10.1 Mars Handbook 2022-2040-compressed.pdf

© 2023 California Institute of Technology Government Support Acknowledged

MARS MISSION

DESIGN HANDBOOK

(2022-2040)

Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Note: Printed copies of this document may not be relied upon for official purposes.

The current version of this document is located in the Product Data Management System of the Pre-Projects and Advanced Studies Office (mep-lib) at JPL. The data contained in this document should only be used for planning purposes.

JPL D-106417

Release 1.2 November 6, 2023

Document Custodian: Mark S Wallace

Mars Program Office Mars Mission Design Handbook (2022-2040) November 6, 2023 JPL D-106417, Release 1.2 i

Signature Page

Prepared by:

Mark S Wallace Date

Inner Planet Mission Analysis Group

Contributors:

Ryan Woolley

Approved by:

Try Lam Date

Inner Planet Mission Analysis Group Supervisor

Chad Edwards Date

Mars Exploration Program Advanced Studies Office ii

Change Log

Date Sections Changed Reason for Change Release

10/30/2020 All New Document 1.0

10/06/2023 3.3 (Table 21)

7.3 (Eq. 15)

8.4.1

Various corrections 1.1

11/06/2023 11.3 Added brief discussion of White

Sands Missile Range

1.2 iii

Table of Contents

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 PURPOSE

1.2 ORGANIZATION

1.3 TRAJECTORY MODELS

1.4 LAUNCH PERIOD SELECTION STRATEGY

2 PLANETARY CONSTANTS AND MODELS

2.1 OVERVIEW

2.2 MARS PLANETARY CONSTANTS

2.2.1 Mars Gravity Field

2.2.2 Mars Pole and Prime Meridian

2.2.3 Mars Shape Parameters

2.2.4 Mars Satellite Data

2.3 MARS SEASONS

2.4 MARS TIME SYSTEMS

2.4.1 Martian Solar Day

2.5 LOCAL TRUE SOLAR TIME AND LOCAL MEAN SOLAR TIME

2.5.1 Equation of Time

2.6 MARS ATMOSPHERE

2.6.1 Dust Storms

2.7 EARTH PLANETARY CONSTANTS

2.7.1 Earth Gravity Field

2.7.2 Earth Pole and Prime Meridian

2.7.3 Earth Shape Parameters

2.7.4 Standard Acceleration of Gravity

2.7.5 Earth’s Moon

2.7.6 Standard Coordinate Systems

2.8 SOLAR SYSTEM PLANETARY GRAVITATIONAL PARAMETERS

2.9 MARS EPHEMERIS RELATED EVENTS

3 LAUNCH VEHICLES

3.1 OVERVIEW

3.1.1 Rapidly Changing Launch Vehicle Market

3.1.2 Vehicle Configurations

3.1.3 Launch Vehicle User’s Guides

3.2 LAUNCH VEHICLE PERFORMANCE

3.3 LAUNCH AZIMUTH RESTRICTIONS AND DECLINATION PENALTIES

4 BALLISTIC MISSION DESIGN

4.1 OVERVIEW

4.2 LAMBERT SOLUTIONS

4.3 PORKCHOP PLOTS

4.4 BROKEN PLANE TRAJECTORIES

5 SOLAR ELECTRIC PROPULSION MISSION DESIGN

5.1 OVERVIEW

5.2 CONSIDERATIONS IN CHOOSING TO USE SEP

5.3 SPECIFIC IMPULSE VS. THRUST

5.4 NORMALIZED SEP SYSTEMS

5.5 DESIGN PROCESS

5.5.1 Bacon Plots

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5.6 EP CRUISE STAGES FOR LANDERS

5.7 FURTHER READING

6 PLANETARY FLYBYS

6.1 OVERVIEW

6.2 EARTH-EARTH LOOPS

6.3 EARTH BACKFLIPS

6.4 MARS-MARS LOOPS

6.5 MARS BACKFLIP

6.6 VENUS FLYBYS

7 LANDER MISSION DESIGN

7.1 OVERVIEW

7.2 ENTRY, DESCENT, AND LANDING (EDL)

7.3 SURFACE ACCESSIBILITY

7.4 EDL COMMUNICATIONS

7.4.1 Direct to Earth

7.4.2 Relay Communications

8 ORBITER MISSION DESIGN

8.1 OVERVIEW

8.2 ORBIT DESIGN

8.2.1 Introduction

8.2.2 Non-Spherical Gravity

8.2.3 Drag Perturbations

8.3 ORBIT INSERTION

8.3.1 Introduction

8.3.2 High-Thrust Orbit Insertion

8.3.3 Aerocapture

8.4 AEROBRAKING

8.4.1 Aerobraking Overview

8.4.2 Aerobraking Design

8.4.3 Modeling Assumptions

8.4.4 Aerobraking Data

9 ROUNDTRIP MISSION DESIGN

9.1 OVERVIEW

9.2 CONJUNCTION-CLASS MISSIONS

9.3 OPPOSITION-CLASS MISSIONS

10 EARTH TO MARS BALLISTIC TRANSFER DATA: 2022-2040

10.1 OVERVIEW

10.2 SUMMARY OF OPPORTUNITIES

10.3 LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS

10.4 ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS

10.5 PORKCHOP PLOTS

10.5.1 Introduction

10.5.2 Earth to Mars 2022

10.5.3 Earth to Mars 2024

10.5.4 Earth to Mars 2026

10.5.5 Earth to Mars 2028

10.5.6 Earth to Mars 2031

10.5.7 Earth to Mars 2033

10.5.8 Earth to Mars 2035

v

10.5.9 Earth to Mars 2037

10.5.10 Earth to Mars 2039

11 MARS TO EARTH BALLISTIC TRANSFER DATA: 2024-2041

11.1 OVERVIEW

11.2 SUMMARY OF OPPORTUNITIES

11.3 LAUNCH PERIODS

11.4 PORKCHOP PLOTS

11.4.1 Introduction

11.4.2 Mars to Earth 2024

11.4.3 Mars to Earth 2026

11.4.4 Mars to Earth 2028

11.4.5 Mars to Earth 2031

11.4.6 Mars to Earth 2033

11.4.7 Mars to Earth 2035

11.4.8 Mars to Earth 2037

11.4.9 Mars to Earth 2039

11.4.10 Mars to Earth 2041

12 ROUNDTRIP MISSION TRANSFER DATA: 2022-2041

12.1 OVERVIEW

12.2 VENUS-ENABLED TRAJECTORIES

12.3 CONJUNCTION-CLASS DESIGNS

12.4 OPPOSITION-CLASS DESIGNS

13 APPENDICES

13.1 GRAVITY COEFFICIENTS

13.1.1 MRO120D

13.1.2 GGM05C

13.1.3 Converting Between Normalized and Un-Normalized Gravity Coefficients

13.2 REFERENCES

vi

List of Figures

FIGURE 1: LONGITUDE OF THE SUN FOR DETERMINING THE SEASONS OF MARS

FIGURE 2: DEFINITION OF LTST AND LMST

FIGURE 3: EQUATION OF TIME VS THE LONGITUDE OF THE SUN

FIGURE 4: SIMPLIFIED MEAN MARS ATMOSPHERE MODEL AND UNDERLYING VARIATION

FIGURE 5: COMPARISON OF SIMPLIFIED MARS ATMOSPHERE MODELS AT DIFFERENT SOLAR ACTIVITY LEVELS FIGURE 6: ATMOSPHERIC OPACITY (TAU) VS. LS AS MEASURED BY OPPORTUNITY AND CURIOSITY

FIGURE 7: MRO RECORDED DRAG PER ORBIT THROUGH FEB 1, 2019 VS. LS

FIGURE 8: EARTH MEAN EQUATOR AND EQUINOX OF J2000 (EME2000)

FIGURE 9: IAU MARS POLE AT THE J2000 EPOCH

FIGURE 10: IAU MARS FIXED AT THE J2000 EPOCH

FIGURE 11: EARTH-MARS AND SUN-MARS RANGES: 2022-2041

FIGURE 12: SUN-EARTH-MARS AND SUN-MARS-EARTH ANGLES: 2022-2041

FIGURE 13: EARTH AND SUN LATITUDE AT MARS: 2022-2041

FIGURE 14: LONGITUDE OF THE SUN AND DUST STORM SEASONS: 2022-2041

FIGURE 15 SNAPSHOT OF LSP LAUNCH VEHICLE PERFORMANCE QUERY TOOL. (EXTRACTED FROM HTTPS://ELVPERF.KSC.NASA.GOV/ ON

1/14/20)

FIGURE 16: FALCON 9 AND FALCON HEAVY FAIRING DIMENSIONS

FIGURE 17: ATLAS V 5-METER FAIRING DIMENSIONS

FIGURE 18: ATLAS V 4-METER FAIRING DIMENSIONS

FIGURE 19: LAUNCH VEHICLE C3 CURVES

FIGURE 20: LAUNCH VEHICLE CAPABILITIES TO A REPRESENTATIVE MARS C3=10

FIGURE 21: PARK ORBIT INCLINATIONS FROM KENNEDY SPACE CENTER / CAPE CANAVERAL

FIGURE 22: PARK ORBIT INCLINATIONS FROM VANDENBERG

FIGURE 23: EAST COAST LAUNCH DECLINATION PERFORMANCE PENALTY

FIGURE 24: EXAMPLES OF EARTH-MARS TRAJECTORIES

FIGURE 25: TYPE III+ (BLACK) AND TYPE III- (GREEN) TRAJECTORIES FOR THE SAME EARTH DEPARTURE AND MARS ARRIVAL DATES

FIGURE 26: EXAMPLE EARTH TO MARS PORKCHOP (2026 TYPE I/II)

FIGURE 27: INSIGHT PORKCHOP PLOT

FIGURE 28: TOTAL PROPELLANT FRACTIONS FOR CHEMICAL VS. SEP THRUSTERS

FIGURE 29: TRADABILITY OF MARGINS ALLOWS FOR GREATER FLEXIBILITY IN SEP MISSIONS

FIGURE 30: EXAMPLE THROTTLE CURVES FOR ION AND HALL THRUSTERS

FIGURE 31: VARIATIONS IN ACCELERATION, MASS, AND POWER AS SOLAR DISTANCE INCREASES. ISP IS HELD CONSTANT AT 1500 S (SMALL

HALL THRUSTER) OR 3500 S (LARGE ION THRUSTER). THE POWER LEVEL IS SIZED SUCH THAT IT PROVIDES 100% OF THE THRUSTER’S

MAX POWER AT EARTH, 75% OF MAX POWER AT MARS, OR FULLY POWERED AT MARS

FIGURE 32: TYPICAL ΔV REQUIREMENTS FROM EARTH TO MARS

FIGURE 33: PROCESS ALGORITHM FOR AN SEP MISSION ARCHITECTURE DESIGN TOOL THAT SIMULTANEOUSLY OPTIMIZES BOTH

SPACECRAFT AND TRAJECTORY

FIGURE 34: EXAMPLE BACON PLOT WITH BALLISTIC PORKCHOP PLOT SUPERIMPOSED. THE LAUNCH DATE AT EARTH SPANS ONE SYNODIC

PERIOD (780 DAYS). DIAGONAL LINES SHOW TRANSFER TIMES IN YEARS. CONTOUR LINES SHOW THE TOTAL DELIVERED MASS TO MARS

FOR A GIVEN LAUNCH VEHICLE – WITH BLUE BEING THE HIGHEST. SEP ALLOWS FOR NEARLY CONTINUOUS LAUNCH PERIODS AND

INCREASED DELIVERY MASS FOR LONGER FLIGHT TIMES. THE MAGENTA DOTS REPRESENT THE MAXIMUM MASS DELIVERED FOR A GIVEN

TIME-OF-FLIGHT

FIGURE 35: EXAMPLE OF AN EARTH-EARTH LOOP FOLLOWED BY A TYPE I EARTH-TO-MARS TRAJECTORY

FIGURE 36: LAUNCH DECLINATION AND PERIHELION FOR A BALLISTIC EARTH-EARTH LOOP

FIGURE 37: EXAMPLE OF AN EARTH BACKFLIP FOLLOWED BY A TYPE I EARTH-TO-MARS TRAJECTORY

FIGURE 38: MARS GRAVITY ASSIST GEOMETRY FOR A MARS-MARS LOOP

FIGURE 39: PERMISSIBLE APPROACH DIRECTIONS TO INITIATE A BALLISTIC MARS-MARS LOOP (200 KM MINIMUM FLYBY ALTITUDE) FIGURE 40: PERMISSIBLE APPROACH DECLINATIONS TO INITIATE A BALLISTIC NORTH (BLUE) AND SOUTH (RED) MARS BACKFLIP (200 KM

MINIMUM FLYBY ALTITUDE)

FIGURE 41: MARS SCIENCE LABORATORY ENTRY, DESCENT, AND LANDING SEQUENCE

FIGURE 42: INSIGHT ENTRY, DESCENT, AND LANDING SEQUENCE

file:///C:/Users/mswallac/Documents/Projects/Mars%20Handbook%202022-2040/Mars%20Handbook%202022-2040%20Release%201.0.docx%23_Toc54967788 vii

FIGURE 43: DESCENT CENTRAL ANGLE ILLUSTRATED

FIGURE 44: DESCENT CENTRAL ANGLE AND TIME VARIATION WITH ENTRY VELOCITY FOR VARIOUS ENTRY FLIGHT PATH ANGLES ASSUMING

AN INSIGHT-LIKE LANDER

FIGURE 45: ENTRY VELOCITY VARIATIONS

FIGURE 46: LOCUS OF ENTRY AND LANDING POINTS

FIGURE 47: LANDING LOCUS CO-LATITUDE VS. APPROACH V-INFINITY FOR VARIOUS ENTRY FLIGHT PATH ANGLES ASSUMING AN INSIGHT-

LIKE LANDER

FIGURE 48: ARBITRARY VIEW OF THE PHOENIX ENTRY AND LANDING LOCI

FIGURE 49: VIEW FROM THE NORTH POLE OF THE PHOENIX ENTRY AND LANDING LOCI

FIGURE 50: ARBITRARY VIEW OF THE MSL ENTRY AND LANDING LOCI

FIGURE 51: VIEW FROM THE NORTH POLE OF THE MSL ENTRY AND LANDING LOCI

FIGURE 52: ARBITRARY VIEW OF A SEP-ENABLED SOUTH BACKFLIP TRAJECTORY'S ENTRY AND LANDING LOCI FIGURE 53: VIEW FROM THE NORTH POLE OF A SEP-ENABLED SOUTH BACKFLIP TRAJECTORY'S ENTRY AND LANDING LOCI

FIGURE 54: ARTIST CONCEPT OF THE MARCO CUBESATS MONITORING THE INSIGHT EDL

FIGURE 55: ECLIPSE DURATION DURING A MARS YEAR FOR CIRCULAR SUN-SYNCHRONOUS ORBITS (MORNING) FIGURE 56: ECLIPSE DURATION DURING A MARS YEAR FOR CIRCULAR SUN-SYNCHRONOUS ORBITS (AFTERNOON)

FIGURE 57: REQUIRED INCLINATION FOR A CIRCULAR SUN-SYNCHRONOUS ORBIT

FIGURE 58: EXAMPLE OF A REPEAT GROUND TRACK

FIGURE 59: FROZEN, SUN-SYNCHRONOUS, GROUND-TRACK REPEAT ORBIT MEAN ALTITUDES AND REPEAT DURATIONS FIGURE 60: FROZEN, SUN-SYNCHRONOUS, GROUND-TRACK REPEAT ORBIT MEAN ALTITUDES AND ECCENTRICITIES FIGURE 61: DRAG MAKE-UP V VS. CIRCULAR ORBIT ALTITUDE WITH THE "HIGH" ATMOSPHERE MODEL FIGURE 62: DRAG MAKE-UP V VS. CIRCULAR ORBIT ALTITUDE WITH THE "MEAN" ATMOSPHERE MODEL FIGURE 63: DRAG MAKE-UP V VS. CIRCULAR ORBIT ALTITUDE WITH THE "LOW" ATMOSPHERE MODEL

FIGURE 64: CIRCULAR ORBIT LIFETIME WITH THE "HIGH" ATMOSPHERE MODEL

FIGURE 65: CIRCULAR ORBIT LIFETIME WITH THE "MEAN" ATMOSPHERE MODEL

FIGURE 66: CIRCULAR ORBIT LIFETIME WITH THE "LOW" ATMOSPHERE MODEL

FIGURE 67: MARS ORBIT INSERTION V AT 250 KM ALTITUDE

FIGURE 68: MARS ORBIT INSERTION V AT 300 KM ALTITUDE

FIGURE 69: MARS ORBIT INSERTION V AT 350 KM ALTITUDE

FIGURE 70: MARS ORBIT INSERTION V AT 400 KM ALTITUDE

FIGURE 71: MARS ORBIT INSERTION V AT 100 KM ALTITUDE

FIGURE 72: AEROBRAKING DURATION VS. ORBIT PERIOD WITH 10 KG/M2 BALLISTIC COEFFICIENT FIGURE 73: ASCENDING NODE DRIFT VS. AEROBRAKING DURATION WITH 10 KG/M2 BALLISTIC COEFFICIENT FIGURE 74: AEROBRAKING V VS. AEROBRAKING DURATION WITH 10 KG/M2 BALLISTIC COEFFICIENT FIGURE 75: AEROBRAKING DURATION VS. ORBIT PERIOD WITH 20 KG/M2 BALLISTIC COEFFICIENT FIGURE 76: ASCENDING NODE DRIFT VS. AEROBRAKING DURATION WITH 20 KG/M2 BALLISTIC COEFFICIENT FIGURE 77: AEROBRAKING V VS. AEROBRAKING DURATION WITH 20 KG/M2 BALLISTIC COEFFICIENT FIGURE 78: AEROBRAKING DURATION VS. ORBIT PERIOD WITH 30 KG/M2 BALLISTIC COEFFICIENT FIGURE 79: ASCENDING NODE DRIFT VS. AEROBRAKING DURATION WITH 30 KG/M2 BALLISTIC COEFFICIENT FIGURE 80: AEROBRAKING V VS. AEROBRAKING DURATION WITH 30 KG/M2 BALLISTIC COEFFICIENT FIGURE 81: AEROBRAKING DURATION VS. ORBIT PERIOD WITH 40 KG/M2 BALLISTIC COEFFICIENT FIGURE 82: ASCENDING NODE DRIFT VS. AEROBRAKING DURATION WITH 40 KG/M2 BALLISTIC COEFFICIENT FIGURE 83: AEROBRAKING V VS. AEROBRAKING DURATION WITH 40 KG/M2 BALLISTIC COEFFICIENT FIGURE 84: AEROBRAKING DURATION VS. ORBIT PERIOD WITH 50 KG/M2 BALLISTIC COEFFICIENT FIGURE 85: ASCENDING NODE DRIFT VS. AEROBRAKING DURATION WITH 50 KG/M2 BALLISTIC COEFFICIENT FIGURE 86: AEROBRAKING V VS. AEROBRAKING DURATION WITH 50 KG/M2 BALLISTIC COEFFICIENT

FIGURE 87: AEROBRAKING DURATION VS. ORBIT PERIOD WITH 0.15 W/CM2 PEAK HEATING

FIGURE 88: ASCENDING NODE DRIFT VS. AEROBRAKING DURATION WITH 0.15 W/CM2 PEAK HEATING

FIGURE 89: AEROBRAKING V VS. AEROBRAKING DURATION WITH 0.15 W/CM2 PEAK HEATING

FIGURE 90: AEROBRAKING DURATION VS. ORBIT PERIOD WITH 0.20 W/CM2 PEAK HEATING

FIGURE 91: ASCENDING NODE DRIFT VS. AEROBRAKING DURATION WITH 0.20 W/CM2 PEAK HEATING

FIGURE 92: AEROBRAKING V VS. AEROBRAKING DURATION WITH 0.20 W/CM2 PEAK HEATING

FIGURE 93: AEROBRAKING DURATION VS. ORBIT PERIOD WITH 0.25 W/CM2 PEAK HEATING

viii

FIGURE 94: ASCENDING NODE DRIFT VS. AEROBRAKING DURATION WITH 0.25 W/CM2 PEAK HEATING

FIGURE 95: AEROBRAKING V VS. AEROBRAKING DURATION WITH 0.25 W/CM2 PEAK HEATING

FIGURE 96: AEROBRAKING DURATION VS. ORBIT PERIOD WITH 0.30 W/CM2 PEAK HEATING

FIGURE 97: ASCENDING NODE DRIFT VS. AEROBRAKING DURATION WITH 0.30 W/CM2 PEAK HEATING

FIGURE 98: AEROBRAKING V VS. AEROBRAKING DURATION WITH 0.30 W/CM2 PEAK HEATING

FIGURE 99: AEROBRAKING DURATION VS. ORBIT PERIOD WITH 0.40 W/CM2 PEAK HEATING

FIGURE 100: ASCENDING NODE DRIFT VS. AEROBRAKING DURATION WITH 0.40 W/CM2 PEAK HEATING

FIGURE 101: AEROBRAKING V VS. AEROBRAKING DURATION WITH 0.40 W/CM2 PEAK HEATING

FIGURE 102: AEROBRAKING DURATION VS. ORBIT PERIOD WITH 0.50 W/CM2 PEAK HEATING

FIGURE 103: ASCENDING NODE DRIFT VS. AEROBRAKING DURATION WITH 0.50 W/CM2 PEAK HEATING

FIGURE 104: AEROBRAKING V VS. AEROBRAKING DURATION WITH 0.50 W/CM2 PEAK HEATING

FIGURE 105: EXAMPLE CONJUNCTION-CLASS MISSION

FIGURE 106: MIXING-AND-MATCHING TYPE I/II AND TYPE III/IV OPPORTUNITIES ALLOWS FOR A VARIABLE STAY TIME, FROM LESS THAN 30

DAYS TO MULTIPLE YEARS

FIGURE 107: EXAMPLE VENUS-ENABLED OPPOSITION-CLASS MISSIONS WITH INBOUND (LEFT) AND OUTBOUND (RIGHT) VENUS GRAVITY

ASSISTS

FIGURE 108: MINIMUM C3 AND ASSOCIATED VHP FOR EARTH-TO-MARS TYPE I AND II TRAJECTORIES, 2022-2039 FIGURE 109: MINIMUM C3 AND ASSOCIATED VHP FOR EARTH-TO-MARS TYPE III- AND IV- TRAJECTORIES, 2022-2039 FIGURE 110: MINIMUM C3 AND ASSOCIATED VHP FOR EARTH-TO- MARS TYPE III+ AND IV+ TRAJECTORIES, 2022-2039 FIGURE 111: MINIMUM VHP AND ASSOCIATED C3 FOR EARTH-TO-MARS TYPE I AND II TRAJECTORIES, 2022-2039 FIGURE 112: MINIMUM VHP AND ASSOCIATED C3 FOR EARTH-TO-MARS TYPE III- AND IV- TRAJECTORIES, 2022-2039 FIGURE 113: MINIMUM VHP AND ASSOCIATED C3 FOR EARTH-TO-MARS TYPE III+ AND IV+ TRAJECTORIES, 2022-2039

FIGURE 114: C3/VHP PARETO FRONTS FOR EARTH TO MARS TYPE I AND II TRAJECTORIES

FIGURE 115: C3/VHP PARETO FRONTS FOR EARTH TO MARS TYPE III- AND IV- TRAJECTORIES

FIGURE 116: C3/VHP PARETO FRONTS FOR EARTH TO MARS TYPE III+ TRAJECTORIES

FIGURE 117: MAXIMUM LAUNCH MASS WITH ASSOCIATED CAPTURE MASS AND ARRIVAL LS FOR EARTH-TO-MARS TYPE I AND II “LANDER”

LAUNCH PERIODS, 2022-2039

FIGURE 118: MAXIMUM LAUNCH MASS WITH ASSOCIATED CAPTURE MASS AND ARRIVAL LS FOR EARTH-TO-MARS TYPE III- AND IV-

“LANDER” LAUNCH PERIODS, 2022-2039

FIGURE 119: MAXIMUM LAUNCH MASS WITH ASSOCIATED CAPTURE MASS AND ARRIVAL LS FOR EARTH-TO-MARS TYPE III+ AND IV+

“LANDER” LAUNCH PERIODS, 2022-2039

FIGURE 120: MAXIMUM CAPTURED MASS WITH ASSOCIATED LAUNCH MASS AND ARRIVAL LS FOR EARTH-TO-MARS TYPE I AND II

“ORBITER” LAUNCH PERIODS, 2022-2039

FIGURE 121: MAXIMUM CAPTURED MASS WITH ASSOCIATED LAUNCH MASS AND ARRIVAL LS FOR EARTH-TO-MARS TYPE III- AND IV-

“ORBITER” LAUNCH PERIODS, 2022-2039

FIGURE 122: MAXIMUM CAPTURED MASS WITH ASSOCIATED LAUNCH MASS AND ARRIVAL LS FOR EARTH-TO-MARS TYPE III+ AND IV+

“ORBITER” LAUNCH PERIODS, 2022-2039

FIGURE 123: EARTH TO MARS 2022 TYPE I LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE LATITUDES, EQUIVALENT C3, AND VHP FIGURE 124: EARTH TO MARS 2022 TYPE I LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - LMST OF LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 125: EARTH TO MARS 2022 TYPE I LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - EARTH ELEVATION AT LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 126: EARTH TO MARS 2022 TYPE II LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE LATITUDES, EQUIVALENT C3, AND VHP FIGURE 127: EARTH TO MARS 2022 TYPE II LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - LMST OF LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 128: EARTH TO MARS 2022 TYPE II LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - EARTH ELEVATION AT LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 129: EARTH TO MARS 2022 TYPE III- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE LATITUDES, EQUIVALENT C3, AND VHP FIGURE 130: EARTH TO MARS 2022 TYPE III- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - LMST OF LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 131: EARTH TO MARS 2022 TYPE III- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - EARTH ELEVATION AT LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 132: EARTH TO MARS 2022 TYPE IV- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE LATITUDES, EQUIVALENT C3, AND VHP FIGURE 133: EARTH TO MARS 2022 TYPE IV- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - LMST OF LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 134: EARTH TO MARS 2022 TYPE IV- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - EARTH ELEVATION AT LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 135: EARTH TO MARS 2022 TYPE III+ LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE LATITUDES, EQUIVALENT C3, AND VHP FIGURE 136: EARTH TO MARS 2022 TYPE III+ LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - LMST OF LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 137: EARTH TO MARS 2022 TYPE III+ LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - EARTH ELEVATION AT LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 138: EARTH TO MARS 2024 TYPE I LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE LATITUDES, EQUIVALENT C3, AND VHP FIGURE 139: EARTH TO MARS 2024 TYPE I LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - LMST OF LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES ix

FIGURE 140: EARTH TO MARS 2024 TYPE I LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - EARTH ELEVATION AT LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 141: EARTH TO MARS 2024 TYPE II LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE LATITUDES, EQUIVALENT C3, AND VHP FIGURE 142: EARTH TO MARS 2024 TYPE II LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - LMST OF LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 143: EARTH TO MARS 2024 TYPE II LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - EARTH ELEVATION AT LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 144: EARTH TO MARS 2024 TYPE III- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE LATITUDES, EQUIVALENT C3, AND VHP FIGURE 145: EARTH TO MARS 2024 TYPE III- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - LMST OF LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 146: EARTH TO MARS 2024 TYPE III- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - EARTH ELEVATION AT LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 147: EARTH TO MARS 2024 TYPE IV- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE LATITUDES, EQUIVALENT C3, AND VHP FIGURE 148: EARTH TO MARS 2024 TYPE IV- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - LMST OF LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 149: EARTH TO MARS 2024 TYPE IV- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - EARTH ELEVATION AT LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 150: EARTH TO MARS 2024 TYPE III+ LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE LATITUDES, EQUIVALENT C3, AND VHP FIGURE 151: EARTH TO MARS 2024 TYPE III+ LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - LMST OF LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 152: EARTH TO MARS 2024 TYPE III+ LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - EARTH ELEVATION AT LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 153: EARTH TO MARS 2026 TYPE I LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE LATITUDES, EQUIVALENT C3, AND VHP FIGURE 154: EARTH TO MARS 2026 TYPE I LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - LMST OF LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 155: EARTH TO MARS 2026 TYPE I LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - EARTH ELEVATION AT LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 156: EARTH TO MARS 2026 TYPE II LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE LATITUDES, EQUIVALENT C3, AND VHP FIGURE 157: EARTH TO MARS 2026 TYPE II LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - LMST OF LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 158: EARTH TO MARS 2026 TYPE II LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - EARTH ELEVATION AT LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 159: EARTH TO MARS 2026 TYPE III- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE LATITUDES, EQUIVALENT C3, AND VHP FIGURE 160: EARTH TO MARS 2026 TYPE III- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - LMST OF LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 161: EARTH TO MARS 2026 TYPE III- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - EARTH ELEVATION AT LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 162: EARTH TO MARS 2026 TYPE IV- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE LATITUDES, EQUIVALENT C3, AND VHP FIGURE 163: EARTH TO MARS 2026 TYPE IV- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - LMST OF LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 164: EARTH TO MARS 2026 TYPE IV- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - EARTH ELEVATION AT LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 165: EARTH TO MARS 2026 TYPE III+ LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE LATITUDES, EQUIVALENT C3, AND VHP FIGURE 166: EARTH TO MARS 2026 TYPE III+ LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - LMST OF LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 167: EARTH TO MARS 2026 TYPE III+ LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - EARTH ELEVATION AT LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 168: EARTH TO MARS 2028 TYPE I LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE LATITUDES, EQUIVALENT C3, AND VHP FIGURE 169: EARTH TO MARS 2028 TYPE I LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - LMST OF LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 170: EARTH TO MARS 2028 TYPE I LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - EARTH ELEVATION AT LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 171: EARTH TO MARS 2028 TYPE II LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE LATITUDES, EQUIVALENT C3, AND VHP FIGURE 172: EARTH TO MARS 2028 TYPE II LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - LMST OF LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 173: EARTH TO MARS 2028 TYPE II LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - EARTH ELEVATION AT LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 174: EARTH TO MARS 2028 TYPE III- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE LATITUDES, EQUIVALENT C3, AND VHP FIGURE 175: EARTH TO MARS 2028 TYPE III- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - LMST OF LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 176: EARTH TO MARS 2028 TYPE III- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - EARTH ELEVATION AT LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 177: EARTH TO MARS 2028 TYPE IV- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE LATITUDES, EQUIVALENT C3, AND VHP FIGURE 178: EARTH TO MARS 2028 TYPE IV- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - LMST OF LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 179: EARTH TO MARS 2028 TYPE IV- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - EARTH ELEVATION AT LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 180: EARTH TO MARS 2028 TYPE III+ LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE LATITUDES, EQUIVALENT C3, AND VHP FIGURE 181: EARTH TO MARS 2028 TYPE III+ LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - LMST OF LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 182: EARTH TO MARS 2028 TYPE III+ LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - EARTH ELEVATION AT LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 183: EARTH TO MARS 2031 TYPE I LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE LATITUDES, EQUIVALENT C3, AND VHP FIGURE 184: EARTH TO MARS 2031 TYPE I LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - LMST OF LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 185: EARTH TO MARS 2031 TYPE I LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - EARTH ELEVATION AT LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 186: EARTH TO MARS 2031 TYPE II LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE LATITUDES, EQUIVALENT C3, AND VHP FIGURE 187: EARTH TO MARS 2031 TYPE II LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - LMST OF LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 188: EARTH TO MARS 2031 TYPE II LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - EARTH ELEVATION AT LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 189: EARTH TO MARS 2031 TYPE III- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE LATITUDES, EQUIVALENT C3, AND VHP FIGURE 190: EARTH TO MARS 2031 TYPE III- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - LMST OF LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 191: EARTH TO MARS 2031 TYPE III- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - EARTH ELEVATION AT LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 192: EARTH TO MARS 2031 TYPE IV- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE LATITUDES, EQUIVALENT C3, AND VHP FIGURE 193: EARTH TO MARS 2031 TYPE IV- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - LMST OF LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES x

FIGURE 194: EARTH TO MARS 2031 TYPE IV- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - EARTH ELEVATION AT LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 195: EARTH TO MARS 2031 TYPE III+ LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE LATITUDES, EQUIVALENT C3, AND VHP FIGURE 196: EARTH TO MARS 2031 TYPE III+ LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - LMST OF LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 197: EARTH TO MARS 2031 TYPE III+ LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - EARTH ELEVATION AT LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 198: EARTH TO MARS 2033 TYPE I LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE LATITUDES, EQUIVALENT C3, AND VHP FIGURE 199: EARTH TO MARS 2033 TYPE I LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - LMST OF LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 200: EARTH TO MARS 2033 TYPE I LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - EARTH ELEVATION AT LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 201: EARTH TO MARS 2033 TYPE II LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE LATITUDES, EQUIVALENT C3, AND VHP FIGURE 202: EARTH TO MARS 2033 TYPE II LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - LMST OF LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 203: EARTH TO MARS 2033 TYPE II LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - EARTH ELEVATION AT LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 204: EARTH TO MARS 2033 TYPE III- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE LATITUDES, EQUIVALENT C3, AND VHP FIGURE 205: EARTH TO MARS 2033 TYPE III- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - LMST OF LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 206: EARTH TO MARS 2033 TYPE III- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - EARTH ELEVATION AT LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 207: EARTH TO MARS 2033 TYPE IV- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE LATITUDES, EQUIVALENT C3, AND VHP FIGURE 208: EARTH TO MARS 2033 TYPE IV- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - LMST OF LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 209: EARTH TO MARS 2033 TYPE IV- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - EARTH ELEVATION AT LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 210: EARTH TO MARS 2033 TYPE III+ LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE LATITUDES, EQUIVALENT C3, AND VHP FIGURE 211: EARTH TO MARS 2033 TYPE III+ LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - LMST OF LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 212: EARTH TO MARS 2033 TYPE III+ LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - EARTH ELEVATION AT LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 213: EARTH TO MARS 2035 TYPE I LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE LATITUDES, EQUIVALENT C3, AND VHP FIGURE 214: EARTH TO MARS 2035 TYPE I LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - LMST OF LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 215: EARTH TO MARS 2035 TYPE I LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - EARTH ELEVATION AT LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 216: EARTH TO MARS 2035 TYPE II LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE LATITUDES, EQUIVALENT C3, AND VHP FIGURE 217: EARTH TO MARS 2035 TYPE II LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - LMST OF LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 218: EARTH TO MARS 2035 TYPE II LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - EARTH ELEVATION AT LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 219: EARTH TO MARS 2035 TYPE III- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE LATITUDES, EQUIVALENT C3, AND VHP FIGURE 220: EARTH TO MARS 2035 TYPE III- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - LMST OF LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 221: EARTH TO MARS 2035 TYPE III- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - EARTH ELEVATION AT LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 222: EARTH TO MARS 2035 TYPE IV- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE LATITUDES, EQUIVALENT C3, AND VHP FIGURE 223: EARTH TO MARS 2035 TYPE IV- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - LMST OF LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 224: EARTH TO MARS 2035 TYPE IV- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - EARTH ELEVATION AT LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 225: EARTH TO MARS 2035 TYPE III+ LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE LATITUDES, EQUIVALENT C3, AND VHP FIGURE 226: EARTH TO MARS 2035 TYPE III+ LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - LMST OF LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 227: EARTH TO MARS 2035 TYPE III+ LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - EARTH ELEVATION AT LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 228: EARTH TO MARS 2037 TYPE I LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE LATITUDES, EQUIVALENT C3, AND VHP FIGURE 229: EARTH TO MARS 2037 TYPE I LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - LMST OF LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 230: EARTH TO MARS 2037 TYPE I LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - EARTH ELEVATION AT LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 231: EARTH TO MARS 2037 TYPE II LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE LATITUDES, EQUIVALENT C3, AND VHP FIGURE 232: EARTH TO MARS 2037 TYPE II LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - LMST OF LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 233: EARTH TO MARS 2037 TYPE II LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - EARTH ELEVATION AT LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 234: EARTH TO MARS 2037 TYPE III- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE LATITUDES, EQUIVALENT C3, AND VHP FIGURE 235: EARTH TO MARS 2037 TYPE III- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - LMST OF LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 236: EARTH TO MARS 2037 TYPE III- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - EARTH ELEVATION AT LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 237: EARTH TO MARS 2037 TYPE IV- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE LATITUDES, EQUIVALENT C3, AND VHP FIGURE 238: EARTH TO MARS 2037 TYPE IV- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - LMST OF LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 239: EARTH TO MARS 2037 TYPE IV- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - EARTH ELEVATION AT LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 240: EARTH TO MARS 2037 TYPE III+ LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE LATITUDES, EQUIVALENT C3, AND VHP FIGURE 241: EARTH TO MARS 2037 TYPE III+ LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - LMST OF LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 242: EARTH TO MARS 2037 TYPE III+ LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - EARTH ELEVATION AT LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 243: EARTH TO MARS 2039 TYPE I LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE LATITUDES, EQUIVALENT C3, AND VHP FIGURE 244: EARTH TO MARS 2039 TYPE I LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - LMST OF LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 245: EARTH TO MARS 2039 TYPE I LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - EARTH ELEVATION AT LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 246: EARTH TO MARS 2039 TYPE II LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE LATITUDES, EQUIVALENT C3, AND VHP FIGURE 247: EARTH TO MARS 2039 TYPE II LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - LMST OF LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES xi

FIGURE 248: EARTH TO MARS 2039 TYPE II LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - EARTH ELEVATION AT LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 249: EARTH TO MARS 2039 TYPE III- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE LATITUDES, EQUIVALENT C3, AND VHP FIGURE 250: EARTH TO MARS 2039 TYPE III- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - LMST OF LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 251: EARTH TO MARS 2039 TYPE III- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - EARTH ELEVATION AT LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 252: EARTH TO MARS 2039 TYPE IV- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE LATITUDES, EQUIVALENT C3, AND VHP FIGURE 253: EARTH TO MARS 2039 TYPE IV- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - LMST OF LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 254: EARTH TO MARS 2039 TYPE IV- LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - EARTH ELEVATION AT LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 255: EARTH TO MARS 2039 TYPE III+ LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE LATITUDES, EQUIVALENT C3, AND VHP FIGURE 256: EARTH TO MARS 2039 TYPE III+ LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - LMST OF LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 257: EARTH TO MARS 2039 TYPE III+ LANDER LAUNCH PERIODS - EARTH ELEVATION AT LANDING AT VARIOUS LATITUDES FIGURE 258: EARTH TO MARS 2022 TYPE I ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE INCLINATION, LAUNCH MASS, AND VHP FIGURE 259: EARTH TO MARS 2022 TYPE I ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - ASCENDING NODE LMST AND PERIAPSIS LATITUDE (92 DEG

INCLINATION)

FIGURE 260: EARTH TO MARS 2022 TYPE II ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE INCLINATION, LAUNCH MASS, AND VHP FIGURE 261: EARTH TO MARS 2022 TYPE II ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - ASCENDING NODE LMST AND PERIAPSIS LATITUDE (92 DEG

INCLINATION)

FIGURE 262: EARTH TO MARS 2022 TYPE III- ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE INCLINATION, LAUNCH MASS, AND VHP FIGURE 263: EARTH TO MARS 2022 TYPE III- ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - ASCENDING NODE LMST AND PERIAPSIS LATITUDE (92 DEG

INCLINATION)

FIGURE 264: EARTH TO MARS 2022 TYPE IV- ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE INCLINATION, LAUNCH MASS, AND VHP FIGURE 265: EARTH TO MARS 2022 TYPE IV- ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - ASCENDING NODE LMST AND PERIAPSIS LATITUDE (92 DEG

INCLINATION)

FIGURE 266: EARTH TO MARS 2022 TYPE III+ ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE INCLINATION, LAUNCH MASS, AND VHP FIGURE 267: EARTH TO MARS 2022 TYPE III+ ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - ASCENDING NODE LMST AND PERIAPSIS LATITUDE (92 DEG

INCLINATION)

FIGURE 268: EARTH TO MARS 2024 TYPE I ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE INCLINATION, LAUNCH MASS, AND VHP FIGURE 269: EARTH TO MARS 2024 TYPE I ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - ASCENDING NODE LMST AND PERIAPSIS LATITUDE (92 DEG

INCLINATION)

FIGURE 270: EARTH TO MARS 2024 TYPE II ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE INCLINATION, LAUNCH MASS, AND VHP FIGURE 271: EARTH TO MARS 2024 TYPE II ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - ASCENDING NODE LMST AND PERIAPSIS LATITUDE (92 DEG

INCLINATION)

FIGURE 272: EARTH TO MARS 2024 TYPE III- ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE INCLINATION, LAUNCH MASS, AND VHP FIGURE 273: EARTH TO MARS 2024 TYPE III- ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - ASCENDING NODE LMST AND PERIAPSIS LATITUDE (92 DEG

INCLINATION)

FIGURE 274: EARTH TO MARS 2024 TYPE IV- ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE INCLINATION, LAUNCH MASS, AND VHP FIGURE 275: EARTH TO MARS 2024 TYPE IV- ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - ASCENDING NODE LMST AND PERIAPSIS LATITUDE (92 DEG

INCLINATION)

FIGURE 276: EARTH TO MARS 2024 TYPE III+ ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE INCLINATION, LAUNCH MASS, AND VHP FIGURE 277: EARTH TO MARS 2024 TYPE III+ ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - ASCENDING NODE LMST AND PERIAPSIS LATITUDE (92 DEG

INCLINATION)

FIGURE 278: EARTH TO MARS 2026 TYPE I ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE INCLINATION, LAUNCH MASS, AND VHP FIGURE 279: EARTH TO MARS 2026 TYPE I ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - ASCENDING NODE LMST AND PERIAPSIS LATITUDE (92 DEG

INCLINATION)

FIGURE 280: EARTH TO MARS 2026 TYPE II ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE INCLINATION, LAUNCH MASS, AND VHP FIGURE 281: EARTH TO MARS 2026 TYPE II ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - ASCENDING NODE LMST AND PERIAPSIS LATITUDE (92 DEG

INCLINATION)

FIGURE 282: EARTH TO MARS 2026 TYPE III- ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE INCLINATION, LAUNCH MASS, AND VHP FIGURE 283: EARTH TO MARS 2026 TYPE III- ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - ASCENDING NODE LMST AND PERIAPSIS LATITUDE (92 DEG

INCLINATION)

FIGURE 284: EARTH TO MARS 2026 TYPE IV- ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE INCLINATION, LAUNCH MASS, AND VHP FIGURE 285: EARTH TO MARS 2026 TYPE IV- ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - ASCENDING NODE LMST AND PERIAPSIS LATITUDE (92 DEG

INCLINATION)

FIGURE 286: EARTH TO MARS 2026 TYPE III+ ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE INCLINATION, LAUNCH MASS, AND VHP FIGURE 287: EARTH TO MARS 2026 TYPE III+ ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - ASCENDING NODE LMST AND PERIAPSIS LATITUDE (92 DEG xii

INCLINATION)

FIGURE 288: EARTH TO MARS 2028 TYPE I ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE INCLINATION, LAUNCH MASS, AND VHP FIGURE 289: EARTH TO MARS 2028 TYPE I ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - ASCENDING NODE LMST AND PERIAPSIS LATITUDE (92 DEG

INCLINATION)

FIGURE 290: EARTH TO MARS 2028 TYPE II ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE INCLINATION, LAUNCH MASS, AND VHP FIGURE 291: EARTH TO MARS 2028 TYPE II ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - ASCENDING NODE LMST AND PERIAPSIS LATITUDE (92 DEG

INCLINATION)

FIGURE 292: EARTH TO MARS 2028 TYPE III- ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE INCLINATION, LAUNCH MASS, AND VHP FIGURE 293: EARTH TO MARS 2028 TYPE III- ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - ASCENDING NODE LMST AND PERIAPSIS LATITUDE (92 DEG

INCLINATION)

FIGURE 294: EARTH TO MARS 2028 TYPE IV- ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE INCLINATION, LAUNCH MASS, AND VHP FIGURE 295: EARTH TO MARS 2028 TYPE IV- ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - ASCENDING NODE LMST AND PERIAPSIS LATITUDE (92 DEG

INCLINATION)

FIGURE 296: EARTH TO MARS 2028 TYPE III+ ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE INCLINATION, LAUNCH MASS, AND VHP FIGURE 297: EARTH TO MARS 2028 TYPE III+ ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - ASCENDING NODE LMST AND PERIAPSIS LATITUDE (92 DEG

INCLINATION)

FIGURE 298: EARTH TO MARS 2031 TYPE I ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE INCLINATION, LAUNCH MASS, AND VHP FIGURE 299: EARTH TO MARS 2031 TYPE I ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - ASCENDING NODE LMST AND PERIAPSIS LATITUDE (92 DEG

INCLINATION)

FIGURE 300: EARTH TO MARS 2031 TYPE II ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE INCLINATION, LAUNCH MASS, AND VHP FIGURE 301: EARTH TO MARS 2031 TYPE II ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - ASCENDING NODE LMST AND PERIAPSIS LATITUDE (92 DEG

INCLINATION)

FIGURE 302: EARTH TO MARS 2031 TYPE III- ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE INCLINATION, LAUNCH MASS, AND VHP FIGURE 303: EARTH TO MARS 2031 TYPE III- ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - ASCENDING NODE LMST AND PERIAPSIS LATITUDE (92 DEG

INCLINATION)

FIGURE 304: EARTH TO MARS 2031 TYPE IV- ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE INCLINATION, LAUNCH MASS, AND VHP FIGURE 305: EARTH TO MARS 2031 TYPE IV- ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - ASCENDING NODE LMST AND PERIAPSIS LATITUDE (92 DEG

INCLINATION)

FIGURE 306: EARTH TO MARS 2031 TYPE III+ ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE INCLINATION, LAUNCH MASS, AND VHP FIGURE 307: EARTH TO MARS 2031 TYPE III+ ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - ASCENDING NODE LMST AND PERIAPSIS LATITUDE (92 DEG

INCLINATION)

FIGURE 308: EARTH TO MARS 2033 TYPE I ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE INCLINATION, LAUNCH MASS, AND VHP FIGURE 309: EARTH TO MARS 2033 TYPE I ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - ASCENDING NODE LMST AND PERIAPSIS LATITUDE (92 DEG

INCLINATION)

FIGURE 310: EARTH TO MARS 2033 TYPE II ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE INCLINATION, LAUNCH MASS, AND VHP FIGURE 311: EARTH TO MARS 2033 TYPE II ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - ASCENDING NODE LMST AND PERIAPSIS LATITUDE (92 DEG

INCLINATION)

FIGURE 312: EARTH TO MARS 2033 TYPE III- ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE INCLINATION, LAUNCH MASS, AND VHP FIGURE 313: EARTH TO MARS 2033 TYPE III- ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - ASCENDING NODE LMST AND PERIAPSIS LATITUDE (92 DEG

INCLINATION)

FIGURE 314: EARTH TO MARS 2033 TYPE IV- ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE INCLINATION, LAUNCH MASS, AND VHP FIGURE 315: EARTH TO MARS 2033 TYPE IV- ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - ASCENDING NODE LMST AND PERIAPSIS LATITUDE (92 DEG

INCLINATION)

FIGURE 316: EARTH TO MARS 2033 TYPE III+ ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE INCLINATION, LAUNCH MASS, AND VHP FIGURE 317: EARTH TO MARS 2033 TYPE III+ ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - ASCENDING NODE LMST AND PERIAPSIS LATITUDE (92 DEG

INCLINATION)

FIGURE 318: EARTH TO MARS 2035 TYPE I ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE INCLINATION, LAUNCH MASS, AND VHP FIGURE 319: EARTH TO MARS 2035 TYPE I ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - ASCENDING NODE LMST AND PERIAPSIS LATITUDE (92 DEG

INCLINATION)

FIGURE 320: EARTH TO MARS 2035 TYPE II ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE INCLINATION, LAUNCH MASS, AND VHP FIGURE 321: EARTH TO MARS 2035 TYPE II ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - ASCENDING NODE LMST AND PERIAPSIS LATITUDE (92 DEG

INCLINATION)

FIGURE 322: EARTH TO MARS 2035 TYPE III- ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE INCLINATION, LAUNCH MASS, AND VHP FIGURE 323: EARTH TO MARS 2035 TYPE III- ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - ASCENDING NODE LMST AND PERIAPSIS LATITUDE (92 DEG xiii

INCLINATION)

FIGURE 324: EARTH TO MARS 2035 TYPE IV- ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE INCLINATION, LAUNCH MASS, AND VHP FIGURE 325: EARTH TO MARS 2035 TYPE IV- ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - ASCENDING NODE LMST AND PERIAPSIS LATITUDE (92 DEG

INCLINATION)

FIGURE 326: EARTH TO MARS 2035 TYPE III+ ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE INCLINATION, LAUNCH MASS, AND VHP FIGURE 327: EARTH TO MARS 2035 TYPE III+ ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - ASCENDING NODE LMST AND PERIAPSIS LATITUDE (92 DEG

INCLINATION)

FIGURE 328: EARTH TO MARS 2037 TYPE I ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE INCLINATION, LAUNCH MASS, AND VHP FIGURE 329: EARTH TO MARS 2037 TYPE I ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - ASCENDING NODE LMST AND PERIAPSIS LATITUDE (92 DEG

INCLINATION)

FIGURE 330: EARTH TO MARS 2037 TYPE II ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE INCLINATION, LAUNCH MASS, AND VHP FIGURE 331: EARTH TO MARS 2037 TYPE II ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - ASCENDING NODE LMST AND PERIAPSIS LATITUDE (92 DEG

INCLINATION)

FIGURE 332: EARTH TO MARS 2037 TYPE III- ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE INCLINATION, LAUNCH MASS, AND VHP FIGURE 333: EARTH TO MARS 2037 TYPE III- ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - ASCENDING NODE LMST AND PERIAPSIS LATITUDE (92 DEG

INCLINATION)

FIGURE 334: EARTH TO MARS 2037 TYPE IV- ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE INCLINATION, LAUNCH MASS, AND VHP FIGURE 335: EARTH TO MARS 2037 TYPE IV- ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - ASCENDING NODE LMST AND PERIAPSIS LATITUDE (92 DEG

INCLINATION)

FIGURE 336: EARTH TO MARS 2037 TYPE III+ ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE INCLINATION, LAUNCH MASS, AND VHP FIGURE 337: EARTH TO MARS 2037 TYPE III+ ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - ASCENDING NODE LMST AND PERIAPSIS LATITUDE (92 DEG

INCLINATION)

FIGURE 338: EARTH TO MARS 2039 TYPE I ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE INCLINATION, LAUNCH MASS, AND VHP FIGURE 339: EARTH TO MARS 2039 TYPE I ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - ASCENDING NODE LMST AND PERIAPSIS LATITUDE (92 DEG

INCLINATION)

FIGURE 340: EARTH TO MARS 2039 TYPE II ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE INCLINATION, LAUNCH MASS, AND VHP FIGURE 341: EARTH TO MARS 2039 TYPE II ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - ASCENDING NODE LMST AND PERIAPSIS LATITUDE (92 DEG

INCLINATION)

FIGURE 342: EARTH TO MARS 2039 TYPE III- ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE INCLINATION, LAUNCH MASS, AND VHP FIGURE 343: EARTH TO MARS 2039 TYPE III- ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - ASCENDING NODE LMST AND PERIAPSIS LATITUDE (92 DEG

INCLINATION)

FIGURE 344: EARTH TO MARS 2039 TYPE IV- ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE INCLINATION, LAUNCH MASS, AND VHP FIGURE 345: EARTH TO MARS 2039 TYPE IV- ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - ASCENDING NODE LMST AND PERIAPSIS LATITUDE (92 DEG

INCLINATION)

FIGURE 346: EARTH TO MARS 2039 TYPE III+ ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - REACHABLE INCLINATION, LAUNCH MASS, AND VHP FIGURE 347: EARTH TO MARS 2039 TYPE III+ ORBITER LAUNCH PERIODS - ASCENDING NODE LMST AND PERIAPSIS LATITUDE (92 DEG

INCLINATION)

FIGURE 348: EARTH TO MARS 2022 TYPE I/II - LAUNCH AND ARRIVAL ENERGY

FIGURE 349: EARTH TO MARS 2022 TYPE I/II – MAXIMUM REACHABLE NORTH AND SOUTH LATITUDE

FIGURE 350: EARTH TO MARS 2022 TYPE I/II – LANDING LMST FOR PROGRADE ENTRIES

FIGURE 351: EARTH TO MARS 2022 TYPE I/II – LANDING LMST FOR RETROGRADE ENTRIES

FIGURE 352: EARTH TO MARS 2022 TYPE I/II – LMST OF THE ASCENDING NODE FOR NORTH AND SOUTH APPROACHES

FIGURE 353: EARTH TO MARS 2024 TYPE III/IV- – LAUNCH AND ARRIVAL ENERGY

FIGURE 354: EARTH TO MARS 2022 TYPE III/IV- – MAXIMUM REACHABLE NORTH AND SOUTH LATITUDE

FIGURE 355: EARTH TO MARS 2022 TYPE III/IV- – LANDING LMST FOR PROGRADE ENTRIES

FIGURE 356: EARTH TO MARS 2022 TYPE III/IV- – LANDING LMST FOR RETROGRADE ENTRIES FIGURE 357: EARTH TO MARS 2022 TYPE III/IV- – LMST OF THE ASCENDING NODE FOR NORTH AND SOUTH APPROACHES

FIGURE 358: EARTH TO MARS 2024 TYPE III/IV+ – LAUNCH AND ARRIVAL ENERGY

FIGURE 359: EARTH TO MARS 2022 TYPE III/IV+ – MAXIMUM REACHABLE NORTH AND SOUTH LATITUDE

FIGURE 360: EARTH TO MARS 2022 TYPE III/IV+ – LANDING LMST FOR PROGRADE ENTRIES

FIGURE 361: EARTH TO MARS 2022 TYPE III/IV+ – LANDING LMST FOR RETROGRADE ENTRIES FIGURE 362: EARTH TO MARS 2022 TYPE III/IV+ – LMST OF THE ASCENDING NODE FOR NORTH AND SOUTH APPROACHES

FIGURE 363: EARTH TO MARS 2024 TYPE I/II - LAUNCH AND ARRIVAL ENERGY

FIGURE 364: EARTH TO MARS 2024 TYPE I/II – MAXIMUM REACHABLE NORTH AND SOUTH LATITUDE xiv

FIGURE 365: EARTH TO MARS 2024 TYPE I/II – LANDING LMST FOR PROGRADE ENTRIES

FIGURE 366: EARTH TO MARS 2024 TYPE I/II – LANDING LMST FOR RETROGRADE ENTRIES

FIGURE 367: EARTH TO MARS 2024 TYPE I/II – LMST OF THE ASCENDING NODE FOR NORTH AND SOUTH APPROACHES

FIGURE 368: EARTH TO MARS 2024 TYPE III/IV- – LAUNCH AND ARRIVAL ENERGY

FIGURE 369: EARTH TO MARS 20242 TYPE III/IV- – MAXIMUM REACHABLE NORTH AND SOUTH LATITUDE

FIGURE 370: EARTH TO MARS 2024 TYPE III/IV- – LANDING LMST FOR PROGRADE ENTRIES

FIGURE 371: EARTH TO MARS 2024 TYPE III/IV- – LANDING LMST FOR RETROGRADE ENTRIES FIGURE 372: EARTH TO MARS 2024 TYPE III/IV- – LMST OF THE ASCENDING NODE FOR NORTH AND SOUTH APPROACHES

FIGURE 373: EARTH TO MARS 2024 TYPE III/IV+ – LAUNCH AND ARRIVAL ENERGY

FIGURE 374: EARTH TO MARS 2024 TYPE III/IV+ – MAXIMUM REACHABLE NORTH AND SOUTH LATITUDE

FIGURE 375: EARTH TO MARS 2024 TYPE III/IV+ – LANDING LMST FOR PROGRADE ENTRIES

FIGURE 376: EARTH TO MARS 2024 TYPE III/IV+ – LANDING LMST FOR RETROGRADE ENTRIES FIGURE 377: EARTH TO MARS 2024 TYPE III/IV+ – LMST OF THE ASCENDING NODE FOR NORTH AND SOUTH APPROACHES

FIGURE 378: EARTH TO MARS 2026 TYPE I/II - LAUNCH AND ARRIVAL ENERGY

FIGURE 379: EARTH TO MARS 2026 TYPE I/II – MAXIMUM REACHABLE NORTH AND SOUTH LATITUDE

FIGURE 380: EARTH TO MARS 2026 TYPE I/II – LANDING LMST FOR PROGRADE ENTRIES

FIGURE 381: EARTH TO MARS 2026 TYPE I/II – LANDING LMST FOR RETROGRADE ENTRIES

FIGURE 382: EARTH TO MARS 2026 TYPE I/II – LMST OF THE ASCENDING NODE FOR NORTH AND SOUTH APPROACHES

FIGURE 383: EARTH TO MARS 2026 TYPE III/IV- – LAUNCH AND ARRIVAL ENERGY

FIGURE 384: EARTH TO MARS 20262 TYPE III/IV- – MAXIMUM REACHABLE NORTH AND SOUTH LATITUDE

FIGURE 385: EARTH TO MARS 2026 TYPE III/IV- – LANDING LMST FOR PROGRADE ENTRIES

FIGURE 386: EARTH TO MARS 2026 TYPE III/IV- – LANDING LMST FOR RETROGRADE ENTRIES FIGURE 387: EARTH TO MARS 2026 TYPE III/IV- – LMST OF THE ASCENDING NODE FOR NORTH AND SOUTH APPROACHES

FIGURE 388: EARTH TO MARS 2026 TYPE III/IV+ – LAUNCH AND ARRIVAL ENERGY

FIGURE 389: EARTH TO MARS 2026 TYPE III/IV+ – MAXIMUM REACHABLE NORTH AND SOUTH LATITUDE

FIGURE 390: EARTH TO MARS 2026 TYPE III/IV+ – LANDING LMST FOR PROGRADE ENTRIES

FIGURE 391: EARTH TO MARS 2026 TYPE III/IV+ – LANDING LMST FOR RETROGRADE ENTRIES FIGURE 392: EARTH TO MARS 2026 TYPE III/IV+ – LMST OF THE ASCENDING NODE FOR NORTH AND SOUTH APPROACHES

FIGURE 393: EARTH TO MARS 2028 TYPE I/II - LAUNCH AND ARRIVAL ENERGY

FIGURE 394: EARTH TO MARS 2028 TYPE I/II – MAXIMUM REACHABLE NORTH AND SOUTH LATITUDE

FIGURE 395: EARTH TO MARS 2028 TYPE I/II – LANDING LMST FOR PROGRADE ENTRIES

FIGURE 396: EARTH TO MARS 2028 TYPE I/II – LANDING LMST FOR RETROGRADE ENTRIES

FIGURE 397: EARTH TO MARS 2028 TYPE I/II – LMST OF THE ASCENDING NODE FOR NORTH AND SOUTH APPROACHES

FIGURE 398: EARTH TO MARS 2028 TYPE III/IV- – LAUNCH AND ARRIVAL ENERGY

FIGURE 399: EARTH TO MARS 20282 TYPE III/IV- – MAXIMUM REACHABLE NORTH AND SOUTH LATITUDE

FIGURE 400: EARTH TO MARS 2028 TYPE III/IV- – LANDING LMST FOR PROGRADE ENTRIES

FIGURE 401: EARTH TO MARS 2028 TYPE III/IV- – LANDING LMST FOR RETROGRADE ENTRIES FIGURE 402: EARTH TO MARS 2028 TYPE III/IV- – LMST OF THE ASCENDING NODE FOR NORTH AND SOUTH APPROACHES

FIGURE 403: EARTH TO MARS 2028 TYPE III/IV+ – LAUNCH AND ARRIVAL ENERGY

FIGURE 404: EARTH TO MARS 2028 TYPE III/IV+ – MAXIMUM REACHABLE NORTH AND SOUTH LATITUDE

FIGURE 405: EARTH TO MARS 2028 TYPE III/IV+ – LANDING LMST FOR PROGRADE ENTRIES

FIGURE 406: EARTH TO MARS 2028 TYPE III/IV+ – LANDING LMST FOR RETROGRADE ENTRIES FIGURE 407: EARTH TO MARS 2028 TYPE III/IV+ – LMST OF THE ASCENDING NODE FOR NORTH AND SOUTH APPROACHES

FIGURE 408: EARTH TO MARS 2031 TYPE I/II - LAUNCH AND ARRIVAL ENERGY

FIGURE 409: EARTH TO MARS 2031 TYPE I/II – MAXIMUM REACHABLE NORTH AND SOUTH LATITUDE

FIGURE 410: EARTH TO MARS 2031 TYPE I/II – LANDING LMST FOR PROGRADE ENTRIES

FIGURE 411: EARTH TO MARS 2031 TYPE I/II – LANDING LMST FOR RETROGRADE ENTRIES

FIGURE 412: EARTH TO MARS 2031 TYPE I/II – LMST OF THE ASCENDING NODE FOR NORTH AND SOUTH APPROACHES

FIGURE 413: EARTH TO MARS 2031 TYPE III/IV- – LAUNCH AND ARRIVAL ENERGY

FIGURE 414: EARTH TO MARS 20312 TYPE III/IV- – MAXIMUM REACHABLE NORTH AND SOUTH LATITUDE

FIGURE 415: EARTH TO MARS 2031 TYPE III/IV- – LANDING LMST FOR PROGRADE ENTRIES

FIGURE 416: EARTH TO MARS 2031 TYPE III/IV- – LANDING LMST FOR RETROGRADE ENTRIES FIGURE 417: EARTH TO MARS 2031 TYPE III/IV- – LMST OF THE ASCENDING NODE FOR NORTH AND SOUTH APPROACHES

FIGURE 418: EARTH TO MARS 2031 TYPE III/IV+ – LAUNCH AND ARRIVAL ENERGY

xv

FIGURE 419: EARTH TO MARS 2031 TYPE III/IV+ – MAXIMUM REACHABLE NORTH AND SOUTH LATITUDE

FIGURE 420: EARTH TO MARS 2031 TYPE III/IV+ – LANDING LMST FOR PROGRADE ENTRIES

FIGURE 421: EARTH TO MARS 2031 TYPE III/IV+ – LANDING LMST FOR RETROGRADE ENTRIES FIGURE 422: EARTH TO MARS 2031 TYPE III/IV+ – LMST OF THE ASCENDING NODE FOR NORTH AND SOUTH APPROACHES

FIGURE 423: EARTH TO MARS 2033 TYPE I/II - LAUNCH AND ARRIVAL ENERGY

FIGURE 424: EARTH TO MARS 2033 TYPE I/II – MAXIMUM REACHABLE NORTH AND SOUTH LATITUDE

FIGURE 425: EARTH TO MARS 2033 TYPE I/II – LANDING LMST FOR PROGRADE ENTRIES

FIGURE 426: EARTH TO MARS 2033 TYPE I/II – LANDING LMST FOR RETROGRADE ENTRIES

FIGURE 427: EARTH TO MARS 2033 TYPE I/II – LMST OF THE ASCENDING NODE FOR NORTH AND SOUTH APPROACHES

FIGURE 428: EARTH TO MARS 2033 TYPE III/IV- – LAUNCH AND ARRIVAL ENERGY

FIGURE 429: EARTH TO MARS 20332 TYPE III/IV- – MAXIMUM REACHABLE NORTH AND SOUTH LATITUDE

FIGURE 430: EARTH TO MARS 2033 TYPE III/IV- – LANDING LMST FOR PROGRADE ENTRIES

FIGURE 431: EARTH TO MARS 2033 TYPE III/IV- – LANDING LMST FOR RETROGRADE ENTRIES FIGURE 432: EARTH TO MARS 2033 TYPE III/IV- – LMST OF THE ASCENDING NODE FOR NORTH AND SOUTH APPROACHES

FIGURE 433: EARTH TO MARS 2033 TYPE III/IV+ – LAUNCH AND ARRIVAL ENERGY

FIGURE 434: EARTH TO MARS 2033 TYPE III/IV+ – MAXIMUM REACHABLE NORTH AND SOUTH LATITUDE

FIGURE 435: EARTH TO MARS 2033 TYPE III/IV+ – LANDING LMST FOR PROGRADE ENTRIES

FIGURE 436: EARTH TO MARS 2033 TYPE III/IV+ – LANDING LMST FOR RETROGRADE ENTRIES FIGURE 437: EARTH TO MARS 2033 TYPE III/IV+ – LMST OF THE ASCENDING NODE FOR NORTH AND SOUTH APPROACHES

FIGURE 438: EARTH TO MARS 2035 TYPE I/II - LAUNCH AND ARRIVAL ENERGY

FIGURE 439: EARTH TO MARS 2035 TYPE I/II – MAXIMUM REACHABLE NORTH AND SOUTH LATITUDE

FIGURE 440: EARTH TO MARS 2035 TYPE I/II – LANDING LMST FOR PROGRADE ENTRIES

FIGURE 441: EARTH TO MARS 2035 TYPE I/II – LANDING LMST FOR RETROGRADE ENTRIES

FIGURE 442: EARTH TO MARS 2035 TYPE I/II – LMST OF THE ASCENDING NODE FOR NORTH AND SOUTH APPROACHES

FIGURE 443: EARTH TO MARS 2035 TYPE III/IV- – LAUNCH AND ARRIVAL ENERGY

FIGURE 444: EARTH TO MARS 20352 TYPE III/IV- – MAXIMUM REACHABLE NORTH AND SOUTH LATITUDE

FIGURE 445: EARTH TO MARS 2035 TYPE III/IV- – LANDING LMST FOR PROGRADE ENTRIES

FIGURE 446: EARTH TO MARS 2035 TYPE III/IV- – LANDING LMST FOR RETROGRADE ENTRIES FIGURE 447: EARTH TO MARS 2035 TYPE III/IV- – LMST OF THE ASCENDING NODE FOR NORTH AND SOUTH APPROACHES

FIGURE 448: EARTH TO MARS 2035 TYPE III/IV+ – LAUNCH AND ARRIVAL ENERGY

FIGURE 449: EARTH TO MARS 2035 TYPE III/IV+ – MAXIMUM REACHABLE NORTH AND SOUTH LATITUDE

FIGURE 450: EARTH TO MARS 2035 TYPE III/IV+ – LANDING LMST FOR PROGRADE ENTRIES

FIGURE 451: EARTH TO MARS 2035 TYPE III/IV+ – LANDING LMST FOR RETROGRADE ENTRIES FIGURE 452: EARTH TO MARS 2035 TYPE III/IV+ – LMST OF THE ASCENDING NODE FOR NORTH AND SOUTH APPROACHES

FIGURE 453: EARTH TO MARS 2037 TYPE I/II - LAUNCH AND ARRIVAL ENERGY

FIGURE 454: EARTH TO MARS 2037 TYPE I/II – MAXIMUM REACHABLE NORTH AND SOUTH LATITUDE

FIGURE 455: EARTH TO MARS 2037 TYPE I/II – LANDING LMST FOR PROGRADE ENTRIES

FIGURE 456: EARTH TO MARS 2037 TYPE I/II – LANDING LMST FOR RETROGRADE ENTRIES

FIGURE 457: EARTH TO MARS 2037 TYPE I/II – LMST OF THE ASCENDING NODE FOR NORTH AND SOUTH APPROACHES

FIGURE 458: EARTH TO MARS 2037 TYPE III/IV- – LAUNCH AND ARRIVAL ENERGY

FIGURE 459: EARTH TO MARS 20372 TYPE III/IV- – MAXIMUM REACHABLE NORTH AND SOUTH LATITUDE

FIGURE 460: EARTH TO MARS 2037 TYPE III/IV- – LANDING LMST FOR PROGRADE ENTRIES

FIGURE 461: EARTH TO MARS 2037 TYPE III/IV- – LANDING LMST FOR RETROGRADE ENTRIES FIGURE 462: EARTH TO MARS 2037 TYPE III/IV- – LMST OF THE ASCENDING NODE FOR NORTH AND SOUTH APPROACHES

FIGURE 463: EARTH TO MARS 2037 TYPE III/IV+ – LAUNCH AND ARRIVAL ENERGY

FIGURE 464: EARTH TO MARS 2037 TYPE III/IV+ – MAXIMUM REACHABLE NORTH AND SOUTH LATITUDE

FIGURE 465: EARTH TO MARS 2037 TYPE III/IV+ – LANDING LMST FOR PROGRADE ENTRIES

FIGURE 466: EARTH TO MARS 2037 TYPE III/IV+ – LANDING LMST FOR RETROGRADE ENTRIES FIGURE 467: EARTH TO MARS 2037 TYPE III/IV+ – LMST OF THE ASCENDING NODE FOR NORTH AND SOUTH APPROACHES

FIGURE 468: EARTH TO MARS 2039 TYPE I/II -…