A07_-_FOREST_MANAGEMENT_PLAN.pdf

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Baltimore District

FOREST MANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE

2016-2017

U.S. Army Garrison Adelphi Laboratory Center Blossom Point Research Facility

Prepared for: Environmental Division

Adelphi, Maryland 20783

Prepared by: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Baltimore District

10 South Howard Street Baltimore, Maryland 21201

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Norfolk District 803 Front Street Norfolk, Virginia 23510

FOREST MANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE

Blossom Point Research Facility

CHARLES COUNTY, MARYLAND

Prepared for: Environmental Division

Adelphi, Maryland 20783

Prepared by: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Baltimore District

10 South Howard Street Baltimore, Maryland 21201

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Norfolk District 803 Front Street Norfolk, Virginia 23510

2016-2017

Forest Management Plan Blossom Point Research Facility i June 2017

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION

2.0 SITE DESCRIPTION

2.1 LOCATION

2.2 TOPOGRAPHY AND SOILS

3.0. METHODOLOGY

3.1 COMPARTMENT IDENTIFICATION

3.2 STAND IDENTIFICATION

3.3 SURVEY TECHNIQUES

4.0. RESULTS

5.0. FOREST STAND PRESCRIPTIONS

COMPARTMENT I

STAND 1 (S-1)

STAND 2 (S-2)

STAND 3 (S-3)

STAND 4 (S-4)

STAND 5 (S-5)

COMPARTMENT II

STAND 1 (S-1)

STAND 2 (S-2)

STAND 3 (S-3)

STAND 4 (S-4)

STAND 5 (S-5)

COMPARTMENT III

STAND 1 (S-1)

STAND 2 (S-2)

COMPARTMENT IV

STAND 1 (S-1)

STAND 2 (S-2)

STAND 3 (S-3)

STAND 4 (S-4)

STAND 5 (S-5)

COMPARTMENT V

STAND 1 (S-1)

STAND 2 (S-2)

STAND 3 (S-3)

COMPARTMENT VI

STAND 1 (S-1)

STAND 2 (S-2)

COMPARTMENT VII

ii June 2017

STAND 1 (S-1)

STAND 2 (S-2)

6.0. MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

6.1 COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT AND CHESAPEAKE AND ATLANTIC COASTAL BAYS CRITICAL AREA ACT109

6.2 HARDWOOD MANAGEMENT

6.3 INVASIVE SPECIES MANAGEMENT

6.4 PRESCRIBED FIRE

6.5 RARE, THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES

6.6 BALD EAGLE HABITAT MANAGEMENT

6.7 WHITE-TAILED DEER MANAGEMENT

6.8 WETLANDS

7.0. IMPLEMENTATION

7.1 RESPONSIBILITY

7.2 COORDINATION

7.3 REGULATIONS REVIEW

8.0. REFERENCES

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1. LOCATION MAP

FIGURE 2. FOREST COMPARTMENT AND STAND DELINEATIONS

FIGURE 3. SOIL TYPES

FIGURE 4. CRITICAL AREAS

FIGURE 5. RARE, THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES

FIGURE 6. WETLANDS

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1. TOTAL ACERAGES FOR COMPARTMENTS 1-7

TABLE 2. TOTAL ACERAGES OF STANDS WITHIN COMPARTMENTS 1-7

TABLE 3.WILDLIFE SPECIES OBSERVED DURING FIELD EFFORTS

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX A.PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORD

APPENDIX B. FOREST INVENTORY DATA SHEETS

APPENDIX C.FOREST INVENTORY AND ANALYSIS (FIA) SPECIES CODES

1 June 2017

DRAFT FOREST MANAGEMENT PLAN

FOR BLOSSOM POINT RESEARCH FACILITY

1.0 Introduction

The purpose of this Forest Management Plan is to update the existing Forest Management Plan

(FMP) (1997) for U.S. Army Garrison Adelphi Laboratory Center (ALC) Blossom Point

Research Facility (BPRF) and prepare management actions in order to meet mission requirements, maintain and enhance wildlife habitat, promote healthy forest ecosystems, protect streams and wetlands, and to enhance recreational value including hunting.

This updated Forest Management Plan includes an inventory of forest resources and habitat, assessment of forest health, GIS mapping, forest management prescriptions, and a review of pertinent rules, regulations and policies regarding forest management at BPRF.

2.0 Site Description

2.1 Location

BPRF (Latitude 38 -24 -50"N, Longitude 77 5 -50"W) occupies approximately 1,600 acres on

Cedar Point Neck in southern Charles County, Maryland (Figure 1). Cedar Point Neck is bounded by the Potomac River to the south and east and by Nanjemoy Creek on the west.

Agricultural and state owned land border the site to the north. BPRF is approximately 35 miles south of the District of Columbia.

The closest town is La Plata, Maryland, which is approximately 9 miles northeast of the facility.

BPRF is largely forested with wetlands, open fields, testing areas, and a few buildings.

The study area, covered within this report, is divided into 7 Compartments. These Compartments were further divided into Forest Stands (Figure 2). Tables 1 and 2 present the total acreages in the Compartments and the various Stands.

2 June 2017

Figure 1. Location Map Figure 1. Location Map

3 June 2017

Figure 2. Forest Compartment and Stand Delineations

4 June 2017

Table 1. Total Acreages for Compartments 1-7

Compartment Acreage

I 85

II 95

III 251

IV 180

V 83

VI 38

VII 76

Total Acreage 808

Table 2. Total Acreages of Management Stands with

Compartments 1-7

Compartment Management

Stand Acreage

I

1 8

2 6

3 18

4 12

5 41

II

1 22

2 11

3 11

4 31

5 20

III

1 240

2 11

IV

1 20

2 123

3 9

5 June 2017

Table 2. Total Acreages of Management Stands with

Compartments 1-7

Compartment Management

Stand Acreage

4 16

5 12

V

1 39

2 43

3 1

VI

1 7

2 31

VII

1 32

2 44

2.2 Topography and Soils

Topography at BPRF is characterized by rolling hills with narrow ridge tops and valleys drained by non-tidal and tidal tributaries to Nanjemoy Creek and the Potomac River. Elevations range from mean sea level (MSL) along the Potomac River and Nanjemoy Creek to 25 feet above MSL at Upper Cedar Point. In general, the installation is relatively flat with slopes of 2 to 5 percent.

The BPRF is located in the Atlantic Coastal Plain Physiographic Province. The unconsolidated sediments overlie crystalline rock of Precambrian to early Cambrian age. The underlying geology is comprised of the Nanjemoy Formation, the Aquia Formation, and the Raritan and

Patapsco Formation. The surficial deposits are of both Recent and Pleistocene Age and are derived in large measure from erosion and re-deposition of older surfaces to the west and north.

Fifteen soil types are present at the BPRF as shown in the Integrated Natural Resources

Management Plan (INRMP) and Figure 3. The soils are generally poorly to moderately well drained and range in texture from fine sand to silty loams and clay to coarse sands and gravels.

Many of these soils types are listed as hydric.

6 June 2017

Figure 3. Soil Types

7 June 2017

3.0. Methodology

The determination of inventory techniques was attained following a site visit of all of the compartments and stands. This initial baseline survey set the standard for best available measurement techniques and a point of reference when assessing variation among the property to survey. Understanding the amount of variability among a landscape can help shape the scope and target of data to collect.

3.1 Compartment Identification

Field sampling for this report was based on forestry compartment and stand boundaries provided by

BPRF. Per the 1997 BPRF FMP, the original boundaries had been established in a 1981 timber cruise. In the 1981 timber cruise, eight forest compartments were designated. They were identified by Roman numerals I through VIII. During field work for the 1997 study, it became apparent that compartment boundaries between Compartments III and V and between Compartments IV and VI, respectively, had been subjectively established. No biological distinction could be ascertained between stands of trees on either side of these compartment lines, and no man-made or naturally occurring feature (such as a road, power line right-of-way, or stream) separated them.

Reestablishment of the old compartment boundaries would have required time and effort while providing little practical value. At the instruction of BPRF, the land areas of Compartments III and

V were combined. The resultant area was designated Compartment III. In similar fashion, the land areas of Compartments IV and VI were combined and designated Compartment IV. Compartments

I and II were re-designated Compartments I and II, respectively. Compartment VII was re-designated Compartment V, and Compartment VIII was re-designated Compartment VI.

The field effort for this study generally used the previously assigned Compartments in order to provide continuity with the previous management reports (BPRF, 1997) with the exception combining stands in Compartment VI and the addition of Compartment VII, an area formerly considered non-project lands. The merge of Stands 2-7 within Compartment VI occurred after careful consideration of their lack of individual diversity among the commercial overstory as well as the understory. Geographic features and barriers were considered when changing the stand designation and despite the geography the changes were determined suitable for the purpose of the

FMP. The new Stand “2” which represents old Stands 2 through 7 can be seen in the stand level map.

The new Compartment VII is located in the northern section of BPRF. Compartment VII was identified as “Non Project Area” in previous reports. The Non Project Area was designated into a

8 June 2017

Compartment because it was determined by BPRF to be included in the FMP. Compartment VII easily by virtue of stand type. Stand 1 forest type is oak and mixed hardwood and Stand 2 forest type is pine.

3.2 Stand Identification

A majority of the stand delineation is derived from the prior forest inventory which was found to be accurate and of value. Physical and geographic features often “set” the edges or boundaries of the stands. Vegetation type plays a significant factor in determining stand boundaries as the vegetation type changes frequently.

There are pockets within stands that do not represent the majority of a stand, these areas were found and determined to be beneficial for each stand as delineated. Overanalyzing otherwise known as excessive breaking or lumping of stands within stands can lead to confusion and inaccurate information which then becomes difficult to implement during that phase of management. A better way to handle any anomaly found within a stand is to allow for greater flexibility in the future. For example a stand typed as Oak may have a small portion(s) which are considered a pine stand, however since the pine representation is not considered significant or perhaps infrequent as compared with the rest of the stand the pine gets lumped as part of the oak stand. In this circumstance management objectives may change to emphasize or deemphasize the anomaly based on factors such as species diversity, seed year for regeneration, natural or other disturbances. At such time the implementation phase can adjust to the current need for the micro stand or stand within a stand rather than on the front end of planning.

3.3 Survey Techniques

A stocking level survey was used to assess the amount of basal area squared per acre using a 10 factor prism. A 10 factor prism was used at each plot center to measure the amount of current stocking levels of merchantable material. At each randomly located plot data was recorded as to which species, product, and merchantable height exists. Plot location was not influenced by any geographical feature, current stocking level, or any other feature. Assessments of variability were made for stands to determine the best frequency levels for plots. In general a ratio of 1 plot per each

4 acres was used as a baseline for plot frequency. In large stands which appeared homogenous in species composition and volume across the stand whole plots represent a greater number of acres in order to maximize field effort.

9 June 2017

4.0. Results

Field efforts were conducted from June 2016 through January 2017. The study area was divided into 7 Compartments. These Compartments were further divided into forest stands.

Figure 2 depicts the approximate location boundaries of management stands. A photographic record of the forest conditions during field efforts can be found in Appendix A. Stand descriptions and management recommendations can be found in the following sections. Stand variations result from changes in topographic position, degree of slope, and amount and type of historical disturbance. Forest stand conditions and forest structure were assessed at sample plots within the stand as detailed in the following stand descriptions and in forest sampling data sheets located in

Appendix B.

Generally, the most common forest cover type within the study area is oak dominated with some smaller stands of Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda). American holly

(Ilex opaca) is common, and in many areas dense, in the understory. Other understory species include black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), sweet gum (Liquidambar styraciflua), red maple (Acer rubrum) and tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera).

Fuel loading, in the form of dead standing and fallen timber, are present in many of the compartments. In addition, American holly forms a dense understory in most of the stands, which not only increases the fuel load, but inhibits regeneration of desirable species by heavily shading the forest floor. Fuel loading in these areas should be reduced, either by manual removal or by controlled burns. These recommendations are addressed further in the stand descriptions.

The opportunities within all Compartments for wildlife management are high. The white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) population remains above optimum carrying capacity for the site based on a lack of observed climax tree species regeneration. Increased white-tailed deer harvest/culling should be implemented in order to insure the regeneration of the oak dominant forest. Currently, little to no regeneration of oaks is evident in all the Compartments due to excessive white-tailed deer browse and the dense understory of American holly. The dense understory of American holly is partially a result of it being undesirable to the deer.

Table 3 below presents a list of wildlife species observed during the field efforts, either by direct visual observation or observation of sign in the form of calls, tracks, or scat.

10 June 2017

Table 3. Wildlife Species Observed During Field Efforts

Common Name Scientific name

Reptiles and Amphibians

Spotted turtle Clemmys guttata

Green frog Rana clamitans

Gray Tree frog Hyla versicolor

Spring peeper Pseudoacris crucifer

Five-lined skink Plestiodon fasciatus

Eastern Box turtle Terrapene carolina carolina

Pickerel frog Lithobates palustris

American toad Anaxyrus americanus

Garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis

Birds

American woodcock Scolopax minor

Bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus

Red-tailed hawk Buteo jamaicensis

Red-shouldered hawk Buteo lineatus

Golden crown kinglet Regulus satrapa

Red belied woodpecker Melanerpes carolinus

Pileated woodpecker Hylatomus pileatus

Tufted titmouse Baeolophus bicolor

Carolina chickadee Poecile carolinensis

White Breasted nuthatch Sitta carolinensis

Osprey Pandion haliaetus

Goldfinch Spinus tristis

Great crested flycatcher Myiarchus crinitus

Wood thrush Hylocichla mustelina

Acadian flycatcher Empidonax virescens

Eastern wood pewee Contopus virens

Blue-gray gnatcatcher Polioptila caerulea

Fish crow Corvus ossifragus

Northern cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis

Blue jay Cyanocitta cristata

Wild turkey Meleagris gallopavo

Turkey vulture Cathartes aura

11 June 2017

Table 3. Wildlife Species Observed During Field Efforts

Common Name Scientific name

Eastern bluebird Sialia sialis

American robin Turdus migratorius

American kestrel Falco sparverius

Mourning dove Zenaida macroura

Mammals

White-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus

Red fox Vulpes vulpes

Eastern mole Scalopus aquaticus

Eastern cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus

Gray squirrel Sciurus carolinensis

Multiple invasive plant species were observed during site visits. The most common were

Japanese stilt grass (Microstegium vimineum), multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora), Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), and wineberry (Rubus phoenicolasius). Wavy-leaved basket grass (Oplismenus undulatifolius) was also observed in Compartment II Stand 1. These species were observed in areas of previous disturbance, such as forest edges, opening from fallen trees and along forest access roads. Non-native, invasive species generally have low value as wildlife food or cover. To improve forest health and regeneration, as well as wildlife value, management of invasive species is recommended.

The presence of the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) (EAB) in the Midwestern and

Eastern United States is a potential threat to the ash on site. While neither white nor green ash is abundant on BPRF, it can be commercially important. No evidence of EAB was documented during site visits, but, the probability of its future presence is high. EAB has been detected in

Charles County and in all neighboring counties. Currently, the statewide ban on inter-county transport of timber products has been lifted, but the federal ban, prohibiting inter-state transport is still in effect. Harvest of saleable white ash within management areas is recommended while these trees are still healthy. Currently, three parasitoids are approved for release to control EAB.

Permits must be obtained from the USDA in order to release biological control organisms.

The gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) is an invasive species from Europe that was accidentally released in the northeastern United States in 1869. Since that time infestations have spread and are a continuing threat to most hardwoods and especially oaks. In Maryland, more than one million acres of hardwood forest have been defoliated since 1980. If defoliation occurs in two or more successive years, mortality of affected trees can be high. The gypsy moth has a high

12 June 2017 potential to inflict significant damage to the forest resources at BPRF.

Aerial spraying has produced the best results for suppression of moth populations; although, biological controls are also available. Annual aerial surveys for gypsy moth defoliation are conducted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Forest Service. These surveys can be used to determine the potential for outbreaks at BPRF and if control measures should be implemented to protect the forest resources at BPRF.

5.0. Forest Stand Prescriptions

The information collected within each stand is summarized within the pages that follow. Data sheets for the plots supporting the descriptions are located within Appendix B.

13 June 2017

Compartment I

Stand 1 (S-1)

14 June 2017

KEY STAND ATTRIBUTES

Acres Forest Type Est.

Age

Fire Mgmt.

Priority

Fire Risk

CWD

Wildlife Habitat

Mid‐story S/U

Understory % Cover

% Vegetation ≥ 6.0” DBH

Trees Grass Vines

8 Oak/Pine ~76 Critical High 28 Fair U 60 40 10 25

EXISTING MERCHANTABLE SPECIES COMPOSITION

DBH in inches Range

BA (sq. ft./ acre) by Species and Diameter Class

Loblolly Pine

(PITA)

Virginia Pine

(PIVI2)

Southern Red‐Oak

(QUFA)

Sweet Gum

(LIST2)

Yellow Poplar

(LITU)

Willow‐ Oak

(QUPH)

Hickory

Other Hardwood

Total

6.0 ‐ 7.9 ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐

8.0 ‐ 9.9 ‐‐ ‐‐ 5 ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ 5

10.0 – 11.9 ‐‐ 5 ‐‐ 5 ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ 10

12.0 – 13.9 ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐

14.0 ‐‐ 15.9 ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ 15 15

16.0 – 17.9 ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ 5 5 10

18.0 – 19.9 ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ 15 ‐‐ 10 25

20.0 – 21.9 10 ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ 5 ‐‐ ‐‐ 15

22.0 + 5 ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ 5 5 ‐‐ 15 Total 15 5 5 5 ‐‐ 30 10 25 95

EXISTING STAND CONDITION

Some dieback of Virginia pine due to wind‐throw and suppression from competition of dominant trees Adjacent to open areas and roads with invasive species encroachment and high fuel loads ladder fuels near these edges Flat topography; average slope = 0‐5%; tidal gut leads toward stand perimeter Little to no desirable regeneration found in the stand, American holly restricting sunlight from reaching the ground Diversity found in infrequent tree species Limited natural or manmade disturbance to the site to establish regeneration and foster growth

DESIRED STAND CONDITION

Reduction in available fuel loads Oak seedlings are well established, well distributed and adequate in abundance to ensure quality oak that currently exists in the overstory are retained until their removal is desirable to allow free room saplings to grow Reduction in the amount of undesirable trees with manageable amounts of undesirable regeneration Retention of some poor quality trees of all species to fill canopy gaps and provide habitat for wildlife

SHORT TERM OBJECTIVES

Establish a two‐age structure, identify and protect any oak that have potential to regenerate high‐quality trees Consider soil scarification and harvest when oak seed is present Gain control of deer browsing to reduce impacts to desirable regeneration within the reach of a standing deer Protect riparian areas with a tree harvest buffer see buffer management plan Establish a healthy site condition retaining legacy mature trees Enhance native plant and wildlife species to promote diversity Increase stand vigor and resilience to insect and disease epidemics Retain wildlife trees (minimum three per acre) scattered throughout the stand

COMPARTMENT: I STAND: 1 FORMER: 1/1

15 June 2017

SHORT TERM OBJECTIVES Cont.

Minimize impacts to soil and water resources by placing harvest restrictions and equipment restrictions as applicable Reduce the spread of non‐native invasive species with clean equipment transport, repetitive fire and other controls Provide commercial wood products via competitive timber sales to interested parties within the local area Reduce fuel loads with initiating structured forest management activities

LONG TERM OBJECTIVES

Recruit oak into dominant and/or codominant canopy positions by converting to even aged management Maintain a healthy oak/ loblolly pine community where a balanced ecosystem is maintained to include Rx fires Enhance hard mast production fostering trees with high live crown ratios Protect any rare or threatened and endangered species within or near the stand following recommendations of USFWS Provide a periodic supply of high‐quality forest products to local area wood markets Recruit current and future snags while managing the stand for wildlife benefits and maintain coarse woody debris Showcase managed stand and findings with interested resource program managers & researchers

SILVICULTURAL GUIDE STAND LEVEL HARVEST MAP

Treatment:

Shelterwood Establishment Cut Residual BA 50 sq. ft. per ac.

Preparatory Notes:

The optimal time to mark the stand is late fall through early spring (leaf‐off condition) Mark leave trees that exhibit quality characteristics for the benefit of wildlife/seed source trees/lumber. In some cases leave trees will inherently exhibit opposing qualities and features

Retention Priority:

Healthy, well‐formed oak (approximately 16‐20 in.

DBH) with large crowns which have the most potential to generate high yields of seed, well distributed throughout the stand

Healthy loblolly pine Current snags and recruit snags or any other potential wildlife trees to fulfill a minimum of 3 trees per acre, average per acre can be higher however not to exceed 6 per acre. Snags should be designated as leave trees

Any native tree which occurs infrequently and would enhance the stand diversity

Removal Priority:

Target poor quality trees of all species for removal, trees with low live crown ratios and weaknesses in the crown or boles

Remove all Virginia pine, Sweet‐gum, and American holly

16 June 2017

DESIGN CRITERIA AND MITIGATION MEASURES

Botany

Finding of rare or threatened and endangered species as well as invasive or non‐native species outside of what is established in this document should be reported to ALC Directorate of Public Works (DPW).

Wildlife

Harvest restrictions for the protection of threatened and endangered species should be followed per the guidelines of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

An average of three to six cavity and/or snag trees per acre should be retained in the stand for wildlife habitat.

Raptor nest trees, amphibian habitat found to foster the health of turtle population should be protected, maintained, and monitored, and decadent “wildlife” trees should be retained in the stand.

Recreation

Opportunities for local area hunters should be developed to maintain a healthy deer population that is supported by the availability of food sources without being detrimental to forest management objectives.

Consider restricting forest management activities (such as timber harvesting) during hunting season to increase the success rates for hunters.

Other

Preceding management activities an Environmental Assessment or other appropriate NEPA documentation must be prepared.

Must have an approved INRMP that addresses forest management. Actions associated with forest management must be included in the NEPA analysis and documentation. Harvesting and other management activities must be applicable with all laws and regulations pertaining to the activity.

Garrison Manager must approve of activities which relate to land management.

Prior to timber harvest coordination between on‐site staff, DPW, supporting USACE District, and AEC/OACSIM Environmental must be established to ensure proper procedures are utilized and coordination for reimbursable deposits which will be deposited into the appropriate accounts.

Prior to timber harvest reports of availability are submitted annually by 30 May for the following FY based on the INRMP over a five year period to determine the level of sales.

ROA to include (volume and type of timber, acreage of sale, type of harvest, term of sale, maps of sale, specific harvest requirements or contract requirements, products to be advertised for bid, and method of sale). Additional sale procedures are require and should be arranged prior to an agreement.

RECOMMENDED ACTIVITIES TIMELINE

Year Activity Code Activity Comment

0 TMBR‐HVST Shelterwood establishment cut 2‐aged Seek environ review from supporting Army agency

1‐3 RX‐FIRE Prescribed Fire Fuel reduction and establish seeding opportunity

3 PST‐HVST Conduct stand stocking survey surveys Ensure short‐term management objectives

3 SITE‐PREP Determine the need for TSI or understory thinning Ensure short‐term management objectives

4‐10 SITE‐PREP Monitor success of desirable regeneration Release oak seedlings from competition

7 RX‐FIRE Prescribed fire Medium intensity fire to top‐kill competition and enhance the competitive status of oak

10 RX‐FIRE Prescribed fire

13 RX‐FIRE Prescribed fire

10‐15 TMBR‐HVST Overstory removal Even‐aged Once successful advanced regeneration is established

Prepared by: USACE NAB/NAO Districts

USACE Titles: District Forester / Ecologist / Geographer

Date: 18 MAR 2017

17 June 2017

Stand 2 (S-2)

18 June 2017

Acres Forest Type Age Fire Mgmt.

Priority

Fire Risk

CWD

Wildlife Habitat

Mid‐story S/U

Understory % Cover

% Vegetation ≥ 6.0” DBH

Trees Grass Vines

Mixed

Hwd/Pine ~74 Critical Medium 17 Good U 25 35 40 30

EXISTING MERCHANTABLE SPECIES COMPOSITION

inches Range

BA (sq. ft./ acre) by Species and Diameter Class

Loblolly Pine

(PITA)

Virginia Pine

(PIVI2)

Southern Red‐Oak

(QUFA)

Sweet Gum

(LIST2)

Yellow Poplar

(LITU)

Willow‐ Oak

(QUPH)

Hickory

6.0 ‐ 7.9 ‐‐ 7 ‐‐ 5 ‐‐ 3 ‐‐ 2 17

8.0 ‐ 9.9 ‐‐ 12 ‐‐ 12 ‐‐ 8 ‐‐ 3 35

10.0 – 11.9 ‐‐ 3 ‐‐ 12 ‐‐ 5 ‐‐ 7 27

12.0 – 13.9 2 2 ‐‐ 6 ‐‐ 2 ‐‐ 2 14

14.0 ‐‐ 15.9 ‐‐ 2 ‐‐ 5 ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ 7

16.0 – 17.9 ‐‐ 2 2 ‐‐ 2 ‐‐ ‐‐ 2 8

18.0 – 19.9 ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ 2 ‐‐ ‐‐ 2 4

20.0 – 21.9 2 ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ 2

22.0 + 3 ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ 3 Total 7 28 2 40 4 18 ‐‐ 18 117

Some dieback of Virginia pine due to wind‐throw and suppression along the edge of the stand Adjacent to roads and perimeter fence clearing impacting the understory Flat topography; average slope = 0‐5% Little to no desirable regeneration found in the stand, pockets of American holly, areas with stem exclusion found

Limited natural or manmade (only roads) disturbance to the site to establish regeneration and foster growth

Oak seedlings are well established, well distributed and adequate in abundance to ensure quality oak that currently exists in the overstory are retained in the future generation of trees

Retention of some poor quality trees of all species to fill canopy gaps and provide habitat for wildlife

Establish a two‐age structure, Identify and protect any oak that have potential to regenerate high‐quality trees Consider soil scarification and harvest when oak seed is present Gain control of deer browsing to reduce impacts to desirable regeneration within the reach of a standing deer Protect riparian areas with a tree harvest buffer see buffer management plan Establish a healthy site condition retaining legacy mature trees Enhance native plants to promote diversity for wildlife species

COMPARTMENT: I STAND: 2 FORMER: 1/2

19 June 2017

SHORT TERM OBJECTIVES Cont.

Minimize impacts to soil and water resources by placing harvest restrictions and equipment restrictions as applicable Reduce the spread non‐native invasive species with clean equipment transport, repetitive fire and other controls Provide potential wood products via competitive timber sales to interested parties with the local area

Recruit oak into dominant and/or codominant canopy positions Maintain a healthy oak/ loblolly pine community where a balanced ecosystem is maintained to include Rx fires Enhance hard mast production fostering trees with high live crown ratios Protect any rare or threatened and endangered species within or near the stand following recommendations of USFWS Provide a periodic supply of high‐quality forest products to local area wood markets Recruit current and future snags while managing the stand for wildlife benefits and maintain coarse woody debris

Commercial Thinning Residual BA 70‐80 sq. ft. per ac.

Notes:

through early spring (leaf‐off condition) Mark cut trees that exhibit poor quality characteristics to improve the overall stand health and vigor. Trees that will benefit wildlife can be retained as well as trees that exhibit desirable seed source post second entry and lumber producing trees trees with low live crown ratios and weaknesses in the crown or boles

All Virginia pine, Sweet‐gum, and American holly

Healthy, well‐formed oak (approximately 12‐18 in.

DBH) with large crowns or crowns likely to fill canopy gaps which will be well distributed throughout the stand

Healthy loblolly pine Enough snags or otherwise wildlife trees to fulfill a minimum of 3 trees per acre when safe to do so.

Infrequent species of native trees which promote stand diversity

20 June 2017

DESIGN CRITERIA AND MITIGATION MEASURES

Botany

Finding of rare or threatened and endangered species as well as invasive or non‐native species outside of what is established in this document should be reported to U.S. Army Garrison Adelphi Laboratory Center Directorate of Public Works.

Harvest restrictions for the protection of threatened and endangered species should be followed per the guidelines of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

An average of three to six cavity and/or snag trees per acre should be retained in the stand for wildlife habitat.

Raptor nest trees, amphibian habitat found to foster the health of turtle population should be protected, Opportunities for local area hunters should be developed to maintain a healthy deer population that is supported by the availability of food sources without being detrimental to forest management objectives.

Consider restricting forest management activities (such as timber harvesting) during hunting season to increase the success rates for hunters.

Other

Preceding management activities an Environmental Assessment or other appropriate NEPA documentation must be prepared.

Must have an approved INRMP that addresses forest management. Actions associated with forest management must be included in the NEPA analysis and documentation. Harvesting and other management activities must be applicable with all laws and regulations pertaining to the activity.

Garrison Manager must approve of activities which relate to land management.

Prior to timber harvest coordination between on‐site staff, DPW, supporting USACE District, and AEC/OACSIM Environmental must be established to ensure proper procedures are utilized and coordination for reimbursable deposits which will be deposited into the appropriate accounts.

Prior to timber harvest reports of availability are submitted annually by 30 May for the following FY based on the INRMP over a five year period to determine the level of sales.

ROA to include (volume and type of timber, acreage of sale, type of harvest, term of sale, maps of sale, specific harvest requirements or contract requirements, products to be advertised for bid, and method of sale). Additional sale procedures are required and should be arranged prior to an agreement.

0 TMBR‐HVST First stage thinning cut uneven‐aged Seek environ review from supporting Army agency

1‐3 RX‐FIRE Prescribed Fire Fuel reduction

3 PST‐HVST Conduct stand stocking survey surveys Ensure canopy must be opened further

4‐10 TMBR‐HVST Second stage seed‐tree cur uneven‐aged Set stand seed trees to ensure high seed production

4‐10 POST RX‐FIRE Seed year fire Time fire to enhance successful seeding

7 RX‐FIRE Prescribed fire Medium intensity fire to top‐kill competition and enhance the competitive status of oak

10 RX‐FIRE Prescribed fire

15‐20 TMBR‐HVST Overstory removal/final cut Once successful advanced regeneration is established

USACE Title: District Forester / Ecologist / Geographer

21 June 2017

Stand 3 (S-3)

22 June 2017

Est.

Age

Fire Mgmt.

Priority

Fire Risk

CWD

Wildlife Habitat

Mid‐story S/U

Understory % Cover

% Vegetation ≥ 6.0” DBH

Trees Grass Vines

Pine/Mixed

Hwd ~74 Critical

Extremely High

29 Fair U 30 35 10 45

EXISTING SPECIES COMPOSITION

inches Range

BA (sq. ft./ acre) by Species and Diameter Class

Loblolly Pine

(PITA)

Virginia Pine

(PIVI2)

Southern Red‐Oak

(QUFA)

Sweet Gum

(LIST2)

Yellow Poplar

(LITU)

Willow‐ Oak

(QUPH)

Hickory

6.0 ‐ 7.9 2 2 2 3 2 2 ‐‐ ‐‐ 13

8.0 ‐ 9.9 ‐‐ 7 ‐‐ 7 1 3 ‐‐ 3 21

10.0 – 11.9 2 8 3 3 5 5 ‐‐ 5 31

12.0 – 13.9 3 8 ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ 11

14.0 ‐‐ 15.9 ‐‐ 2 ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ 2

16.0 – 17.9 7 2 ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ 9

18.0 – 19.9 8 2 ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ 10

20.0 – 21.9 2 ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ 2

22.0 + 2 ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ 2 Total 26 31 5 13 8 10 0 8 101

Heavy dieback of Virginia Pine due to wind‐throw and suppression from competition of dominant trees Extremely high fuel loads elevating the risk of ignition and spread from this source of fuel loads Flat topography; average slope = 0‐5%; northern portion of stand boarders perimeter fence; standing water in stand Little to no desirable regeneration found in the stand, areas with stem exclusion found Potential for diversity found in infrequent tree species Natural disturbance to the site to has established regeneration of both Virginia pine and Loblolly pine

Reduction in abundance of available fuel loads Pine seedlings are well established, well distributed and adequate in abundance to ensure quality pine that currently exists in the overstory are retained until their removal is desirable to allow free room for saplings to grow

Retention of some poor quality trees of all species to fill canopy gaps and provide habitat for wildlife

Limit damage to loblolly pine seedlings and saplings with any forest management activities Consider soil scarification and harvest when desirable pine is in a seed year Monitor site conditions to ensure successful management goals are met Protect riparian areas with a tree harvest buffer see buffer management plan Establish a healthy site condition retaining one per acre legacy mature trees Enhance native plants to promote diversity for wildlife species Increase stand vigor and resilience to insect and disease epidemics

COMPARTMENT: I STAND: 3 FORMER: 1/3

23 June 2017

Minimize impacts to soil and water resources by placing harvest restrictions and equipment restrictions as applicable Reduce the spread non‐native invasive species by requiring clean equipment transport, repetitive fire and other controls Provide potential wood products via competitive timber sales to interested parties with the local area

Create at least a two‐aged structure of pine trees perhaps multiple aged structure depending on frequency of treatment Maintain a healthy pine community where a balanced ecosystem is maintained to include Rx fires Enhance productivity of regeneration Protect any rare or threatened and endangered species within or near the stand following recommendations of USFWS Provide a periodic supply of high‐quality forest products to local area wood markets Recruit current and future snags while managing the stand for wildlife benefits and maintaining coarse woody debris

Commercial Thinning Residual BA 80‐90 sq. ft. per ac.

through early spring (leaf‐off condition) Mark cut trees that exhibit poor quality characteristics, remove trees in small patches where abundance of pine seedlings will benefit from additional sunlight, limit disturbance to any advanced regeneration seedlings where found loblolly pine trees with low live crown ratios which are considered suppressed

All Virginia pine, Sweet‐gum, and American holly

Healthy, well‐formed Loblolly pine (approximately

12‐18 in. DBH) with good live crown ratios well distributed throughout the stand.

Healthy trees of all species with good form.

Current snags and recruit snags or any other potential wildlife trees to fulfill a minimum of 3 trees per acre, average per acre can be higher however not to exceed 6 snags per acre. Snags should be designated as either a leave tree or wildlife tree

24 June 2017

DESIGN CRITERIA AND MITIGATION MEASURES

Botany

Finding of rare or threatened and endangered species as well as invasive or non‐native species outside of what is established in this document should be reported to U.S. Army Garrison Adelphi Laboratory Center Directorate of Public Works.

Wildlife

Harvest restrictions for the protection of threatened and endangered species should be followed per the guidelines of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

An average of three to six cavity and/or snag trees per acre should be retained in the stand for wildlife habitat.

Raptor nest trees, amphibian habitat found to foster the health of turtle population should be protected, Opportunities for local area hunters should be developed to maintain a healthy deer population that is supported by the availability of food sources without being detrimental to forest management objectives.

Consider restricting forest management activities (such as timber harvesting) during hunting season to increase the success rates for hunters.

Other

Preceding management activities an Environmental Assessment or other appropriate NEPA documentation must be prepared.

Must have an approved INRMP that addresses forest management. Actions associated with forest management must be included in the NEPA analysis and documentation. Harvesting and other management activities must be applicable with all laws and regulations pertaining to the activity.

Garrison Manager must approve of activities which relate to land management.

Prior to timber harvest coordination between on‐site staff, DPW, supporting USACE District, and AEC/OACSIM Environmental should be established to ensure proper procedures are utilized and deposits can be made into appropriate accounts.

Prior to timber harvest reports of availability are submitted annually by 30 May for the following FY based on the INRMP over a five year period to determine the level of sales.

ROA to include (volume and type of timber, acreage of sale, type of harvest, term of sale, maps of sale, specific harvest requirements or contract requirements, products to be advertised for bid, and method of sale). Additional

0 TMBR‐HVST Thinning uneven‐aged Seek environ review from supporting Army agency

1‐3 RX‐FIRE Prescribed Fire Fuel reduction and establish seeding opportunity

3 PST‐HVST Conduct stand stocking survey surveys Ensure management objectives short‐term on track

3 SITE‐PREP Determine the need for TSI or understory thinning Ensure management objectives short‐term on track

4‐10 SITE‐PREP Monitor success of desirable regeneration Release pine seedlings from competition

7 RX‐FIRE Prescribed fire low intensity fire to top‐kill competition and enhance the competitive status of pine

10 RX‐FIRE Prescribed fire

10‐15 TMBR‐HVST Thinning as desired uneven‐aged Once successful advanced regeneration is established

25 June 2017

Stand 4 (S-4)

26 June 2017

Est.

Age

Fire Mgmt.

Priority

Fire Risk

CWD

Wildlife Habitat

Mid‐story S/U

Understory % Cover

% Vegetation ≥ 6.0” DBH

12 Oak/Mxd Hwd ~75 Moderate High 20 Good U 70 70 40 5 inches Range

BA (sq. ft./ acre) by Species and Diameter Class

Virginia Pine

(PIVI2)

White Oak

(QUAL)

Southern Red‐Oak

(QUFA)

Sweet Gum

(LIST2)

Yellow Poplar

(LITU)

Willow‐ Oak

(QUPH)

Hickory

6.0 ‐ 7.9 ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ 3 2 2 ‐‐ 14 21

8.0 ‐ 9.9 ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ 3 1 3 ‐‐ 3 10

10.0 – 11.9 ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ 4 5 5 ‐‐ ‐‐ 14

12.0 – 13.9 ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ 0

14.0 ‐‐ 15.9 ‐‐ 3 3 ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ 6

16.0 – 17.9 3 ‐‐ 3 ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ 3 9

18.0 – 19.9 ‐‐ 4 7 7 ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ 18

20.0 – 21.9 ‐‐ ‐‐ 13 ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ 13

22.0 + ‐‐ ‐‐ 7 ‐‐ 3 3 ‐‐ ‐‐ 13 Total 3 7 33 17 11 13 ‐‐ 20 104

Occasional dieback of Virginia pine due to wind‐throw and suppression from competition of dominant trees Mid‐story dense with American holly Flat topography; average slope = 0‐5%; northern portion of stand boarders roads, field and utility line corridor Little to no desirable regeneration found in the stand, areas with stem exclusion found Potential for diversity found in infrequent tree species due to neighboring seed sources Encroachment of understory vegetation where additional sunlight is exposed to the edges of the stand

Oak seedlings are well established, well distributed and adequate in abundance to ensure quality oak that currently exists in the overstory are retained until their removal is desirable to allow free room for saplings to grow

Retention of some poor quality trees of all species to fill canopy gaps and provide habitat for wildlife

Limit damage to oak seedlings and saplings with any forest management activities Consider soil scarification and harvest when desirable oak is in a seed year Monitor site conditions to ensure successful management goals are met Protect riparian areas with a tree harvest buffer of 100’ from tidal water delineation line if within the stand Establish a healthy site condition retaining one per acre legacy mature trees Enhance native plants to promote diversity for wildlife species

COMPARTMENT: I STAND: 4 FORMER: 1/4

27 June 2017

SHORT TERM OBJECTIVES Cont.

Minimize impacts to soil and water resources by placing harvest restrictions and equipment restrictions as applicable Reduce the spread non‐native invasive species by requiring clean equipment transport, repetitive fire and other controls Provide potential wood products via competitive timber sales to interested parties with the local area

Create at least a two‐aged structure of oak trees perhaps multiple aged structure depending on frequency of treatment Maintain a healthy oak community where a balanced ecosystem is maintained to include Rx fires Enhance productivity of oak regeneration from quality on‐site seed sources Protect any rare or threatened and endangered species within or near the stand following recommendations of USFWS Provide a periodic supply of high‐quality forest products to local area wood markets Recruit current and future snags while managing the stand for wildlife benefits and maintaining coarse woody debris Showcase managed stand and findings with interested resource program managers & researchers.

Shelterwood Establishment Cut through early spring (leaf‐off condition) Mark leave trees that exhibit quality characteristics for the benefit of wildlife/seed source trees/lumber. In some cases leave trees will inherently exhibit opposing qualities and features example: high seed producing oak trees vs. snag trees both of which are acceptable to retain in different circumstances

DBH) with large crowns well distributed throughout the stand.

Healthy trees of all species with good form.

Current snags and recruit snags or any other potential wildlife trees to fulfill a minimum of 3 trees per acre, average per acre can be higher however not to exceed 6 snags per acre. Snags should be designated as either a leave trees trees with low live crown ratios with weaknesses in the crowns or boles which may be considered suppressed

All Virginia pine, Sweet‐gum, American holly

28 June 2017

DESIGN CRITERIA AND MITIGATION MEASURES

Botany

Finding of rare or threatened and endangered species as well as invasive or non‐native species outside of what is established in this document should be reported to U.S. Army Garrison Adelphi Laboratory Center Directorate of

Harvest restrictions for the protection of threatened and endangered species should be followed per the guidelines of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

An average of three to six cavity and/or snag trees per acre should be retained in the stand for wildlife habitat.

Raptor nest trees, amphibian habitat found to foster the health of turtle population should be protected, Opportunities for local area hunters should be developed to maintain a healthy deer population that is supported by the availability of food sources without being detrimental to forest management objectives.

Consider restricting forest management activities (such as timber harvesting) during hunting season to increase the success rates for hunters.

Other

Preceding management activities an Environmental Assessment or other appropriate NEPA documentation must be prepared.

Must have an approved INRMP that addresses forest management. Actions associated with forest management must be included in the NEPA analysis and documentation. Harvesting and other management activities must be applicable with all laws and regulations pertaining to the activity.

Garrison Manager must approve of activities which relate to land management.

Prior to timber harvest coordination between on‐site staff, DPW, supporting USACE District, and AEC/OACSIM Environmental must be established to ensure proper procedures are utilized and coordination for reimbursable deposits which will be deposited into the appropriate accounts.

Prior to timber harvest reports of availability are submitted annually by 30 May for the following FY based on the INRMP over a five year period to determine the level of sales.

ROA to include (volume and type of timber, acreage of sale, type of harvest, term of sale, maps of sale, specific harvest requirements or contract requirements, products to be advertised for bid, and method of sale). Additional

0 TMBR‐HVST Shelterwood establishment cut 2‐aged Seek environ review from supporting Army agency

1‐3 RX‐FIRE Prescribed Fire Fuel reduction and establish seeding opportunity

3 PST‐HVST Conduct stand stocking survey surveys Ensure management objectives short‐term on track

3 SITE‐PREP Determine the need for TSI or understory thinning Ensure management objectives short‐term on track

4‐10 SITE‐PREP Monitor success of desirable regeneration Release pine seedlings from competition

7 RX‐FIRE Prescribed fire Low intensity fire to top‐kill competition and enhance the competitive status of oak

10 RX‐FIRE Prescribed fire

10‐15 TMBR‐HVST Overstory removal Even‐aged Once successful advanced regeneration is established

Prepared by: USACE NAO/NAB

29 June 2017

Stand 5 (S-5)

30 June 2017

Est.

Age

Fire Mgmt.

Priority

Fire Risk

CWD

Wildlife Habitat

Mid‐story S/U

Understory % Cover

% Vegetation ≥ 6.0” DBH

Trees Grass Vines

Oak/Mixed

Hwd ~80 Moderate High 12 Good U 75 75 30 10 inches Range

BA (sq. ft./ acre) by Species and Diameter Class

Virginia Pine

(PIVI2)

Chestnut Oak

(QUPR2)

Southern Red‐Oak

(QUFA)

Sweet Gum

(LIST2)

Yellow Poplar

(LITU)

Willow‐ Oak

(QUPH)

Hickory

6.0 ‐ 7.9 ‐‐ ‐‐ 1 ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ 1 ‐‐ 2

8.0 ‐ 9.9 ‐‐ ‐‐ 1 1 ‐‐ ‐‐ 4 ‐‐ 6

10.0 – 11.9 ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ 1 ‐‐ ‐‐ 2 6 9

12.0 – 13.9 ‐‐ 1 1 1 3 ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ 6

14.0 ‐‐ 15.9 ‐‐ 1 1 ‐‐ 2 ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ 4

16.0 – 17.9 3 ‐‐ 1 1 2 ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ 7

18.0 – 19.9 ‐‐ 2 3 1 7 1 ‐‐ ‐‐ 14

20.0 – 21.9 ‐‐ 5 8 ‐‐ 7 2 ‐‐ ‐‐ 22

22.0 + ‐‐ 11 12 ‐‐ 14 3 ‐‐ ‐‐ 40 Total 3 20 28 5 35 6 7 6 110

Occasional dieback of Virginia pine due to wind‐throw and suppression from competition of dominant trees Mid‐story dense with American holly Flat topography; average slope = 0‐5%; north of stand boarders tidal gut, west of stand boarders Nanjemoy Creek Little to no desirable regeneration found in the stand, areas with stem exclusion found

Encroachment of understory vegetation where additional sunlight is exposed to the edges of the stand

Oak seedlings are well established, well distributed and adequate in abundance to ensure quality oak that currently exists in the overstory are retained until their removal is desirable to allow free room for saplings to grow Reduction in the amount of undesirable trees to manageable quantities Retention of some poor quality trees of all species to fill canopy gaps and provide habitat for wildlife

Limit damage to oak seedlings and saplings with any forest management activities Consider soil scarification and harvest when desirable oak is in a seed year Monitor site conditions to ensure successful management goals are met Protect riparian areas with a tree harvest buffer see buffer management plan Establish a healthy site condition retaining one per acre legacy mature trees Enhance native plants to promote diversity for wildlife species

COMPARTMENT: I STAND: 5 FORMER: 1/5

31 June 2017

SHORT TERM OBJECTIVES Cont.

Minimize impacts to soil and water resources by placing harvest restrictions and equipment restrictions as applicable Reduce the spread non‐native invasive species by requiring clean equipment transport, repetitive fire and other controls Provide potential wood products via competitive timber sales to interested parties with the local area

Create at least a two‐aged structure of oak trees perhaps multiple aged structure depending on frequency of treatment Maintain a healthy oak community where a balanced ecosystem is maintained to include Rx fires Enhance productivity of oak regeneration from quality on‐site seed sources Protect any rare or threatened and endangered species within or near the stand following recommendations of USFWS Provide a periodic supply of high‐quality forest products to local area wood markets Recruit current and future snags while managing the stand for wildlife benefits and maintaining coarse woody debris

Shelterwood Establishment Cut through early spring (leaf‐off condition) Mark leave trees that exhibit quality characteristics for the benefit of wildlife/seed source trees/lumber. In some cases leave trees will inherently exhibit opposing qualities and features example: high seed producing oak trees vs. snag trees both of which are acceptable to retain in different circumstances

DBH) with large crowns well distributed throughout the stand.

Healthy trees of all species with good form.

Current snags and recruit snags or any other potential wildlife trees to fulfill a minimum of 3 trees per acre, average per acre can be…