J.3 Hiawatha NF - Exhibits 1-11.pdf

Zone 1 - Ottawa National Forest

Zone 3 - Hiawatha National Forest - East Zone

Zone 2 - Hiawatha National Forest - West Zone

Ottawa & Hiawatha National Forests Vicinity Map

Iron

DELTA

LUCEMARQUETTEGogebic

BaragaOntonagan

CHIPPEWAALGER

Houghton

MACKINAC

Dickinson

SCHOOLCRAFT

Menominee

KEWEENAW

Exhibit 1

Exhibit 2 – Land Surveying Job Hazard Analysis

FS-6700-7 (01/01)

U.S. Department of Agriculture 1. WORK PROJECT/ACTIVITY 2. LOCATION 3. UNIT Forest Service

Land Surveying Huron-Manistee National Forests Huron-Manistee N.F.

JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS (JHA) 4. NAME OF ANALYST 5. JOB TITLE 6. DATE PREPARED

References-FSH 6709.11 and -12 (Instructions on Reverse) Carol A. Waite Forest Land Surveyor January 2008

7. TASKS/PROCEDURES 8. HAZARDS 9. ABATEMENT ACTIONS

Engineering Controls * Substitution * Administrative Controls * PPE

Driving to, from and at Site

Corner search, monumentation, and traversing

Power Tool Use:

Brush Cutter, Chain saw

Hand Cutting Tool Use:

Axe, Sandvik, Machete

Posting and Painting

Vehicle Accidents

Highway Traffic, Flying Objects, Flammable Substance, Heavy Loads

Cutting self or others, Flying Objects, Fires, Kick out

Cutting self or others

Impacts from posts or driver, splash or spray of paint

Perform safety checks on vehicle before driving, wear safety belt, use defensive driving techniques, at work site park vehicle in a location that will not impede the normal flow of traffic and facing in the direction of departure. When backing, always use a spotter if available. When a spotter is not available, the driver shall make a visual inspection around vehicle prior to backing. When turning around, always face the danger. FSH 6709.11, 12.

Post signs and safety cones when working along roads. Wear high visibility safety vest.

Use spotter on hills and curves.

Wear hardhat, eye protection and gloves when digging in roadways. Follow manufacturer’s safety guidelines for use of chipping hammer and torch to thaw gravel roads in winter and proper outside storage of portable propane tank.

Make additional trips instead of carrying too many pieces of equipment or materials.

Wear proper PPE: Chaps, hardhat, long sleeved shirt, leather gloves, hearing protection, eye protection heavy-duty non-slip leather boots or waterproof rubber boots with steel toes. Utilize spotter when falling trees. Maintain safe working distance from operator of at least 2 ½ tree lengths for chainsaw and 50ft for brush cutter. Predetermine escape routes and use safety zone concept when falling. Follow manufacturer’s safety guidelines for proper use and storage of power tools. Ensure proper maintenance of equipment and perform daily checks. Set HOT power tools in litter free area to avoid the chance of fire and avoid skin contact with hot parts. Be aware of environmental conditions; (i.e., terrain, footing, weather conditions, time of year – foliage, nearby objects such as fence wire). Fatigue: Take regular breaks. Slow pace in hot weather. Drink plenty of fluids. ALL chainsaw operators must be certified as a faller (see FSH 6709.11, 22.48).

Wear proper PPE: Hardhat, leather gloves, leg protection, eye protection, heavy-duty non-slip leather boots or cut-resistant waterproof rubber boots.

Cut away from one’s body. Maintain firm grip on tool. Place tool in proper sheath when not in use. Maintain proper work spacing – minimum 10 feet.

Keep tools sharp and well maintained. When sharpening tools, use proper technique to prevent cuts, wear gloves, eye protection and use file guards.

Wear proper PPE – hardhat, gloves, eye protection, heavy duty non-slip leather boots or waterproof rubber boots.

Inspect driver for chips or broken welds. Upstroke of driver should not be greater than 2/3 the length of the driver.

Driving ATV and Snowmobile

Working Conditions

Emergency Evacuation Plan

Accidents, breakdowns

Slips, falls, cuts, bee stings, insect bites, sun exposure, lightning, falling objects, electric shock, fatigue and heat stress, frostbite

Illness or Injury

Avoid skin contact with paint, follow manufacturer’s Material Safety Data Sheet for cleanup procedures.

Only certified personnel will operate. Wear helmet, gloves and eye protection. Watch for holes, steep terrain, slow down when visibility is poor. Make sure machines are in good working order and perform daily checks. Be aware of how far away from your vehicle you are in case of breakdown, always carry a portable radio. FSH 6709.11, 13.

Be aware of weather conditions; (i.e., slipping because of dampness - snow or rain, wind conditions, taking breaks and drinking 1 liter of water per hour on hot, humid days, seek shelter when storms approach). Keep hydrated in all conditions.

Be aware of footing at all times and terrain you are walking on. Wear non-slip leather boots on upland, rubber boots in swamps, and insulated non-slip boots in winter.

Wear proper clothing in the summer and dress in warm layers in the winter. Carry multiple pairs of gloves in wet, cold weather.

Have first aid and bee sting kits available. Watch for sting reactions. Watch for other insects, animals, and plants which could pose a danger. Maintain First Aid and CPR certifications.

Use sunscreen and/or insect repellant when appropriate. Minimize UV exposure.

Be aware of power lines overhead, even running through the forest.

FSH 6709.11, 54.

Inform office of your destination and proposed return time. If working alone, follow Forest check-in/check-out procedure. Carry portable radio and stay in contact at all times. In case of serious illness or injury, notify office by radio or phone to request EMS. Use Bloodborne Pathogens precautions. Notify your supervisor as soon as possible of the incident and complete necessary paperwork.

10. LINE OFFICER SIGNATURE 11. TITLE 12. DATE

Previous edition is obsolete (over)

HA Instructions (References-FSH 6709.11 and .12)

The JHA shall identify the location of the work project or activity, the name of employee(s) writing the JHA, the date(s) of development, and the name of the appropriate line officer approving it. The supervisor acknowledges that employees have read and understand the contents, have received the required training, and are qualified to perform the work project or activity.

Blocks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6: Self-explanatory.

Block 7: Identify all tasks and procedures associated with the work project or activity that have potential to cause injury or illness to personnel and damage to property or material. Include emergency evacuation procedures (EEP).

Block 8: Identify all known or suspect hazards associated with each respective task/procedure listed in block 7. For example:

a. Research past accidents/incidents

b. Research the Health and Safety Code, FSH 6709.11 or other appropriate literature.

c. Discuss the work project/activity with participants

d. Observe the work project/activity

e. A combination of the above

Emergency Evacuation Instructions (Reference FSH 6709.11)

Work supervisors and crew members are responsible for developing and discussing field emergency evacuation procedures (EEP) and alternatives in the event a person(s) becomes seriously ill or injured at the worksite.

Be prepared to provide the following information:

a. Nature of the accident or injury (avoid using victim's name).

b. Type of assistance needed, if any (ground, air, or water evacuation)

c. Location of accident or injury, best access route into the worksite (road name/number), identifiable ground/air landmarks.

d. Radio frequency(s).

e. Contact person.

f. Local hazards to ground vehicles or aviation.

g. Weather conditions (wind speed & direction, visibility, temp).

h. Topography.

i. Number of person(s) to be transported

j. Estimated weight of passengers for air/water evacuation.

The items listed above serve only as guidelines for the development of emergency evacuation procedures.

JHA and Emergency Evacuation Procedures Acknowledgment Block 9: Identify appropriate actions to reduce or eliminate the hazards identified in block 8.

Abatement measures listed below are in the order of the preferred abatement method:

We, the undersigned work leader and crew members, acknowledge participation in the development of this JHA (as applicable) and accompanying emergency evacuation procedures.

We have thoroughly discussed and understand the provisions of each of these documents:

a. Engineering Controls (the most desirable method of abatement).

For example, ergonomically designed tools, equipment, and SIGNATURE DATE SIGNATURE DATE furniture.

b. Substitution. For example, switching to high flash point, non-toxic solvents.

Work Leader

c. Administrative Controls. For example, limiting exposure by reducing the work schedule; establishing appropriate procedures and practices.

d. PPE (least desirable method of abatement). For example, using hearing protection when working with or close to portable machines (chain saws, rock drills portable water pumps)

e. A combination of the above.

Block 10: The JHA must be reviewed and approved by a line officer. Attach a copy of the JHA as justification for purchase orders when procuring PPE

Blocks 11 and 12: Self-explanatory.

PROPERTY

BOUNDARY

NGM

FOVA>t land behind this sign e 54-2 7" >< 10" Black on yellow and reverse

FSN 9906-00-890,4868

LAND SURVEY

MONUMENT

54.9

Please do not disturb TIils ........ WIS locate4 IS part of .. offldal NIN ..,.,,. It Hips clefiu NIN ewursltip liaes

7" X 10"

Black on yellow

FSN 9905-00-436-9664

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Exhibit National Forest Signs s; Q

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BEARING

TREE

CORNER IS APPROXIMATELY

OtR[CTIOltl

T

I I OISTAltlCE

CORltlO c=J TRACTf 1.... _ ___, POSTED BY c::::::J DATEc::J 0 , .. , 0

54-3 41'" x 5" Black on yellow (the small rectangular - denoted by direction, distance, T, R, etc. on the illustration are not primed or painted) FSN 9906-00-880-48d

T.

FOREST O SEFIVIC£

LOCATIO!t POST£R

11.r---'l 5 4 3 2 I

• 9 IO II 12

17 16 15 14 13

20 21 22 23 24

29 28 27 26 25

32 33 34 35 M

TACK INOICATES LOCATION OF POSTER llt:ARING c::::::::I ....-----, DISTAHCEc::::::J TO CORNER..._____.

POST£0 BY c::::::::I OATEc=:::J

54-5 4½'x5" Black on yellow (the small rectangular areas denoted by direction, distance, T, R, etc. on the illustration are not primed or painted)

FSN 99()5..00-927-3822

:E cc a: ::ii= w a: . �' .. ·1 00 I !� ! ! ·;

cn:::>a:>w> I !i 1h Iii cwaite Typewritten Text cwaite Typewritten Text cwaite Typewritten Text cwaite Typewritten Text cwaite Typewritten Text

PS #

cwaite Typewritten Text

YEAR

cwaite Typewritten Text

PS #

cwaite Typewritten Text cwaite Typewritten Text

YEAR

cwaite Typewritten Text cwaite Typewritten Text cwaite Typewritten Text cwaite Typewritten Text cwaite Typewritten Text cwaite Typewritten Text cwaite Typewritten Text cwaite Typewritten Text cwaite Typewritten Text cwaite Typewritten Text

NATIONAL FOREST LAND

B.T.

9 ADJOINING

Do not blaze trees LANDS / on private land. A I � sign 54-3 and red I / 30 Min. B.T.

band are required

G k _ f) unless private land ', _ - -owner has an objection ' , -or BT falls in visually corner - - -----sensitive area. Monument

Sign 54-3 and Blaze

Facing Corner

TYPICAL PLAN VIEW OF BEARING TREE LAYOUT

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*See BLM "Durability of Bearing Trees" guide for BT selection.

lfl +I

Sectionalize Lands Metes And Bounds

4"-6" Red r.' ace blaze for BT ID durin 'I periods of snow cover. No scibing, paint red. *The onl acceptable tool for blazing is an axe.

60d or larger spk at center of tree in root crown.

• Distance measurement may require plumbing at

,�····: aj I •

--tif!ff-11-Sign 54-3 BT Tag

*Use 1/8" stamp set on tag.

Use 2 20d galvinized nails at center top and bottom of tag.

Leave nails protruding ±2" for tree growth.

Scribing "BT" and painting red is required. Scribing comer designation per BLM manual is optional. Blazes should be kept as small and narrow as possible.

TYPICAL BEARING TREE ON NATIONAL FDREST LAND

Exhibit 4 - Corner Monumentation and Bearing Trees cwaite Typewritten Text

IDENTIFICATION OF CORNERS ON SUBDIVISION OF SECTION LINES

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Aoz• v;5, �Vici•� 't("'ffW•lff'.

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S£0S£-S£

-7 i<n•- �024"

Exhibit 4 - Corner Monumentation and Bearing Trees

Native Stone ,.--..,F='9--l===.;c;.!ii'1;..l!J.-.-- 1.0

111, .: •. ,",. ll �--· .·1e

/ll�II ,:i•,·.. :

-_:.-Compacted SoiJ

;;;: :·. . ...-Jill rn[··· ·.· -Trench _. : . · . · · fi'i

Perimeter Uf . · : . I� i:. ·._..-I';;- : < ·.:-1 ., !Kj, • • • ?:!.

Ii!" .. · ··fill ���u,s

Monument Design may vary.

See Supplemental Specifications of type of monument to be used.

TYPICAL SECTION VIEW

TOWNSHIP

SECTION

TTN

R1E R2E S 36 S31

S1 S6

T6N

:, T2N R7W

S8R6W

ORIGINAL GROUND

LINE

// ',j;

TYPICAL ROCK TABLET INS TALLATION

NO TES:

1. Roel< Tablets shall be used ,n sohd rock or in large planted stones ,mpract,cal to remove.

2. The Contractor shall clean the rock sur face and provide for drainage.

3. Rock tablets shall be flush to surface.

T21S R3E I R4E

S1

T22S R4E

SC T12N R17E T9N T16N

T21N

I

R9E R6E R7E R7E I ASE

S33 S34 S16 S15 S13 S18 S7 S3 S21 S22 S24 S19 3

T20N R9E

QUARTER CORNEA MEANDER CORNER CLOSING CORNER

T3S R9W

S15 S22

Notes:

T7N R1E

1. The markings on the cap shall be made to read from the south side of the monument.

2. In addition to the markings shown, the land surveyor's registration number and the year the monument is established shall be stamped on the cap.

3. See the Manual for specific comer markings.

T1N m O G) cc :D 5 ?:; R7E

Exhibit 4 - Corner Monumentation and Bearing Trees cwaite Typewritten Text cwaite Typewritten Text

PS #

cwaite Typewritten Text Year cwaite Typewritten Text

Exhibit 4 – Subdivision Corner Monumentation Stamping

In addition to year set, also stamp PS number along lower perimeter of cap.

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NU

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USE OF FACE AND QUARTER BLAZES

U.S. FOREST SERVICE LAND

PROPERTY LINE

(FACE

BLAZES

PRIVATE PROPERTY OR OTHER LAND

TYPICAL SIGN AND POST INSTALLATION

ADJOINERS LAND

NATIONAL FOREST LAND

EXAMPLE PLAN VIEW OF BOUNDARY LINE SHOWING SIGN PLACEMENTS

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EXAMPLE PROFILE OF BOUNDARY LINE SHOWING SIGN PLACEMENT

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54-2 Signs on All B.T. 's

Exhibit 5 Property Line Marking cwaite Typewritten Text No Blaze cwaite Typewritten Text

QUARTER BLAZE ....,•11

( Irr Bre.c.s-r Mlt. Li;.HT)

FOREST SERVICE

PROPERTY

HACK

.(«e

FACE BLAZE

L1.,Jc, -rue.

BLAZE

Exhibit 5 - Property Line Marking

QUARTfR BLAZE

O'FF - L.•�E

-r'�IC.I:'..

BLAZES

HACl<S ( Ol'>T"loiJAI..}

DURABILITY

OF

BEARING

TREES

CADASTRAL SURVEY TRAINING STAFF

Exhibit 6 cwaite Typewritten Text Exhibit 7 cwaite Typewritten Text

INTRODUCTION

This booklet is prepared as a guide, to aid in the search for old bearing trees as well as in marking new trees.

TREE SPECIES AND GENERAL DURABILITY

It is impossible to make a firm statement concerning the durability of trees by type or species. Generally speaking the most durable trees are the non-resinous conifers: yew, cedar and redwood. The hemlocks are non-resinous but are very inferior to the previous three.

Next in order are the resinous conifers: pines, firs, spruce and tam arack or larch. But lodgepole pine is inferior in most cases to fir and white fir inferior to spruce. The deciduous hardwoods are the least desirable: maple, alder, birch, willow. Exceptions are some of the desert species, such as ironwood,and the white oak and live oak types.

The durability of a tree when marked for a bearing tree is of great importance to the Cadastral Surveyor. The original bearing trees are one of the primary methods used to determine the position of an original corner point. The surveyor must be able to identify the many tree species for which he is searching, not only by the proper common name but also by the common name used by the original surveyor. He should know what to expect in his search because of the widely divergent growth habits, growth rate, life span and resistance to decay of the many tree types. The methods of blazing and marking the trees by the original surveyor will play a large part in the search also. When marking new bearing trees judgement must be made in selecting the most durable species available and proper method of marking to prevent excessive injury, or even destruction of the tree.

When marking a bearing tree be sure of the identification and enter the correct common name in the field notes. Distinguish between the various species in the tree family. There is a world of difference between a Ponderosa pine and a Knob cone pine; or a California live oak and a California black oak!!

EFFECTS OF MATURITY

The normal life span of a tree is of primary importance. The black locust is highly resistant to decay but has a normal life span of only about 100 years, though some may attain a greater age. On the other hand the wood of Douglas-fir is considered only moderately resistant to decay but the tree may live over a thousand years (left unmolested) and is known to be an excellent bearing tree. Another contradictory example is the California black oak; this tree may live to over 300 years of age, yet is so susceptible to decay when injured that it is a poor choice for a bearing tree. Thus the life span is only an indication of what may be a good tree for witnessing a corner.

When searching for original bearing trees the size at maturity, expected life span, and growth rate are very important. lf a tree which has an expected life span of 200 years and 24 inches diameter at maturity was marked when 20 inches diameter the tree was already near maturity. The blaze would be slow to heal, decay sets in and the tree soon dies, falls and disappears. If the field notes call for a mature tree the chances of recovery after 100 years or more are then greatly reduced.

Exhibit 6

In some cases the season of the year when marked is important. With deciduous hardwoods the dormant season is the most desirable time for blazing. The wound has a chance to heal and harden before insects and fungus are active and attack. In the northern states this will play a part in recovery possibilities. A tree marked in fall or winter would be more likely to survive than one marked in spring or summer.

This will be especially true of trees with a high sugar content in the sap, such as maple and birch.

METHOD OF BLAZING

The methods of blazing and marking by the original surveyor are also very important. If the original surveyor made large blazes, cutting deeply into the tree,the loss is much greater from decay. If the blazes were made high on the tree logging will remove the entire blaze.

Fortunately many of the original surveyors used a "double blaze"; the township, range and section on a blaze at breast height and a smaller "BT" blaze nearer the root crown. When logged the lower blaze frequently remains on the stump. The smooth barked trees and those with very thick bark were often bark scribed. The bark scribing expanded on the smooth barked trees as they grew and may be hard to detect though readily apparent to the experienced eye. On thick barked trees the bark was smoothed enough to scribe but no penetration made into the sapwood. This scribing may appear as disjointed lines or even be mistaken for worm or beatle "tracks". Sometimes the bark scribing is all but lost in the roughened and maturing bark.

The surveyor must keep an open mind at all times when searching for the original trees. He must consider not only the species of tree, time of year, size of tree, type of scribing, growth rate, life span and site location but also the characteristics of the original surveyor and the instructions which he had been given to govern his work.

When selecting new trees to mark for bearing trees at a corner several things must be considered. ls the tree young or near maturity, resistant to decay, long lived, well formed, suppressed by other (though inferior) trees, in a good location not subject to undercutting by a stream, large enough to receive all the marks and in good location in reference to the corner? Often there is very little choice,but when there is,all aspects should be considered. It is a well established fact that a large Douglas fir stump, with the bark removed, is superior to poor trees such as dog wood or cascara, and in most cases young alder.

The blazes should also be kept as small and narrow as possible, consistent with the amount of scribing required. The blaze should be smooth at the edges and carefully done to avoid breaking the bark loose from the cam bium layer. This is especially important whwn blazing trees such as birch, aspen and spruce. The bottom of the blaze should be smooth and well drained to avoid accumulation of sap, water, and dirt. This can fre quently be done with an upward stroke of the axe at the bottom of the blaze. On many species of smooth barked young trees bark scribing is preferred. If the only suitable trees available are too small to accept all the marks making a stull "BT" blaze at the root crown and marking the tree only "BT" is better than taking no tree at all. Manual require ments should always be fulfilled when possible but should never be used as an excuse to avoid marking bearing trees.

Much of the work performed by the Cadastral Surveyors today is dependent resurvey of intermingled ownership. An original bearing tree marked be fore the land was patented remains Federal property. But trees now standing on private lands are private property. Permission should always ii be acquired before marking privately owned trees, particularly highly prized trees such as walnut or hickory. Never use an ornamental tree in someone's yard�! Painting is recommended. When injured by blazing and scribing the tree is opened to attack by insects, bacteria and fungus. If the wound is painted with a special tree wound paint, manufactured for this purpose and available in aerosol spray cans, the tree is protected until it can heal the injury. Painting is essential on many trees to prevent swift loss to decay.

Many trees, such as lodgepole pine, aspen and alder, grow in dense stands when young. They carry on a continuous battle of "survival of the fittest". When injured by blazing, the tree must attempt to heal the wound and is then less able to survive the battle. When marking such a tree it is recommended that the tree be freed from its close competi tion. This is done by cutting down, or "ringing" the close neighbors in a thinning process, called releasing. Releasing gives the bearing tree the advantage in the battle for sunlight, water, air and nutrients.

Releasing is not always possible or prudent; on private lands the land owner may willingly give permission for cutting of survey lines or marking bearing trees, but would object to releasing. Dense thickets of hawthorn or vine maple make releasing nearly, if not totally, impossible at times.

It should be done however, whenever ground conditions dictate or permit.

ARRANGEMENT OF LIST

This list is prepared by the common name of the tree. The common names are listed in capital letters. Many trees are very similar in appearance or durability and are listed together in the interest of simplicity and brevity. This should not be construed that the names are interchangeable.

Following the common name is the scientific name, always the genus and in most cases the species. Next is given a list of other common names which may have been used by the original surveyor in his field notes. The original surveyor may have called for a redwood where none exist, the tree was actually an incense-cedar. Or he may have called for a hackma tack, the tamarack in Minnesota, when the tree was really a western larch.

These other names are cross-referenced in the index.

Following the other names is a grading ranging from unsuitable or very poor up to excellent. A tree graded very poor should be used only as a last resort and probably be supplemented with a mound of stone or other accessory. These grades are given as an aid in making the decision about which tree(s) should be used to witness a corner. The scale is generally based on young, vigorous trees and not mature or old growth trees.

Following the grading is a written narrative of what is known of the particular species, both as an original bearing tree and recommendation for use as a new bearing tree.

iii.

EASTERN WHITE PINE (Pinus Strobus)

Other names: Pine, northern pine, soft pine; may appear as "black pine" or "conk pine"

EXCELLENT

In the Eastern States and Great Lakes Region "Paul Bunyan" logged the white pine.

It was one of the more widely used bearing trees by the original surveyors in

Minnesota, Michigan and Wisconsin. The blaze is usually completely healed but noticeable, and covered with a heavy pitch layer. Most trees were snow blazed as well. Fire hardened trees will last for many years. If dead the surrounding wood seems to decay readily but the pitch face will retain the scribing indefinitely. Logging and fire are the most probably causes of loss.

When marking the white pine keep the blaze narrow, low, and only deep enough to make a smooth blaze for scribing. Paint immediately.

RED (NORWAY) PINE (Pinus resinosa)

Other names: Hard pine, pitch pine, yellow pine, pine

EXCELLENT

The Norway is one of the ''hard" pines and has a superficial resemblance to the

Ponderosa Pine, The Norway is found only in the Great Lakes and Northeastern

States. This tree is at least as durable as the eastern white pine. They are found inter.mixed, though the Norway will survive under more adverse conditions and is more resistant to fires. The dead and fallen tree, or the sawed stumps, decay slowly. The blaze face pitches over, heals rapidly and may have little or no discernible scar after 75 or more years. Even though the bearing tree may have been logged the pitch face and overgrowth with reverse scribing will remain until destroyed by means other than decay.

Since this tree is heavily logged the blaze should be kept low, with the "BT" cloae to the ground. Paint the blaze immediately before pitch begins to flow.

JACK PINE (Pinus banksiana)

Other names: Pine, scrub pine, black pine; maybe confused with lodgepole pine

VERY GOOD

The Jack pine looks somewhat like the lodgepole pine of the Western states but is found only in the Great Lakes Region. The wood is hard, resistant to decay when dead and fallen. The blaze is seldom found completely healed b�t the scribe marks may sometimes still be read after being burned and charred.

Burned out stumps may still show the scribe marks, in reverse on the overgrowth of larger trees. When logged for pulp the stumps are usually cut very low to the ground. Slash burning may destroy all traces of scribing or the face. The burned stumps are like a "pine knot" and last indefinitely but are easily removed, like

"pulling a plug", from the sandy soil.

The Jack pine grows in dense stands on sandy soils. When marking for a bearing tree keep the blaze low and narrow. Paint thoroughly. Release if necessary and possible.

EASTERN HEMLOCK (Tsuga canadensis)

Other names: hemlock, hemlock spruce, spruce pine.

EXCELLENT

A tree found in the Great Lakes and northeastern states, the eastern hemlock is a much more hardy tree than its western relative.

The bark is much thicker and the tree is relatively free from loss by decay and fungus. It may reach 600 years of age and worst enemies are logging and fire. If the tree has died and fallen the dried blaze face may still remain. The rolled stump is reddish brown and discolors the soil. A stump hole may be 12'' to 18" deep with a row of hard hemlock knots where the log has decayed. The wood decays quite rapidly but wet ground conditions will preserve the stump. The inner bark is a reddish cinnamon color which would aid in identification. The sound wood in a decaying tree is very hard and ill-smelling.

When marking for a bearing tree select the younger trees 6" to 12" diameter and avoid the knots with the blazing for they are very hard, like flint. Keep the blaze small, well drained, and paint thoroughly for there is no resin flow from the hemlocks- The sap is watery.

WESTERN LARCH (Larix occidentalis)

EASTERN LARCH or TAMARACK (Larix lariciana)

Other names: larch, tamarack, hackmatack, juniper

FAIR TO VERY GOOD

The western larch occurs in eastern Washington and Oregon to Idaho and western Montana. The eastern larch or tamarack is native to the

Great Lakes region from Minnesota to Maine and in interior Alaska.

Both species shed their needles in winter and appear dead during the dormant season. The western larch prefers moist soil but grows on dry slopes. Tamarack is usually found in swampy lands. Both trees are cut for lumber but are used extensively for fence posts and even for shake roofs.

Western larch is usually found with the blaze only partially healed, but may be completely healed under ideal conditions, with no noticeable scar. It is a dependable bearing tree and is nearly always recovered, even if dead, fallen or stumped. The blaze may be decayed to some extent but with some scribing remaining. The wood decays quite slowly. The tamarack is more rot resistant than the western larch.

Both trees grow in dense stands and many fallen trees may require examination. Because of the wet conditions that both trees prefer they are not lost to fire to any great extent, but fires will completely consume a dead tree.

Select young trees 8" or larger. Alaska reports problems with carpenter ants. Do not use trees that have a hollow sound when struck, or if there are ants in or near the larch. Keep the blaze narrow, well drained and through the sapwood. The larches are more long lasting if blazed when the sap is flowing, and more resis-tant to infection and attack by insects.

Release if in a dense stand.

Paint the wound thoroughly.

E�GEL�ANN SPRUCE (Picea engelmanni)

BLUE SPRUCE (Picea punge��)

Other names: spruce, silver spruce, white spruce; may have been confused with hemlock.

FAIR TO GOOD

Engelmann spruce occurs from eastern Oregon and Washington eastward through Idaho and Montana and Rocky Mountain region. Blue spruce is confined to the Central Rocky Mountain area. Though two distinct species they are very similar in durability a� a bearing tree. The wood is soft and decays quite rapidly. They are usually found with the blazes decayed, only partially healed and little trace of scribe marks. These trees favor moist stream bank areas, are long lived

(300 or more years) and grow slowly. They are subject to windthrow and the wood rots quickly once on the ground. Though resinous they do not produce a good pitch face to protect against decay of the blaze. Few are ever found with the blaze completely healed and protected.

Though not a "first choice" these spruces are better than aspen and birch with whicr they are usually found. Select young, healthy trees, 6" or larger. Use a narrow blaze, weli drained and paint thoroughly. Release if nece•sary but these trees do tolerate considerable shade.

l '1

BLACK SPRUCE (Picea mariana)

WHITE SPRUCE (Picea glauca)

Other names: swamp spruce, bog spruce; skunk spruce, Canadian spruce

POOR TO GOOD

These spruces are found in the Great Lakes region, through Canada, and are most prevalent in the interior regions of Alaska. Black spruce grows profusely in swamps, bogs and muskegs, and may be the only tree available in those locations. It is a slow growing tree and may be only 5" or 6" diameter when 400 years old. The white spruce favors wet conditions but does grow on higher lands and is usually larger than the black spruce and may be cut for lumber. It grows faster but has a shorter normal life span.

The original blazes on these spruces are seldom healed over. Fire may burn the open blazes with little trace of scribing remaining though it may be detected by side lighting. The bark is thin, the wood is soft and decays rapidly when on the usually wet ground. The root system is shallow and leaves no stump hole. Very few of these trees are recovered in the Great Lakes region, indicating they are not desirable bearing trees, if better species are available.

finds them to be better than tamarack, birch or aspen.

Alaska

Select trees at least 4" to 6" diameter. Keep the blaze small, just large enough to accommodate the required scribe marks. Blaze care-fully to avoid separating the bark from the cambium layer, and smoothly drained at the bottom. Paint thoroughly but not excessively.

Releasing may be necessary in dense stands. Prune off the lower limbs to a height of about 4 feet on the smaller trees.

NORTHERN WHITE-CEDAR (Thuja occidentalis)

EASTERN REDCEDAR (Juniperous virginiana)

Other names: arborvitae, swamp cedar, white cedar, tree-of�life; red cedar, red juniper

VERY GOOD

The white cedar is found in the Great Lakes region and the redcedar from the Great Lakes throughout the eastern states. Both are slow growing, long lived trees, 300 years or more. The white cedar is subject to heart-rot in the older or dead trees. The bark is fibrous giving them a shaggy appearance. White cedar favors a wet or swampy growing condition and is less subject to loss by fire.

Though usually hollow the white cedars are one of the most likely of the original bearing trees to be found in the Great Lakes region.

If still standing the blaze may be nearly or completely healed.

When fallen they decay very slowly and the wood has a distinctive

"cedar smell". These trees leave little or no stump hole.

Select young trees, over 8" diameter. Do not use hollow old growth white cedars. Keep the blaze narrow and well drained.

Paint thoroughly to retard weathering.

BALSAM fIR (Abies balsamea)

Other names: balsam, eastern fir.

POOR

The balsam fir is found from Minnesota to Maine in the Great

Lakes region. It is short lived, seldom over 100 years of age.

The bark is thin and usually covered with resin blisters. The wood decays rapidly when in contact with the ground. Any injury to the tree causes rapid infection and decay. The possibility of finding an original balsam fir bearing tree marked 100 years ago are very remote. The one tree reported as found had died and was lodged in an elevated position not in contact with the ground.

The wood is course grained and soon disintegrates.

If no better tree is available select the healthiest looking young tree 6" or so in diameter. Do not use old growth trees. Bark scribing is recommended. The bark scribing rapidly fills with pitch which should afford protection.

WHITE OAK (Quercus alba)

BUR OAK (Quercus macrocarpa)

Other names: stave oak; blue oak, scrub oak, oak.

VERY GOOD

The white oak is found over most of the country east of the

Mississippi. The bur oak is a central states tree, from North

Dakota to Ohio and south to Texas. They are very similar in appearance, slow growing and live to ages of 400 to 600 years.

The white oak is an upland tree. The bur oak prefers lowlands and stream banks.

posts.

Both trees are desirable for lumber and fence

The blaze tends to heal well and rapidly. The sapwood decays quick�y but once turned to heartwood is much more resistant to decay than the black oak species. On trees marked �00 years ago, if still alive, the blaze will be completely healed over.

will last for 20 years or more after cutting and may have

Stumps sprouted new trees . Care should be exercised to avoid mistaking beetle "tracks" for scribe marks. The "whorly" grain is quite pronounced for 2 or 3 inches out from the blaze face.

When marking one of these trees blaze through the sapwood but no deeper. Keep the blaze as low as possible and well drained. Paint thoroughly.

NORTHERN RED OAK (Quercus rubra)

BLACK OAK (Quercus velutina)

Other names: oak, red oak, gray oak; yellow oak

GOOD

The red oak is found from Minnesota to Maine and throughout the eastern states. Black oak occurs from southern Wisconsin and

Iowa throughout the east and south. They are both in the "black oak" group and are less desirable and durable as bearing trees than are the white oaks. The trees may live to 200 years if not cut for lumber. The red oak is more resistant to decay, is straight grained and very hard when dead and dry.

burn like coal and leave very littie ash.

The wood will

Though slow growing trees the original blaze would be weli healed on a live tree. The chance of finding a living tree after 100 years is very remote, because they were usually mature when marked.

The stumps rot away leaving a large stump hole which may contain pieces of root and wood. Once begun, the decay rate is rapid.

Look for second growth, or young trees to indicate the possible position of the original tree.

Keep the blaze as small as possible, just deep enough to penetrate the thin sapwood, weil drained, and near the ground.

thoroughly.

Paint

SUGAR MAPLE (Acer saccharum)

BLACK MAPLE (Acer nigrum)

Other. names: hard maple, rock maple, maple

VERY GOOD

These hard maples are found from Minnesota and Iowa to the New

England states. They reach an age of up to 400 years. These are the "best" of the maple family in terms of bearing trees.

In ideal conditions the blaze will heal quickly, often before decay sets in. There are no reports at this time (1972) of the recovery rate or other information concerning these trees as live original bearing trees. A decaying stump usually has the bark gone and the wood turns black. The stumps do not decay uniformly but do leave a distinct stump hole.

Keep the blaze as short and narrow as possible, smooth at the edges and smoothly drained. Paint thoroughly.

c8

SILVER MAPLE (Acer saccharinum)

Other names: scarlet maple, soft maple, water maple, white maple, maple.

POOR TO FAIR

These are the soft maple group found throughout the Great Lakes region, central and eastern states. They are rapid growing and short lived, seldom reaching more than 100 years of age.

There is Little if any chance of finding a live original bearing tree. The original surveyors marked nearly mature trees which are now gone. The stump decays rapidly but usually leaves a distinct stump h··le. New trees frequently �prout from the old stumps. A clump of maples may be a clue to the position of the original bearing tree.

The bark f the young red and silver maples is smooth. If better trees just aren't availJble it is suggested that young, smooth barked trees be selected and bark scribed. Use larger than normal letters and scribe deep enough to prevent disappearance of the scribing as the tree matures and bark roughens.

fungus infection.

Paint tc prevent

BOX ELDER (Acer negundo)

Other names: Ash-leaf maple, maple

VERY POOR

This tree is found from the Rock Mountain Region and throughout the Eastern

States. Though in the maple family it is much less desirable as a bearing tree. It grows very fast, does not live more than about 40-50 years and decays rapidly from any injury. The wood is pithy and soft, soon decaying to a mulch when dead.

Though the original surveyors undoubtedly marked this tree for a bearing tree none is known to have been recovered. The normal life span and rapid decay precludes the possibility of finding a box elder.

Not recommended. If nothing else available use a small (BT) blaze only and paint thoroughly.

WHITE ASH (Fraxinus americana)

BLACK ASH (Fraxinus nigra)

GREEN ASH (Fraxinus pennsylvenica)

Other names: Ash, red ash, swamp ash, water ash; may have been confused with basswood.

FAIR TO GOOD

The white and green ash are found throughout the eastern half of the adjacent

A states. The black ash is a northern tree of the Great Lakes Region and North eastern states. White ash and green ash are very similar, often being called one for the other. They favor upland areas. Black ash is usually found in low or stream bottom terrains. All are rather fast growing but hardy hardwoods.

The white and green ashes are the longer lived of the group and �ore resistant to decay. None have a life expectancy of more than 100 years.

There are no reports of recovered, life, ash bearing trees marked during the original surveys. The white and green ash stumps have thick and rough bark.

The wood is brownish in color. Black ash retains a lighter color, has open pores and the bark turns powdery in fine scales. All ashes decay rapidly when cut. The stumps often sprout new clumps of trees which may be matched to locate a corner.

The ashes are relatively thin barked. Blaze carefully to avoid separating the bark from cambium layers, well drained and scall a� possible. Release if in dense stands. Paint thoroughly.

EASTERN COTTONWOOD (Populus deltoides)

PLAINS COTTONPOOD (Populus sargentii)

Other names: cottonwood, eastern poplar; plains poplar.

POOR TO FAIR

These cottonwoods are found throughout the eastern and piains states as the names indicate. They are separate species but very similar in appearance, and are generaily just called cottonwood. These trees are rapid growing, reach sizes of up to 6 ft. diameter and have a life expentancy of about 125 years. Like all cottonwoods they thrive only along stream banks and river bottoms. The wood is soft and watery, very heavy when green but usually punky when dead or dying. The wood decays rapidly once on the ground.

These cottonwoods grow so rapidly that they will heal over almost any injury within a few years when young and vigorous. The blaze face will often be rotted out behind the overgrowth but scribing may be found in reverse. If a 10" or 12'' tree was originally marked the face may be behind 2 ft. or more of overgrowth with no evidence of the blaze in the rough bark. Once mature, death and decay set in rapidly, the tree soon disappears but if windthrown leaves a large stumphole. The principle objections to these trees is the short life and rapid decay of dead wood or injuries.

Select young trees, up to 10" diameter. Keep the blaze as small as possible and smoothly drained at the bottom. Release if in dense stand. Paint the blaze thoroughly.

QUAKING ASPEN {Populus tremuloides)

BIGTOOTH ASPEN (Populus grandidentata)

WHITE POPLAR (Populus alba)

Other names: aspen, popple, poplar, quaker.

POOR

Quaking aspen is found throughout the western states, Great Lakes region, northeastern states and interior Alaska. It is the most wide-spread of the populus genera. Bigtooth aspen is a tree of the Great Lakes and northeastern states. White poplar is an imported tree that has "gone wild" in many parts of the country and, when young, looks very similar to the aspens. All of these trees are short lived, soft, and decay rapidly when dead. The normal life span does not exceed 100 years. Aspen usually grows in dense stands and often reproduces as "suckers" from the roots of the parent tree. The bark on all but the largest trees is smooth.

The aspen are used for pulpwood in the Great Lakes region.

When bark scribed the original bearing trres have been found in good condition. When blazed decay soon destroys the tree. In dry conditions the blaze may harden before disease attacks. Dead trees are often held up by the densely growing neighbors and thus be well preserved for considerable time. Once in contact with the ground the wood rapidly decays and there is little chance of recovery. The aspen often leaves a distinct stump hole.

a clue to the original tree position.

Stool growth may also be

If aspen must be used for a bearing tree select the healthiest, more dominant tree, 6" to 8" diameter, bark scribe with larger than normal letters, to avoid tearing the bark. Bark scribing may be done with the sharp point of a pocket knife, cut into the bark without removing any of the bark as with the normal scribe. This leaves a thin line and when healed does not flake off. Release from dense stands. Do not use large aspen as they are usually near maturity.

Paint the scribing.

WILLOWS, including Bl.ACK, RED, PACIFIC, PEACHLEAF, CRACK, SCOULER (Salix species)

Other names: None other than willow

POOR

Of the willow family these species sometimes reach tree size, up to 20" or

24" diameter. All willows look pretty much alike to most surveyors. The o�iginal surveyors merely called them all willow so they are grouped here.

The willows named here are thought to be the most hardy. Some may live up to

150 years of age. The Black Willow of the Eastern States grows to tree size and is logged for lumber. It rarely exceeds 70 years of age. The wood of willows is soft and fibrous, decaying rapidly once dead. The willows require a moist stream bank type environment.

Very few original willow bearing trees have been found. If blazed, the scribing is rotted away and the tree may have a decayed hole completely through the trunk. This writer has seen only one willow that was bark scribed. The letters

BT were in the bark near the base and a large decayed hole above. Willow clumps will frequently be found at the record position of a willow bearing tree when the corner has been positively located by other evidence. It can be assumed that the clumps were stools of the bearing tree.

Do not mark willows for bearing trees except as a last resort. A sound Douglas fir stump with the bark removed would be preferred. If willow must be used try bark scribing if the bark is smooth enough. If not, keep the blaze as small as possible; "BT" only might be best. Paint thoroughly.

HAWTHORN (Crataegus, many species)

Other names: thornapple, haw

POOR

There are too many species of hawthorn (or thornapple) to list here. All are scrubby trees, usually no more than 6" in diameter.

They usually grow in dense thickets mixed with vine maple and crabapp�e on the Pacific slope. In the Great Lakes and eastern portion of the country they occur as single trees in open pastures and borders of woodlands. They are thorny, have hard wood, are short lived and decay quickly when dedd.

The original surveyors may have called hawthorn"crabapple� or vice versa. The sapwood is thick under a rough bark. The wood is hard to cut but decays quickly when dead and on the ground. Original hawthorn bedring trees are seldom found and when they are the blaze is badiy decayed, with little or no scribing remaining. Iden-tification of the bearing tree is had by reference to another before it can be certain the particuiar hawtnorn is the bearing tree searched for.

Avoid marking hawthorn for a bearing tree. If nothing better is available bark scribe if possible, or keep the blaze small, (a "BT'' blaze size is recommended over a full compliment of markings) and paint the wound thoroughly. Release if possible, but this is usually difficult in the dense entanglements.

PIN (FIRE) CHERRY (Prunus pensylvanica)

BLACK CHERRY (Prunus serotina)

BITTER CHERRY (Prunus emarginata)

HOLLYLEAF CHERRY (Prunus ilicifolia)

Other names: cherry, wild cherry

VERY POOR TO GOOD

The pin cherry is found in the northern part of the country from

Wyoming and Idaho to Maine. Black cherry is a tree of the Great

Lakes region and eastern ha.1.f of the country.

of 211" or more and an age of up to 300 years.

It reaches tree size

The black cherry is logged for commercial lumber and veneer. Bitter cherry is the cherry of the Pacific Northwest. Hollyleaf cherry is a tree of southern California, with holly like leaves but is usually a shrub.

The fruits of the black cherry and pin cherry are used to make jelly, wine and brandy. Of this group, only the black cherry is believed to be a good bearing tree.

There is no report of a recovered original cherry bearing tree.

Cherry rots quickly once dead and on the ground. Except for the black cherry it is doubtful that any one has ever recovered an original cherry bearing tree. The trees are thin barked, with thick sapwood, easily injured by fire, and injuries decay quickly.

If nothing else is available and cherry must be used bark scribe the tree. Do not snow blaz� and tag carefully. Paint the scribe marks. If b.1.azing must be done use a "BT" blaze only.

PAPER 6IRCH (Betula papyrifera)

YELLOW BIRCH (Betula aileghaniensis)

Other names: canoe birch, white birch, silver birch;

gray birch, swamp birch, birch.

FAIR

Paper birch is found throughout the Great Lakes region, and extreme n9rthern portion of the adjacent states. It is one of the most common trees in interior Alaska. Yellow birch is a tree of the Great Lakes region and northeastern states. Both are con-sidered short lived trees. Paper birch may reach 140 years of age and yellow birch up to 200 years. Both are rapid growing with a thin, "papery", bark, and reach 12" to 24'' in diameter. Though the wood is hard it decays very rapidly when dead. The stumps decay to a mulch and leave little or no stump hole, though portions of the bark often remain. Both trees stool into clumps. The yellow birch often takes root in old hemlock stumps, forming a raised root system, similar in type to the western hemlock. Yellow birch is the more durable of the two. If windthrown there is usually a fair sized stump hole remaining.

The original bearing trees of these species are sometimes found. If still standing the blaze is badly decayed with little or no trace of scribe marks. In ideal site conditions the trees have been found alive but mature and in poor condition. Do not discount the possi-bility of finding an original birch because they have been recovered.

Careful examination and search would be a must. Matching rotted stumps and clumps of birches could pay off with a recovered corner.

If using these birches select young trees, blaze very carefully to avoid separating the bark at the edges (they peel easily). Blaze to firm wood, use a sharp scribe and paint thoroughly. If a tree less than 6" is taken use bark scribing but the scribing would have to be deep into the bark and carefully done to avoid tearing.

Larger than normal letters would probably be best.

AMERICAN EL� (Ulmus americana)

SLIPPERY E:1,M ( UJ.mu· rubra)

ROCK E:LM (UJ.mus thomasii)

Other names: white eJ.m, soft e!m, wdter el�; 2ray eim red elm; cork elm, elm.

GOOD TO VE:RY GOOD

The elms are tree• of th, Great Lakes region and eastern half of the adjacent states. They are medium to rapid growing trees, favor bottom land , grow to 3 ft. or more in diameter and have a J.ife expectancy of !SO to 300 years if not 1ogged or killed by Dutch elm disease. Elms usually grow from seed but are known to grow up from root suckers of a dead or logged tree. '!"hese trees wiJ.J. cornpieteiy hedi an injury but a noticeabJ.e � ar usuaJ.ly remains in the rough bark.