Attachment_3-MTC_Timeline_Display_Photos_and_Verbiage.pptx_(002).ppt

06-13

1664 Germany: Koenigspiel (“military chess”) Birth of “modern” M&S ~500 BC - China: First war game (Wei Hai, Sun Tzu) ~2,500 BC - Sumeria/Egypt: figurine warriors Antiquity to Modern Era

Army Modeling and Simulation Office, Simulation Proponent Division Developmental Materials – Reproduce only with written permission from the Division

2500BC - EGYPTIAN FIGURINE WARRIORS DISCOVERED IN SUMATRA - EARLY EXAMPLE OF SOME INVOLVED IN A FORMATION / MANEUVER DISCUSSION.

500BC - SUN TSU, CHINESE STRATEGIST AND MILITARY PHILOSOPHER DESCRIBES A GAME OF MILITARY ENGAGEMENT, WEI HAI (ENCIRCLEMENT) GOOD EXAMPLE OF SOMEONE TRYING TO QUANTIFY A UNIQUE MANEUVER.

1600’S - GERMANS TAKE CHINESE GAME OF CHESS, GIVE IT MORE MILITARY-STYLE DETAIL, INCREASE BOARD SIZE, INCREASE TO 30 PIECES PER SIDE), AND TURN IT INTO A FORM OF WAR CHESS CALLED KOENIGSPIEL OR THE KINGS GAME”. NEW IDEA THAT WAR CAN BE REDUCED TO DISTINCT CONCEPTS AND FORMAL RULES.

Army Modeling and Simulation Office, Simulation Proponent Division Developmental Materials – Reproduce only with written permission from the Division

UNCLASSIFIED // FOUO

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1780s - Basic M&S concepts evident Aggregation (few playing pieces = many entities) Terrain representation (multi-colored hex grid) Rules of movement Umpires adjudicate player actions War reduced to basic concepts and rules Differences in modeling naval & land warfare Antiquity to Modern Era Aggregation (few playing pieces = many entities) Terrain representation (multi-colored hex grid) Rules of movement Umpires adjudicate player actions War reduced to basic concepts and rules Reliance on simplifying assumptions Differences in modeling naval & land warfare

Army Modeling and Simulation Office, Simulation Proponent Division Developmental Materials – Reproduce only with written permission from the Division

BY 1800’S BASIC CONCEPTS OF M&S ARE EVIDENT:

TODAY, AS IT WAS IN PAST, WAR IS A VAST AND COMPLICATED THING THAT MUST BE SIMPLIFIED BEFORE IT CAN BE QUANTIFIED .

THE MOST IMPORTANT OF THE CONCEPTUAL ADVANCES IS A RELIANCE ON SIMPLIFYING ASSUMPTIONS. EVEN TODAY, VIRTUALLY EVERY LINE OF CODE BASED ON AN ASSUMPTION.. THIS IS AN ASSUMPTION BASED BUSINESS - FILLING IN FOR WHAT WE DON’T KNOW.

Army Modeling and Simulation Office, Simulation Proponent Division Developmental Materials – Reproduce only with written permission from the Division

Early 1800s - German Kriegspiel Reisswitz replaces war chess game board (1824) 6’x6’ portable sand table that modeled terrain in relief Detailed topographic maps New concepts introduced Scaled blocks represent units & frontages Scenario; time/distance considerations; moves Qualitative aspects of military strength Codifying military experience & effects of combat (“VV&A”) Rules for a wide range of contingencies Effects of combat calculated; dice decide effects of fire

Army Modeling and Simulation Office, Simulation Proponent Division Developmental Materials – Reproduce only with written permission from the Division

1824 - PRUSSIAN BARON VON REISSWITZ PUBLISHES BOOK CALLED KRIEGSPIEL (WARGAME). HE REPLACES THE KONIGSPIEL GAME BOARD WITH A SAND TABLE WITH 3D TERRAIN, USES DICE TO DECIDE OUTCOMES OF FIRES AND BEGINS TO ADDRESS ABSTRACT INSIGHTS FROM HIS GAME THAT LOOK AT QUANTIFYING THE QUALITY OF THE RESULTS. FIRST STIRRING OF VV&A.

LATER ADVANCES IN KRIEGSPIEL INCLUDE THE INTRODUCTION OF THE FIRST TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS AND A HOST OF QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF BATTLE.

UNTIL THE LATE 1800’S M&S DEVELOPMENT STAYS AROUND EUROPE AND THE EAST

WE HAVE NOT YET SEEN ANY QUANTIFICATION OF COMBATSUPPORT PROCESSES. IN A MODERN FULL UPWARONLY ABOUT 9% OF A COMBAT FORCE ACTUALLY IS INVOLVED IN DIRECT COMBAT.

Umpires or referees added. More rules for realism.

Army Modeling and Simulation Office, Simulation Proponent Division Developmental Materials – Reproduce only with written permission from the Division

Late 1800s - US “Kriegspiel” MAJ Livermore introduces U.S. to modified Kriegspiel (1879) More sophisticated symbology; tracking consumables Attempts to account for human element (time, fatigue) Growth in complexity, artificiality, time & cost to set up & run LT Totten includes different levels of war (“hierarchy of models”)

Army Modeling and Simulation Office, Simulation Proponent Division Developmental Materials – Reproduce only with written permission from the Division

1879, ARMY MAJ JAMES LIVERMORE, FEELS THERE IS MORE TO WAR THAN JUST BATTLE - INTRODUCES KRIEGSPIEL DERIVATIVE. IT ADDRESSES LOGISTICS AND LOOKS AT QUANTIFYING FATIGUE A HARD TO GRAB AHOLD OF SUBJECTIVE ASPECT OF BATTLE.

ANOTHER ARMY OFFICER, LT TOTTEN,FEELS THAT YOU SHOULD NOT JUMP INTO A KRIEGSPIEL IMMEDIATELY BUT SHOULD PROCEED FROM THE SIMPLE TO THE COMPLEX. HE ADDS TO THE GAME DIFFERENT LEVELS OF WAR (TECHNICAL, TACTICAL, OPERATIONAL, AND STRATEGIC) A MAJOR CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT - FIRST IDEA OF A HIERARCHY OF MODELS.

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Naval War College created (1884); adopts wargaming (1887) William McCarty Little influenced by Livermore & Germans “Complete preparedness against all possible contingencies” Dual, tactical & strategic board games used (to WWII) Late 1800s

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1887, US FORMALLY ENTERS M&S DEVELOPMENT ARENA - STRATEGIST AT NWC, WILLIAM MCCARTY LITTLE, INFLUENCED BY GERMAN M&S PHILOSOPHY AND WORK OF LIVERMORE AND TOTTEN, DEVELOPS/DIRECTS COLLEGE’S FIRST WARGAME, CALLS IT A “WAR SIMULATION”. HIS INTENT IS TO PROVIDE FOR, “COMPLETE PREPAREDNESS AGAINST ALL POSSIBLE CONTINGENCIES.

THIS SETS THE STAGE FOR THE FUTURE OF NWC AND ITS EMPHASIS FROM HERE ON WILL BE ON PLANNING AND PREPARATION FOR COMMAND IN WAR.

AS EARLY AS 1895 THE COLLEGE IS APPLYING M&S TO THE ATLANTIC AND PACIFIC THEATERS TO ADDRESS THEATER-LEVEL THREATS - FIRST THE BRITISH, THEN LATER THE JAPANESE AND THE GERMANS.

Army Modeling and Simulation Office, Simulation Proponent Division Developmental Materials – Reproduce only with written permission from the Division

Prussian strategic simulation (mobilization planning for WWI) Lanchester equations codify firepower relationships (1916) 1900 - 1950

Army Modeling and Simulation Office, Simulation Proponent Division Developmental Materials – Reproduce only with written permission from the Division

-- 20TH CENTURY WE BEGINS WITH AN EXPLOSION OF M&S CONCEPTS, AND A VARIETY OF WARGAMES AT SEVERAL LEVELS OF COMBAT.

-- PRUSSIANS USE M&S TO DEVELOP THEIR WW1 MOBILIZATION PLAN

-- IN 1916 LANCHESTER EQUATIONS, ARE DEVELOPED TO CODIFY FIREPOWER RELATIONSHIPS AND ATTRITION

-- JAPAN USES M&S IN PREP FOR THE ATTACK INTO CHINA IN THE 30’S, FOR ATTACKS ON PEARL HARBOR (FLYING MEN OVER MOCKUP TERRAIN WAS A LIVE/VIRTUAL SIMULATION W/O COMPUTERS) AND, TO THEIR DISADVANTAGE, IN PREP FOR THE BATTLE OF MIDWAY

-- NAVAL WAR COLLEGE CONTINUES TO USE M&S TO EXAMINE STRATEGIC ISSUES AND CHANGE MILITARY ASSUMPTIONS.

Germans used repeated simulation and war gaming of mobilization to improve their chances.

F. W. Lanchester developed differential equations describing the time dependence of attacker and defender strengths A and D as a function of time, Army Modeling and Simulation Office, Simulation Proponent Division Developmental Materials – Reproduce only with written permission from the Division

Japanese use analytical & PM M&S in research & planning (1930s) Germans elaborate pol-mil gaming; use diverse forms of M&S (1930-1945) 1900 - 1950

Army Modeling and Simulation Office, Simulation Proponent Division Developmental Materials – Reproduce only with written permission from the Division JAPANESE USE M&S FOR ATTACK ON PEARL. (Remember Tora! Tora! Tora! Or Pearl Harbor) LAID OUT HIGHEST TIME OF VULNERABILITY BASED ON MODELS OF US NAVY AND HAWAII. ALSO USED IT TO THEIR DISADVANTAGE ON MIDWAY CAMPAIGN.

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Operations research supplants wargaming (mid-1940s) US Louisiana Maneuvers (1940) 1900 - 1950

Army Modeling and Simulation Office, Simulation Proponent Division Developmental Materials – Reproduce only with written permission from the Division

GERMANS US M&S FOR POL/MIL GAMING FOR MAJOR CAMPAIGNS (BARBAROSA), AND SUB WOLF PACK OPS TO EXAMINE WORLD REACTIONS TO THEIR ACTIONS.

US USES M&S IN THE LA MANEUVERS TO MODEL MANEUVER, FORCE STRUCTURE, AND LOGISTICS THAT WILL SUPPORT A FORCE ORIENTED ON TANKS. ALSO FOR COLLECTIVE TRAINING. (BROOMS, FLOUR BAGS, MOCKUPS)

ALLIED AND AXIS ARMIES USE GAMING TO WRITE PLANS FROM DURING THE NORMANDY ATTACK. GERMANS PULL GENERALS FROM THE LINE TO WARGAME, THEN WRITE BATTLE PLANS BASED ON INSIGHTS.

OPS RESEARCH ON NON ENGINEERING SYSTEMS FIRST USED BY MIL ANALYSTS TO DEVELOP SUBJECTIVE WARGAMES FOR D DAY PLANNING.

Army Modeling and Simulation Office, Simulation Proponent Division Developmental Materials – Reproduce only with written permission from the Division

Post WWII Through 1950s First silicon transistor Texas Instruments, 1955 First mini-computer PDP-1,1959 Electronic computer invented ENIAC, 1946 First commercially available computer UNIVAC-1, 1952 Integrated circuit invented, 1957

Army Modeling and Simulation Office, Simulation Proponent Division Developmental Materials – Reproduce only with written permission from the Division

FIRST 50 YEARS OF MILITARY M&S SEES A PREPONDERANCE OF USE IN DESIGN AND ANALYSIS .

1950s - M&S STILL MAINLY A MANUAL EFFORT, WITH LARGE FLOOR PLAY ING BOARDS, PLAYING PIECES AND PUSH PINS. M&S STILL CONSIDERED A NOVELTY OUTSIDE OF THE M&S COMMUNITY. HOWEVER THE BURGEONING OPERATIONS RESEARCH INDUSTRY, AND THE CONTINUING IMPROVEMENT OF QUANTITATIVE METHODS ARE BRINGING M&S EVER CLOSER TO BECOMING AN ACCEPTED DISCIPLINE.

THREE TECHNICAL BREAKTHROUGHS , THE TRANSISTOR, INTEGRATED CIRCUITRY, AND COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE COMPUTERS ALLOW M&S TO TAKE ON AN ELECTRONIC ASPECT AND BECOME AVAILABLE TO THE ANALYTICAL COMMUNITY. THIS INCREASES M&S USE GEOMETRICALLY.

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SPUTNIK (1957)

Eisenhower creates Defense Advance Research Projects Agency (DARPA) (1958) Simulation for Air & Ground Engagements (SAGE) System (live/virtual simulations of air defense) (1959) Post War Through 1950s

Army Modeling and Simulation Office, Simulation Proponent Division Developmental Materials – Reproduce only with written permission from the Division 1957- Russians launch a satellite (SPUTNIK) into space to orbit the earth.

1958 - US SURPRISED BY SPUTNIK, EISENHOWER CREATES A HOST OF ORGANIZATIONS TO CATCH UP WITH THE SOVIETS. ONE OF THEM IS DARPA, AND ONE OF THE THINGS DARPA DOES IS PROVIDE NEW FOCUS AND DIRECTION FOR M&S.

THE NWC, CONTINUING ALONG ITS PATH OF STRATEGIC WARGAMING BUILDS NEWS, A COMPUTER ASSISTED WARGAME THAT TAKES UP THREE FLOORS OF SIMS HALL ACADEMIC BUILDING. A HUGE UNWIELDY BEAST, THAT HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH ELECTRONIC WARFARE, IT LITERALLY HAS TO BE BUILT TO ACCOMMODATE A SINGLE WARGAME, THEN TORN DOWN COMPLETELY AND REASSEMBLED FROM SCRATCH FOR A SUBSEQUENT EFFORT. NEWS WAS THE NATURAL PROGRESSION OF THE GAME BOARD AND CHART WARGAMES DEVELOPED BY MAJ LITTLE IN THE 1880’S. IN SPITE OF ALL ITS DRAWBACKS, NEWS GETS THE ATTENTION NAVY FLEET COMMANDERS, WHO SEND THEIR STAFFS TO TRAIN ON IT.

Army Modeling and Simulation Office, Simulation Proponent Division Developmental Materials – Reproduce only with written permission from the Division

IBM 7070 computer (1961) McNamara era: OSD & JCS had a negative impact on M&S M&S was used during Vietnam with mixed results 1960s

Army Modeling and Simulation Office, Simulation Proponent Division Developmental Materials – Reproduce only with written permission from the Division

60’S - AN EVER-INCREASING USE OF M&S IN SUPPORT OF A WIDE VARIETY OF

WARGAMING AND PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT.

IBM 7070 - FIRST TRUE MAIN FRAME COMPUTER / CAPABLE OF SUPPORTING SIMULATIONS

1964 NAVAL WAR COLLEGE REPLACES ANALOG WARS WITH A DIGITAL VERSON, WARS AND DOES ITS FIRST REMOTED WARGAMING.

THIS IS THE MCNAMERA ERA. OSD ANALYST COMMUNITY WHIZ KIDS, TAKE THE NOTION THAT M&S CAN QUANTIFY ALL. HUMAN SUBJECTIVE REPRESENTATION AND OPTEMPO BECOME SUPPOSEDLY QUANTIFIABLE AND INSIGHTS FROM MILITARY GRAYBEARDS ARE DISREGARDED.

AS WE BECOME FIRMLY BOGGED DOWN IN VIETNAM, QUANTIFICATION BECOMES AN END IN ITSELF, DISTORTING REALITY AND OVERRIDING CLEAR THINKING AND WISE DECISIONS AT UPPER LEVELS.

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CARMONETTE Analytic Model (1961): Cost and operational effectiveness analyses in support of acquisition http://www.modelbenders.com/foundation/preview/sld011.htm Line-of-sight Algorithms developed (1961) Early Digital Terrain (1963): developed for the space program to train astronauts 1960s Analysis Acquisition Training

Army Modeling and Simulation Office, Simulation Proponent Division Developmental Materials – Reproduce only with written permission from the Division

THERE ARE SEVERAL SHINY NUGGETS DURING THIS PERIOD.

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Funded by the Department of Defense

ARPANET Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) Network (1969) 1960s

Army Modeling and Simulation Office, Simulation Proponent Division Developmental Materials – Reproduce only with written permission from the Division

Army Modeling and Simulation Office, Simulation Proponent Division Developmental Materials – Reproduce only with written permission from the Division

1978: ARPANET evolving Ideal for large-scale distributed simulation networking Established affordable systems in significant numbers 1982: SIMNET program initiated A combined Army/ARPA effort Birth of distributed simulation Prototype for large-scale computer training simulation in DoD Defense Simulation Internet (DSI) Conceived by ARPA as an adjunct to SIMNET’s local area networks Provided long-haul, global connectivity of participants Ended in 1998 1970-80s ARPANET - SIMNET - DSI 1978: ARPANET evolving Ideal for large-scale distributed simulation networking Established affordable systems in significant numbers 1982: SIMNET program initiated A combined Army/ARPA effort Birth of distributed simulation Prototype for large-scale computer training simulation in DoD Defense Simulation Internet (DSI) Conceived by ARPA as an adjunct to SIMNET’s local area networks Provided long-haul, global connectivity of participants Ended in 1998

Army Modeling and Simulation Office, Simulation Proponent Division Developmental Materials – Reproduce only with written permission from the Division

1982 - THE ARMY BROUGHT OUT SIMNET, A SYSTEM OF VIRTUAL REALITY SIMULATORS. LATER THEY ARE LINKED TOGETHER ON AN ARPA-GENERATED VIRTUAL REALITY-CAPABLE NETWORK AND GRADUATED TO LONG-HAUL GLOBAL CONNECTIVITY.

SIMNET IS THE FIRST DEMONSTRATION OF MULTIPLE, MODERATELY- PRICED SIMULATORS INTERACTING ACROSS HIGH-SPEED NETWORKS,. THIS CREATES A VIRTUAL BATTLE SPACE IN WHICH OPERATORS CAN PRACTICE MOVING, SHOOTING, AND COMMUNICATING WITH EXCEPTIONAL REALISM AND BENCHMARKS THE BIRTH OF DISTRIBUTED SIMULATIONS.

ORIGINAL BUY WAS FOR 240 OF THESE SIMULATORS, AT $1/4 MIL EACH. MANY OF THESE 20 YEAR OLD MACHINES ARE STILL IN USE TODAY IN LABORATORIES.

Army Modeling and Simulation Office, Simulation Proponent Division Developmental Materials – Reproduce only with written permission from the Division

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Long Island - 1776 1000+ killed, wounded or captured Queenston Heights - 1812 300 killed or wounded, 900 captured Bull Run - 1861 1584 killed or wounded, 1312 missing San Juan Hill and El Caney - 1898 1520 killed or wounded Cantigny - 1918 941 killed or wounded Buna Nov - 1942 2848 killed, wounded or missing Task Force Smith - 1950 1,150 killed, wounded or captured and loss of all equipment Ia Drang Valley - 1965 256 killed and 295 wounded Kasserine Pass - 1943 6,300+ killed, wounded or captured “America’s First Battles” By Charles Heller and William Stofft How can we train the warfighting leadership to experience the “first battle” prior to combat?

A Solution – Modeling and Simulation

Army Modeling and Simulation Office, Simulation Proponent Division Developmental Materials – Reproduce only with written permission from the Division The US has traditionally not faired well in its first battles. Through M&S we may be able to play out our next first battle in simulation till we get it right, before we ever go out Do it for real.

Army Modeling and Simulation Office, Simulation Proponent Division Developmental Materials – Reproduce only with written permission from the Division

First FTX driven by a simulation (JESS) TOC Environment (CATTS) 1980s

Army Modeling and Simulation Office, Simulation Proponent Division Developmental Materials – Reproduce only with written permission from the Division

THE EVER-INCREASING PACE OF M&S TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT CONTINUES TO GIVES IMPETUS TO CREATING NETWORKS OF LINKED INTERACTIVE SIMULATORS.

AS A RESULT OF A DSB STUDY FOR JCS: “COMPUTER APPLICATIONS TO TRAINING & WARGAMING”, THE ARMY ADOPTS JESS/CBS AS STANDARD SIMULATION FOR CORPS & DIV CPXS

CATTS - FIRST TRAINING SIM USING SIMNET TECHNOLOGY TO COMBINE ON THE SAME MONITOR SCREEN TERRAIN MAPS AND OVERLAYS NORMALLY FOUND IN A TOC. IT IS ALSO THE PROTOTYPE OF THE ARMY’S TRAINING BATTLE SIMULATION SYSTEM--ARTBASS, THE FIRST M&S PROGRAM DEVELOPED IAW THE DOD 5000 SERIES DIRECTIVES, DOD’S FIRST FORMAL PROCESS FOR ACQUIRING COSTLY M&S ITEMS.

USE OF CONSTRUCTIVE SIMULATION, JESS, TO DRIVE A LIVE SIMULATION.

Army Modeling and Simulation Office, Simulation Proponent Division Developmental Materials – Reproduce only with written permission from the Division

First REFORGER driven by a simulation DoD Simulation Policy Study DIS standards Late 1980s - 1990s

Army Modeling and Simulation Office, Simulation Proponent Division Developmental Materials – Reproduce only with written permission from the Division

REFORGER ‘88 HAD 65K TROOPS ON THE FIELD OF BATTLE & $50 MILLION IN MANEUVER DAMAGE. REFORGER ‘89 HAD ABOUT 10K TROOPS ON THE GROUND, WITH THE REST IN SIMULATION (CBS/GRSIM/AWSIM) AND NOTIONAL, AND SUSTAINED LESS THAN $1 MIL IN MANEUVER DAMAGE.

DISTRIBUTED INTERACTIVE SIMULATION STANDARDS FORMALIZED.

BEYOND THE ANECDOTES, DOD NEEDS TO MOVE TO A FORMAL UNDERSTANDING OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LIVE FIRE TRAINING, MANEUVERS USING LIVE TROOPS, AND TRAINING USING SIMULATION.

100% GROWTH OF COMPUTER NETWORKING COMPARED TO JUST A FEW YEARS PREVIOUS IS BEGINNING OF THE END FOR NON-STANDARD SIMS IN TRAINING AND BRINGS ABOUT A NOTICEABLE IMPROVEMENT IN M&S OPERABILITY.

Army Modeling and Simulation Office, Simulation Proponent Division Developmental Materials – Reproduce only with written permission from the Division

M&S in Operation Desert Storm Constructive simulations for operational wargaming Virtual simulation linked to operational systems (ODIN) Gulf War battle of “73 Easting” catalogued using SIMNET Semi-Automated Forces (SAF) for COA Analysis 1990s

Army Modeling and Simulation Office, Simulation Proponent Division Developmental Materials – Reproduce only with written permission from the Division

1991 - DOD FORMALLY REALIZES THAT DOD M&S IS LIKE A THOUSAND FLOWERS - LITTLE OR NO JOINT CONTINUITY. A DOD-LEVEL DECISION-CAPABLE CENTRAL CLEARING HOUSE IS NEEDED TO REIN M&S IN. DMSO AND THE EXCIMS ARE CREATED. YOU ARE IN THIS CLASS TODAY BECAUSE OF A LOT OF HARD WORK BY A BUNCH OF FAR THINKING FOLKS JUST ABOUT 8 YEARS AGO.

M&S USED IN PREP FOR AND THROUGHOUT THE GULF WAR. GEN SULLIVAN DIRECTS THE BATTLE OF 73 EASTING BE CATALOGUED IN SIMULATION USING SIMNET/ODIN TECHNOLOGY. SOME TRAINING SIMS GET BLACK EYES WHEN USED FOR ANALYTICAL PURPOSES - BETTER UNDERSTANDING NEEDED FOR USE OF M&S FOR OTHER THAN ITS INTENDED PURPOSE.

CONSTRUCTIVE SIMS NOW IN USE TO SUPPORT OPERATIONAL WARGAMES.

BEGINNING OF THE USE OF DISTINCT SAFS FOR ENTITY-BASED MODELING IN AN ENVIRONMENT FOR COAA - “WHAT IF” ANALYSIS DIV, CORPS, AND ARMY STAFFS

Army Modeling and Simulation Office, Simulation Proponent Division Developmental Materials – Reproduce only with written permission from the Division

ALSP Links Service Wargames (Army CBS + AF AWSIM) REFORGER 92 & Ulchi Focus Lens 92 DSB Codifies 3 Types of Simulations (Live, Constructive, Virtual) CCTT Development Begins Zen Regard Exercises 1990s

Army Modeling and Simulation Office, Simulation Proponent Division Developmental Materials – Reproduce only with written permission from the Division

AGGREGATE-LEVEL SIMULATION PROTOCOL, DERIVED FROM SIMNET, IS A GENERATION ADVANCEMENT OF DIS, IT GETS LINKED UP ARMY CBS AND AF AWSIM AND BECOMES THE FIRST LEGITIMATLY GOOD JOINT OPERATIONS SIMULATION. THIS ALLOWS MULTI-DIVISION-LEVEL SIM SUPPORTED STAFF EXERCISES THAT FREE UP THOUSANDS OF SOLDIERS/SAILORS/AIRMEN WHO PREVIOUSLY WERE USED AS TRAINING AIDS FOR LARGE SCALE STAFF EXs.

DEFENSE SCIENCE BOARD FORMALY DEFINES AND CATALOGUES CONSTRUCTIVE, VIRTUAL, AND LIVE SIMS AS DISTINCT TYPES OF SIMULATIONS.

1993 - ZEN REGARD - THE FIRST TIME DIS IS USED IN A LARGE SYSTEMS ACQUISITION PROGRAM.

CATT PROGRAM IS STARTED AS THE UMBRELLA FOR CCTT, AVCATT,ENCATT AND A WHOLE HOST OF OTHER FUNCTIONAL-UNIQUE PLATFORM-LEVEL VIRTUAL TRAINERS

Army Modeling and Simulation Office, Simulation Proponent Division Developmental Materials – Reproduce only with written permission from the Division

UNCLASSIFIED // FOUO

UNCLASSIFIED // FOUO

2000s Experimentation (DCX I and II) Demonstrate warfighting capability Assess progress in meeting Force XXI DTLOMS reqts Integrate C4ISR at all levels Army contributions to Jt Cbt Opns.

Simulation of “brown out” to prepare AH-64 pilots for OIF and Afghanistan New federations Digital Battle Staff Trainer (DBST) Army Constructive Training Federation (ACTF) Joint Land Component Constructive Training Capability (JLCCTC) Digital battlefield

ABCS

Use of COTS

Army Modeling and Simulation Office, Simulation Proponent Division Developmental Materials – Reproduce only with written permission from the Division http://www4.army.mil/armyimages/ (Apache photos)

Army Modeling and Simulation Office, Simulation Proponent Division Developmental Materials – Reproduce only with written permission from the Division

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Urban Resolve 2015

JFCOM)- led, Army- partnered, multi-year, multi-spiraled or phased experiments, focusing on examining potential solutions to unique joint urban operations capability gaps Urban Resolve 2015 consists of three spirals Spiral I, completed in 2004 Spiral II currently focuses on leveraging what was learned before-joint urban environment- culminating in a series of three Human-In-The-Loop (HITL) experiments from August to October 2006.

provided specific recommendations or solutions on doctrine, organization, training, materiel, leadership development, personnel and facilities Spiral III, Urban Resolve Future, execution in FY07/08 with the main event occurred in 2nd Quarter FY08 1,000 participants at 19 locations around the world Joint Semi Automated Forces (JSAF).

KP was dep director of BCTP at time joint and interagency participants: US JFCOM, US Special Operations Command, US Strategic Command, US Army Training and Doctrine Command, US Army Special Operations Command, Chief of Naval Operations (N7), US Navy 2nd Fleet, US Naval War College, US Air Force Command and Control, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Center, US Marine Corps Warfighting Lab, Department of Defense Threat Reduction Agency, National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Israel, Japan, Poland, Singapore, South Korea, Sweden and the United Kingdom.

Army Modeling and Simulation Office, Simulation Proponent Division Developmental Materials – Reproduce only with written permission from the Division

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Feb 2009 – VBS2 adopted

Army formally adopted it in early Spring of 2009 (Feb – March?) – fielding on going – intent is for each soldier to have a copy – and put on personal computers – currently not allowed.

Gaming recognized as an “environment” training enabler formally FM 7-0 Army Modeling and Simulation Office, Simulation Proponent Division Developmental Materials – Reproduce only with written permission from the Division

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Key Resolve/Foal Eagle March 2009 26,000 participants; U.S. And South Korean service members and civilians

Army Modeling and Simulation Office, Simulation Proponent Division Developmental Materials – Reproduce only with written permission from the Division

Army Modeling and Simulation Office, Simulation Proponent Division Developmental Materials – Reproduce only with written permission from the Division

CULVER MILITARY ACADEMY, CULVER, INDIANA. Sand table work; class of high school students receiving instruction, May 1917. The regular cadets also received this instruction Found at https://catalog.archives.gov/id/86716832

THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY R.O.T.C. Second Year Class in Practical Military Engineering - Sand Table Instruction in 1918 Found at https://catalog.archives.gov/id/86715484

An Iraqi sand table found on March 12th 1991 at the A1 Jabra School gymnasium after the Operation Desert Storm cease-fire Found at https://catalog.archives.gov/id/6482301

Marines of the 3rd Marine Regiment take part in a sand table command post exercise during Operation Desert Shield., 10/28/1990 Found at https://catalog.archives.gov/id/6474297

Marines from the 3rd Marine Regiment take part in a sand table command post exercise during Operation Desert Shield., 10/28/1990 Found at https://catalog.archives.gov/id/6474299

Found at Main war room of the CTOC, XVIII Airborne Corps Main Command Post Corps Tactical Operations Center (CTOC) under Iraqi SS-1B SCUD missile attack, "Dragon City," near Dhahran, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia -- By this attack personnel were in Mission Oriented Protective Posture Level 4 (MOPP-4) modified because of being inside an enclosed building; this required only that individuals wore their M-17A1 protective masks and that they kept the remainder of their protective suits close at hand in the event that detectors indicated contamination inside the building. 20 January 1991, XVIII Airborne Corps History Office photograph by PFC John F. Freund, DS-F-128-13.

https://history.army.mil/photos/gulf_war/GW-BASOPS1.htm