MOP_0098_1-25.pdf

Rider Enhancement

BASIC RIDING SKILLS

Rider’s Guide

T h e j o u r n e y s t a r t s h e r e …

— i —

OHIO MORE BASIC RIDING SKILLS RIDER’S GUIDE

…the journey

The Motorcycle Ohio Rider Enhancement (MORE) program offers basic courses designed for beginner riders. Our goal is to provide a strong foundation in safety and awareness, setting you up for a lifetime of successful motorcycling.

Riding a motorcycle involves both mental focus and physical coordination. Our courses emphasize both areas to help you develop the necessary skills for safe riding. You will learn techniques to improve your judgment, sharpen your perception, and build the physical abilities needed to control a motorcycle effectively.

Remember, learning to ride is a continuous process that doesn’t stop when a class ends. These basic courses are just the beginning. Becoming a skilled rider takes practice, experience, and a commitment to keep improving. This means spending more time riding and applying what you’ve learned.

As you grow in confidence, consider taking advanced training through the MORE program to further enhance your skills.

You can find more course options at www.

motorcycle.ohio.gov. These courses not only help you become a better rider but also connect you with others in the motorcycling community. It’s a great opportunity to build relationships with fellow riders. Welcome to the world of motorcycling — we’re excited to have you with us!

Motorcycle Ohio Rider Enhancement Program:

Basic Riding Skills Rider’s Guide

Acknowledgments The Motorcycle Ohio Rider Enhancement program is grateful to the following organizations for their contributions to this guide’s development: Idaho STAR Program, The Ohio Department of Public Safety, and the TEAM OREGON Motorcycle Safety Program.

We also acknowledge National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)’s Model National Standards for Entry-Level Motorcycle Rider Training (2011) for its valuable guidance and support. Their expertise and collaboration have been instrumental in creating this resource.

http://www.motorcycle.ohio.gov/

— ii —

— iii —

User Guide

Welcome! This workbook is designed to support your learning and understanding of key concepts covered in the course. It will serve as a valuable tool during your training and beyond.

How to Use this Workbook

Follow along during the course. Use the workbook to take notes, highlight important information, and complete any in-class activities. This will help reinforce the material and prepare you for the Rider’s Guide Review.

Review each section thoroughly. After each class, review the related workbook sections. Revisit any concepts that were challenging, and take time to understand them fully.

Use the workbook as a reference. The workbook can be used for guidance when working through the Rider’s Guide Review, so keep it handy.

Complete the Rider’s Guide Review. The Rider’s Guide Review is in the back of this guide. Use your guide and class notes to complete this review and return to your instructor.

Contents

— iv —

OHIO MORE BASIC RIDING SKILLS RIDER’S GUIDE

Unit 1 — Welcome to the World of Motorcycling •Course Objectives and Requirements •Keeping the Learning Safe and Fun •Required Riding Gear •Understanding Expectations •General Considerations •What is “Ride SMART – Ride MORE Safely”

Unit 2 — Risk and Motorcycling •The Risk of Riding •Accepting the Risks •Managing the Risks

Unit 3 — Preparing to Ride •Protective Riding Gear •Rider Readiness

Unit 4 — Wheels in Motion •Controls and Equipment •Mounting and Dismounting •Starting and Stopping the Motorcycle •Riding Posture •Getting Underway •Turning •Shifting •Stopping

Unit 5 — Mental Motorcycling •The SIPDE Process •Additional Safety Strategies

Unit 6 — Cornering With Confidence •Skillful Cornering •Cornering Skills

Unit 7 — Maximum Braking and Swerving •Braking Systems •Maximum Straight-Line Braking •Skid Recovery •Stopping Quickly in Curves •Swerving

Unit 8 — Special Situations •Crossing Obstacles •Roadway Conditions •Animals •Wind •Night Riding •Traffic-Actuated Signal Lights

Unit 9 — Impairments to Riding •Alcohol and Motorcycling – A Lethal Mix •How Impairments Affect the SIPDE Process •Other Drugs •There is a Cure •Help Your Friends •Other Impairments

Contents

— v —

OHIO MORE BASIC RIDING SKILLS RIDER’S GUIDE

Additional Knowledge Units

Unit 10 — Your First Motorcycle •What Motorcycle For You?

•Motorcycle Fit •Motorcycle Readiness – Inspection and Maintenance •Parking

Unit 11 — Carrying Passengers and Cargo •Carrying Passengers •Carrying Cargo •Differences in Handling

Unit 12 — Group Riding •Group Riding Basics •Keep Your Distance

Unit 13 — Mechanical Problems •Tires •Wobble/Weave •Broken Clutch Cable

Unit 14 — Touring and Long-Distance Riding •Build Up Slowly •Weather Conditions, Comfort, and Fatigue •Be Prepared •Take a Break

Unit 15 — Riding in the Heat and Cold •Riding in the Heat – The Importance of Staying Cool (and Hydrated) •Riding in the Cold – The Importance of Warmth

Appendices

A. Cornering with Confidence – Expanded Content

B. Glossary

C. A Summary of Select Ohio Motorcycle Laws and Regulations

D. Ride SMART – Ride MORE Safely Recommendations

E. Range Rules and Hand Signals

F. Select Resources to Ride SMART – Ride MORE Safely

G. Motorcycle Controls Use/Operation Activity

Rider’s Guide Review

There is a thrill and a sense of freedom that comes with riding a motorcycle. It is the rhythm of the ride, the road and surroundings, your motorcycle, and you. Your senses delight with every passing sight, smell, and sound. To achieve this level of motorcycling magic, you need to be sharp. Motorcycling demands attention and skill. It challenges you to be physically and mentally prepared to handle anything that comes your way. This course is your door to the world of motorcycling. Get ready for the first few miles of your motorcycling career. This is your opportunity to Be MORE!

COURSE OBJECTIVES

The MORE Basic Riding Skills (BRS) Course is intended to help you acquire the basic knowledge and skills needed for safe and responsible motorcycle operation. The course will help you:

• Learn the mental skills for safe motorcycling

• Gain the physical skills for safe motorcycling − Develop the basic skills needed to ride in a straight line, shift, turn, and stop the motorcycle

The goal is to help you be successful and safe. Ask lots of questions.

MORE instructors will help you discover the answers. Concentrate on developing your skills and your strategies — the first steps to Riding MORE Safely!

COURSE REQUIREMENTS

To successfully complete this course, you must:

• Attend all sessions. Be on time! Classes start promptly. Late-arriving students risk losing their reserved place in the class and tuition.

• Participate in class activities. Students engaged in class activities learn and remember the material best.

• Successfully complete a course review activity on the material covered in class and this guide.

• Successfully complete a riding skills test. The skills test consists of exercises practiced in the course, including basic motorcycle control skills, stopping quickly, and swerving.

Unit 1 – Welcome to the World of Motorcycling

— 1 —

Schedule — Note your course schedule here:

DATE TIME CLASSROOM RANGE

REQUIRED RIDING GEAR

To participate in the course, you must wear the following gear for your safety:

DOT-approved Helmet You can use a loaner helmet from the course, or bring your own. If you bring your own helmet, the instructors will inspect it to ensure it meets safety standards. Half helmets are not permitted.

Eye Protection You’ll need either a helmet face shield or goggles. Regular glasses or sunglasses are acceptable for the basic course, but not recommended for everyday street riding.

Footwear Wear sturdy, over-the-ankle boots or shoes. Make sure your ankles are fully covered. Choose footwear with low heels for better control.

Full-fingered Gloves Use full-fingered sturdy gloves with no holes.

Long Pants (No Holes) Wear pants made from a durable material like denim. They should fully cover your legs and extend over your footwear when sitting. Yoga or exercise pants are not suitable.

Long-sleeved Shirt or Jacket Your shirt or jacket should have sleeves that reach the tops of your gloves when you extend your arms in front of you.

Optional Gear Consider bringing rain gear and extra clothing or footwear. Remember, we ride in all weather conditions, including rain!

This gear is essential to protect you during training and help you get the most out of the course safely.

Unit 1 – Welcome to the World of Motorcycling

— 2 —

Come to sessions rested and ready to ride.

Bring snacks and water.

In the classroom, you’ll discuss the risks of motorcycling and identify ways to manage those risks. You will learn strategies to become more alert and perceptive, identify features and benefits of riding gear, explore some handling dynamics of motorcycles, and obtain additional knowledge to continue developing your mental and physical skills.

KEEPING THE LEARNING SAFE AND FUN

The MORE Basic Riding Skills Course is designed for beginning riders.

The course starts with the very basics, and riding exercises progress from easy to more challenging. We want you to be successful!

Your instructors will assist your learning with classroom activities and hands-on practice in a secure riding area (range).

On the range, your instructors will provide feedback and guidance to help increase your skills and confidence. The course is not competitive, and riders of all skill levels can learn in a safe environment. Relax and enjoy the experience.

You will be given many opportunities to develop essential skills and strategies in a way that ensures your safety and the safety of those around you. However, not everyone who enrolls in a motorcycle rider course is ready to ride. If you feel uncomfortable or feel you are falling behind, be sure to talk to your instructors about your concerns.

If at any time during the course your instructors determine your or others’ safety and security is at risk, immediate action will be taken.

It could be from nervousness, lack of concentration or coordination, balance difficulties, or repeated failure to respond to instructor feedback and guidance. Unsafe conditions are not permitted, and instructors must dismiss any student who fails to demonstrate the ability to practice safely, regardless of the reason. Students are always welcome to take a course again.

Unit 1 – Welcome to the World of Motorcycling

— 3 —

Ride SMART — Ride MORE Safely

RECOMMENDATION #1:

Acknowledge that part of being a responsible rider is knowing and following the “rules of the road.”

Commit to learning and complying with state laws, rules, regulations, and equipment requirements.

UNDERSTANDING EXPECTATIONS

Your expectation may be to learn to ride, to improve your knowledge and skill, or to earn your motorcycle endorsement. MORE instructors expect to help you learn to the best of your ability and help you safely start and continue your motorcycling adventures.

While there is no guarantee that everyone will successfully complete this course, most students are successful and head for the open road.

But know that successful completion of the course does not guarantee your safety. Your motorcycling journey may start with MORE courses, but it is up to you to use sound judgment, make wise decisions, and keep your mental and physical skills sharp through continual practice. You are the one responsible for your safety.

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

When travelling on public roadways, you are expected to comply with state laws, rules, regulations, and equipment requirements so everyone on the roads has a safe and enjoyable ride.

Appendix C provides a summary of select Ohio Motorcycle laws and regulations.

The Motorcycle Ohio home page (www.motorcycle.ohio.gov) provides links to motorcycle-related Ohio Administrative Code and Ohio Revised Code sections.

RIDE SMART — RIDE MORE SAFELY

Ride SMART is Ohio’s campaign aimed at educating and encouraging riders to ride:

Sober, Motorcycle-Endorsed, Alert, with the

Right Gear, and Trained

Throughout this guide are “Ride SMART — Ride MORE Safely Recommendations.” Students are encouraged to Ride SMART and commit to following the recommendations to have MORE fun while riding MORE safely.

Unit 1 – Welcome to the World of Motorcycling

— 4 —

Unit 2 – Risk and Motorcycling

— 5 —

OHIO MORE BASIC RIDING SKILLS RIDER’S GUIDE

Factors that Impact the Risk of Riding:

• Stability

• Visibility

• Vulnerability

Motorcycles have been around for over a century, and motorcycling today is enjoyed by millions of Americans.

A universal truth of motorcycling, however, is that riding a motorcycle involves more risk and potential danger than driving an automobile.

THE RISK OF RIDING

Motorcyclists are at greater risk than drivers of other vehicles.

Motorcycles are less stable and less visible than cars or trucks.

Motorcyclists are more vulnerable to injury and death. Motorcyclists must understand how stability, visibility and vulnerability increase the risk that comes with the fun of riding. Motorcycles lack a car or truck’s protective cocoon of steel roll cages, crumple zones, safety belts, and airbags.

Routine maneuvers or roadway conditions that don’t affect other vehicles can be hazardous on a motorcycle. Cars and trucks don’t have to be balanced at a stop like motorcycles; the weather stays outside a vehicle’s windows, and car drivers generally look for other cars or trucks, not for motorcycles. Motorcyclists must be aware of the risks that come with the fun of riding.

Stability Having only two wheels in contact with the ground presents risk.

Vehicles with more wheels balance on their own while motorcycles need the rider’s help to stay upright at stops. Riders must be much MORE aware of roadway surfaces and other conditions that can affect a motorcycle’s balance and stability.

Vulnerability As a motorcyclist, you are vulnerable. The protective gear you choose to wear is the only thing between you and the weather, rocks and debris thrown up from the roadway, or other vehicles and objects in a crash.

The National Highway and Traffic Safety Administration’s (NHTSA) Traffic Safety Facts 2020 Data sheet reported:

“Per vehicle miles traveled in 2020, motorcyclists were about 28 times more likely than passenger vehicle occupants to die in a motor vehicle crash and were 4 times more likely to be injured.” (www.nhtsa.gov/road-safety/ motorcycles)

In Ohio, about 75 percent of motorcycle crashes result in injury compared to about a 25 percent injury rate for car crashes (ohiohighwaysafetyoffice.ohio.gov/otso_annual_crash_facts.stm).

Because motorcyclists are so vulnerable, riders must be MORE aware of their surroundings and always be prepared to respond to changing situations.

http://www.nhtsa.gov/road-safety/motorcycles http://www.nhtsa.gov/road-safety/motorcycles http://ohiohighwaysafetyoffice.ohio.gov/otso_annual_crash_facts.stm

Unit 2 – Risk and Motorcycling

— 6 —

OHIO MORE BASIC RIDING SKILLS RIDER’S GUIDE

Ride within the limits of:

• Your personal abilities

• Motorcycle’s capabilities

• Environmental conditions

ACCEPTING THE RISKS

Riding a motorcycle involves more risk than driving most other motor vehicles. By choosing to ride, you are accepting an elevated level of risk.

No motorcyclist intends to crash, but crashes do happen — nearly 4,000 motorcycle crashes occur in Ohio every year.

Recognizing and accepting the risks of motorcycling are the first steps in developing strategies to manage it. As a rider, you must be aware of your personal risk acceptance — how many risks you take and how much risk you are willing to accept — and choose to Ride SMART and MORE safely.

Understanding the limits – Staying within the limits It is important to know, and not exceed, your abilities. Riders get into trouble when they think they can do something they really can’t.

Continue to improve your skills and keep practicing and learning.

No one becomes an expert rider overnight.

Not all motorcycles are created equal. Some are better for riding on dirt or gravel roads; some will quite comfortably carry you longer distances; and others work well in a variety of riding situations. Know and stay within the design limits of the motorcycle you are riding.

The riding environment also imposes limits, and the weather, roadway surfaces, and traffic are always changing. Adjust your riding to adapt to those limitations, such as reduced visibility and traction in the rain.

Ride SMART and Ride MORE Safely by maintaining safety margins in each of those areas.

You want to keep some personal skill and motorcycle capability in reserve if an emergency arises or environmental conditions deteriorate.

Visibility Visibility is a critical issue for motorcyclists. Because motorcycles are much smaller than cars, they are more difficult to see in traffic. Motorists often fail to notice motorcycles, and even when they do, they often misjudge a motorcycle’s approach speed and distance. “Invisible” motorcyclists are vulnerable to vehicles violating their right of way. Don’t let yourself be hidden in traffic. Be MORE visible.

Other sources of risk:

Rider — Are you mentally and physically prepared to ride?

Motorcycle — Is the machine designed for the riding you want to do? Is it in good operating condition?

Environment — How will weather, roadways, traffic, and all other conditions affect you?

As motorcyclists, it is critical to be aware of the many factors that can combine to raise the risk of motorcycling.

RECOMMENDATION #2

Acknowledge and accept that riding a motorcycle in a complex traffic and roadway environment is an activity involving risk and danger.

Commit to riding aware and managing and minimizing those risks.

Unit 2 – Risk and Motorcycling

— 7 —

OHIO MORE BASIC RIDING SKILLS RIDER’S GUIDE

Manage risks by:

• Thinking ahead

• Choosing wisely

• Riding safely

MANAGING THE RISKS

Once you are prepared, know your abilities, and understand your machine’s capabilities and the riding environment, it is up to you to take responsibility for riding within those limits every time you ride to help minimize the risks associated with motorcycling.

Good skills alone will not keep you from crashing, but good judgment can. It’s up to you to make good decisions. It’s up to you to minimize risk.

Unit 3 – Preparing to Ride

— 8 —

OHIO MORE BASIC RIDING SKILLS RIDER’S GUIDE

The Ready Rider is prepared to manage the risks of motorcycling. That preparation includes ensuring the motorcycle is right for you and is ready for the road, wearing proper protective gear, and being physically and mentally ready for the ride.

PROTECTIVE RIDING GEAR

Proper protective riding gear is a motorcyclist’s best friend. If a crash does occur, what the rider is wearing can make a dramatic difference in the degree of injury experienced. In addition, by protecting you from the elements, good riding gear keeps you more comfortable, more relaxed, and more focused on the task of riding. It can also help you be more visible to other motorists by providing protection, visibility, and comfort.

Good motorcycle riding gear should:

• Have protective pads or armor and resist abrasion to reduce the chance of injury,

• Be brightly colored and have retro-reflective materials to catch the attention of others,

• Be designed to weather all kinds of riding conditions from rain and wind to heat and cold.

Choosing appropriate gear can greatly improve your comfort, concentration, and control. Remember your passenger needs the same level of protection, visibility, and comfort!

Helmets

Protect your head! The most important piece of safety equipment you can wear is a good quality helmet that, at a minimum, bears US Department of Transportation (DOT) approval.

There is no substitute. Look for labeling on the outside of the helmet and also on the inside of the helmet. While DOT does not make helmets, it sets performance standards with which manufacturers must comply.

Other indicators of well-made helmets include a Snell Memorial Foundation sticker or ECE

(Economic Community of Europe) approval, which show the helmet has passed other safety tests as well as complying with DOT standards.

Even though helmets are a great way to enhance rider safety, some myths about helmets persist.

You should know that helmets do not block vision, impair hearing, or cause head or neck injuries.

Further, studies have repeatedly shown that helmets protect against head and brain injuries. Wear a high-quality motorcycle helmet every time you ride.

— 9 —

OHIO MORE BASIC RIDING SKILLS RIDER’S GUIDE

Choose a helmet that is DOT-compliant and fits comfortably.

Wear and securely fasten the helmet every time you ride.

Choosing a Helmet Price, color, style, and ventilation are all important considerations when choosing a helmet, but protection and fit should be your first considerations.

From National Highway Traffic administration (NHTSA)’s Traffic Safety Facts (DOT HS 812 867):

“In 2017 the use of motorcycle helmets saved an estimated 1,872 lives.

An additional 749 lives could have been saved in 2017 if all motorcyclists had worn helmets. Nearly $3.5 billion in economic costs and $21 billion in comprehensive costs were saved in 2017 by the use of motorcycle helmets.

If all motorcyclists had worn helmets in 2017, an additional $1.5 billion in economic costs and $8.9 billion in comprehensive costs could have been saved.”

Protection When choosing a helmet type, give serious consideration to what areas of your head and face are protected. Research indicates almost 45 percent of impacts to the head in crashes occur in the jaw and face area.

Source: Dietmar Otte, Hannover Medical University, Department of Traffic Accident Research, Germany.

• 40 percent of the 5,579 motorcyclists killed nation-wide in traffic crashes were not helmeted, based on known helmet use.

• In states without universal helmet laws, 57 percent of motorcyclists killed in 2020 were not wearing helmets, as compared to 11 per cent in states with universal helmet laws.

• In Ohio, 75 percent of motorcyclists killed in 2020, were not wearing helmets.

Source: National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2022, May).

Motorcycles: 2020 data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 306). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812867 https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813306 https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813306

— 10 —

OHIO MORE BASIC RIDING SKILLS RIDER’S GUIDE

How Helmets Work Motorcycle helmets are designed to protect your head in case of a crash or fall and to provide comfort from the elements. A full-face helmet with a shield also incorporates excellent face and eye protection. Brightly colored helmets can make riders more visible too!

Helmet Styles

• Full-Face Helmets — Full-face models provide the most protection by covering the face and jaw. They also offer the greatest comfort and protection from the elements.

• Modular/“Flip-Up” Helmets — Modular helmets (often called “flip-up” or “flip-face” helmets) are increasingly popular. They are designed to allow the rider to flip the chin-bar up when stopped for talking, eating, drinking, etc. Note: This type of helmet is not designed to be used in motion with the chin-bar in the up position. If you choose this type of helmet, read your owner’s manual carefully, and remember to ride with the chin-bar in the down and latched position.

• Three-Quarter Helmets — The three-quarter style provides riders with head protection, but lack the lower face and jaw protection of a full face helmet. While some three-quarter helmets may have a face shield, others may be open face.

In the absence of a face shield, there is no protection from the continued exposure of sun and wind. Of course, wind can carry rain, bugs, sand, and road debris that can be distracting and painful.

• Half Helmets — Half-helmets provide the least protection as they cover only the top of the head. If this is your style, make sure you get one that’s designed for motorcycling so you have the most protection afforded by this minimal helmet. Look for the DOT labeling and the impact-absorbing liner. Be aware of fake DOT labels and add-on stickers. For a helmet to protect your head, it has to stay on your head. Some “beanie” style helmets may look like half-helmets, but they lack the impact-absorbing liner and are not designed for motorcycle use. They provide no protection in the event of a crash.

— 11 —

OHIO MORE BASIC RIDING SKILLS RIDER’S GUIDE

OUTER SHELL

LINER

PADDING

RETENTION SYSTEM

Helmet Fit A helmet should fit snugly but comfortably. A helmet that is too loose can lift in the wind or come off your head in a fall. One that is too tight can create sores or cause headaches. When choosing a helmet, try several brands, models, and sizes to find the best combination of fit and comfort.

Check for the right fit by doing a roll-off test. The roll-off test applies to all helmets, but is more critical for three-quarter and half-helmets.

Here’s how to perform the roll-off test:

• Put the helmet on and adjust the chinstrap.

• Reach both hands behind your head and try to rotate the helmet forward and down over your face.

• If the helmet comes off or even comes close to coming off, it does not pass the roll-off test.

Get a different helmet size or model that does pass the roll-off test.

For full-face helmets, in addition to trying to rotate the helmet forward and back, also check fit by trying to rotate the helmet side-to-side across your face. If it moves very far, get a different size or model.

Helmet Construction Outer Shell — Helmet shells are typically made from fiberglass, polycarbonate, or composite materials. They protect wearers by dispersing energy away from the head. They also resist penetration by objects that might come in contact with the helmet.

Impact-Absorbing Liner — The impact-absorbing liner is usually made of expanded polystyrene.

This is a dense layer that cushions and absorbs shock by spreading the impact forces throughout the helmet. Think about it: the more impact energy that is absorbed by the helmet, the less that’s left to reach your head and brain.

Comfort Padding — The padding within the helmet helps to increase helmet comfort and maintain fit.

Some helmet padding may even be removable for cleaning purposes.

Retention System — The retention system is the chinstrap with D-rings or clips that secures the helmet in place. If properly used, the chinstrap keeps the helmet on your head in the event of a crash.

Helmets that come off your head in a crash or fall can’t protect you at the time when they are most needed. Tighten the chinstrap until it is snug.

— 12 —

OHIO MORE BASIC RIDING SKILLS RIDER’S GUIDE

Avoid placing helmets where they might get damaged

— like mirrors, backrests, and seats.

Helmet Care

Helmets are designed to absorb energy that would otherwise be transmitted directly to your head.

Treat your helmet with care. Don’t jam it on a mirror or carry a spare on a backrest, as that compresses the inner liner, reducing its protective ability. Likewise, use caution when resting the helmet on the seat of your motorcycle. A small gust of wind can knock it to the ground and damage it.

Helmets will show signs of wear over time. Helmets with obvious signs of wear may have defects that can compromise the helmet’s integrity and jeopardize your safety.

However, not all helmet damage is always visible to the eye. It is important to replace any helmet that has taken an impact.

Inspect your helmet periodically:

• Look for cracks or dings in the outer shell.

• Check for loose or worn out comfort padding.

• Check the chin strap, looking for any sign of frayed material.

• If your helmet has a visor or a face shield, check for loose or broken hinges. Inspect the face shield itself for scratches, cracks or chips, and replace it when necessary.

Eye (and Face) Protection

Protect your face! Imagine getting hit in the face by road dust, debris, insects, pebbles, wind and rain — not only painful, it could cost you your vision.

Protect your vision! Windshields and eyeglasses do not provide adequate eye protection. Debris can swirl behind the windshield or glasses and still get in your eyes, and most glasses and sunglasses are not shatter resistant.

Face Shields Helmets with full-face coverage provide the best protection, and the face shield can be raised for convenience.

A three-quarter helmet with a snap-on face shield also provides some protection. Helmet face shields are available in an increasing range of styles and tints. Riders should make sure the face shield is designed specifically for the helmet they are using, is impact resistant, and is fastened securely to the helmet. Face shields should accommodate eyeglasses or sunglasses worn while riding and should be optically clear and free from scratches that might impair vision. Use a clear (untinted) shield at night or in low-light conditions.

Goggles Goggles are designed to be worn over a helmet and should seal snugly against your face to help prevent debris from getting in your eyes. As with face shields, goggles should be optically clear and free from scratches. Clear (untinted) goggles should be used at night or in low-light conditions. Be aware that some goggles and safety glasses may impair peripheral vision.

— 13 —

OHIO MORE BASIC RIDING SKILLS RIDER’S GUIDE

Select riding gear with three things in mind:

• Protection

• Comfort

• Visibility

Face Shield / Goggle Care

Clean your shield or goggles with a mild solution of soap and water and use a soft cloth for washing and drying. Don’t use paper products because they can scratch the plastic. When your shield becomes scratched, replace it.

Whatever you choose for eye and face protection, watch for signs of wear over time. Look for scratches, cracks, frayed straps, and loose or broken face shield hinges or connection plates. Watch for potential defects that may compromise the effectiveness of your eye and face protection, and replace the face shield or goggles as needed.

Hearing Protection

Protect your hearing! The roar of engines and the rushing wind is exhilarating, but sustained exposure, even in a well-fitting helmet, can result in hearing loss.

Tests show earplugs can prevent hearing loss by reducing sound levels by 30 decibels. There are inexpensive disposable earplugs, or you can have a set custom molded to fit more comfortably.

As you travel, be aware of state laws that may prohibit wearing earplugs in both ears. For Ohio, see Ohio Revised Code 4511.84.

Other Protective Gear

In crashes, riders get greater protection from motorcycle jackets, pants, gloves, and boots than from ordinary street clothes.

Gloves Protect your hands! Gloves provide comfort from the elements, improve your grip on the controls, and reduce hand fatigue. They also protect your hands from abrasion and injury in a crash.

Gloves specifically designed for motorcycling are best. They are curved to provide a natural grip and have seams on the outside to prevent irritation. Gauntlet gloves fit over the cuff of your jacket to keep cold air from rushing up your sleeves. There are also lighter gloves designed specifically for warmer weather, as well as heavier, insulated gloves that are ideal for winter riding. Adjustable retention straps help keep gloves snug.

Boots Protect your ankles and feet!

Sturdy over-the-ankle boots are recommended for motorcycling.

They protect you from the elements and from hot or sharp motorcycle parts. Boots with rubber soles and low heels are best. They provide a secure grip on the pavement when stopped and provide a good grip on the footrests. In the event of a crash, sturdy boots protect you from foot and ankle injuries. If your boots have laces, be sure to tuck them in so they don’t get caught in moving parts of the motorcycle.

https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-4511.84

— 14 —

OHIO MORE BASIC RIDING SKILLS RIDER’S GUIDE

Jackets, Pants, Riding Suits Protect your body! Motorcycle jackets, pants, and riding suits provide comfort in just about all conditions as well as protection in case of a crash. This gear is specifically designed for riding.

Riding jackets, pants and suits are made to allow a comfortable riding position. Sleeves and legs are cut longer. Extra material and armor (heavier padding) are often installed at the knees, back, shoulders, and elbows to provide lasting comfort and protection.

Zippers and flaps that seal out the wind can be opened for ventilation.

Good quality gear helps insulate you from inclement conditions, allowing you to concentrate on riding rather than battling the elements. Even a collar that flaps against your helmet or your skin can be irritating and distracting.

Avoid these distractions by choosing quality riding gear.

Leather has always been a popular choice because it is durable and provides protection from injury and wind. Another option is durable, abrasion-resistant textile outerwear designed specifically for motorcycling (using sturdy material such as Cordura nylon, Kevlar, etc.).

Note that denim (jeans material) is not considered “abrasion-resistant” and will offer very little protection against injury.

One- or two-piece riding suits made of water-resistant materials are good choices and can often be worn year-round. Some riding gear is also specifically made for hot- or cold-weather riding.

— 15 —

OHIO MORE BASIC RIDING SKILLS RIDER’S GUIDE

PHOTOGRAPHY COURTESY OF ROADRUNNER TRAVEL & TOURING MAGAZINE

GEAR OPTIONS

1. Leather jacket with liner

2. Hand protection

3. Leather & stretch fabric pants

4. Sturdy boots

5. Retro helmet

1. Vintage-inspired helmet

2. Classic leather jacket with armor

3. Leather pants with knee protection

4. Deerskin gauntlet-style gloves

5. Tall leather boots with reinforcements

Retro

— 16 —

OHIO MORE BASIC RIDING SKILLS RIDER’S GUIDE

PHOTOGRAPHY COURTESY OF ROADRUNNER TRAVEL & TOURING MAGAZINE

GEAR OPTIONS

1. Gloves with perforated palm for airflow

2. Helmet with flip-up anti-fog visor & internal sun-shield

3. Waterproof boots

4. Jacket with high-visible outer shell & thermal liner

5. Skull cap to keep helmet fresher & longer

6. Leather pants with knee protection

7. Padded motorcycle underwear

1. Motorcycle-specific shorts with padding

2. Three-season jacket with liners & reflective features

3. Overpants with armor

4. Gauntlet gloves with visor wiper on finger

5. Multi-use head sock or neck roll

6. Full face helmet

7. Touring boots touring

— 17 —

OHIO MORE BASIC RIDING SKILLS RIDER’S GUIDE

PHOTOGRAPHY COURTESY OF ROADRUNNER TRAVEL & TOURING MAGAZINE

GEAR OPTIONS

1. Everyday riding gloves

2. Full-face modular helmet with wide field-of-view

3. Lightweight riding boots

4. Weatherproof one-piece suit with pockets

5. Backpack for additional storage

1. Leather jacket with ample protection

2. Boots with anti-slip sole boots

3. Kevlar liner riding jeans with optional armor

4. Full-fingered leather gloves

5. Full-face modular helmet various gear options

— 18 —

OHIO MORE BASIC RIDING SKILLS RIDER’S GUIDE

Visibility

Choose gear for protection, comfort, and visibility. Black is hard to see in daytime and invisible at night. Select gear with retro-reflective striping or patches. Retro-reflective material reflects light back to the source.

There may be times when visibility becomes limited due to nighttime, fog, heavy rainfall, or wind in a dusty area. Remember that if you’re having trouble seeing, so are the drivers who share the road with you. Wear bright and reflective gear to make yourself more visible.

Retro-reflective tape, piping, or a retro-reflective vest provide additional visual cues to others and are far more effective than just bright clothing alone. Bright colors and retro-reflective materials are the best choices for keeping you visible to surrounding traffic both day and night.

Retro-reflective stripe reflects light back to source increasing visibility.

Black is hard to see in daytime and invisible at night.

RECOMMENDATION #3

Acknowledge that the only thing between you, the elements, and vehicles or other objects in a crash is the gear you wear.

Commit to wearing proper protective riding gear.

Unit 3 – Preparing to Ride

— 19 —

OHIO MORE BASIC RIDING SKILLS RIDER’S GUIDE

Protection, Comfort, and Visibility in all Weather

Protect yourself in all kinds of weather. Constant exposure to the elements is both physically and mentally hazardous. Dehydration, overheating, and hypothermia can compromise your judgment and cause decreased vision, light-headedness, and impaired coordination. Be prepared by choosing proper riding gear.

Riding in the rain is not a problem if you are prepared for it. A warm and dry rider is much more attentive and comfortable than a cold, wet one.

Choose a brightly colored rain suit specifically designed for motorcycling.

It will keep the water out, provide comfort and visibility, and stand up to the wind. Don’t forget waterproof gloves and boot covers. Be prepared – always carry rain gear!

In hot weather, wear gear with adequate ventilation. Properly ventilated riding gear promotes cooling, which results in less dehydration and overheating. Also, riding in hot weather can cause you to lose a surprising amount of fluid through perspiration – drink plenty of water to keep yourself hydrated.

When riding in cooler weather, wind chill can cool the body quickly and can cause hypothermia, a dangerous lowering of body temperature.

Insulated and windproof gear will help keep you warmer, and some electrically heated gear is also available.

Dress in layers to stay comfortable as conditions change. Remember, proper protective gear is essential for safety. Don’t allow your senses to become so dulled that you fail to recognize changing traffic conditions.

More information on hot and cold weather riding is in Unit 15.

— 20 —

OHIO MORE BASIC RIDING SKILLS RIDER’S GUIDE

Strive to achieve a constant state of Rider Readiness.

Be prepared for the challenges of motorcycling and ride within limits.

RIDER READINESS

Rider Readiness is accepting the risks involved and being completely prepared for riding your motorcycle.

Physical Readiness — In addition to using good protective gear, physical readiness includes being rested and stress-free. Avoid riding when fatigued, stressed, or preoccupied, and definitely do not ride if you are under the influence of alcohol or other drugs. Any of those conditions can impair your judgment and focus. Motorcycling is a physical activity, and your body needs to be ready to ride. In addition to your eyes, you will need the use of your hands, feet, arms and legs. Are you physically fit enough to ride? If you’re not feeling well or in too much pain, you will compromise your ability to ride safely.

Mental Readiness — Your mental readiness is very important.

Motorcycling requires focused attention to the many riding tasks and challenges you’ll face. Your mind must be attentive to these tasks and not consumed with other issues. You need to be aware of likely roadway, weather, and traffic conditions and be prepared to deal with a constantly changing riding environment. It is especially important to avoid anything that dulls your judgment and coordination, including alcohol and other drugs.

Judgment is Critical — Single-vehicle crashes involving motorcycles are over-represented in crash data. The cause is almost always rider error.

Rider errors are typically in judgment first, including a lack of situational awareness, then in skill. Every judgment you make is important. How much space do I need? How fast should I be going? What should I do to prepare for what’s coming on the road ahead? Am I physically and mentally ready to ride?

Unit 4 – Wheels in Motion

Learn the location and operation of your motorcycle’s controls. Using these controls should become second nature, a comfortable extension of your hands and feet. This unit addresses the basics of motorcycle control and operation.

— 21 —

OHIO MORE BASIC RIDING SKILLS RIDER’S GUIDE

_____ Clutch Lever _____ Throttle _____ Horn

_____ Ignition Switch _____ Starter _____ Front Brake Lever

_____ Gearshift Lever _____ Rear Brake Pedal _____ Turn Signal Switch

_____ Foot Pegs _____ High/Low Beam _____ Engine Cut-off Switch

MOTORCYCLE CONTROLS USE/OPERATION ACTIVITY

Identify the typical location of motorcycle controls:

— 22 —

OHIO MORE BASIC RIDING SKILLS RIDER’S GUIDE

Primary Controls

Six primary controls make the motorcycle go and stop. These controls are in the same location on all motorcycles commercially manufactured after 1968. You will find it takes both hands and both feet to operate the primary controls.

Handlebars — Handlebars have a handgrip on either end and are used to control the motorcycle’s direction and lean by pressing the handgrip in the direction you want to go. Press the right handgrip to go right, or press the left handgrip to go left. (At very slow speeds, however, the handlebars must be turned in the direction you want to go.)

Clutch Lever — The clutch lever is located in front of the left handgrip.

Operate the clutch lever by squeezing it in fully toward the left handgrip, which disconnects power from the rear wheel. To re-engage power, slowly release the clutch lever (ease out) while gently applying throttle.

Gearshift Lever — The left foot operates the gearshift lever, located on the left side of the motorcycle in front of the footrest. To shift to a higher gear (upshift), squeeze the clutch and then lift the gearshift lever. To shift to a lower gear (downshift), squeeze the clutch then press the gearshift lever. Remember that motorcycle transmissions shift only one gear per each lift or press — the gearshift lever must be released before you can shift again.

The shift pattern is 1-N-2-3-4(-5-6). Not all motorcycles will have 5th or 6th gears. Neutral (N) is typically a half-shift up from first or a half-shift down from second; a full upshift or downshift will bypass neutral. A green instrument light may indicate neutral, but do not rely on the light.

Shift lever moves one gear at a time. Lift up or press down.

— 23 —

OHIO MORE BASIC RIDING SKILLS RIDER’S GUIDE

Throttle — The throttle is the right handgrip and is operated by rolling the handgrip toward you (roll on) to increase speed and away from you (roll off) to decrease speed. When released, the throttle snaps back to an “idle” position. To use the throttle safely and comfortably when learning to ride, keep all fingers around the throttle/handgrip and the wrist in a flat position.

Front Brake Lever — The front brake lever is located in front of the right handgrip and controls braking for the front wheel. When learning to ride, use all fingers gently to squeeze the lever smoothly and progressively.

Rear Brake Pedal — The rear brake pedal controls braking on the rear wheel and is located in front of the right footrest. Press down with your right foot, using light to lighter pressure to operate it.

Other Controls and Equipment

The location and operation of some other controls and equipment may vary from model to model. Consult your motorcycle owner’s manual.

Engine Cut-Off Switch — Located near the right handgrip and operated by the right thumb. It allows you to shut off the engine without removing your hands from the controls.

Fuel Supply Valve — The fuel supply valve controls the fuel going to the engine. Newer motorcycles with fuel injection systems do not have a fuel supply valve. If your motorcycle does have one, it is most likely located under the tank on the left side of the motorcycle.

Turn to ON to run. It also may include OFF, RESERVE, and PRIME positions.

Ignition — Usually located near the instrument cluster and activated with a key. Positions include OFF ACC and ON (Run) and possibly LOCK and PARK. The LOCK position allows the key to be removed and engages a steering-lock mechanism. PARK activates the taillight for increased visibility if you park alongside a roadway at night.

Choke — The choke provides an enriched fuel mixture to assist in cold engine starts. Newer motorcycles with fuel injection systems do not have a choke. If your motorcycle does have one, it might be near the fuel-supply valve or near the left handgrip; locations vary, so check your motorcycle owner’s manual. Turn the choke off when the engine is warmed and before riding.

Turn Signal Switch — Usually located near the left handgrip and operated by the left thumb. Most models do not self-cancel. Check your owner’s manual.

High/Low Beam Switch — Located near the left handgrip and usually operated with the left thumb. On most motorcycles, the headlight activates when the ignition is on.

Horn Button — Located near the left handgrip. Press with your left thumb.

Starter Button — Located near the right handgrip. Press with your right thumb.

Fuel Supply Valve

— 24 —

OHIO MORE BASIC RIDING SKILLS RIDER’S GUIDE

Speedometer/Odometer — Located in the instrument cluster, the speedometer indicates motorcycle road speed. The odometer shows miles ridden, and there may be a re-settable trip meter that can be used to show trip miles or miles since the last gas stop.

Tachometer — Located in the instrument cluster. Indicates motorcycle engine speed in revolutions per minute (RPM). The red line indicates the engine speed that should not be exceeded.

Indicator Lights — Located in the instrument cluster. Typically includes lights for neutral, turn signals, oil pressure, and high beam, and possibly other actions or warnings, such as side-stand down.

Side and/or Center Stands — Stands support the motorcycle when parked. Always raise the side stand before riding; it will usually have a spring that will help raise it and hold it in place. Some models have center stands to help with maintenance tasks.

Mirrors — Although Ohio law requires only one mirror, every motorcycle should have both a left and a right mirror for safety. Most mirrors are convex. Convex mirrors provide a wider view than flat mirrors but make vehicles seem further away than they really are. (Objects in the mirror are closer than they appear.) Get familiar with your motorcycle’s mirrors.

Adjust them so your shoulder and upper arm are just visible to give you the maximum view to the rear and the side.

— 25 —

OHIO MORE BASIC RIDING SKILLS RIDER’S GUIDE

ONE–C

O On

N Neutral

E Engine cut-off switch

C Clutch/ Choke

• Engine cut-off switch

• Ignition switch off

• Fuel valve switch off

Mounting

• Stand on the left side of the motorcycle.

• Grasp the handgrips, squeeze the front brake to keep the motorcycle from rolling, keep your head and eyes up, and swing your right leg over the seat.

• Sit down and straighten the motorcycle, then raise the side stand with your foot.

• Now is a good time to adjust the mirrors so you can just see the edge of your shoulders in the mirrors.

Dismounting

• Put the side stand down.

• Lean the motorcycle onto the side stand, squeeze the front brake, and swing your right leg over.

• Turn the handlebars fully toward the side stand (left) for stability.

Let’s get ready to ride!

STARTING THE ENGINE

Use the ONE-C pre-start routine:

• Turn ON the fuel valve and ignition switch.

• Shift the transmission to NEUTRAL. Do not rely on the indicator light.

Rock the motorcycle back and forth with the clutch lever out before starting the engine. If it rolls freely and the neutral light is on, it’s in neutral gear.

• Move the ENGINE cut-off switch to Run or On.

• Many motorcycles require squeezing the CLUTCH before the starter will operate. Even if this is not required, it is a good precaution against accidentally starting the motorcycle in gear. Release the clutch lever slowly to be sure the motorcycle is in neutral.

• Turn the CHOKE on for cold starts or as needed; turn it off when the engine is warmed and before riding.

Start It Up!

• Press the Starter button. Avoid using the throttle; the motorcycle should start without it. Many motorcycles have a safety mechanism that cuts power to the engine if the motorcycle is placed in gear with the side stand down; if the side stand is not up, raise it now. If the motorcycle doesn’t start in the first 5 to 8 seconds, stop and repeat ONE-C. After starting the engine, remember to turn off the choke when the engine is warmed up.

STOPPING THE ENGINE

• Turn the engine CUT-OFF SWITCH to OFF. Do this every time to build the habit of stopping the engine with your hands in control of the grips.

• Turn the IGNITION OFF.

• Turn the FUEL VALVE OFF, if your motorcycle has one.

STARTING THE ENGINE

STOPPING THE ENGINE

MOUNTING AND DISMOUNTING

— 26 —

OHIO MORE BASIC RIDING SKILLS RIDER’S GUIDE

ASSUME GOOD RIDING POSTURE

Good riding posture enhances your comfort and control, and makes you look good, too!

• Straighten your back, keep your head and eyes up, and look where you want to go.

• Place your feet on the footrests near the controls, knees against the tank.

• Relax your arms and bend your elbows slightly.

• Hands should comfortably reach the controls without straining.

• During this course, you will be coached to cover the clutch with all fingers.

• Learn to roll off the throttle as you reach for the front brake lever with all fingers. Reach and squeeze, and then return all fingers to the throttle.

• Keep your right wrist in a flat position on the throttle.

• Keep all fingers curled around the throttle — do not cover the front brake when you are learning to ride.

— 27 —

OHIO MORE BASIC RIDING SKILLS RIDER’S GUIDE

GETTING UNDERWAY

With the motorcycle started and your head and eyes up looking where you want to go, you are now ready to start moving. Some throttle is required, but it’s most important to coordinate use of both the throttle and the clutch (friction zone) to smoothly get underway.

Use the Friction Zone

Squeeze the clutch and shift into first gear. Because a motorcycle has a manual transmission, it takes a little “clutch slip” to get underway. Use the friction zone — the area of clutch travel where the engine’s power begins to transmit to the rear wheel.