Performance Work Statement_Blast Consequence and Explosion Effect.pdf

Performance Work Statement (PWS) for

Explosion Effects & Consequences Support Contract

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The Naval Facilities Engineering and Expeditionary Warfare Center (NAVFAC EXWC) Explosion Effects and Consequence (EE&C) Division serves as the Navy’s Engineering Agent (EA) for Blast-Resistant Structural Engineering (BRSE). In this role, the EE&C Division provides solutions and services in the areas of explosives safety, blast effects analysis, and protective construction design to activities and agencies across the Navy and the Department of Defense (DoD). In this role, the EE&C Division also directly support the Department of Defense Explosives Safety Board (DDESB), who maintains and improves the standards for storing, handling and maintaining explosives within the Military Services worldwide. This work statement is to provide engineering services to NAVFAC EXWC in the support areas that are currently being fulfilled by the EE&C Division in the BRSE EA role.

2.0 BACKGROUND

The NAVFAC EXWC Explosion Effects & Consequences (EE&C) Division serves as the Navy’s Engineering Agent (EA) for Blast-Resistant Structural Engineering (BRSE). In this role the EE&C provides expertise to the Navy and across the DoD for design and analysis of facilities that require protection from accidental and intentional explosions. As the EA for BRSE, the EE&C Division is responsible for reviewing and endorsing all Navy facilities that store and handle ammunition and explosives when Navy and/or DoD quantity-distance (QD) criteria for safe separation cannot be met and protective construction is used to demonstrate equivalent protection.

The EE&C Division’s analysis capabilities include engineering methods using procedures found in the UFC 3-340-02 and more complex simulations using high-fidelity physics-based tools such as finite element analysis and computational fluid dynamics. The analysis capabilities typically focus on problems that consider blast, impact, and thermal loads from explosions. The capabilities also include problems from other extreme load scenarios that require complex, high-fidelity solutions.

The EE&C Division also develops, maintains, and provides trainings for the Explosives Safety Siting (ESS) software, which is used by the Navy and DoD for explosives safety automated site planning. The EE&C Division performs research, development, test and evaluation (RDTE) to provide new technologies and/or close knowledge gaps in the field of blast effects on structures.

Finally, the EE&C Division works with technical authorities (TAs) for explosives safety to develop and maintain explosives safety criteria, DDESB Technical Papers (TPs), standard earth covered magazine designs, and UFC 3-340-02: Structures to Resist the Effects of Accidental Explosions.

3.0 SCOPE

The scope of this effort will support the mission and needs of NAVFAC EXWC EE&C Division.

These work efforts can be categorized into two primary support areas: 1) Structural Systems Analysis, and 2) Explosion Effects and Consequences Analysis. There are other support disciplines that NAVFAC EXWC provides to the DoD that are not covered by these two categories, and are generally summarized in this section under the category designated Miscellaneous Engineering Support. Note that specific Performance Requirements are detailed in subsequent sections.

3.1. Structural Systems Analysis

Engineering support requests for structural systems analyses may require a range of methods and procedures that can include, but are not limited to, use of first principle formulations, simplified engineering approaches, fast running codes, advance structural analysis techniques, empirical based approaches, and high-fidelity physics-based (HFPB) numerical simulations. For efforts involving Protective Construction, the request will fall into one of the following categories:

Updates and enhancements to UFC 3-340-02: The UFC 3-340-02 Technical

Working Group leads the ongoing effort to update and enhance the document.

Updates include ensuring compliance with a variety of other related structural documents, whereas enhancements entails sufficiently demonstrating either via testing or analysis that new technologies are sufficiently adequate for incorporation into design code under intensive blast loading.

Design and demonstration of reduced quantity distance (QD) structures or solutions: DDESB TP-15 defines a series of standard structure designs that have a prescribed reduced QD associated with them. These are demonstrated either analysis or testing, and require periodic update. In addition to support of reduced QD designs, testing or analysis to support other protective construction design is required, such as assistance with development of intentional detonation criteria or HD 1.3 structural design criteria

Protective Construction Design or analysis of a facility in accordance with UFC-

3-340-02: For some requests the analyses shall meet the requirements specified in UFC 3-340-02. These analysis requests typically are required when facilities need protective construction because QD requirements of DESR 6055.09 cannot be satisfied. These analyses may require detailed inspection and condition assessment of existing explosives facilities, such as earth covered magazines (ECM) or explosives operating facilities.

Design and analysis of structural systems using advanced methods: UFC 3-340-02 specifies engineering approaches that include prescribed design procedures and single degree-of-freedom SDOF analysis. Other problems may require methods and procedures that fall outside the scope of this criteria, which include HFPB numerical tools that include, but are not limited to, finite element analysis (FEA), particle methods, and computations fluid dynamics (CFD). These tools shall be employed to accurately simulate complex structural behavior to blast, shock, impact, thermal, and other extreme loads scenarios. An integral part of these complex analyses will include verification and/or validations efforts that use fundamental engineering theory and/or test data to ensure the accuracy of the simulations. In most cases it is expected that validation efforts will be incremental in nature to ensure models are validate at the structure’s material, component, and system levels.

3.2. Explosion Effects and Consequences Analysis

Requests for analysis of explosion effects and consequences may require expertise in DoD, US Service-specific, and/or international criteria, testing, and other technical data and procedures in the field of explosives safety.

The EXWC EE&C Division has supported the DoD, U.S. Military Services, and multiple international groups for numerous explosives safety related tests over the past decades. Explosives safety testing support of government run and lead tests, including data collection, drafting of test plans, data analysis, report generation, and interpretation of results is required. Assignments for explosives safety related tasking will be as directed per task order based on DoD and U.S. Military Services’ priorities.

Explosion effects and consequences support shall also include technical support of meetings. The focus of the meetings is explosives safety and are held to develop and sustain criteria, to identify knowledge gaps, identify new technology, resolve latest issues, and to plan future tests and research. These meetings can be in-person, but virtual meetings are more prevalent.

Explosion effects and consequences tasking may also include support to the

DDESB Science Panel and the Klotz Group, an international group of subject matter experts on explosion produced debris and consequences, as well as in NATO subject matter expert technical working groups, such as AC/326 Subgroup C and the AASTP-4 Risk Analysis Working Group. Various explosives safety documentation, as outlined in Section 4, require upkeep and maintenance at periodic intervals, and could be required under this effort.

Explosion effects and consequences analysis may support the approved DoD quantitative risk assessment method as defined in DDESB Technical Paper (TP) 14, as well as methods, tools, and procedures outlined in DDESB TP 23. This support could include algorithm development, process review, training of methods, and potential transition of tools to end users.

Finally, and though less of a focus of the EE&C Division, tasking under this contract may include assessments of various propellants and energetic liquids.

Engineering assessments and analyses in this capacity are limited to development of risk and consequence models for explosives safety purposes, and development/update of any explosives safety related criteria.

3.3 Miscellaneous Engineering Support

NAVFAC EXWC SH21 provides engineering services in a number of areas that do not generally fall within the two previous categories. The examples listed herein are not intended to be all-inclusive, but do represent support services required

Development and refinement of explosives safety policy: This can include support in developing updates to DESR 6055.09 or other regulatory documents, development of criteria flowcharts, or even comparison assessments of criteria.

Facility assessment for compliance with DoD or NATO explosives safety criteria:

This is typically done via the Explosives Safety Siting software. This typically includes QD analysis, but can also include risk assessments (either Tier 1 or Tier

2) for the purpose of risk acceptance decisions.

An additionally effort is support of explosives effects due to underwater explosions (UNDEX) or munitions and explosives of concern (MEC), which is typically outside the area of expertise of SH21.

Failure analysis and/or systems safety root cause analysis. For dynamic and cyclical events of complex systems, detailed structural and material assessments for probability of failure within the system may be required. Additionally, post-event failure investigations may be required to determine root cause.

Finally, this scope may cover advanced numerical analysis of structure systems subject to extreme loading scenarios from natural or man-made events.

4.0 MANDATORY COMPLIANCE REFERENCES

The mandatory compliance reference listed below represent the current version at the time of writing this PWS. When updated versions/revisions of the listed references are produced, the latest version then becomes the mandatory compliance reference.

4.1. Defense Explosives Safety Regulation, DESR 6055.09 Edition 1, Change 1, 23 February 2024.

4.2. DDESB Technical Paper No. 13, Revision 1, Prediction of Building Debris for Quantity- Distance Siting, April 1991.

4.3. DDESB Technical Paper No. 14, Revision 4a, Approved Methods and Algorithms for DoD Risk-Based Explosives Siting, 17 March 2017.

4.4. DDESB Technical Paper No. 15, Revision 4, Approved Protective Construction, 26 July 2020.

4.5. DDESB Technical Paper No. 16, Revision 5, Methodology for Calculating Primary Fragment Characteristics, 19 December 2016.

4.6. DDESB Technical Paper No. 17, Revision 3, DDESB Blast Effects Computer Version 7 User’s Manual and Documentation, 11 June 2018.

4.7. DDESB Technical Paper No. 19, Revision 4, User’s Reference Manual Safety Assessment for Explosives Risk, November 2008.

4.8. DDESB Technical Paper No. 20, DDESB Blast Effects Computer – Open (BEC-O) Version 1 User’s Manual and Documentation, 11 June 2018.

4.8. DDESB Technical Paper No. 21, Revision 2, Procedures for the Collection, Analysis, and Interpretation of Explosion-Produced Debris, 30 November 2017.

4.9. DDESB Technical Paper No. 23, Revision 2, Assessing Explosives Safety Risks, Deviations, and Consequences, 3 June 2019.

4.10. UFC 3-301-01, Structural Engineering, Change 1, 2 October 2023.

4.11. UFC 3-340-01, Design and Analysis of Hardened Structures to Conventional Weapon

Effects, 1 June 2002.

4.12. UFC 3-340-02, Structures to Resist the Effects of Accidental Explosions, Change 2, 1

September 2014.

4.13. Allied Ammunition Storage and Transport Publication, AASTP-1, Edition C Version 1, NATO Guidelines for the Storage of Military Ammunition and Explosives, March 2023.

4.14. Allied Ammunition Storage and Transport Publication, AASTP-4, Edition 1 Version 4, Explosives Safety Risk Analysis Part I and Part II, September 2016.

4.15. Allied Ammunition Storage and Transport Publication, AASTP-5, Edition 1 Version 3, NATO Guidelines for the Storage, Maintenance and Transport of Ammunition on Deployed Missions or Operations, June 2016.

4.16. ASCE/SEI 7-22, Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures.

4.17. ACI 318-19(22), Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete.

4.18. AISC, Steel Construction Manual, 16th Edition, 2022.

5.0 KEY PERSONNEL MINIMUM EDUCATION/EXPERIENCE QUALIFICATIONS

Requirements of any one person may meet some of the requirements of one or more categories, though it is preferable to a single person satisfy all requirements for each Key Personnel labor category.

Blast Effects and Consequences (BEC) Engineer

The offeror shall demonstrate that this Key Personnel has the expertise/experience necessary to successfully execute the task order, including at a minimum:

a. A Bachelors Degree in Engineering or an equivalent Physical Science.

b. Ten years experience in the prediction and modeling of explosion effects and consequences.

c. Five years experience using and applying risk-based models for explosives safety purposes.

d. Experience on at least five projects with prediction models for explosives-produced debris, to include modeling of primary fragmentation from munitions and/or secondary fragmentation from donor structures.

e. Five years experience using software tools for the prediction of explosion effects and explosives risk analysis. These software tools can include, but are not limited to, ASAP-X, FAST-Site, HAZ-X, SAFER, ESS, or other equivalent software codes.

f. Ten years experience in the conduct of explosives safety testing and development of test plans.

g. Ten years experience with data analysis, interpretation of results, and application of empirical data to analytical models. Experience and ability to write and produce technical reports and documentation of tests, to include generation of applicable graphics and figures

h. Knowledge and familiarity with quantitative risk assessments as they are used within the explosives safety communities within the United States and internationally.

i. Demonstrate an understanding of risk management and risk modeling. Knowledge and understanding of risk-based siting models as it relates to the incorporation of blast effects and consequence.

Protective Design (PD) Engineer

a. At minimum, a Master’s Degree in Civil or Structural Engineering.

b. Be a licensed Professional Engineer (PE) in Civil Engineering. Being a licensed Structural Engineer (SE) is not required but is deemed preferable.

c. Ten years experience in the design and analysis of structures to resist the effects of accidental explosions, using UFC 3-340-02. This should be demonstrated via specific projects reviewed by EXWC/CEHNC and then DDESB for final approval.

d. Five years experience in analyzing structural response of buildings and windows under blast loading. Applicable experience may include, but is not limited to, single-degree-of-freedom analysis, advanced finite element analysis, and development of fast-running models.

e. Five years experience using applicable structural software tools. These software tools can include, but are not limited to, SBEDS, SBEDS-W, Wingard, BlastX, SHOCK, FRANG, ConfinedBlast, ConWep, or other equivalent software codes.

Advanced Computational Solid Dynamics Analyst

a. Master’s Degree in Mathematics, Engineering, or an equivalent Physical Science.

b. Seven years experience with HFPB numerical modeling for prediction of blast environments and for simulation of structural response to blast loads and other extreme dynamic loading events. The experience shall include simulations using Computational Solid Dynamic (CSD).

c. Seven years experience using first principles, engineering theory, and test data to verify and validate models developed with HFPB numerical tools. Applicable experience shall demonstrate the capability to build confidence in analysis solutions and to communicate accuracy of models with substantiating evidence.

d. Seven years experience using HFPB software tool. These software tools can include, but are not limited to ALE3D, LS-DYNA, Sierra Mechanics, EPIC, Abaqus/Explicit, or other equivalent codes.

Advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics Analyst

a. Master’s Degree in Mathematics, Engineering, or an equivalent Physical Science.

b. Seven years experience with HFPB numerical modeling for prediction of blast environments and for simulation of structural response to blast loads and other extreme dynamic loading events. The experience shall include simulations using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD).

c. Seven years experience using first principles, engineering theory, and test data to verify and validate models developed with HFPB numerical tools. Applicable experience shall demonstrate the capability to build confidence in analysis solutions and to communicate accuracy of models with substantiating evidence.

d. Seven years experience using HFPB software tool. These software tools can include, but are not limited to ALE3D, CTH, SHAMRC, FEFLO, EPIC, Autodyn, or other equivalent codes.

Explosives Safety Criteria Specialist

a. A Bachelors Degree in Mathematics, Engineering, or an equivalent Physical Science.

b. Experience in the application of DoD, Army, Navy, Air Force, and NATO explosives safety criteria.

c. Experience with, and an understanding of the DoD explosives safety site planning submittal and approval process.

d. Experience with, and an understanding of the DoD and Service-specific explosives safety site risk assessment submittal and acceptance process.

e. Experience with the Explosives Safety Siting (ESS) software, as well as other explosives safety risk assessment tools used within the DoD.

The following labor categories are not considered Key Personnel, but may be utilized during execution of work under this contract. Brief descriptions of minimum required expertise/experience and expected duties are provided:

Junior Engineer/Scientist

a. A Bachelors Degree in Mathematics, Engineering, or an equivalent Physical Science.

b. Experience applying engineering and/or scientific principles in either design or analysis of systems.

c. Ability to clearly communicate analysis results, either via reports or presentations.

Technician

a. Experience in laboratory or field testing environments.

b. Ability to install, operate, or test equipment, systems, or components as required.

c. Ability to diagnose problems, troubleshoot, and solve issues that may arise.

Technical Writer

a. Ability to translate complex, technical information into clear and concise documentation.

b. Reviewing and editing content for clarity, accuracy, grammar, and consistency, and ensuring it adheres to established style guides and standards.

c. Generation of figures, graphics, or other content to support conveyance of results in final products.

Administrative Assistant

a. Providing general non-technical support, as required, in the generation of final work products.

b. Performing data entry, maintaining databases, or general assistance as needed.

6.0 CONTRACTUAL RELATIONSHIP

6.1 Non-personal Services

Contractor employees performing work under this task order will be controlled, directed and supervised at all times by management personnel of the Contractor. The Contractor's management shall ensure that employees comply with the performance standards outlined in this performance work statement. Contractor employees will perform independent of and without the supervision of any Government official. Actions of Contractor employees may not be interpreted or implemented in any manner that results in any Contractor employee creating or modifying Federal policy, obligating appropriated funds of the U.S.

Government, overseeing the work of Federal employees, providing direct personal services to any Federal employee or otherwise violating the prohibitions set forth in Parts

7.5 and 37.1 of the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR). The Government will perform the inspection and acceptance of the completed work.

6.2 Identification

When meeting with Government personnel, contractor personnel shall introduce themselves, or be introduced as, contractor employees and shall display distinguishing badges or clothing that identifies them as employees of the firm. When communicating with Government employees via telephone or email, contractor personnel shall also identify themselves as employees of the firm.

6.3 Disclosure of Information

Information made available to the Contractor by the Government for the performance or administration of this effort shall be used only for those purposes and shall not be used in any other way without the written agreement of the Contracting Officer. The Contractor is responsible for protecting the confidentiality of Government records and other records disclosed or made available to the Contractor in connection with the performance of this task order, which is not public information. Each Contractor or employee of the Contractor to whom information may be made available or disclosed shall be notified in writing by the Contractor that such information may be disclosed only for a purpose and to the extent authorized herein.

7. DELIVERABLES

Deliverables shall be specified for each task order relating to the scope of the various tasks defined. Deliverable descriptions, due dates, acceptable quality levels, and all other requirements shall be defined within each task order.

7.1 Task Order Deliverables

The Contractor Performance Requirements is outlined in the Quality Assurance Surveillance Plan (QASP) for each task order. Specific performance requirements for each Task Order will be decided upon prior to award of each individual task order. The Performance Requirements Summary Matrix for each Task Order will be formatted similar to the following:

Primary Task

Standard

Acceptable Quality

Level

Assessment

Level

How it will be inspected

Performance Rating:

(Excellent, Good, Acceptable, Poor, Unsatisfactory)

Structural Systems Analysis

Analyses are technically competent, apply adequate rigor, and are fully compliant with all code and regulation requirements.

Documents are technically accurate and clearly convey information and message.

Structural analysis and advanced engineering assessments consider all applicable guidance and data.

Technical documents pass peer review and briefings convey message.

COR &

Technical SMEs shall review submittal upon receipt of documentation.

Documentation shall be assessed for technical validity, compliance with accepted practices, and clarity.

Explosion Effects and Consequence Analysis

Analyses are technically competent, consider all explosives safety regulations & guidance, and are sufficiently justified via data and/or modeling.

Support work & model/criteria development employees the highest technical standards and rigor.

Documentation clearly define all assumptions, analysis, and convey results.

Explosion effects & consequence analysis consider all applicable guidance and data.

Governing authority approves analyses supporting explosives safety site approval requests.

Technical documents pass peer review and briefings convey message.t

COR &

Technical SMEs shall review submittal upon receipt of documentation.

Documentation shall be assessed for technical validity, compliance with accepted

Miscellaneous Engineering

Support

Engineering analysis is technically correct, in accordance with regulatory criteria, and analytically supported.

Documentation clearly define all assumptions, analysis, and convey results.

Analysis and calculations pass technical review.

Conclusions and assessment passes engineering review.

COR &

Technical SMEs shall review submittal upon receipt of documentation.

Documentation shall be assessed for technical validity, compliance with accepted

8. SECURITY REQUIREMENTS

8.1 Security Clearance Requirements

This effort will involve the Contractor to access and potentially populate information/material at the Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI) level. All Contractor and Subcontractor employees gaining access to CUI must have a current (within the past 10 years) favorable Tier 1 or equivalent investigation or higher investigation prior to starting work on the contract. All service and support on this contract are required to be U.S. citizens and must be able to obtain and maintain favorable suitability of the aforementioned Personnel Security Investigation (PSI). As this is an unclassified contract, NAVFAC EXWC Security will be responsible for ensuring contractors meet the PSI requirements. Some restricted areas may require higher PSI, contractor will comply with local site requirements as needed.

Contractor and Subcontractor personnel cannot begin work on the contract until written concurrence from the government security management office is obtained, stating that the employee has met the criteria to support this contract. In support of this requirement, the contractor shall submit a list reflecting all personnel working on the contract 14 days after the contract has been awarded. This list shall be updated as needed due to personnel changes.

The government retains the right to request removal of Contractor/Subcontractor personnel, who regardless of prior clearance or adjudication status whose actions, while assigned to this contract, are determined by the COR or government security management office to conflict with the interest of the government. If such a removal occurs, the Contractor shall assign qualified personnel, who is able to meet the criteria of this contract, to any vacancy.

The Contractor/Subcontractor shall report any personnel who are no longer working under this contract effort within 48 business hours to the Contracting Officers Representative (COR).

8.2 Logical and Physical Access

Contractors and Subcontractors may require logical or physical access to DoD installations and or Navy Information Technology (IT) systems. Common Access Cards (CAC) will only be issued in accordance with DoDI-5200.46. Contractors shall submit required paperwork to the COR and all CAC issuances will be conducted by the government security management office. Contractor employees who do not require access to Navy IT systems or physical access to a single DoD installation will use the local defense Biometric Identification System (DBIDS). DBIDS processing is the responsibility of the Contractor.

If a Contractor/Subcontractor is already in possession of a CAC in support of another contract, they may retain the CAC until such a time as they no longer require it for that contracting effort. The Contractor/Subcontractor must still submit the required Contractor Eligibility Request vice a DD-1172-2 to the government security management office via the COR.

Once a contractor no longer requires CAC or DBIDS access in support of this contract, the Contractor/Subcontractor shall mail the applicable card to NAVFAC EXWC via Command Security Manager, 1000 23rd Ave, Port Hueneme, CA 93043 and email the COR the USPS tracking number, or return it to a local RAPIDS office.

8.3 Safeguarding Controlled Unclassified Information and Dissemination

The Contractor shall protect all CUI information per DoD 5200.01 volumes 1-3, DoD 5200.48, 32 CFR Part 117, and Navy Information Security Program manuals.

Contractor/Subcontractor personnel shall not disclose and must safeguard procurement sensitive information, computer systems and data, privacy act data, and government personnel work products, which are obtained or generated in the performance under this contract. This includes but is not limited to electronic transmission of material.

If Distro A, dissemination is limited to NAVFAC EXWC and publishing of information derived from this project is prohibited to any other source without the consent of the COR. All information being released outside of the DoD shall go through the appropriate distribution review as outlined in DoD I 5230.09 and DoD I 5230.29.

Personnel shall adhere to the Privacy Act, Title 5 of the U.S. Code (USC), section 552a and applicable agency rules and regulations.

Contract and Subcontractor shall be held liable for all PII and CUI data breaches where it is culpable (e.g., unauthorized disclosure, contract proprietary information, social security numbers, etc.).

Upon completion of this contract, all CUI documentation (reports, working papers, photographs, drawings, government furnished equipment or information, etc.) shall be turned over to : NAVFAC EXWC, Code SH21, 1000 23rd Avenue, Building 1100, Port Hueneme, CA 93043-4370.

8.4 Photography

If photography or video imagery is required in the performance of this contract, contractor must obtain the appropriate command and/or installation photography pass. A formal review of all photography or video imagery must be completed by the host security office before the use of photography or video imagery can be utilized by the Contractor or Subcontractor. Contractor shall ensure all photography and video associated with this task are safeguarded per DoD I 5200.01 vol 1-3. Dissemination is limited to NAVFAC EXWC and publishing of imagery is prohibited to any other source without the consent of the COR. At the completion of this contract/task order/project all copies of said material are turned over to the COR or properly destroyed.

8.5 Foreign Travel

If foreign travel is required, contract personnel who hold a T1 or equivalent suitability must follow their companies foreign travel policies. Contractor employees traveling to foreign counties who hold an adjudicated United States clearance (T3/T5) while under this effort must comply with the Foreign Clearance Guide (FCG) and gain the appropriate country and theater clearance prior to travel. Contractor Facilities Security Officer shall be responsible for the submission and approval of any foreign travel requests. Any Synchronized Pre-deployment and Operational Tracker (SPOT) system Letter of

Authorization requirements shall be processed by the COR for this contract. If contractor employees are traveling to a Force Protection Condition Charlie or higher country in support of this effort, a request must be submitted to the government security management office to obtain Individual Anti-Terrorism Plan/Travel Tracker approvals.

Travel submission requirements dependent on location may be as follows:

Human Rights Awareness training Antiterrorism/Force Protection Level 1 training Isolated Personnel Report (ISOPREP) Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and Escape (SERE) Level B training Individual Anti-Terrorism Plan/Travel Tracker Aircraft and Personnel Automated Clearance System (APACS