getty Tank farms are seen. Circa 1950. (Courtesy of University of Vermont, Bailey-Howe Library, Wilbur Special Collections)

Figure 30: Two images of the Texaco Tank Farm from USACE Permits. Image on left was drafted in 1949, image on right in 1961. Note the increase in tanks on the property, reflecting the increase in oil storage on the Burlington waterfront over only 12 years.

Figure 31: Map of Burlington Harbor. All land to the west of the dotted line is artificially filled land, and therefore falls under the Public Trust Doctrine

Figure 32: Map of Burlington Harbor with archaeological sites identified. A) North Beach Wreck (VT-CH-607); B) Horse Ferry (VT-CH-591); C) O.J. Walker (VT-CH-594); D) General Butler (VT-CH-590); E) Coast Guard Station Sites (VT-CH-575, 576, 577,791, 79); F) VT-CH-592; G) Burlington Breakwater; H) Pine Street Canal Breakwater Site (VT-CH-797, 796, 795, 794, 793); I) Pine Street Barge Canal Site (VT-CH-798, 799, 800, 801, 802); J) VT-CH-811

Figure 33: Drawing of the General Butler Wreck. (Drawing by Kevin Crisman, LCMM Collection)

Figure 34: Site plan of O. J. Walker. (LCMM Collection) Figure 35: North Beach Wreck site plan (Drawing by Cozzi; LCMM Collection) Figure 36: Isomatic view of edge-fasten technique as applied to the North Beach Wreck

(Image by Cozzi, 2000) Figure 37: The Burlington Bay Horse Ferry (Drawing by Kevin Crisman, LCMM

Collection) Figure 38: Drawing of the Burlington Breakwater indicating the dates of construction for each section (LCMM Collection) Figure 39: Canal Boat VT-CH-575. (Drawing by Kevin Crisman, from Cohn 1984) Figure 40: Drawing of Floating Dry Dock VT-CH-576 (From Cohn 1984) Figure 41: Canal Boat VT-CH-592 (From Cohn 1984) Figure 42. Plan view of the Pine Street Canal Breakwater site (by Erick Tichonuk, Sarah

Lyman, Chris Sabick and Adam Kane, LCMM Collection) Figure 43. Preliminary archaeological drawing of the forward half of the schooner Excelsior xiv

(by Adam Kane, LCMM Collection) Figure 44: Exposed canal boat in the Pine Street Barge Canal (LCMM Collection) Figure 45. Archaeological drawing of VT-CH-801 (by Adam Kane, LCMM Collection).95 Figure 46. Archaeological drawing of VT-CH-800 (by Chris Sabick, LCMM Collection).97 Figure 47. Archaeological drawing of VT-CH-802 (by Scott McLaughlin, LCMM

Collection) Figure 48: Photograph of the bow of VT-CH-799 (LCMM Collection) Figure 49. Detail of Lake Champlain showing the oil dolphins Figure 50. Aerial view of Burlington, Vermont showing the oil dolphin locations Figure 51. Aerial view of Dolphins 1, 2 and 3 and the wooden barge (VT-CH-811) Figure 52. 1930 navigational chart showing Dolphin 1 labeled as “Intake Crib” (War

Department Corps of Engineers, Lake Champlain from Cumberland Head to Ligonier Point, Lake Champlain Chart No. 2, 1930)

Figure 53. Oil Dolphin 1 facing northwest (by Adam Kane, LCMM Collection) Figure 54. Oil Dolphin 1 facing southeast (by Adam Kane, LCMM Collection) Figure 55. Oil Dolphin 1 facing southwest with Oil Dolphin 2 in the background (by Adam

Kane, LCMM Collection) Figure 56. Oil pipes on the deck of Dolphin 1 facing northeast (by Pierre LaRocque, LCMM

Collection) Figure 57. Deck of Dolphin 1 facing southwest (by Adam Kane, LCMM Collection).. 112 Figure 58. Preliminary scale drawing of VT-CH-811 (by Chris Sabick, LCMM Collection)

Figure 59. 1959 navigational chart showing Dolphins 1, 2 and 3 (U.S. Army Corps of

Engineers, Burlington Harbor, Vermont, Chart No. 175, 1959) Figure 60. Oil Dolphin 2 facing southeast (by Adam Kane, LCMM Collection) Figure 61. Oil Dolphin 2 facing east (by Pierre LaRocque, LCMM Collection) Figure 62. Oil Dolphin 2 facing north (by Adam Kane, LCMM Collection) Figure 63. Oil Dolphin 2 facing east (by Adam Kane, LCMM Collection) Figure 64. Oil Dolphin 2 facing southeast (by Adam Kane, LCMM Collection) Figure 65. 1952 navigational chart showing Dolphins 1 and 2, identified here as cribs (U.S.

Army Corps of Engineers, Lake Champlain, Chart No. 172, 1952) Figure 66. Oil Dolphin 3 facing north (by Adam Kane, LCMM Collection) Figure 67. Oil Dolphin 3 facing northwest (by Adam Kane, LCMM Collection) Figure 68. Oil Dolphin 3 facing east (by Adam Kane, LCMM Collection) Figure 69. 1966 navigational chart showing Dolphins 4 and 5 (U.S. Army Corps of

Engineers, Burlington Harbor, Vermont, Chart No. 175, 1966) Figure 70. Aerial view of Dolphins 4 and 5, and the schooner Excelsior (VT-CH-796).. 124 Figure 71. Oil Dolphin 4 facing north (by Adam Kane, LCMM Collection) Figure 72. Oil Dolphin 4 facing west (by Adam Kane, LCMM Collection) Figure 73. Oil Dolphin 4 facing east (by Adam Kane, LCMM Collection) Figure 74. 1962 navigational chart showing Dolphins 5 (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Lake Champlain: Cumberland Head, N.Y., and Savage Island, VT., to Four Brothers Islands, xv

Chart No. 172, 1962) Figure 75. Woodpiling dolphin with Dolphin 5 in the background, facing north (by Adam

Kane, LCMM Collection) Figure 76. Oil Dolphin 5 facing west (by Adam Kane, LCMM Collection) Figure 77. Oil Dolphin 5 facing east (by Adam Kane, LCMM Collection) Figure 78. 1936 navigational chart showing four dolphins off of Texaco Beach (War

Department Corps of Engineers, Burlington Harbor, Vermont, 1936) Figure 79. 1953 navigational chart showing the Dolphins 6, 7 and 8 as they currently exist

(U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Burlington Harbor, Vermont, Chart No. 175, 1953).132 Figure 80. Aerial view of Dolphins 6, 7 and 8 Figure 81. Dolphin 6 facing east (by Adam Kane, LCMM Collection) Figure 82. Dolphin 6 facing west (by Adam Kane, LCMM Collection) Figure 83. Dolphin 7 facing east (by Adam Kane, LCMM Collection) Figure 84. Dolphin 7 facing northwest (by Adam Kane, LCMM Collection) Figure 85. Dolphin 7 facing northwest (by Adam Kane, LCMM Collection) Figure 86. Dolphin 7 facing southwest (by Adam Kane, LCMM Collection) Figure 87. Dolphin 8 facing west (by Adam Kane, LCMM Collection) Figure 88. Oil Dolphin 8 facing west (by Adam Kane, LCMM Collection) Figure 89. Sonar images of modern features located in the project area: Burlington sewer outfall (upper left), mooring field inside the Burlington Breakwater (upper right) and a pipeline (bottom)

Figure 90. Aerial view of Burlington Harbor showing the Anomalies located during the remote sensing survey

Figure 91. Sonar image showing Anomaly 1 Figure 92. Sonar image showing Anomaly 2 Figure 93. Sonar image of the General Butler and the Burlington Breakwater Figure 94. Sonar image of the Burlington Bay Horseferry Figure 95. Sonar image showing the Oakledge Barge (VT-CH-811) and Dolphins 1 and 2.

Figure 96. Sonar image showing Anomaly 7 Figure 97. Sonar image showing Anomaly 8 Figure 98. Sonar image of Anomaly 9 xvi

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Dolphin survey summary table. ...............................................................................vi Table 2: Freight traffic in Burlington Harbor for the fiscal year 1918. Adapted from War

Department Annual Reports, Report of the Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army 1919, Part II.

Table 3: Domestic Freight Traffic in Burlington Harbor for fiscal year 1923 (US Report of the Chief of Engineers, US. Army 1924, p 290)

Table 4: Oil spills in Vermont throughout 1972-1976

HISTORIC CONTEXT

CHAMPLAIN VALLEY BACKGROUND

Pre-European History of the Champlain Valley

The Champlain Valley's cultural history began nearly 11,300 years ago before present (BP), when Paleoindian hunter-gatherer groups moved into the region, which was coincident with the end of the last ice age as the Laurentian ice sheet retreated north. Native Americans have been living in the Champlain Valley continuously from that time to the present. The lake has served as a resource for food, water, tools, spiritual guidance, and transportation. Throughout prehistory, Native Americans lived in small campsites and villages along the lake's shoreline, and employed specific techniques and tools to extract the lake's resources. Vestiges of their occupation sites and lakeside workshops have been discovered throughout the Champlain Valley.

An unknown number of prehistoric sites now lie submerged as a result of changing lake levels and isostatic rebound in the Champlain Valley. These sites have not been documented, and this lack of information has greatly affected modern understanding of Native Americans’ utilization of the lake's resources. There is no doubt that Lake Champlain and its preceding water bodies have played a significant role in the lives of all Native Americans living in the Champlain Valley.

Paleoindians were probably the first to use watercraft on Lake Champlain, then part of the Champlain Sea, while hunting and fishing along the lakeshore and presumably built small skin craft to harvest the lake's food resources. Generations of their descendents, the Archaic and subsequently the Woodland peoples, built small craft from tree bark, skins, or hollowed-out logs. Unfortunately, few examples of prehistoric craft have been found, and little is known about their design, appearance, or use. Evidence of bark and skin boats has not been found in the archaeological record, since the organic materials from which they were made are not preserved well in the climate of this area. At least a dozen dugout canoes made of wood, however, have been found in lakes and ponds throughout the Champlain Valley. These simple boats probably date between the Late Woodland period (2900-400 BP) and the nineteenth century2.

Paleoindian Period (11,300-9000 BP) The first Native Americans, called Paleoindians, probably moved into the Champlain Valley from the Hudson Valley after the last continental glacier began to retreat from the region about 11,300 years BP. Marine waters had already flooded the Champlain and St.

Lawrence Lowlands, creating the Champlain Sea before the Paleoindians arrived in the area. The movement of these early hunter-gatherer groups seems to have been gradual, brought about by both population growth and the northward migration of animals and plants in the wake of the receding Laurentian ice sheet. The tundra environment of the Champlain Valley at this time supported a lush growth of tundra vegetation, attracting a wide variety of animals including mastodons, woolly mammoths, and large herds of caribou. The first Paleoindian settlers in the region were likely hunters of these large herd animals.3

Paleoindian groups exploited large resource areas, including upland and lowland regions, and likely followed the seasonal migration routes of the tundra's herd animals. These animals moved back and forth between the upland and lowland regions along major watercourses. Isolated Paleoindian projectile points are most frequently found near these drainages and along remnants of the Champlain Sea shoreline. Paleoindian campsites, however, are never found in the bottoms of river valleys, but rather on well-drained sand, including old marine beaches, deltas, and outwash terraces along the valley's margins.

Sites with a good view of the surrounding territory and sometimes in close proximity to a wetland also seem to have been preferred by early hunter-gatherer groups in the Champlain Valley. Some Paleoindian sites at the southern end of the lake may be submerged under the present Lake Champlain, due to subsequent changes in the basin’s water level.4 Additionally, stone tools at the Reagen site in Highgate demonstrate that Paleoindian groups covered large areas in their seasonal rounds since they either traded or sought out lithic sources from New York, New Hampshire and Maine.5

During the Paleoindian Period, Native American populations in the Champlain Valley seem to have been small, and densities were probably less than ten people per 62 mi2 (100 km2). Based on recent studies of northern hunters, these populations were probably broken up into small family groups, such as single families or small bands consisting of a few related families. Perhaps most of the people lived near the Champlain Sea, with its rich marine resources. No direct evidence has been found to suggest how Paleoindians used the marine resources of the Champlain Sea, but it is unlikely that they ignored the large populations of seabirds, fish, and marine mammals.

Though very few Paleoindian sites have been discovered throughout the Champlain Valley new discoveries are constantly modifying what is know about these early groups of people.

It was not until 2004 that the first Late Paleoindian site, the Mazza site, was identified in the Lake Champlain area and indeed, this period remains a mystery for much of the Northeast. Much of the speculation about Paleoindian diet, technology, settlement patterns, site types, and religion is based on a small number of sites and the ethnographic records of modern arctic and tundra hunters. It is unknown at this point if any cultural resources from this period exist submerged in Lake Champlain or on its present day shoreline.6

Archaic Period (9000-2900 BP) As the climate became warmer in the Champlain Valley, the Paleoindian way of life adapted to the changes in the wildlife and plants of the region. Over 100 species of large mammals, such as the mammoth, mastodon, and moose-elk, became extinct throughout the Paleoindian period. Other animals, including the caribou and musk ox, moved north with the tundra as the Champlain Valley became densely forested. The animals upon which Paleoindians depended for food, clothing, and shelter were no longer available to them, and Paleoindian groups had to adapt to the forested environment that was developing in the region. The animals that remained in the forest were generally smaller, more solitary in their habits, and not as easy to hunt. By 9,000 years BP, Paleoindians had developed a new way of life that is today called the Archaic culture, which characterizes the period from 9000 to 2900 BP. This period is further divided into the Early Archaic Period (9000-7500 years BP), the Middle Archaic Period (7500-600 years BP), and the Late Archaic Period (6000-2900 years BP). These subdivisions are largely a reflection of changes that archaeologists have noted in artifact assemblages and subsistence strategies.7

The Archaic people in the Champlain Valley subsisted by hunting, gathering, and fishing for a wide variety of wild foods. The equipment employed for the procurement and processing of food included a variety of stone, native copper, shell, antler, and bone implements, some of which were introduced from outside sources or traded. Much of the equipment associated with procuring and processing land-based foods seems to have come from peoples from the south and west of the Champlain Valley, and techniques used for processing river and lake foodstuffs may have come in part from the Maritime people to the north and east. The presence of a large variety of woodworking tools in Archaic assemblages suggest that watercrafts were used for travel, fishing, and probably other animal procurement activities. The form of these boats is unknown, but it is assumed that dugout and possibly skin and bark canoes were constructed and used.8

The archaeological record suggests that Archaic people did not range over large areas as did the Paleoindians before them. Instead, these people carried out most of their activities in specific watersheds, utilizing the available watercourses as transportation highways.

Lake Champlain, no doubt, played a very important role as a transportation route between watersheds. The lake also served as a source of food, water, and as a highway for the transport of ideas, people, and materials. The people of the Champlain Basin were highly influenced by groups in the Great Lakes, the St. Lawrence Valley, the Maritime Provinces, the Connecticut River Valley, and the Hudson Valley. The quick movement of ideas and technologies was possible through the use of watercraft, since the geomorphology of the Champlain Valley allowed for easy access by water to these surrounding geographic regions. Cultural ties between Native American groups strengthened throughout the Archaic Period. The cultural boundary between the Archaic people of the Champlain Valley and those to the west appears to have been the Adirondack Mountains, as evidenced by differences in their material culture.9

During the Archaic Period, the Champlain Basin experienced its lowest water levels since the last ice age. No doubt numerous prehistoric sites lie submerged in Lake Champlain today, but no effort has yet been undertaken to determine their location or condition. If buried under the right conditions, any organic material may be extremely well preserved.

Such a situation would allow archaeologists a glimpse of the perishable objects involved in the lives of Archaic people of the Champlain Valley and may yield an enormous amount of data about Archaic peoples and their interactions with Lake Champlain.

Woodland Period (2,900-400 years BP) The Woodland Period is considered the most complex prehistoric period in the Champlain Valley. By this time, Native Americans in the region had developed a culture based on the selective borrowing of ideas and innovations from other people with whom they had come in contact over the past 9000 years. The people of the Woodland Period were becoming more sedentary in their living habits, and established substantial settlements on the floodplains of major rivers, such as the Winooski and Otter Creek. The subsistence patterns of prehistoric Champlain Valley residents gradually changed from mobile hunting and fishing parties to a dependence upon horticulture and the gathering of a greater diversity and quantity of wild plant foods. Long-distance trade decreased dramatically, which suggests an apparent isolation of Champlain Valley residents at this time. This period is further divided into the Early Woodland Period (2900-2100 years BP), the Middle Woodland Period (2100-950 years BP), and the Late Woodland Period (950-400 years BP), based upon changes in artifact assemblages and subsistence strategies.10

At the beginning of the Woodland Period, the Iroquois seem to have moved in and asserted their dominance over the Brewerton people living west of the Champlain Valley. By Middle Woodland times, Lake Champlain had become the boundary between two cultural groups, the Iroquois to the west and the Western Abenaki, another distinct group, to the east. By the Late Woodland or Contact Period, the Champlain Valley was home to the St.

Lawrence Iroquois, the Western Abenaki, the Mahican, and the Mohawk. Currently archaeologists do not understand when, where, or why the different groups moved into the Champlain Valley, since boundaries between the Champlain Valley's native groups are impossible to define with the current archaeological data. Further analysis of the archaeological data collected throughout the valley must be completed in order to better understand each of these groups and how they utilized Lake Champlain and its natural resources (Figure 3 and Figure 4).

Figure 3: Native American dugout canoe, circa 1450 AD, found in Shelburne Pond, Shelburne, Vermont.

Figure 4: A Native American clay pot found in Lake Champlain (LCMM Collection).

Contact Period (1609-1666 AD) In the early sixteenth century, the St. Lawrence Iroquois, the Mohawk Iroquois, the Mahican, and the Western Abenaki peacefully occupied the Champlain Valley. In 1534, French explorer Jacques Cartier entered the Gulf of St. Lawrence while looking for the Northwest Passage. During the following two years, Cartier attempted to develop trade relations with the St. Lawrence Iroquois and other tribes living along the banks of the St.

Lawrence River. The French attempt to establish a colony in the St. Lawrence Valley during the sixteenth century failed, although sporadic trade for furs in exchange for metal tools did occur between the French and the St. Lawrence tribes. This trade with the St.

Lawrence Iroquois continued until 1603, when they vanished from the area. The reason for their disappearance is unknown, but it appears they were devastated by warfare with neighboring tribes over the possession of metal tools and from European diseases. The St.

Lawrence Iroquois’ monopoly over European metal may have upset the balance between the St. Lawrence Iroquois and neighboring tribes, who apparently waged war with the St.

Lawrence Iroquois in order to secure metal tools and weapons for themselves.

Archaeological evidence also suggests that the St. Lawrence Iroquois were assimilated with the Western Abenaki.11

The diseases which the St. Lawrence Iroquois contracted from the French spread quickly throughout the Champlain Valley, decimating the native population.