A07-Attachment_18_Sample_Task_Order_2_Performance_Work_Statement_UPDATEDA1.docx

PERFORMANCE WORK STATEMENT

US Army Medical Research Directorate-Georgia Program Management and Business Support.

1. SCOPE OF WORK:

The contractor will provide service support as the program manager/advisor on all aspects related to contract performance in the establishment, coordination, an operation of the USAMRD-G site. This support will include programmatic support for resource management activities, recommending and coordinating strategy, and interacting with Government of Georgia organizations that are critical to the development of a collaborative partnership.

Period of Performance Base Period: 26 September 2016 to 25 March 2017 Option Period 1: 26 March 2017 – 25 March 2018 Option Period 2: 26 March 2018 – 25 March 2019 Option Period 3: 26 March 2019 – 25 March 2020 Option Period 4: 26 March 2020 – 25 March 2021 The initial Task Order may potentially include a base period of nine six (6) months and four (4) 12-month option periods. However the Government reserves the right to award the base period only, or any combination.

2. BACKGROUND:

The efforts described herein describe programmatic support to the US Army Medical Research Unit-Georgia (USAMRD-G), a subordinate unit of WRAIR, to develop medical countermeasures capable of protecting and sustaining the health of the men and women of the U.S. military.

3. OBJECTIVES:

3.1. Ensure optimal execution of administrative and operational activities to ensure strategic goals of the unit are met.

3.2. Define and achieve USAMRD-G enterprise goals pertaining to productivity, fiscal accountability, and financial compliance according to US and Georgian standards and policies.

3.3. Design and execute efficient processes and procedures to ensure smooth unit operations and mission execution.

4. GENERAL INFORMATION:

4.1. Primary Customer

This task order is for USAMRD-G components.

4.2. Non-Personal Services

This PWS identifies services that are strictly non-personal in nature, as defined by FAR 37, and to ensure there is not an appearance of such, every task order shall have an identified task manager.

4.2.1. Inherently Government Functions

This PWS has been reviewed and contains no services that are inherently governmental functions.

4.2.2. Functions Closely Associated with Inherently Governmental Functions.

This PWS has been reviewed and does contain services that are closely associated with inherently governmental functions.

4.3. Organizational Conflict of Interest (OCI)

This requirement is categorized as LocalIsolated Support.

4.4. Contracting Officer’s Representative (COR)

The COR for the task order will be identified by a separate appointment letter.

5. MANAGEMENT AND COORDINATION SUPPORT REQUIRMENTS:

5.1. Performance Requirements

The Contractor shall furnish the necessary personnel, equipment, supplies and support, to complete the performance of the work as outlined in the task order and IDIQ performance work statement.

5.2. Management Plan (Deliverable 1)

The Management Plan (Deliverable 1) shall be updated to incorporate the taskings outlined in this PWS.

5.3. Operational Support Plan (Deliverable 2)

The contractors Operational Support Plan (Deliverable 2) shall be updated to incorporate the taskings outlined in this PWS.

5.4. Transition Support

5.4.1. Incoming Transition Task

Transition plan in is not required for this task.

5.4.2. Optional Task – Outgoing Transition (Deliverable 3)

The Contractor shall propose and separately price a draft plan for transitioning work and/or leased facilities from the task order to a follow-on contract. (Note that the transition may be to a Government entity, another Contractor or to the incumbent contractor under a new contract vehicle). In accordance with the Government approved plan, the Contractor shall assist the Government in planning and implementing a complete transition from this contract to the follow-on provider. This Outgoing Transition Plan (Deliverable 3) shall include, but is not limited to:

· Formal coordination with Government representatives and the follow-on provider’s staff and management

· The delivery of copies of existing policies and procedures

· The delivery of required metrics and statistics.

5.5. Contingency Operations Plan (Deliverable 4)

The Contractor’s Contingency Operations Plan (Deliverable 4) shall be updated to incorporate the taskings outlined in this PWS.

5.6. Operations During Emergency Situations

Operations During Emergency Situations shall be the same as outlined in the IDIQ Base PWS.

5.7. Use of Foreign Nationals

Total performance of this award shall be conducted outside of the contiguous U.S. and its territories. It is expected that the Contractor shall recruit from within the host country as appropriate to obtain the required skill sets.

6. TECHNICAL SUPPORT REQUIREMENTS

6.1. Operational Support Services

6.1.1. The Contractor shall coordinate and perform all finance and accounting functions not involving commitment or certification of funding, such as executing spending chain activities in GFEBS such as Purchase Request entry and report generation.

6.1.2. The Contractor shall train military and civilian personnel in all areas of financial management within the USAMRD-G laboratory.

6.1.3. The Contractor shall serve as the liaison between the local Georgian agencies and the USAMRD-G command for all fiscal issues. Example: When working with NCDC to develop the contract to support the USG payment of utilities, this contractor support would be required to help facilitate the timing of those payments to NCDC as well as would help create the IGCE and PWS on behalf of the USAMRD-G command

6.2. Programmatic Support Services

6.2.1. The Contractor shall provide programmatic support to USAMRD-G leadership on all aspects of resource management to include financial, budgeting, programming, manpower management, management analysis, medical expense reporting, commercial activities, and internal control.

6.2.2. The Contractor shall work closely with Georgian organizations such as NCDC, Ministry of Health, and Ministry of Defense to develop their capacity to facilitate research in accordance with US Government rules, laws, and policies. Example: Helping Georgian organizations to understand how to apply for and revise System for Award Management entries to allow Federal grants and contracts, helping to communicate applicable rules and regulations that must be followed when working with the USG.

6.2.3. The Contractor shall make extensive use of multiple financial databases and logistical knowledge to generate data–driven recommendations for the commander. The Contractor shall prepare and distribute reports and financial statements to the commander and staff with adequate information for management, status of funds, and budget purposes. Example: Accesses and runs reports in GFEBS.

6.2.4. The Contractor shall draft, and once approved by the Director, implement Government approved plans and policies in matters concerning effective and economical utilization of resources. The Contractor shall plan, develop, and recommend changes to financial accounting processes which support the overall Army mission and takes advantage of advances in productivity and efficiency. Facilitates execution of Government approved changes. Example: Creates process for staff requesting funds for a project, creates a budget review process/policy for the Director.

6.2.5. The Contractor shall review published Georgian legislative changes to ascertain effect on systems and policies that impact operations within the Lugar Center. The Contractor shall summarize changes and impact to USAMRD-G Director with recommendations as applicable.

6.2.6. The Contractor shall draft and revise Command Budget Estimates for the Director based on command guidance. The Contractor shall be responsible for preparation and distribution of the all Command Budget Estimates.

6.2.7. The Contractor shall work closely with Division Directors to develop budget requirements and facilitate execution within the Lugar Center, once approved by the US Government.

6.2.8. USAMRD-G is supported through the submission of proposals to intramural as well as extramural funding calls. The Contractor shall assist in preparation of budgets for submission as well as tracks and follows status of each proposal submitted to receipt and execution of funding.

6.2.9. The Contractor shall plan and organize work with others as necessary, both within and outside the organization, in order to accomplish objectives.

6.2.10. The Contractor shall work closely with the US Embassy personnel to facilitate the establishment of local USAMRD-G processes and procedures to best support USAMRD-G.

6.3. Travel Plan Coordination

6.3.1. Contractor shall arrange for travel of personnel (Contractor, Non-Military, Non-Governmental personnel (i.e. collaborator)) when the task order requires and identifies specific travel requirements. Travel may be CONUS, OCONUS, or local. The Contractor shall provide for all necessary travel documents and approvals, immunization support, and safety plans that may be required for some destinations. The Contractor will provide a comprehensive travel estimate to be approved by the COR prior to commencing travel arrangements. The Contractor must provide an invoice for travel expenses and copies of receipts. All travel shall be in accordance with the Joint Travel Regulation (JTR).

6.4. Translation Services

Not required under this task

6.5. Personnel Support Services (Deliverable 5)

6.5.1. The Human Resources Support Plan (HRSP) (Deliverable 5) shall be updated to incorporate the taskings outlined in this PWS

6.6. Logistics Support Services

Not required under this task.

6.7. IT Support Services

Not required under this task.

6.8. Safety Support Services (Deliverable 6)

The Contractor shall incorporate the efforts of this task into its safety program in accordance with its Safety Plan deliverable.

6.9. Human Subject Protection Services

Not required under this task.

6.10. Clinical Research Support

Not required under this task.

7. REGULATORY AGENCY SUBMISSIONS:

Not required under this Task Order.

8. INSPECTION AND ACCEPTANCE

The Contracting Officer’s Representative (COR) is the Government official who has been delegated specific technical, functional and oversight responsibilities. The COR is designated in the COR appointment letter, issued by the Contracting Officer, and is responsible for inspection and acceptance of all services, incoming shipments, documents, and services. All deliverables will be delivered to the COR at Kekheti Highway 16, Alekseevka Settlement #3, Alekseevka, Georgia where they will be inspected and accepted by the COR.

8.1. Acceptance Criteria

Certification by the Government of satisfactory services provided is contingent upon the Contractor performing in accordance with the performance standards contained in the Performance Requirements Summary Matrix and all terms and conditions of this order, including all modifications.

8.2. Government Acceptance Period

The Government acceptance period will be the same as outlined in the IDIQ Base PWS.

8.3. Delivery Schedule Abbreviations

The following abbreviations are used in the delivery/deliverable schedule:

8.4. Specific Task Order Deliverables

9. CONTRACTOR PAYMENT PROCESSING

The Contractor is responsible for properly preparing and forwarding to the appropriate Government official, the invoice and receiving report for payment. The Contractor shall invoice in accordance with Section G of the task order. The Contractor shall attach back up information to receiving reports for direct labor and Other Direct Costs (ODCs). Direct labor backup information shall reflect the person’s name, job title and quantity of hours worked for each pay period at a minimum. Backup information for ODCs shall list all elements of costs, such as travel breakout backup, including itinerary, dates of travel, name of employees traveling plus per diem costs shall accompany the receiving report. All ODCs with an aggregate value exceeding the micropurchase threshold, as defined in FAR Part 2, requires that the Contractor conduct appropriate competition. Non-consumable supplies or equipment will not be required under this task. The Government shall provide a phone stipend to key contractor personnel as required. When the Wide Area Workflow – Receipt and Acceptance application is able to be used, it is the preferred method of submission. It is estimated non-travel ODCs necessary to complete these tasks will not exceed $1,000 annually.

9.1. Travel and Other Direct Costs (ODCs)

It is anticipated worldwide contractor travel will be required. Contractor will be authorized travel expenses consistent with the substantive provisions of the Joint Travel Regulations (JTR) and the limitation of funds specified in this contract. All travel requires Government prior approval/authorization by the COR. It is anticipated travel will not exceed $10,000 per period. Below is a breakdown of the Government’s estimate of required travel for this award:

Base Period

Option Period 1

Option Period 2

Option Period 3

Option Period 4

ODCs shall be billed on a cost reimbursable basis. ODCs are defined as purchase price of materials or services plus applicable indirect costs and tax (if applicable), profit/fee will not be paid on ODCs or travel.

It is noted that task order travel costs are estimates and the Government reserves the right to increase or decrease this estimate during performance as necessary to meet requirements. Any travel requirements that arise in excess of the limitations set forth above shall be incorporated through a modification to the task order.

9.2. Invoicing and Receiving Report Instructions – Fixed Price Contracts The Contractor is responsible for submitting invoices and initiating receiving reports electronically through Wide Area Work Flow as outlined in DFARS 252.232-7006 and the IDIQ Base PWS.

10. CONTRACT MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION

10.1. Contract Management

The contractor shall provide a corporate contract manager who shall be responsible for the performance of the work. The name of this person and an alternate, who shall act for the contractor when the manager is absent, shall be designated in writing to the contracting officer. The contract manager, or alternate, shall have full authority to act for the contractor on all contract matters relating to daily operation of this contract. The contract manager or alternate shall be available between 10:00 and 17:00 GET, Monday through Friday except Federal holidays or when the Government facility is closed for administrative reasons.

The Contractor shall: Sign and submit the designated Participation Agreement (Attachment Section J) (Deliverable 7) on behalf of the company; ensure that all staff assigned to or performing on this task order execute and adhere to the terms of the Participation Agreement, including all subcontractors and consultants; protect the procurement sensitive information of the Government and the proprietary information of other contractors. Assignment of staff who have not executed this statement or failure to adhere to this statement may constitute default on the part of the Contractor.

10.2. Monthly Task Status Report

The contractor shall submit a Monthly Status Report (Deliverable 8) summarizing the events of the task order as outlined in the IDIQ Base PWS. The format for the report shall be agreed upon by the Government and contractor.

Monthly report describing all work done in support of this PWS will be delivered by the 5th of each month for the preceding month. (i.e. 5 May report would cover April work).

Training/Travel reports (Deliverable 9) within 5 days of completion of any authorized training/travel describing the work accomplished or the training received while out of the office.

10.3. Subcontractor Pre-approval

Additional subcontractors must be pre-approved prior to the start of performance. Subcontractor Expenditures shall be included in the monthly status report.

10.4. Quality Control (Deliverable 10)

The Contractor shall incorporate the efforts of this task into its Quality Control Program and document it in a Quality Control Plan (QCP) (Deliverable 10) to ensure that all services specified in this PWS are provided and include timeliness and level of quality.

10.5. Kick off Meeting

Not required for this task order.

10.5.1. Additional Meetings

From time to time, the Government may require Contractor attendance, including the attendance of Contractor Key Personnel, at meetings at various locations. Meetings may be held via web-casting, teleconference, in-person at a Government facility, a commercial conference center, or a mutually agreed-upon Contractor facility on a rotational basis, as determined by the Government. Additional meeting requirements will be identified in advance.

10.6. Contractor Manpower Reporting (CMR) – Accounting for Contract Services The contractor shall report ALL contractor labor hours as outlined in the IDIQ Base PWS

The Walter Reed Institute of Research (WRAIR) Unit Identification Code (UIC) is W2DR02. The Federal Supply Code (FSC) is AN91

11. SECURITY REQUIREMENTS

11.1. Network Security

Support of this task order will require issue of DoD Common Access Card (CAC). All requirements stipulated in Para 11.3 that follows must be met. Additionally, requirements to obtain a CAC must be met by contractor employees selected to perform these services.

11.2. Physical Security

This contract includes activities outside of the United States. The Contractor shall ensure that assigned participants allow sufficient lead-time to obtain valid passports, country clearances, and immunizations to support USAMRD-G activities.

Contractors shall coordinate with State Department, Georgia National Center for Disease Control and Public Health (NCDC), and local authorities. .

11.3. Antiterrorism (AT) and Operations Security (OPSEC) Compliance Contractors may be required to complete AT and OPSEC training.

11.3.1. AT Level I Training

This standard language is for contractor employees with an area of performance within an Army-controlled installation, facility, or area. All contractor employees, including subcontractor employees, requiring access to Army installations, facilities, and controlled access areas shall complete AT Level I awareness training within 90 calendar days after contract start date or effective date of incorporation of this requirement into the contract, whichever is applicable.

The contractor shall submit certificates of completion for each affected contractor employee and subcontractor employee to the COR or to the contracting officer, if a COR is not assigned, within 90 calendar days after completion of training by all employees and subcontractor personnel. AT Level I awareness training is available at the following website: http://jko.jten.mil.

11.3.2. AT Awareness Training for Contractor Personnel Traveling Overseas This standard language is for contractor employees with an area of performance within an Army-controlled installation, facility, or area. Contractor and all associated subcontractor employees shall provide all information required for background checks to meet installation access requirements to be accomplished by the installation Provost Marshal Office, Director of Emergency Services, or Security Office.

Contractor workforce must comply with all personal identity verification requirements (CFR clause 52.204-9, Personal Identity Verification of Contract Personnel) as directed by DoD, HQDA and/or local policy. In addition to the changes otherwise authorized by the changes clause of this contract, should the Force Protection Condition (FPCON) at any individual facility or installation change, the Government may require changes in contractor security matters or processes.

a. For contractors requiring CAC. Before CAC issuance, the contractor employee requires, at a minimum, a favorably adjudicated National Agency Check with Inquiries (NACI) or an equivalent or higher investigation in accordance with Army Directive 2014-05. The contractor employee will be issued a CAC only if duties involve one of the following: (1) both physical access to a DoD facility and access, via logon, to DoD networks on-site or remotely; (2) remote access, via logon, to a DoD network using DoD-approved remote access procedures; or (3) physical access to multiple DoD facilities or multiple non-DoD federally controlled facilities on behalf of the DoD on a recurring basis for a period of 6 months or more. At the discretion of the sponsoring activity, an initial CAC may be issued based on a favorable review of the FBI fingerprint check and a successfully scheduled NACI at the Office of Personnel Management.

b. For contractors that do not require CAC, but require access to a DoD facility or installation. Contractor and all associated subcontractor employees shall comply with adjudication standards and procedures using the National Crime Information Center Interstate Identification Index (NCIC-III) and Terrorist Screening Database (Army Directive 2014-05/AR 190-13); applicable installation, facility and area commander installation and facility access and local security policies and procedures (provided by Government representative); or, at OCONUS locations, in accordance with status-of-forces agreements and other theater regulations.

11.3.3. AT Awareness Training for Contractor Personnel Traveling Overseas This standard language requires U.S.-based contractor employees and associated subcontractor employees to make available and to receive Government-provided area of responsibility (AOR)–specific AT awareness training as directed by AR 525-13. Specific AOR training content is directed by the combatant commander/Chief of Mission, with the unit ATO being the local point of contact.

11.3.4. iWATCH Training This standard language is for contractor employees with an area of performance within an Army-controlled installation, facility, or area. The contractor and all associated subcontractors shall brief all employees on the local iWATCH program (training standards provided by the requiring activity ATO). This locally developed training will be used to inform employees of the types of behavior to watch for and instruct employees to report suspicious activity to the COR. This training shall be completed within 90 calendar days of contract award and within 60 calendar days of new employees commencing performance, with the results reported to the COR NLT 90 calendar days after contract award.

11.3.5. Army Training Certification Tracking System (ATCTS) Registration for Contractor Employees Who Require Access to Government Information Systems All contractor employees with access to a Government info system must be registered in the ATCTS at commencement of services and must successfully complete the DoD Information Assurance Awareness prior to access to the information system and annually thereafter.

11.3.6. For Contracts That Require an OPSEC Standing Operating Program N/A

11.3.7. For Contracts That Require OPSEC Training

Per AR 530-1, Operations Security, the contractor employees must complete Level I OPSEC Awareness training. New employees must be trained within 30 calendar days of their reporting for duty and annually thereafter.

11.3.8. For IA/IT Training

All contractor employees and associated subcontractor employees must complete the DoD IA awareness training before issuance of network access and annually thereafter. All contractor employees working IA/IT functions must comply with DoD and Army training requirements in DoDD 8570.01, DoD 8570.01-M, and AR 25-2 within six months of appointment to IA/IT functions.

11.3.9. For Information Assurance (IA)/Information Technology (IT) Certification Per DoD 8570.01-M , DFARS 252.239.7001, and AR 25-2, the contractor employees supporting IA/IT functions shall be appropriately certified upon contract award. The baseline certification as stipulated in DoD 8570.01-M must be completed upon contract award.

11.3.10. For Contractors Authorized to Accompany the Force

N/A

11.3.11. For Contract Requiring Performance or Delivery in a Foreign Country DFARS Clause 252.225-7043, Antiterrorism/Force Protection for Defense Contractors Outside the US, shall be used in solicitations and contracts that require performance or delivery in a foreign country. This clause applies to both contingencies and non-contingency support. The key AT requirement is for non-local national contractor personnel to comply with theater clearance requirements and allows the combatant commander/Chief of Mission to exercise oversight to ensure the contractor’s compliance with combatant commander/Chief of Mission and subordinate task force commander policies and directives.

11.3.12. For Contracts That Require Handling or Access to Classified Information N/A

11.3.13. Threat Awareness Reporting Program. For All Contractors With Security Clearances Per AR 381-12 Threat Awareness and Reporting Program (TARP), contractor employees must receive annual TARP training by a CI agent or other trainer as specified in 2-4b.

11.4. Key Personnel

Key Personnel shall treated be the same as outlined in the IDIQ Base PWS.

11.5. Personally Identifiable Information (PII) and Protected Health Information (PHI) The Contractor shall establish appropriate administrative, technical, and physical safeguards to protect any and all Government data as outlined in the IDIQ Base PWS.

11.6. Research Involving Human Subjects

Not required for this Task Order.

11.7. Research Involving Animal Use

Not required for this Task Order

12. PLACE OF PERFORMANCE

On-site work is to be done at USAMRD-G, The Richard G. Lugar Center for Public Health Research, Kekheti Highway 16, Alekseevka Settlement #3, Alekseevka, Georgia. The on-site Contractor’s work week shall be the normal forty (40) hours per week, eight (8) hours per day, between the hours of 0700 and 1700; excluding vacation and sick time. The lunch period shall not exceed one-hour and shall be taken between the hours of 1100 and 1300. The on-site Contractor shall not work during federal or Georgian national holidays. The on-site Contractor will be designated as essential. The Contractor shall not bill missed hours due to post closures to this contract.

13. Government Furnished Equipment (GFE)/Information (GFI)/Facilities

13.1. Government Furnished Facilities/Equipment

13.1.1. An official use computer system will be made available to each on-site Contractor and as required for off-site support as described in the PWS above. The Contractor shall be responsible for providing limited, external preventive maintenance of this equipment (i.e., keeping equipment clean and dust and static free).

13.1.2. The Government shall provide all hardware, support equipment, and software for the computer system used during daily administrative use.

13.1.3. The Government will replace Government-provided computer equipment as necessary.

13.1.4. The Government is responsible to provide reasonable amounts of utilities and services for on-site personnel

13.1.5. Provide telephone services at the desk with long distance service.

13.1.6. The Government shall provide a cell phone stipend to key Contractor personnel.

13.2. Government Furnished Equipment/Information

The Contractor shall identify, in their proposal for each task order, any Government Furnished Equipment/Information or Contractor-acquired-Government Owned property (CAP), necessary to perform each order to the extent such property requirements are known at the time of proposal. Detailed Bills of Materials shall be submitted along with each proposal; noting part numbers, prices, and need dates for all required GFE. Automated and IT equipment shall not be purchased as CAP. All equipment (non-consumables) purchases require the express approval from the Contracting Officer prior to purchase.

The Contractor shall maintain a detailed inventory accounting system for Government Furnished Equipment/Material or CAP for each task order. The contractor shall coordinate with the IDIQ COR to monitor and transfer Property to Government property responsibility. The inventory accounting system must specify, as a minimum: product description (make, model), Government tag number, date of receipt, name of recipient, location of receipt, current location, purchase cost (if CAP), and contract/order number under which the equipment is being used. The Contractor shall either: a) attach an update inventory report to each monthly performance and progress report, or b) certify that the inventory has been updated and is available for Government review. In either case, the Contractor’s inventory listing must be available for Government review within one business day of KO or COR request.

13.3. Facilities Access

The Contractor will be provided keys, access badges and/or codes for access to the Government facility. These keys, access badges and codes shall be controlled, tracked, and protected. Upon termination of the period of performance, all keys and/or access badges to the Government facility shall be turned in to the COR.

14. SUGGESTED SUPPORT

PM and Business Support: Base period Transition-in Date of award through 2 months PWS 6.1 – 6.10

Science Support: Base period Option 3 months through 9 6 months after date of award PWS 6.1 – 6.10

PM and Business Support: Option Period 1 End of Base period through 12 months PWS 6.1 – 6.10

PM and Business Support: Option Period 2 End of Option 1 through 12 months PWS 6.1 – 6.10

PM and Business Support: Option Period 3 End of Option 2 through 12 months PWS 6.1 – 6.10

PM and Business Support: Option Period 4 End of Option 3 through 10 months PWS 6.1 – 6.10

PM and Business Support: Option Period 4 Transition out End of Option 11 and 12 months PWS 6.1 – 6.10

ESTIMATED LEVEL OF EFFORT: The Government estimates that this order will require an approximate level of effort, as outlined above, to accomplish the tasks identified in the PWS. The Government’s estimate does not include any personal time off that may be offered by the contractor. Please note that the Government estimate is only put in place for contractor’s to ascertain the approximate or estimated level of effort for this task. However, this is not to be construed as either mandatory or necessarily the best technical approach. It is only in place as a reference to allow contractor’s to better understand the general scope of this effort from the Government’s perspective. The Government is seeking the best level of effort and labor mix your company has determined is right to accomplish the mission contained in this task statement. Contractors are not bound to propose these labor categories or quantities, rather Contractors are expected to provide their best solution citing the labor mix and quantity required to accomplish the tasks. If contractor’s have determined either the following labor categories or overall level of effort provided are consistent with their technical solution, contractors are strongly encouraged and expected to submit a level of effort consistent with all of the price and non-price aspects of their approach.