FHWA_Highway_Construction_Noise_Handbook_2006.pdf

FHWA HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION NOISE

HANDBOOK

Final Report August 2006

Prepared for: Prepared by:

U.S. Department of Transportation U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration Research and Innovative Technology Administration Office of Natural and Human Environment John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center Washington, D.C. 20590 Environmental Measurement and Modeling Division, Acoustics Facility

Cambridge, MA 02142

U.S. Department of Transportation

Federal Highway Administration

FHWA-HEP-06-015

DOT-VNTSC-FHWA-06-02

NTIS No. PB2006-109012

NOTICE

This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation.

The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of this document.

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Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503.

1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank)

2. REPORT DATE

August 2006

3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED

Draft Report, January 2004 – August 2006

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

FHWA Highway Construction Noise Handbook

6. AUTHOR(S)

Knauer, Harvey(4), Pedersen, Soren(5), Reherman, Clay N.(2), Rochat, Judith L.(2), Thalheimer, Erich S.(3), Lau, Michael C.(2), Fleming, Gregg G.(2), Ferroni, Mark(1), Corbisier, Christopher(1)

5. FUNDING NUMBERS

HW-66/CS036

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)

U.S. Department of Transportation Research and Innovative Technology Administration John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center Environmental Measurement and Modeling Division, DTS-34 Cambridge, MA 02142

8. PERFORMING

ORGANIZATION

REPORT NUMBER

DOT-VNTSC-FHWA-06-

9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)

U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration Office of Natural and Human Environment Washington, DC 20590

10.

SPONSORING/MONITORING

AGENCY REPORT NUMBER

FHWA-HEP-06-015

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

(1) U.S. Department of Transportation (2) U.S. Department of Transportation (3) Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas Federal Highway Administration Research and Innovative Technology Administration 75 Arlington St.

Office of Natural and Human Environment John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center Boston, MA 02116 Washington, DC 20590 Environmental Measurement and Modeling Division Cambridge, MA 02142

(4) Environmental Acoustics, Inc. (5) Catseye Services 5801 Grayson Rd., Unit 1 26 Warrender Ave.

Harrisburg, PA 17111 Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada M9B 5Z2

12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA 22161. The NTIS Accession No. is PB2006-109012.

12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words) The John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center Acoustics Facility (VCAF), in support of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Office of Natural and Human Environment, has developed the Highway Construction Noise Handbook (the Handbook). The Handbook provides guidance to U.S. state transportation agencies in measuring, predicting, and mitigating highway construction noise and developing noise criteria. In order to help users predict construction noise, the Handbook includes the User’s Guide for the FHWA Roadway Construction Noise Model (RCNM).

This Handbook, which is accompanied by a CD-ROM, reflects substantial improvements and changes in the way highway construction noise has been addressed since the 1977 publishing of the FHWA Special Report, Highway Construction Noise: Measurement, Prediction and Mitigation. This updated Handbook, and the companion CD-ROM, address both acoustical and non-acoustical issues associated with highway construction noise.

While it is understood that both similarities and differences exist between construction-related noise and construction-related vibration, the focus of the Handbook and CD-ROM is confined to noise-related issues.

15. NUMBER OF

PAGES

14. SUBJECT TERMS

construction noise, noise levels, dBA, noise models, community impact, Federal Highway Administration

16. PRICE CODE

17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

OF REPORT

Unclassified

18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

OF THIS PAGE

Unclassified

19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

OF ABSTRACT

Unclassified

20. LIMITATION

OF ABSTRACT

Unlimited NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298(Rev. 2-89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18 298-102

METRIC/ENGLISH CONVERSION FACTORS

ENGLISH TO METRIC METRIC TO ENGLISH

LENGTH (APPROXIMATE) LENGTH (APPROXIMATE)

1 inch (in) = 2.5 centimeters (cm) 1 millimeter (mm) = 0.04 inch (in)

1 foot (ft) = 30 centimeters (cm) 1 centimeter (cm) = 0.4 inch (in)

1 yard (yd) = 0.9 meter (m) 1 meter (m) = 3.3 feet (ft)

1 mile (mi) = 1.6 kilometers (km) 1 meter (m) = 1.1 yards (yd)

1 kilometer (km) = 0.6 mile (mi)

AREA (APPROXIMATE) AREA (APPROXIMATE)

1 square inch (sq in, in2) = 6.5 square centimeters (cm2) 1 square centimeter (cm2) = 0.16 square inch (sq in, in2)

1 square foot (sq ft, ft2) = 0.09 square meter (m2) 1 square meter (m2) = 1.2 square yards (sq yd, yd2)

1 square yard (sq yd, yd2) = 0.8 square meter (m2) 1 square kilometer (km2) = 0.4 square mile (sq mi, mi2)

1 square mile (sq mi, mi2) = 2.6 square kilometers (km2) 10,000 square meters (m2) = 1 hectare (ha) = 2.5 acres

1 acre = 0.4 hectare (he) = 4,000 square meters (m2)

MASS – WEIGHT (APPROXIMATE) MASS – WEIGHT (APPROXIMATE)

1 ounce (oz) = 28 grams (gm) 1 gram (gm) = 0.036 ounce (oz)

1 pound (lb) = 0.45 kilogram (kg) 1 kilogram (kg) = 2.2 pounds (lb)

1 short ton = 2,000 pounds (lb)

= 0.9 tonne (t) 1 tonne (t) =

1,000 kilograms (kg)

1.1 short tons

VOLUME (APPROXIMATE) VOLUME (APPROXIMATE)

1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 milliliters (ml) 1 milliliter (ml) = 0.03 fluid ounce (fl oz)

1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 milliliters (ml) 1 liter (l) = 2.1 pints (pt)

1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 milliliters (ml) 1 liter (l) = 1.06 quarts (qt)

1 cup © = 0.24 liter (l) 1 liter (l) = 0.26 gallon (gal)

1 pint (pt) = 0.47 liter (l)

1 quart (qt) = 0.96 liter (l)

1 gallon (gal) = 3.8 liters (l)

1 cubic foot (cu ft, ft3) = 0.03 cubic meter (m3) 1 cubic meter (m3) = 36 cubic feet (cu ft, ft3)

1 cubic yard (cu yd, yd3) = 0.76 cubic meter (m3) 1 cubic meter (m3) = 1.3 cubic yards (cu yd, yd3)

TEMPERATURE (EXACT) TEMPERATURE (EXACT)

[(x-32)(5/9)] �F = y �C [(9/5) y + 32] �C = x �F

QUICK INCH - CENTIMETER LENGTH CONVERSION

10 2 3 4 5

Inches Centimeters 0 1 3 4 52 6 1110987 1312

QUICK FAHRENHEIT - CELSIUS TEMPERATURE CONVERSION

-40°-22° -4° 14° 32° 50° 68° 86° 104° 122° 140°158°176°194°212°°F

°C-40°-30° -20° -10° 0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80° 90°100°

For more exact and or other conversion factors, see NTIS Miscellaneous Publication 286, Units of Weights and Measures.

i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (Volpe Center), Acoustics Facility, in support of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Office of Natural and Human Environment, has developed the FHWA Highway Construction Noise Handbook (the Handbook).

The principal authors of the Handbook:

Harvey Knauer - Environmental Acoustics, Inc.

Soren Pedersen - Catseye Services wish to thank the following people for providing their invaluable insight and comments:

Judith Rochat - Volpe Center Clay Reherman - Volpe Center Gregg Fleming - Volpe Center Michael Lau - Volpe Center Mark Ferroni - FHWA Christopher Corbisier-FHWA Erich Thalheimer - Parsons Brinkerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc.

In addition, the information provided by the following agencies and individuals contributed to ensuring the accuracy and level of detail of the final document.

ii

Agency/Company Location Contact

Arizona DOT Phoenix, AZ Fred Garcia Bowlby & Associates, Inc. Franklin, TN Bill Bowlby British Columbia Ministry of Transportation – Sea to Sky Corridor Improvement Project

Vancouver, BC John Cavanagh

California Department of Transportation Sacramento, CA Rudy Hendriks (ret.), Dave Buehler, and Keith Jones Cleveland Brothers Equipment Co., Inc. Harrisburg, PA Justin Yingling

Colorado DOT Denver, CO Robert Mero Delaware River Port Authority Camden, NJ - Durisol, Inc. Hamilton, ON Hans Rerup Environmental Science Associates Tampa, FL Win Lindeman Federal Highway Administration – Florida Division Tallahassee, FL Damaris Santiago (intern)

Florida DOT, District VI Miami, FL Marjorie Bixby, Catherine Owen Florida DOT, Central Office Tallahassee, FL Mariano Berrios Gannett Fleming, Inc. Harrisburg Bill Guy Harris Miller Miller & Hanson Inc. Burlington, MA Chris Menge Hatch, Mott MacDonald Mississauga, ON Tim Kelsall Howard Needles Taaman and Bergendoff Milwaukee, WI John Jaeckel

Laborers’ Health and Safety Fund of North America Washington, DC Scott Schneider

Montana DOT Helena, MN Cora Helm Minnesota DOT Saint Paul, MN Melvin Roseen New York DOT Albany, NY Bill McColl Ohio DOT Columbus, OH Elvin Pinckney and Andy Eline Ontario Guiderail Contractors Association Toronto, ON -

Ontario Ministry of Transportation Toronto, ON Chris Blaney Parsons Corporation Pasadena, CA Areg Gharabegian Powell Contracting Gormley, ON - Quebec Ministry of Transportation Montreal, PQ Line Gamache Rummel, Klepper & Kahl, LLP Baltimore, MD Kevin Hughes

Woodrow Wilson Bridge Project Arlington, VA Nick Nicholson (Virginia DOT), Mike Baker (Potomac Crossing Consultants)

Washington State DOT Seattle, WA

WSDOT:Jim Laughlin, John Maas, Larry Magnoni, and Mia Waters;

Washington State Ferries: John Petrie iii

PREFACE

The John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center Acoustics Facility (VCAF), in support of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Office of Natural and Human Environment, has developed the Highway Construction Noise Handbook (the Handbook). The Handbook provides guidance to U.S. state transportation agencies in measuring, predicting, and mitigating highway construction noise and developing noise criteria. In order to help users predict construction noise, the Handbook includes the User’s Guide for the FHWA Roadway Construction Noise Model (RCNM).

This Handbook, which is accompanied by a CD-ROM, reflects substantial improvements and changes in the way highway construction noise has been addressed since the 1977 publishing of the FHWA Special Report, Highway Construction Noise: Measurement, Prediction and Mitigationref001. This updated Handbook, and the companion CD-ROM, address both acoustical and non-acoustical issues associated with highway construction noise. While it is understood that both similarities and differences exist between construction-related noise and construction-related vibration, the focus of the Handbook and CD-ROM is confined to noise-related issues.

FHWA Highway Construction Noise Handbook Table of Contents iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION PAGE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......................................................................................................................... i TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................. vii LIST OF TABLES.......................................................................................................................................x

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

1.2 Objectives

1.3 Handbook and CD-ROM Use

1.4 Handbook and CD-ROM Organization

2.0 TERMINOLOGY

3.0 EFFECTS OF CONSTRUCTION NOISE

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Types of Effects

3.2.1 Physical Effects

3.2.2 Speech Interference

3.2.3 Activity Interference

3.2.4 Annoyance

3.2.5 Examples of Data from Previous Studies (Effects on Humans)

3.2.6 Effects on Non-Humans

4.0 CONSTRUCTION NOISE CRITERIA AND DESCRIPTORS

4.1 Criteria

4.1.1 History of Construction Noise Criteria

4.1.1.1 United States

4.1.1.2 Canada

4.1.1.3 Other International

4.2 Descriptors

5.0 MEASUREMENT OF CONSTRUCTION NOISE

5.1 History

5.2 Purpose of Noise Measurements

5.3 Measuring Existing and Ambient Noise

5.3.1 Establishing Background Levels

5.3.2 Selecting Measurement Sites and Periods

5.3.3 Determining Events/Activities to Include/Exclude

5.3.4 Determining the Appropriate Noise Descriptor

5.3.5 Consideration of Meteorological Factors

5.4 Measurement of Construction Operations

5.4.1 Establishing Measurement Locations and Periods

5.4.2 Determining Events/Activities to Measure

5.4.2.1 Measuring Entire Project Construction Noise

5.4.2.2 Measuring an Entire Operation

v

TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)

SECTION PAGE

5.4.2.3 Measuring Partial Operations

5.4.2.4 Measuring Indirect Noise Effects

5.5 Measurement of Equipment Noise

5.6 Type of Noise Measurement Equipment and Systems

5.7 Other Factors to Consider

6.0 PREDICTION OF CONSTRUCTION NOISE

6.1 Historical Approaches to Predicting Construction Noise

6.2 Relevant Modeling Issues

6.3 Types of Analysis Procedures

6.3.1 Historical Data Related to Similar Conditions

6.3.2 Manual Calculations Using Historical Data

6.3.3 Manual Calculations Using Measured Data

6.3.4 The FHWA Roadway Construction Noise Model (RCNM)

6.3.5 The FHWA Highway Construction Noise Model (HICNOM)

6.3.6 Other Models and Considerations

6.4 Construction Noise Prediction Methodology

6.5 Qualifications of the Persons Performing Noise Evaluations

6.6 Factors Affecting Construction Noise Impact Evaluation

7.0 MITIGATION OF CONSTRUCTION NOISE

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Design Options

7.2.1 Design Phases

7.2.2 Sequence of Operation

7.3 Contract Specifications and Special Provisions

7.3.1 Construction Noise Criteria Limits

7.3.2 Time Periods and Duration

7.3.3 Specified Equipment

7.3.4 Noise Related Incentives/Disincentives

7.3.5 Training Programs for Contractors

7.4 Mitigation at the Source

7.4.1 Equipment – All Types

7.4.2 Stationary Equipment

7.4.3 Mobile Equipment

7.5 Mitigation along the Path

7.5.1 Existing Features

7.5.2 Temporary Abatement

7.5.3 Early Construction of Permanent Noise Barriers

7.6 Mitigation at the Receiver

7.6.1 Building Envelope Improvements

7.6.2 Noise Masking

7.6.3 Relocation of Residents

vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)

SECTION PAGE

7.7 Selection of Mitigation Measures

7.7.1 Identification of Feasible and Reasonable Measures

7.7.2 Selection of Mitigation Strategies

7.8 Monitoring Noise Levels During Construction

7.9 Examples of Construction Noise Regulations

8.0 PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT AND PROJECT COORDINATION

8.1 Public Involvement

8.1.1 Goals and Objectives

8.1.1.1 Early Phases

8.1.1.2 Preliminary Engineering / Environmental Analysis Phase

8.1.1.3 Final Design Phase

8.1.1.4 Construction Phase

8.1.2 Stakeholders

8.1.3 Outreach Techniques

8.1.4 Evaluating Comments and Response Process

8.1.5 Effects on Project Budget and Schedule

8.1.6 Other Factors

8.1.6.1 Types and Locations of Public Outreach Venues

8.1.6.2 Content and Detail of Presented Information

8.2 Project Coordination

9.0 CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT NOISE LEVELS AND RANGES

9.1 Equipment Type Inventory and Related Emission Levels

9.1.1 Stationary Equipment

9.1.2 Mobile Equipment

9.2 Sources of Information

9.3 Specifics of Construction Equipment and Operation Noise Inventories

9.4 Summaries of Referenced Inventories

9.4.1 RCNM Inventory

9.4.2 FHWA Special Report Inventories

9.4.3 FTA Noise and Vibration Assessment Procedure

9.5 Links to Equipment Manufacturers

10.0 CONSTRUCTION NOISE CONTACTS, POLICIES, AND REFERENCE MATERIAL

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Database

REFERENCES

APPENDIX A: FHWA ROADWAY CONSTRUCTION NOISE MODEL USER’S GUIDE............ A-1

APPENDIX B: COMPARISON OF RCNM MODEL AND 1977 FHWA SPECIAL REPORT

MANUAL CALCULATION METHOD ................................................................................................B-1 APPENDIX C: PHOTO DATABASE ...................................................................................................C-1 vii

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE

2.1 Graphical representation of LAE

3.1 Construction in residential area

3.2 Construction in business district

3.3 Construction in vicinity of sporting event venue

3.4 Construction in paradise

4.1 Local noise ordinance

4.2 Local noise restrictions

5.1 Measuring existing noise levels

5.2 Measuring ambient noise levels in the absence of construction activity

5.3 Measurement of an individual piece of equipment

5.4 Measuring an individual construction operation

5.5 Several construction operations affecting noise levels at nearby residences

5.6 Undesignated routes may be used by construction-related traffic

5.7 Routes may also be specifically designated for use by construction-related traffic

5.8 Compressors, vacuums, and paint chip collection equipment associated with paint removal operation

5.9 Bridge rehabilitation activities

5.10 Pavement rehabilitation project

5.11 Excluded events could include vehicles with amplified sound systems

5.12 Influences of neighborhood pets on measurements

5.13 Measurements at church;

5.14 Measurements in vicinity of schools

5.15 Influence of train noise on measurement of background levels

5.16 Wet roadways preclude valid noise measurements

5.17 Measurement near a residence

5.18 Measurement on a raised deck

5.19 Property line noise measurement

5.20 Noise measurement inside church sanctuary

5.21 Noise measurement in courtyard outside church sanctuary

5.22 High concentration of activity, a good candidate for measuring an entire operation

5.23 Blasting operation

5.24 Pile driving operation

5.25 Rock excavation operation

5.26 Steel beam transported adjacent to residences

5.27 Dump truck on local roadway

5.28 Concrete batch plant operation

5.29 Stock pile operation in vicinity of residence

5.30 Communities can be affected by traffic diverted by construction activities

5.31 Stationary construction operation

5.32 On-road construction vehicle

5.33 Construction vehicle involved in cyclical operation

5.34 Type I sound level meters

viii

LIST OF FIGURES (continued)

FIGURE PAGE

5.35 Type II sound level meter

5.36 Permanent automated wireless noise monitoring system

7.1 Storage area in highway right-of-way

7.2 Partial shielding of storage area in residential area

7.3 Storage area in remote location

7.4 Designated haul routes

7.6 Existing retaining wall acting as noise barrier during construction

7.7 Early construction of noise barriers

7.8 Alternative to pile driving

7.9 Diesel compressor with baffled housing

7.10 Nighttime bridge construction

7.11 Nighttime demolition operation

7.12 In some instances, using a less noisy piece of equipment may be possible, as opposed to using more conventional and sometimes noisier equipment to perform the same operation

7.13 Muffler system on recycling equipment

7.14 Unshielded, non-baffled equipment

7.15 Shielded compressor

7.16 Examples of pile driver shielding and dampening

7.17 Bubble curtain

7.18 Bubble curtain air release ring

7.19 Bubble curtain

7.20 Straw bail enclosure for stationary equipment

7.21 Blasting mats constructed with black tires

7.22 Blasting mats being placed into position

7.23 Older equipment may be as efficient as new, but may not meet noise emission requirements

7.24 Newer paving equipment

7.25 Regular service of equipment is an essential component to quietest operation possible

7.26 Temporary shielding of stationary equipment

7.27 Temporary barrier around stationary activity

7.28 Existing noise barrier left in place until replacement noise barrier is constructed

7.29 Equipment and storage area shielded by existing structures

7.30 Use of existing structure and temporary plywood on chain link fence plus absorptive mats to shield recycling equipment

7.31 Temporary barrier of plastic material

7.32 Storage trailers modified to act as temporary noise barrier

7.33 Early construction of permanent noise barriers

7.34 Installation of a complete air handling system and window treatments at urban school solely to abate construction noise due to future conversion of arterial to depressed expressway

7.35 Experimental sound system used to mask nighttime construction noise in the community

8.1 Construction in the community

8.2 Multiple land uses in a project area

ix

LIST OF FIGURES (continued)

FIGURE PAGE

8.3 Public meeting presentation

8.4 Field walks to project area with public

8.5 Project construction information provided via updates on website

8.6 Public plans display

8.7 Signs in the neighborhood

8.8 Other ways the public provides its input

8.9 General and specific noise concerns

B.1 Construction Site............................................................................................................................. B-3 x

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE

3.1 Summary of Human Effects in Terms of Speech Communication, Community Reactions, Annoyance, and Attitude toward Area Associated with an Outdoor Day/Night Sound Level of 55 dB re 20 Micropascals

3.2. Steady A-weighted Sound Levels that Allow Communication with 95 Percent Sentence Intelligibility over Various Distances Outdoors for Different Voice Levels

6.1 Noise Models and Links

7.1 Overview of mitigation options

7.2 Example of Absolute and Relative Construction Noise Criteria Limits

7.3 Example of Possible Construction Equipment Noise Emission Criteria Limits

8.1 Summary of Estimated Construction Noise Levels Based on RCNM

8.2 Coordination Throughout Project Development

9.1 RCNM Default Noise Emission Reference Levels and Usage Factors

9.2 Construction Equipment Noise Levels Based on Limited Data Samples - Cranes

9.3 Construction Equipment Noise Levels Based on Limited Data Samples - Backhoes

9.4 Construction Equipment Noise Levels Based on Limited Data Samples - Front Loaders

9.5 Construction Equipment Noise Levels Based on Limited Data Samples - Dozers

9.6 Construction Equipment Noise Levels Based on Limited Data Samples - Graders

9.7 Construction Equipment Noise Levels Based on Limited Data Samples - Scrapers

9.8 Noise Levels of Standard Compressors

9.9 FTA Construction Equipment Noise Emission Levels

9.10 Equipment Manufacturers and Websites

10.1 Contacts, Policies, and Reference Material

B.1 Contractor equipment data .............................................................................................................B-1 B.2 Equipment noise emission levels ...................................................................................................B-2 B.3 Results from Manual Calculation Method .....................................................................................B-3 B.4 Receptor #1 data.............................................................................................................................B-4 B.5 Results from RCNM Run (Daytime) .............................................................................................B-4

FHWA Highway Construction Noise Handbook Introduction

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

The U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, John A.

Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (Volpe Center), Acoustics Facility, in support of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Office of Natural and Human Environment, has developed the “FHWA Highway Construction Noise Handbook” (the Handbook). This document reflects substantial improvements and changes in addressing highway construction noise that have evolved since the publication in 1977 of the FHWA Special Report Highway Construction Noise: Measurement, Prediction and Mitigationref001 (1977 Handbook). The Handbook and its companion CD-ROM address both acoustical and non-acoustical issues associated with highway construction noise. While it is understood that both similarities and differences exist between construction-related noise and construction-related vibration, the focus of the Handbook and CD-ROM is confined to noise-related issues.

In 1977, the FHWA published the above-referenced guidance document plus a supplementary document, 1977 Symposium on Highway Construction Noiseref002, to aid State Highway Agencies in addressing the problem of highway construction noise. Over the last three decades, there have been substantial advancements in the methodology and technology of identifying impact and mitigating the effects of construction-related noise. Increased community, contractor, and government interest has fuelled the push to provide more effective, less expensive, and more environmentally friendly mitigation techniques. This increased interest has also fuelled a push to improve noise measurement and modeling technologies that aid State transportation agencies in determining the level of impact and the most suitable mitigation techniques.

Construction noise related to transportation projects is typically addressed in the project’s noise analysis report and in the project environmental document. Most projects will not require modeling or any form of analysis associated with construction-related noise. In many cases, construction noise may be adequately addressed through a narrative discussion. Some projects may require application of a simplified manual calculation technique. For projects that require compliance with local ordinances, more detailed analysis techniques may be called for. Use of the most sophisticated and complex modeling techniques are typically required for the most complex projects such as the Big Digref009 in Boston, MA, or the TREXref103 in Denver, CO. Such projects may require in-depth analysis including modeling, operation scheduling, continuous noise monitoring, and enforcement. Regardless of the type of project, it is important that any abatement techniques developed to address construction noise consider cost-effectiveness. Also essential is that construction noise criteria are attainable, easily understood, and well communicated to contractors and the public.

A recently developed analysis tool is the FHWA Roadway Construction Noise Model (RCNM)ref083. The RCNM is a new, state-of-the-art computer programref084 that enables the prediction of construction noise levels for a variety of construction operations based on a compilation of empirical data and the application of acoustical propagation formulas. The program enables the calculation of construction noise levels in more detail than manual methods while avoiding the need to collect extensive amounts of project-specific input data.

1.2 Objectives

The objectives of this document and companion CD-ROM are to identify factors that may be considered related to construction noise and provide information associated with reference sources related to the following issues and factors:

• Recognizing the potential for construction noise impact;

• Determining the extent and type of analysis appropriate to address the construction noise impact;

and

• Evaluating and implementing techniques to effectively mitigate construction noise.

Every effort has been made to address and/or reference some common designs, materials, and techniques. However, it is impossible to encompass the proliferation of new concepts, equipment, construction techniques, and materials entering the market on a daily basis. Therefore, the specific discussions within this Handbook are not to be considered all-inclusive, and are not intended to limit the creativeness of the designer, manufacturer, and construction contractor. It is important that any new theory, design, material, or technique not addressed in this Handbook be evaluated with the general fundamentals of safety, functionality, and cost-effectiveness in mind.

1.3 Handbook and CD-ROM Use

The intent of this Handbook is not to recommend techniques to be used in identifying construction noise impacts or to recommend related mitigation techniques for specific projects or types of projects. Rather, it should be used in conjunction with the companion CD-ROM as a type of reference document containing a compendium of factors and issues that may be appropriate to consider in dealing with construction noise. While the Handbook itself provides a summary of the range of issues and factors associated with construction noise, the CD-ROM contains significantly more data associated with relative sources of information intended for use by those charged with addressing the objectives listed above.

While the focus of the discussion herein relates to the effects of construction noise associated with humans, references are also provided to material associated with the effects of construction noise on animals.

1.4 Handbook and CD-ROM Organization

Both the Handbook and the CD-ROM are divided into the following chapters:

• Chapter 1 - Introduction to Construction Noise;

• Chapter 2 - Terminology;

• Chapter 3 - Effects of Construction Noise;

• Chapter 4 - Construction Noise Criteria and Descriptors;

• Chapter 5 - Measurement of Construction Noise;

• Chapter 6 - Prediction of Construction Noise;

• Chapter 7 - Mitigation of Construction Noise;

• Chapter 8 - Public Involvement and Project Coordination;

• Chapter 9 - Construction Equipment Noise Levels and Ranges; and

• Chapter 10 - Construction Noise Contacts, Policies, and Reference Material.

FHWA Highway Construction Noise Handbook Terminology

2.0 TERMINOLOGY

This chapter presents pertinent terminology used throughout the Handbook and CD-ROM.

A

A-Weighting The weighting network used to account for changes in level sensitivity as a function of frequency. The A-weighting network de-emphasizes the high (6.3 kHz and above) and low (below 1 kHz) frequencies, and emphasizes the frequencies between 1 kHz and 6.3 kHz, in an effort to simulate the relative response of the human ear. See also frequency weighting.

Acoustic Energy Commonly referred to as the mean-square sound-pressure ratio, sound energy, or just plain energy, acoustic energy is the square of the ratio of the mean-square sound pressure (often referred to as frequency weighted), and the reference mean-square sound pressure of 20 µPa, the threshold of human hearing. It is arithmetically equivalent to 10(SPL/10), where SPL is the sound pressure level, expressed in decibels.

Ambient Noise All-encompassing sound that is associated with a given environment, usually a composite of sounds from many sources near and far.

Amplitude A non-negative scalar measure of a wave’s magnitude of oscillation.

B

Background Noise All-encompassing sound of a given environment without the sound source of interest.

Bridge A structure which provides a roadway or walkway for the passage of vehicles and pedestrians across an obstruction, gap, water course, or facility and which is typically greater than 3 m (10') in span.

C

Community Noise Equivalent Level (CNEL, denoted by the symbol, Lden) A 24-hour time-averaged LAE adjusted for average-day sound source operations. In the case of highway traffic noise, a single operation is equivalent to a single vehicle pass-by. The adjustment includes a 5-dB penalty for vehicle pass-bys occurring between 1900 and 2200 hours, local time, and a 10-dB penalty for those occurring between 2200 and 0700 hours, local time. The Lden noise descriptor is used primarily in the State of California. Lden is computed as follows:

Lden = LAE + 10*log10(Nday + 3*Neve + 10*Nnight) - 49.4 (dB) where:

LAE = Sound exposure level in dB;

Nday = Number of vehicle pass-bys between 0700 and 1900 hours, local time;

Neve = Number of vehicle pass-bys between 1900 and 2200 hours, local time;

Nnight = Number of vehicle pass-bys between 2200 and 0700 hours, local time; and

49.4 = A normalization constant which spreads the acoustic energy associated with highway vehicle pass-bys over a 24-hour period, i.e., 10*log10(86,400 seconds per day) = 49.4 dB.

D

Day-Night Average Sound Level (DNL, denoted by the symbol, Ldn) A 24-hour time-averaged LAE, adjusted for average-day sound source operations. In the case of highway traffic noise, a single operation is equivalent to a single vehicle pass-by. The adjustment includes a 10-dB penalty for vehicle pass-bys occurring between 2200 and 0700 hours, local time. Ldn is computed as follows:

Ldn = LAE + 10*log10(Nday + 10*Nnight) - 49.4 (dB) where:

LAE = Sound exposure level in dB;

Nday = Number of vehicle pass-bys between 0700 and 1900 hours, local time;

Nnight = Number of vehicle pass-bys between 1900 and 0700 hours, local time; and

49.4 = A normalization constant which spreads the acoustic energy associated with highway vehicle pass-bys over a 24-hour period, i.e., 10*log10(86,400 seconds per day) = 49.4 dB.

Decibel (dB) A unit of measure of sound level. The number of decibels is calculated as ten times the base-10 logarithm of the square of the ratio of the mean-square sound pressure (often referred to as frequency weighted), and the reference mean-square sound pressure of 20 µPa, the threshold of human hearing. A-weighted decibels are expressed as dBA or dB(A).

Diffracted Wave A sound wave whose front has been changed in direction by an obstacle in the propagation medium, where the medium is air for the purposes of this document.

Degradation The reduction of noise barrier effectiveness at receivers due to conditions such as multiple reflections of the noise between parallel barriers, noise leaks in a barrier, etc.

Divergence The spreading of sound waves from a source in a free field environment. In the case of highway traffic noise, two types of divergence are common, spherical and cylindrical. Spherical divergence is that which would occur for sound emanating from a point source, e.g., a single vehicle pass-by. Cylindrical divergence is that which would occur for sound emanating from a line source, or many point sources sufficiently close to behave as a line source, e.g., a continuous stream of roadway traffic.

E

Energy See Acoustic energy.

Equivalent Sound Level (Leq, denoted by the symbol, LAeqT) Ten times the base-10 logarithm of the square of the ratio of time-mean-square, instantaneous A-weighted sound pressure, during a stated time interval, T (where T=t2-t1), divided by the squared reference sound pressure of 20 µPa, the threshold of human hearing, e.g., Leq(h), denoted by the symbol, LAeq1H, represents the hourly equivalent sound level. LAeqT is related to LAE by the following equation:

LAeqT = LAE - 10*log10(t2-t1) (dB) where LAE = Sound exposure level in dB .

Existing Level The measured or calculated existing noise level at a given location.

Exponential Time-Averaging A method of stabilizing instrumentation response to signals with changing amplitude over time using a low-pass filter with a known, electrical time constant. The time constant is defined as the time required for the output level to reach 63.4 percent of the input, assuming a step-function input. Also, the output level will typically reach 100 percent of an input-step function after approximately five time constants.

F

Far-Field That portion of a point source's sound field in which the sound pressure level (due to this sound source) decreases by 6 dB per doubling of distance from the source, i.e., spherical divergence. For a line source, the far-field is the portion of the sound field in which the sound pressure level decreases by 3 dB per doubling of distance.

Free-Field A sound field whose boundaries exert a negligible influence on the sound waves. In a free-field environment, sound spreads spherically from a source and decreases in level at a rate of 6 dB per doubling of distance from a point source, and at a rate of 3 dB per doubling of distance from a line source.

Frequency The number of cycles of repetition per second or the number of wavelengths that have passed by a stationary point in one second.

Frequency Weighting

A method used to account for changes in sensitivity as a function of frequency. Three standard weighting networks, A, B, and C, are used to account for different responses to sound pressure levels.

Note: The absence of frequency weighting is referred to as "flat" response. See also A-weighting.

Fresnel Number A dimensionless value used in predicting the attenuation provided by a noise barrier positioned between a source and a receiver.

G

Grade The slope of the roadway, or roadway segment (expressed in percent). For example, a roadway that is 400 m in length and its end is 20 m higher in elevation relative to its start, has a 5-percent grade, i.e., 20/400 * 100 percent.

Ground Effect The change in sound level, either positive or negative, due to intervening ground between source and receiver. Ground effect is a relatively complex acoustic phenomenon, which is a function of ground characteristics, source-to-receiver geometry, and the spectral characteristics of the source. A commonly used rule-of-thumb for propagation over soft ground (e.g., grass) is that ground effects will account for about 1.5 dB per doubling of distance. However, this relationship is quite empirical and tends to break down for distances greater than about 30.5 to 61 m (100 to 200 ft).

Ground Impedance A complex function of frequency relating the sound transmission characteristics of a ground surface type. Measurements to determine ground impedance must be made in accordance with the ANSI Standard for measuring ground impedance.

H Hard Ground Any highly reflective surface in which the phase of the sound energy is essentially preserved upon reflection; examples include water, asphalt, and concrete.

I

Insertion Loss (IL) The sound level at a given receiver before the construction of a barrier minus the sound level at the same receiver after the construction of the barrier. The construction of a noise barrier usually results in a partial loss of soft-ground attenuation. This is due to the barrier forcing the sound to take a higher path relative to the ground plane. Therefore, barrier IL is the net effect of barrier diffraction, combined with this partial loss of soft-ground attenuation.

J

K

L

LAE

See Sound exposure level.

LAeqT See Equivalent sound level.

Lden See Community noise equivalent level.

Ldn See Day-night average sound level.

L10 See Ten-percentile exceeded sound level.

Line-of-Sight Refers to the direct path from the source to receiver without any intervening objects or topography.

Line Source Multiple point sources moving in one direction, e.g., a continuous stream of roadway traffic, radiating sound cylindrically. Note: Sound levels measured from a line source decrease at a rate of 3 dB per doubling of distance.

M

Maximum Sound Level (MXFA or MXSA, denoted by the symbol, LAFmx or LASmx) The maximum, A-weighted sound level associated with a given event (see Figure2.1). Fast-scale response (LAFmx) and slow-scale response (LASmx) characteristics effectively damp a signal as if it were to pass through a low-pass filter with a time constant of 125 and 1000 milliseconds, respectively.

Note: Fast response is typically used for measuring individual highway vehicle pass-bys. Slow response is recommended for the measurement of long-term impact due to highway traffic noise, where impulsive noises are not dominant, and is also used for measurements of sound source levels which vary slowly as a function of time, such as aircraft.

N

Near-Field The sound field between the source and the far-field. The near-field exists under optimal conditions at distances less than four times the largest sound source dimension.

Noise Any unwanted sound. "Noise" and "sound" are used interchangeably in this document.

Noise Barrier

The structure, or structure together with other material, that potentially alters the noise at a site from a BEFORE condition to an AFTER condition.

Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC) A single-number rating of the sound absorption properties of a material; it is the arithmetic mean of the Sabine absorption coefficients at 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz, rounded to the nearest multiple of 0.05.

Noise Reduction Goal The amount of noise reduction that is desired. This value should be defined by a respective State Highway Agency and should typically be in the range of 5 to 10 dBA. Noise barriers must provide at least a 5 dBA reduction in highway traffic noise levels in order to provide noticeable and effective attenuation. A noise barrier should be designed to achieve the greatest reduction possible, but in no instance less than 5 dBA.

Normal Incidence (Sound) (Also referred to as 0-degrees incidence) Occurs when sound waves impinge at an angle perpendicular, or normal, to the microphone diaphragm.

O

P

Panel The panel component of a noise barrier is that portion which, when joined together, produces a solid wall. In most cases, the panels span the distance between supports, typically posts.

Parallel Barrier The condition where two noise barriers flank a roadway, i.e., one on each side.

Parapet Parapets are low walls, or railings or a combination of both which are located along the outside edges of bridge decks. They are designed to prevent vehicles from running off the sides of the bridge.

Point Source Source that radiates sound spherically. Note: Sound levels measured from a point source decrease at a rate of 6 dB per doubling of distance.

Posts Posts are typically considered as vertical supports for the noise barrier panels.

Prestressed Concrete Reinforced concrete in which internal stresses and deformations are initially introduced, of such magnitude and distribution that the subsequent stresses and deformations resulting from dead and live loads are counteracted to a desired degree.

Q

R

Random Incidence (Sound) Occurs when sound waves impinge at random angles to the microphone diaphragm. Such waves are common in a diffuse sound field.

Retaining Walls A wall built to hold back earth or water.

Responsible Organization Government transportation agency, emergency response unit, fire department, police department, etc.

Right-of-Way (ROW) The entire strip or area of land adjacent to a highway used for highway purposes.

S

Sabine Absorption Coefficient (αsab) Absorption coefficient obtained in a reverberation room by measuring the time rate of decay of the sound energy density with and without a patch of the sound-absorbing material under test laid on the floor. These measurements are performed in accordance with the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard C 423-90a.

Shoulder The part of a roadway contiguous to the traffic lanes for accommodating stopped vehicles, bikeways, and cleared snow.

Soft Ground Any highly absorptive surface in which the phase of the sound energy is changed upon reflection;

examples include terrain covered with dense vegetation or freshly fallen snow. (Note: at grazing angles greater than 20 degrees, which can commonly occur at short ranges, or in the case of elevated sources, soft ground becomes a good reflector and can be considered acoustically hard ground).

Sound Absorption Coefficient (SAC) The ratio of the sound energy, as a function of frequency, absorbed by a surface, and the sound energy incident upon that surface.

Sound Energy See Acoustic energy.

Figure 2.1 Graphical representation of LAE

Sound Exposure Level (SEL, denoted by the symbol, LAE) Over a stated time interval, T (where T=t2-t1), ten times the base- 10 logarithm of the ratio of a given time integral of squared instantaneous A-weighted sound pressure, and the product of the reference sound pressure of 20 µPa, the threshold of human hearing, and the reference duration of 1 sec. The time interval, T, must be long enough to include a majority of the sound source's acoustic energy. As a minimum, this interval should encompass the 10 dB down points (see Figure 2.1).

In addition, LAE is related to LAeqT by the following equation:

LAE = LAeqT + 10*log10(t2-t1) (dB) where:

LAeqT = Equivalent sound level in dB.

Sound Pressure The root-mean-square of the instantaneous sound pressures during a specified time interval in a stated frequency band.

Sound Pressure Level (SPL) Ten times the base-10 logarithm of the square of the ratio of the mean-square sound pressure, in a stated frequency band (often weighted), and the reference mean-square sound pressure of 20 µPa, the threshold of human hearing.

SPL = 10*log10(p2/pref

2) (dB ) where:

p = mean-square sound pressure; and pref = reference mean-square sound pressure of 20 µPa.

Sound Transmission Class (STC) A single-number rating used to compare the sound insulation properties of barriers. STC is derived by fitting a reference rating curve to the sound transmission loss (TL) values measured for the 16 contiguous one-third octave frequency bands with nominal mid-band frequencies of 125 Hz to 4000 Hz inclusive, by a standard method. The reference rating curve is fitted to the 16 measured TL values such that the sum of deficiencies (TL values less than the reference rating curve), does not exceed 32 dB, and no single deficiency is greater than 8 dB. The STC value is the numerical value of the reference contour at 500 Hz.

Spectrum A signal's resolution expressed in component frequencies or fractional octave bands.

Structures Includes retaining walls, bridges, culverts, and concrete drainage channels.

T

Ten-Percentile Exceeded Sound Level (L10) The sound level exceeded 10 percent of a specific time period. For example, from a 50-sample measurement period, the fifth (10% of 50 samples) highest sound level is the 10-percentile exceeded sound level. Other similar descriptors include L50 (the sound level exceeded 50 percent of a specific time period), L90 (the sound level exceeded 90 percent of a specific time period), etc.

Transmission Loss (TL) The loss in sound energy, expressed in decibels, as sound passes through a barrier or a wall.

Measurements to determine a barrier's TL should be made in accordance with ASTM Recommended Practice E413-87.

U

Utilities Transmission and distribution lines, pipes, cables and other associated equipment used for public services including, but not limited to, electric transmission and distribution, lighting, heating, gas, oil, water, sewage, cablevision, data communications, and telephone.

V

W

Wavelength The perpendicular distance between two wave fronts in which the displacements have a difference in phase of one complete period.

X

Y

Z

FHWA Highway Construction Noise Handbook Effects of Construction Noise

3.0 EFFECTS OF CONSTRUCTION NOISE

3.1 Introduction

Construction noise in the community may not pose a health risk or damage peoples’ sense of hearing, but it can adversely affect peoples’ quality of life. To some degree, construction noise can be a contributing factor to the degradation of someone’s health in that it can cause people to be irritated and stressed and can interrupt their ability to sleep – all of which may lead to higher blood pressure, anxiety, and feelings of animosity toward the people or agencies responsible for producing the noise.

In fact, several of the traditional definitions of “noise” (i.e. unwanted or undesirable sound) can be associated with construction noise. Construction noise can be perceived or considered to:

• be too loud;

• be impulsive;

• be uncontrollable;

• contain annoying pure tones;

• occur unexpectedly;

• occur at undesirable times of day; and/or

• interrupt people’s activities.

Construction noise has the potential to disturb people at home in their residences, in office buildings or retail businesses, in public institutional buildings, at locations of religious services, while attending sporting events, or when on vacation.

Figure 3.1 Construction in residential area (Photo #924)

Figure 3.2 Construction in business district (Photo #714)

Figure 3.3 Construction in vicinity of sporting event venue (Photo #718)

Figure 3.4 Construction in paradise (Photo #1033)

While construction noise can be unwelcome during nighttime periods in residential areas when people are trying to sleep, it can be equally unwelcome during the daytime in commercial areas if it interferes with peoples’ ability to conduct business. In short, construction noise has the potential to disturb people 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. If not properly addressed, specific public concerns related to a project could result in actions affecting the progress and/or cost of a project.

There is nothing particularly unique about construction noise – it’s a fluctuation in air pressure oscillating above and below atmospheric pressure that is produced by construction equipment or activities with sufficient magnitude (loudness) and within a certain frequency range (audible spectrum) such that human beings can hear it – just like any other noise. Being a physical parameter, it can be measured, quantified, modeled, predicted, and in certain instances, abated to some degree.

Noise from construction-related activities can also affect non-human species such as aquatic life and land and airborne animals in a variety of ways. The non-human category includes domestic, farm-based, and creatures living in the wild. In assessing the effects of noise on non-humans, it is essential that noise analysts closely coordinate with qualified biologists in the assessment and mitigation of noise impacts.

Issues related to vibration may also be raised during project development. This is particularly true when blasting operations occur. There are no FHWA requirements directed specifically to traffic-induced or construction-related vibration. Most studies that State DOTs have done to assess the impact of operational traffic-induced vibrations have shown that both measured and predicted vibration levels are less than any known criteria for structural damage to buildings, although levels may be such as to cause various degrees of annoyance. Analysis of construction-related vibration effects is beyond the scope of this Handbook.

The intent of this Handbook is not to provide detailed discussion of the above-listed effects, but rather to summarize them and refer the reader to more…