Attachment 1 - SOW March ARB Repair Runway PDPG26-0103.pdf

ARA-TR-22-G10015.00000.00016.00000

AIRFIELD PAVEMENT CONDITION

INDEX SURVEY REPORT

MARCH AIR RESERVE BASE, CA

November 2023

Prepared by:

Applied Research Associates, Inc.

Mid-Atlantic Division 119 Monument Place Vicksburg, MS 39180

July 2024

Final Report

Distribution limitation applied as of report date. Other requests for this document must be referred to the Air Force Civil Engineer Center (AFCEC/COAP), 139 Barnes Drive, Suite 1, Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida 32403-5319.

Prepared for: Air Force Civil Engineer Center 139 Barnes Drive, Suite 1

Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida 32403-5319

Contract Number FA8051-12-F-0042

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Page

PREFACE .................................................................................................................... vi

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE

1.2 DESCRIPTION OF TASKS PERFORMED

1.2.1 PCI Survey

1.2.2 Validation of Real Property Pavement Inventory

1.2.3 CAD/GIS Mapping

1.2.4 PAVER Implementation

1.2.5 Development of PAVER Work Plans

1.2.6 Written Report

1.2.7 Photographs

1.2.8 Climate and Location

1.2.9 Design and Construction History

1.2.10 Current Traffic Data

1.2.11 Previous Reports

1.3 SYNOPSIS OF MAJOR PROJECTS SINCE LAST EVALUATION

2 PCI RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

2.1 PCI SURVEY PROCEDURE

2.1.1 PCI Survey Process

2.1.2 PAVER Implementation

2.2 OVERVIEW OF PCI SURVEY RESULTS

2.2.1 PCI Results by Branch Use and Surface Type

2.2.2 Pavement Issues

2.3 DETAILED PCI DESCRIPTION

2.3.1 Aprons

2.3.2 Overruns

2.3.3 Runways

2.3.4 Shoulders

2.3.5 Taxiways

2.3.6 Projected PCI

3 ENGINEERING ASSESSMENT PROCESS AND CRITERIA

3.1 ENGINEERING ASSESSMENT RATING DESCRIPTION

3.1.1 Area-Weighted Average PCI

3.1.2 FOD Index and Potential

3.1.3 Structural Index

3.1.4 Friction Index

3.2 EA RATINGS

4 MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR BUDGET SCENARIOS

4.1 PAVER ANALYSIS

4.1.1 Sections Excluded from PAVER Work Plans

March ARB i

TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

Chapter Page

4 4.1.2 Condition Stabilization

4.1.3 Major M&R Backlog Elimination over Ten Years

4.1.4 Stopgap M&R Only (safety issues)

4.1.5 Recommended Budget

4.1.6 Recommended Localized Preventive and Stopgap Maintenance Plan

4.1.7 Recommended Global Maintenance Plan

Appendix Page

A AIRFIELD MAPS .................................................................................................... A-1

B PAVEMENT INVENTORY AND CONDITION INFORMATION........................B-1

B.1 REAL PROPERTY PAVEMENT INVENTORY.........................................B-2

B.2 PAVER/RPAD COMPARSON .....................................................................B-4 B.3 BRANCH USE INVENTORY ......................................................................B-5 B.4 PAVEMENT TYPE .......................................................................................B-5

B.5 INSPECTION DATA SUMMARY BY PAVEMENT RANK .....................B-5

B.6 SECTIONS NOT INSPECTED AND EXCLUDED FROM

CONDITION ANALYSIS AND WORK PLANS ........................................B-6

C PCI DETERIORATION RATE SUMMARY ...........................................................C-1 C.1 BRANCH AND SECTION PCI COMPARISONS .......................................C-2

D RESERVED ........................................................................................................... D-1

E PAVER WORK HISTORY REPORT....................................................................... E-1

F PAVEMENT CONDITION INDEX RESULTS ....................................................... F-1

F.1 STANDARD PAVEMENT CONDITION INDEX ...................................... F-2

G FOD POTENTIAL INFORMATION....................................................................... G-1 G.1 FOD INDEX AND FOD POTENTIAL ....................................................... G-2

H STRUCTURAL RESULTS ...................................................................................... H-1 H.1 STRUCTURAL INDEX ............................................................................... H-2

I FRICTION CHARACTERISTIC RESULTS............................................................. I-1 I.1 FRICTION INDEX ......................................................................................... I-2

March ARB ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONCLUDED)

Appendix Page

J ENGINEERING ASSESSMENT SUMMARY TABLES ......................................... J-1

J.1 ENGINEERING ASSESSMENT RATING DESCRIPTION ........................ J-2

K BUDGET DETAILS ................................................................................................. K-1

K.1 PAVEMENT PRIORITIZATION AND CRITICAL PCI ............................ K-2

K.2 MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR POLICIES .............................................. K-2 K.3 PRIORITIZATION OF M&R POLICIES .................................................... K-3 K.4 PRIORITIZATION OF PAVEMENT .......................................................... K-4 K.5 M&R POLICY TABLES .............................................................................. K-4 K.6 M&R COSTS ................................................................................................ K-8

K.6.1 Cost-by-Work Type M&R Costs ...................................................... K-8 K.6.2 Cost-by-Condition M&R Work Plans and Costs ........................... K-10

L FAMILY MODELS FOR CONDITION DETERIORATION PREDICTION ......... L-1

L.1 FAMILY CURVES ....................................................................................... L-2

M DISTRIBUTION LIST AND REFERENCES ......................................................... M-1

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

ES.1 Comparison of Area-Weighted Average PCI for 2018 and 2023 ES.2 Pavement Condition Index (7-color by section)

2.1 Systematic Random Selection of Sample Units to Survey

2.2 Pavement Life Cycle Showing the Effects of M&R

2.3 Current Condition by Surface Type

2.4 PCI by Surface Type for 2018 and 2023 PCI surveys

4.1 Summary of Budget Scenarios

4.2 Summary of Funding Required for Budget Scenarios

4.3 Summary of Backlog Remaining for Budget Scenarios

4.4 Funded M&R Costs to Maintain Current Condition

4.5 Funded M&R Costs to Eliminate the Major M&R Backlog

4.6 Funded M&R Costs for the Stopgap Only Budget

A.1 Facility Identification ............................................................................................. A-2 A.2 Pavement Branch ................................................................................................... A-3 A.3 Pavement Ranking ................................................................................................. A-4 A.4 Pavement Condition ............................................................................................... A-5 A.5 FOD Potential ........................................................................................................ A-6 A.6 Structural Index ...................................................................................................... A-7 A.7 Reserved ................................................................................................................. A-8 A.8 Engineering Assessment ........................................................................................ A-9

March ARB iii

LIST OF FIGURES (CONCLUDED)

Figure Page

A.9 Sample Layout ..................................................................................................... A-10 G.1 FOD Potential Categories ...................................................................................... G-2 H.1 Structural Index Rating Criteria.........................................................................….H-2 K.1 Significant Drop in Pavement Condition Near End of Pavement Life

Cycle…… ............................................................................................................ K-11 K.2 AC M&R Cost-by-Condition ............................................................................... K-12 K.3 PCC M&R Cost-by-Condition ............................................................................. K-12 L.1 Predicting Pavement Condition .............................................................................. L-2 L.2 Family Plot for Primary AC Pavement (1.14 PCI pts/yr) ....................................... L-3 L.3 Family Plot for Primary PCC Apron Pavement (0.25 PCI pts/yr) .......................... L-3 L.4 Family Plot for Secondary and Tertiary PCC Pavement (0.60 PCI pts/yr) ............ L-4 L.5 Family Plot for Secondary and Tertiary PCC Runway Pavement (0.52 PCI pts/yr) ...................................................................................................................... L-4 L.6 Family Plot for Primary PCC Taxiway Pavement (0.30 PCI pts/yr) ...................... L-5 L.7 Family Plot for Secondary and Tertiary PCC Taxiway Pavement (0.57 PCI pts/yr) ...................................................................................................................... L-5

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

ES.1 Current Condition Summary ES.2 PAVER Recommended Budget Summary

1.1 Major M&R Since Last Evaluation

2.1 Definition of PCI Ratings and Pavement Distribution

2.2 Current Condition Summary

2.3 Apron Pavement Area and Sections by PCI Range

2.4 Overrun Pavement Area and Sections by PCI Range

2.5 Runway Pavement Area and Sections by PCI Range

2.6 Shoulder Pavement Area and Sections by PCI Range

2.7 Taxiway Pavement Area and Sections by PCI Range

2.8 Ten-Year Projected PCI

3.1 EA Rating Criteria

3.2 EA Ratings by Section

4.1 Summary of PAVER Work Plan Results

4.2 Recommended Major M&R by Year

4.3 Recommended Localized Preventive and Stopgap M&R

4.4 Recommended Global Maintenance

B.1 Real Property Inventory .............................................................................................B-2 B.2 Header Acronyms ......................................................................................................B-4 B.3 PAVER/RPAD Comparison ......................................................................................B-4 B.4 Branch Use Information .............................................................................................B-5

March ARB iv

LIST OF TABLES (CONCLUDED)

Table Page

B.5 Pavement Surface Type Information .........................................................................B-5 B.6 Area Inspection Data Summary by Rank ...................................................................B-5 B.7 Excluded Sections ......................................................................................................B-6 C.1 Comparison of PCI Results ........................................................................................C-3 F.1 Definition of PCI Ratings .......................................................................................... F-2 G.1 FOD Index Criteria ................................................................................................... G-2 G.2 FOD Producing Distresses and Probable Cause ....................................................... G-3 G.3 FOD Potential and Rating by Section ....................................................................... G-3 H.1 Aircraft Classification Number ................................................................................ H-2 H.2 Structural Index by Section ...................................................................................... H-3 I.1 Runway 14/32 Friction Values at 40 MPH ................................................................. I-2 J.1 EA Rating Criteria ...................................................................................................... J-2 J.2 EA Ratings by Section ................................................................................................ J-2 K.1 PAVER Funding Priority .......................................................................................... K-3 K.2 Pavement Priority Matrix .......................................................................................... K-4 K.3 AC Stopgap M&R Policies ....................................................................................... K-4 K.4 PCC Stopgap M&R Policies ..................................................................................... K-5 K.5 AC Preventive M&R Policies ................................................................................... K-6 K.6 PCC Preventive M&R policies ................................................................................. K-7 K.7 Sample M&R Item Unit Cost Calculation (full-depth PCC patching) ..................... K-9 K.8 M&R Cost by Treatment .......................................................................................... K-9 M.1 Distribution List ........................................................................................................ M-3

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS

Photograph Page

1.1 GPS Coordinates on Photographs

2.1 AGE Apron 1, Section A17, Medium-Severity Block Cracking

2.2 AGE Apron 3, Section A45, Medium-Severity Raveling

2.3 AGE Apron 08, Section A58. Medium-Severity L&T Cracking

2.4 Parking Apron, Section A08B, High-Severity Joint Seal Damage

2.5 Parking Apron, Section A11B, High-Severity Large Patch

2.6 Taxiway F Warmup Apron, Section A39B, High-Severity Joint Seal Damage

2.7 Runway 12/30, Section R12A, Medium-Severity Block Cracking

2.8 Runway 14/32, Section R03C, Medium-Severity Linear Crack

2.9 Runway 14/32, Section R15C, Low-Severity L&T Cracking

2.10 Runway 12/30 Shoulder, Section S17, High-Severity Block Cracking

2.11 Taxiway A Shoulders, Section S07, Medium-Severity Linear Cracking

2.12 Taxiway A, Section T15A, Medium-Severity Large Patch

2.13 Taxiway A, Section T18A, Medium-Severity Joint Spall

2.14 Taxiway D, Section T06C, Shrinkage Cracking

March ARB v

PREFACE

This report documents a November 2023 assessment of the pavement condition of the airfield pavements network at March ARB, California performed by Applied Research Associates, Inc. (ARA). This report provides information for:

Planning and programming for pavement maintenance, repairs, and rehabilitation

Prioritization of pavement facilities for maintenance and rehabilitation (M&R) and construction projects

Allocation of funds for annual M&R

The validation of the Real Property pavement inventory

This report meets the requirements for pavement condition inspection established in Air Force Instruction (AFI) 32-1041, “Air Force Pavement Evaluation Program.”

Mr. Shaun Moya, Headquarters Air Force Civil Engineer Center (HQ AFCEC/COAP), was the technical contact. The prime contractor was Applied Research Associates, Inc., under Contract No. FA8051-12-R-4004.

Arnel Soriano, 452 MSG/CECE, provided valuable support and information for the survey.

The field survey team consisted of Sean Smithson, Ruben Hernandez, Zachary Leasure, and Nathan Starks. Geographic Information System (GIS) drawings were provided by Mark Ptak.

Joshua Turner, Paul Rohrer, Daniela Montenegro-Robayo, Russell Knieriem and Ruben Hernandez prepared this report.

March ARB vi

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Applied Research Associates, Inc. (ARA) performed a pavement condition survey for the airfield network at March ARB, California in November 2023, and updated the airfield pavement PAVER database. The goals of the assessment were to:

Determine the Pavement Condition Index (PCI), between zero (failed) and 100 (no distresses), of both Portland cement concrete (PCC) and asphalt concrete (AC) airfield pavements

Update a PAVER pavement management system (PMS) to identify maintenance and rehabilitation (M&R) requirements and conduct cost planning

Validate the Real Property pavement inventory

The objectives of the pavement condition survey were to:

Acquire pertinent data to determine the current condition of the airfield pavements

Provide the Base Civil Engineer (BCE) with the PAVER database for use in making pavement management decisions

Develop 10-year work plans for M&R cost planning for the airfield pavements

PAVEMENT CONDITION INDEX

ARA used the PAVER pavement management software to perform PCI calculations and analyses. Table ES.1 summarizes the condition survey results by branch use, and Figure ES.1 graphically compares the 2018 and 2023 PCI survey results by branch use. Figure ES.2 is the 7-color PCI by section map of the airfield network.

Table ES.1. Current Condition Summary.

Branch Use Area-Weighted Average

Condition Category

Pavement

PCI

Age

2023 PCI 2023 Age Area (ft²) Area (%) Sections

Apron 81 61 79 64 Good 12,808,818 60 64

Overrun 63 20 60 25 Fair 599,283 3 2

Runway 78 32 74 34 Good 2,986,512 14 13

Shoulder -- 41 66 45 Fair 2,988,089 14 18

Taxiway 76 50 79 43 Good 1,957,802 9 17

Overall Airfield 79 54 76 54 Good 21,340,504 100 114

March ARB 1

Figure ES.1. Comparison of Area-Weighted Average PCI for 2018 and 2023.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The airfield consisted of 30% AC pavement and 70% PCC pavement. At the conclusion of the inspection, 21 sections had a PCI below their respective critical PCI value and require maintenance. The predominant AC distresses were L&T cracking, and weathering. The majority of the cracking is medium-severity and could benefit from localized crack seal to extend the life of the pavement. Joint seal damage, small patches, and joint spalling were the predominant distresses in the PCC pavements. Runway 12/30 is below its critical PCI and major M&R is recommended. Performing the recommended preventative M&R found in Table 4.3 could increase the PCI enough to delay the need for major M&R. The area weighted average PCI of the Taxiway’s increased due to complete reconstruction on sections T19A, T20A, and T10C.

RECOMMENDED BUDGET SCENARIO

All work plans were assumed to start at the beginning of fiscal year (FY) 2025 and extend through FY 2034. The backlog elimination budget was chosen as the recommended budget because it repaired all pavements below their critical PCI value and left no unfunded Major M&R. This budget costs $50,787,33 over the ten-year plan. Table ES.2 shows the yearly costs of the recommended budget. A full project list is included in Chapter 4. Shoulder pavements and closed pavements were excluded from budgetary planning.

Table ES.2. PAVER Recommended Budget Summary.

Plan

FY

M&R Policy Type Total

Funded

Backlog of Unfunded

Major M&R

PCI

Stopgap Preventive Global Major Before After

2025 $349,161 $3,952,501 $44,261 $1,472,322 $5,818,244 $5,060,142 $77 $79 2026 $220,328 $3,890,480 $0 $1,731,529 $5,842,337 $4,028,142 $78 $80 2027 $84,927 $3,970,991 $15,138 $1,722,190 $5,793,246 $2,402,788 $79 $81 2028 $25,696 $4,054,456 $0 $1,737,922 $5,818,074 $762,015 $80 $81 2029 $0 $4,156,410 $0 $770,596 $4,927,007 $0 $80 $81 2030 $0 $4,252,849 $32,347 $36,246 $4,321,443 $0 $80 $80 2031 $0 $3,989,909 $0 $1,581,208 $5,571,117 $0 $80 $82 2032 $0 $3,920,283 $20,294 $626,815 $4,567,392 $0 $81 $82 2033 $0 $3,958,423 $3,484 $136,240 $4,098,147 $0 $82 $82 2034 $0 $4,030,325 $0 $0 $4,030,325 $0 $81 $81 Total $680,113 $40,176,628 $115,523 $9,815,069 $50,787,333 77 81

78 76 7979

79 76

Apron Overrrun Runway Shoulder Taxiway OverallA re a- W ei gh te d

A ve ra ge

P C

I

Branch Use

March ARB 2

500 1000

A

B C

D

D D

D

E

E

F

F G

H

H

I

J J

J J

J

J

J J

J J

J J

J

K

K K

K K

K K

K K

C

TYPICALS

A B C D E F G H I J K

J J

J J

J J

J

LEGEND

GOOD

FAIR

VERY POOR

NOT RATED

SATISFACTORY

POOR

SERIOUS

FAILED

SECTION

DESIGNATION

(SEE NOTE 1)

TYPE OF SECTION

R - RUNWAY

T - TAXIWAY

A - APRON

O - OVERRUN

S - SHOULDER

TYPE TRAFFIC AREA (SEE NOTE 2)

A - A TYPE TRAFFIC

B - B TYPE TRAFFIC

C - C TYPE TRAFFIC

CHANGE IN SECTION

BOUNDARY

AC - ASPHALT CONCRETE

PCC - PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE

PAVEMENT TYPE

SECTION #

PAVEMENT

TYNDALL AIR FORCE BASE, FLORIDA

CIVIL ENGINEER CENTER

AIR FORCE

4 NOV 2023

7-COLOR PCI RATING

ES.2 1 OF 1PTAK

TURNER

MARCH AIR RESERVE BASE

APPLIED RESEARCH ASSOCIATES

119 MONUMENT PLACE

VICKSBURG, MISSISSIPPI

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE

This report describes the condition of the airfield pavement network at March Air Reserve Base as determined from the November 2023 PCI survey and subsequent update of a PAVER-based PMS. The scope of this assessment included the road and parking lot pavements.

The PAVER PMS provides the means to identify and prioritize pavement M&R requirements.

The overall goals of this survey were to determine the PCI of both rigid and flexible pavements, update the existing PAVER PMS to identify M&R requirements, estimate the cost of recommended M&R, and validate the Real Property pavement inventory.

The following tasks support the project goals:

Interview airfield personnel, and review as-built drawings, construction records, and aerial photography

Update the pavement network and divide it into branches and sections Conduct a condition survey of the airfield pavements in accordance with "Standard

Test Methods for Airport Pavement Condition Index Surveys," American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D5340 and UFC 3-260-16

Enter condition survey information into PAVER 7.0 Compute PCI values for each pavement section Develop ten-year M&R work plans for the pavement network using PAVER Prepare a CADD map of the airfield branches, sections, and sample units Prepare a geographic information system (GIS) dataset of the airfield sections Report the findings of the study to installation pavement engineer, the BCE, and

AFCEC

1.2 DESCRIPTION OF TASKS PERFORMED

1.2.1 PCI Survey

The PCI survey is a visual inspection of pavements to determine their present surface condition. The condition survey consists of inspecting the pavement surfaces for specific types of distresses, determining the severity level of each distress, and measuring the quantity of each distress. These distresses are combined to determine the PCI value of the pavement, a number between zero (failed) and 100 (no distresses) that reflects the current condition. ASTM D5340 defines distress types and severities, as well as survey methods and calculations to determine the

PCI.

1.2.2 Validation of Real Property Pavement Inventory

During the field survey, meticulous care is taken to document all airfield pavements at the installation. Real Property attributes such as the Facility ID, RPUID, and CATCODE are populated in the PAVER database. This enables a detailed inventory of the pavement to be developed and compared against the Real Property records after the conclusion of the field

March ARB 4 survey. Inconsistencies between the Real Property records, AFI 32-1041, and the SOW are identified in Appendix B.

1.2.3 CADD/GIS Mapping

Prior to the field investigation, a pavement network map was developed using available aerial photography and the common installation plan (CIP) provided by base personnel. The map was divided into branches, sections, and sample units. It is provided in AutoDesk drawing (.dwg) format. As surveyors inspect the pavement, they are mindful to ensure that the pre-survey airfield map depicts the actual pavement, otherwise known as a “ground-truth” survey.

Noticeable differences between what was present at the installation and what was displayed on the maps provided by the base were adjusted by a CADD technician. Small systematic errors in the digitization of the installation by base personnel may not have been detectable by inspectors and therefore not amended in the maps provided by ARA. The maps are geo-referenced to be compatible with existing datasets such as GeoBase. A section-level map that is linked to PAVER is provided. This map is also provided in ESRI Shapefile format and is suitable for linking to an existing geodatabase.

1.2.4 PAVER Implementation

The network definition, construction history, Real Property information, and data from the condition survey were entered into PAVER.

After the data were entered and the PCI determined, family curves were developed to model the change in pavement condition over time. These curves are used by PAVER to estimate future pavement condition. Several curves are typically developed, with separate curves defined for different combinations of pavement usage, e.g., apron, overrun, runway, or taxiway;

surface type, e.g., AC or PCC; and pavement rank, e.g., primary, secondary, or tertiary.

Engineering judgment is used to determine the number and types of deterioration curves that are appropriate for a particular installation.

The database "March_Air_2023," which contains the construction history, survey data, deterioration curves, M&R policies, and budgets, is provided in PAVER 7.0 (32 byte) format and can be obtained through the APE Portal. Specific PAVER operating details are in "The PAVER User's Guide" under the “Help” tab.

1.2.5 Development of PAVER Work Plans

After the data were entered and the deterioration curves were created, the following work plan analyses were performed using standardized Air Force M&R policies and costs:

Cost per year to eliminate the Major M&R backlog over 10 years Cost per year to maintain the current area-weighted average PCI for 10 years Cost for M&R to only deal with flight safety issues over 10 years

These analyses were then used to determine the M&R needs and optimum funding levels over a ten-year analysis period. PAVER determines Major M&R needs by using the concept of “Critical PCI.” The critical PCI is the PCI value at which Major M&R is to be considered for the section. Primary airfield pavements are assigned a critical PCI of 70, while secondary and tertiary pavements are assigned a value of 55.

March ARB 5

1.2.6 Written Report

The following report includes background information on the airfield, PCI results and recommendations, and M&R budget scenarios. In this report, Appendix A contains the airfield maps. Appendix B contains the real property summary, PAVER/RPAD comparison, and pavement inventory. Appendix C contains PCI deterioration rate summary. Appendix D is reserved. Appendix E contains a work history report. Appendix F contains PAVER reports.

Appendix G, H, I contain respectively the FOD Potential, Structural Index, and Friction Index values. Appendix J contains the Engineering Assessment (EA). Appendix K contains the budget details for the work plans. Appendix L contains the family models for condition deterioration prediction. Appendix M contains the references and distribution list.

1.2.7 Photographs

Photographs depicting typical pavement condition and distress types observed are included throughout Chapter 2 of this report. Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates of each photograph are recorded in the lower right corner of the photograph. Photograph 1.1 is a sample image of the GPS tagged photographs. All files and photographs and files be obtained through the APE Portal.

Photograph 1.1. GPS Coordinates on Photographs.

1.2.8 Climate and Location

March ARB is located in the Los Angeles Basin, approximately 6 miles southeast of the city of Riverside in Riverside County, California and lies approximately 38 miles from the Pacific Ocean. March ARB experiences a semi-arid climate, and experiences less than 10 inches of rain per year. Winters are mild, with an average low of 38 °F and summers are hot and dry, with an average high of 94 °F. Strong, dry easterly winds called the Santa Anas impact the base in the spring and fall. Severe weather is rare at March ARB.

March ARB 6

1.2.9 Design and Construction History

The airfield was originally built prior to World War II and underwent significant expansions in the 1950s when it was a Strategic Air Command (SAC) bomber and tanker base.

Most of the apron pavements were constructed between 1944 and 1955 and remain the same today. The main runway, Runway 14/32, was widened to 300 feet in 1963 with 13 inches of PCC in the center keel and 3 to 5 inches of AC on the outside sections. Since then, most of Runway 12/30 has been abandoned, along with Taxiway 4, and the old Alert Apron has transitioned to civilian ownership. The construction history list for all airfield pavement sections can be found in Appendix E.

1.2.10 Current Traffic Data

The primary mission aircraft at March ARB are the MQ-9, F-16C, C-17, and KC-135R.

Frequent transient aircraft include large-framed aircraft such as the B-737 and B-777. A variety of small single-prop airframes from the local aero club also frequently use the runway. Overall, the airfield averages less than 1,000 flying sorties annually from each of the primary mission aircraft.

1.2.11 Previous Reports

Airfield Pavement Evaluation, March ARB, California, September 2018, Air Force Civil Engineer Center, Tyndall AFB, FL.

1.3 SYNOPSIS OF MAJOR PROJECTS SINCE LAST EVALUATION

Table 1.1 lists known major M&R that has been performed since the September 2018 inspection. A list of work can be found in the complete Work History Report in Appendix E.

Table 1.1. Major M&R Since Last Evaluation.

Branch ID Section

ID

Work Year

March ARB

APAGE03 A46 Complete Reconstruction - PCC 2022

RW1432 R01A1 Complete Reconstruction - PCC 2021

RW1432 R01A2 Complete Reconstruction - PCC 2021

TWA T19A Complete Reconstruction - PCC 2021

TWA T20A Complete Reconstruction - PCC 2021

TWC T10C Complete Reconstruction - PCC 2022

March ARB 7

CHAPTER 2

PCI RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

2.1 PCI SURVEY PROCEDURE

The PCI survey was performed in accordance with ASTM and Air Force guidelines. The following paragraphs outline the procedures used to evaluate the pavement, the implementation of a PMS, and information about the life cycle of pavement.

2.1.1 PCI Survey Process

The pavement network to be surveyed was defined and divided into branches, sections, and sample units. A branch is defined as a complete unit of the airfield that is used for a particular type of operation. Branches are typically named pieces of pavement, e.g., Runway 14/32 (RW1432), Taxiway A (TWA), or Parking Apron (PAPARK). After branches are defined, they are divided into sections based on pavement type, structure, and usage. Branch and section identifications used in this report are in general agreement with and correspond to feature designations in the September 2018 AFCEC Airfield Pavement Evaluation.

Sections are divided into sample units as prescribed by ASTM D5340. A sample unit is a subdivision of a section used exclusively to aid in the inspection process and reduce the effort needed to determine distress quantities and the PCI. The specified sample unit size for an AC pavement is 5,000 ft² ± 2,000 ft². Sample units on PCC pavements contain 20 ± 8 slabs. A small number of sample units did not meet the size criteria due to odd-size sections.

Inspecting all the sample units within a section may consume considerable resources;

therefore, ARA uses a statistical sampling technique to determine the number of sample units to be inspected. Sample units are inspected in accordance with ASTM D5340 to provide a 95% confidence level, with an acceptable error of ± 5 PCI points. Figure 2.1 presents an example of the sampling method employed by ARA. Sample units with grey shading represent sample units to be surveyed. A pavement surveyor visually inspects the required sample units of each section.

Distresses are identified, counted, measured, and recorded.

Figure 2.1. Systematic Random Selection of Sample Units to Survey.

March ARB 8

Figure 2.2. Pavement Life Cycle Showing the Effects of M&R.

2.1.2 PAVER Implementation

A PMS is an organized method of data management combined with predictive techniques to assist decision makers in finding optimum strategies for providing and maintaining pavements in a serviceable condition over a given period. The function of a PMS is to improve the efficiency of decision-making, provide feedback on the consequences of decisions, facilitate the coordination of activities, and ensure the consistency of decisions.

PAVER is a management system that has the capability of

Being updated and/or modified as new information and better models become available, Considering alternative strategies, Identifying the optimum alternative, Basing decisions on a rational procedure with quantified attributes, criteria, and constraints, Making predictions of pavement deterioration, Selecting appropriate maintenance and repair methods to maximize performance, and

Using feedback information regarding the consequences of decisions.

PAVER is a menu-driven computer program that provides the user a practical approach for identifying cost-effective maintenance strategies. It includes such features as data storage and retrieval, pavement network identification, PCI rating, determination of needs for maintenance and repair, performance of economic analyses, and budget planning.

The PAVER database storage capability includes historical construction data, pavement structure and materials information, condition ratings (stores previous and current condition data), and non-destructive testing results (e.g., falling weight deflectometer deflection data). Data from the current survey has been input into PAVER 7.0 and all files and photographs can be obtained through the APE Portal.

March ARB 9

After the conclusion of the pavement assessment, the PCI distress data were input in the PAVER database. PAVER was used to perform PCI calculations, develop pavement deterioration curves, and generate pavement work plans.

2.2 OVERVIEW OF PCI SURVEY RESULTS

A total of 21,340,504 ft² of pavement was surveyed as part of this assessment. The airfield pavements consisted of 30% AC pavement, and 70% PCC pavement. The area-weighted average PCI for all pavements surveyed was 76-Good. A total of 77 out of 114 sections had a PCI greater than 70. A total of 14 out of 114 sections had a PCI less than 56 and were rated as Poor.

Appendix A provides the airfield network layouts showing the pavement sections and color-coded results of the survey. Table 2.1 provides a definition of PCI rating and pavement distribution.

Table 2.1. Definition of PCI Ratings and Pavement Distribution.

Simplified PCI Rating

PCI Rating

PCI

Range Definition

Pavement Area (ft²)

Pavement Area (%)

Good Good 86-100

GOOD: Pavement has minor or no distresses and will require only routine maintenance.

3,026,352 14.2

Satisfactory 71-85 SATISFACTORY: Pavement has scattered low-severity distresses that need only routine maintenance.

13,213,069 61.9

Fair Fair 56-70 FAIR: Pavement has a combination of generally low- and medium-severity distresses. M&R needs are routine to major in the near future.

3,366,330 15.8

Poor Poor 41-55

POOR: Pavement has low-, medium-, and high-severity distresses that probably cause some operational problems.

Near-term maintenance and repair needs may range from routine up to a requirement for reconstruction.

1,159,089 5.4

Poor < 40

Very Poor 26-40

VERY POOR: Pavement has predominantly medium- and high-severity distresses that cause considerable maintenance and operational problems. Near-time maintenance and repair needs will be intensive in nature.

568,029 2.7

Serious 11-25 SERIOUS: Pavement has mainly high-severity distresses that cause operational restrictions; immediate repairs are needed.

7,635 <1

Failed 0-10 FAILED: Pavement deterioration has progressed to the point that safe operations are no longer possible; complete reconstruction is required.

2.2.1 PCI Results by Branch Use and Pavement Surface Type

Table 2.2 summarizes the PCI survey results by branch use and pavement surface type.

Figure 2.3 shows a PCI distribution graph comparing the 2018 and 2023 surveys by pavement surface type.

March ARB 10

Table 2.2. Current Condition Summary.

Branch Use Surface

Type Pavement Area (ft²)

Pavement Area (%)

Area-Weighted Average PCI

Apron

AC 1,120,705 5.3 66

PCC 11,688,113 54.8 80

Overrun

AC 599,283 2.8 60

PCC -- -- --

Runway

AC 1,642,958 7.7 75

PCC 1,343,554 6.3 72

Shoulder

AC 2,959,815 13.9 65

PCC 28,274 0.1 100

Taxiway

AC 147,027 0.7 59

PCC 1,810,775 8.5 81

Overall

AC 6,469,788 30.3 67

PCC 14,870,716 69.7 80

ALL 21,340,504 100 76

Figure 2.3. Current Condition by Surface Type.

AC 30%

PCI = 67

PCC 70%

PCI = 79

March ARB 11

Figure 2.4. PCI by Surface Type for 2018 and 2023 PCI Surveys.

2.2.2 Pavement Issues

Most of the AC distresses recorded were climate related. The predominant AC distresses were L&T cracking, and weathering. Majority of the L&T cracking and block cracking is low- or medium-severity and could benefit from localized crack seal to extend the life of the pavement and delay the need for major M&R. Joint seal damage, small patches, and joint spalls were the predominant distresses in the PCC pavements. Throughout the entire airfield, joint seal damage had the highest deduct for PCC related distresses, and L&T had the highest deduct for AC related distreses.

The average deterioration rate of all AC pavements is 0.92 PCI pts/year. The average deterioration rate for all PCC pavements is 0.36 PCI pts/year. Seven specific family curves were developed to project future conditions. The deterioration rate for AC pavements, not including shoulders, is 1.14 PCI pts/year. The deterioration rate of primary PCC Apron pavements is 0.25 PCI pts/year. The deterioration rate of secondary and tertiary PCC Apron pavements is 0.60 PCI pts/year. The deterioration rate of Primary PCC runway pavements is 0.52 PCI pts/year. The deterioration rate of Primary PCC Taxiway is 0.30 PCI pts/year, for secondary and tertiary Taxiway PCC pavements, 0.57 PCI pts/year. A more detailed analysis showing plots and containing further explanations may be found in Appendix L.

Sections with unusually high deterioration rates since construction or the 2018 inspection and unexplained increases in PCI since the last inspection are discussed individually in DETAILED PCI DESCRIPTION and Table C.1 in Appendix C.

2.3 DETAILED PCI DESCRIPTION

In the following paragraphs, the pavements are discussed by branch and further broken into sections in some instances. An overview of requirements is presented in the paragraphs and are discussed in further detail by distress in Table 4.3. AC sections with weather related distresses on aprons, overruns, and taxiways may have recommended fog seals to mitigate surface deterioration.

2.3.1 Aprons

The aprons consisted of 20 branches containing 64 sections of AC and PCC pavement.

The total area of apron pavements was 12,808,818 ft² and had an area-weighted average PCI of 79-Good. A total of 9 sections are currently below their respective critical PCI. These branches

80 83

79 76

AC PCC Overall

A re a- W ei gh te d

A ve ra ge

P C

I

Pavement Surface Type 2018 2023

March ARB 12 will be discussed more in the following paragraphs. The distribution of pavement area and sections by PCI range are shown in Table 2.3.

Table 2.3. Apron Pavement Area and Sections by PCI Range.

PCI Range Rating Number of Sections Pavement Area (ft²) Pavement Area (%)

86-100 Good

15 1,410,398 11

71-85 28 10,209,295 80

56-70 Fair 15 1,115,812 9

0-55 Poor 6 73,313 1

Total Good 64 12,808,818 100

2.3.1.1 AGE Apron 01

AGE Apron 01 consisted of one section. Section A17 had an area of 763,043 ft² and a PCI of 62-Fair. The distresses with the highest deducts were medium-severity block cracking, medium-severity L&T cracking, and medium-severity weathering. The only recommended localized preventive maintenance is crack sealing. PAVER recommends a mill and overlay in FY 2031. Performing the recommended localized maintenance will increase the PCI to 71 and could further delay the need for major M&R. Photograph 2.1 is a picture of medium-severity block cracking within section A17.

Photograph 2.1. AGE Apron 1, Section A17, Medium-Severity Block Cracking.

2.3.1.2 AGE Apron 02

AGE Apron 02 consisted of 3 sections. The area-weighted average PCI of the 32,517 ft² branch was 77-Good.

Section A41 had an area of 6,716 ft² and a PCI of 58-Fair. The distresses with the highest deducts were medium-severity linear cracking and low-severity shattered slab.

Recommended localized preventive maintenance includes crack sealing and joint seal replacement. PAVER recommends a selective slab replacement in FY 2030. Performing the

March ARB 13 recommended localized maintenance will increase the PCI to 73 and could further delay the need for major M&R.

Section A42 had an area of 19,226 ft² and a PCI of 78-Good. The distresses with the highest deducts were medium and low-severity L&T cracking and low-severity weathering. The only recommended localized preventive maintenance is crack sealing. PAVER recommends a global fog seal in FY 2025.

Section A43 had an area of 6,575 ft² and a PCI of 94-Good. The distress with the highest deduct was low-severity weathering. PAVER recommends a global fog seal in FY 2033.

2.3.1.3 AGE Apron 03

AGE Apron 03 consisted of 3 sections. The area-weighted average PCI of the 26,251 ft² branch was 64-Fair.

Section A44 had an area of 12,410 ft² and a PCI of 69-Fair. The distresses with the highest deducts were medium-severity alligator cracking, medium-severity weathering, and medium-severity L&T cracking. Recommended localized preventive maintenance includes deep patching and crack sealing. PAVER recommends a global fog seal in FY 2025.

Section A45 had an area of 10,692 ft² and a PCI of 48-Poor. The distresses with the highest deducts were medium-severity raveling, high-severity patching, and medium-severity alligator cracking. The only recommended localized stopgap maintenance is deep patching. PAVER recommends a mill and overlay in FY 2026. Photograph 2.2 shows medium-severity raveling withing section A45.

Photograph 2.2. AGE Apron 3, Section A45, Medium-Severity Raveling.

Section A46 had an area of 3,149 ft² and a PCI of 100-Good. No distresses were recorded at the time of this inspection.

March ARB 14

2.3.1.4 AGE Apron 04

AGE Apron 04 consisted of 3 sections. The area-weighted average PCI of the 36,793 ft² branch was 45-Poor.

Section A47 had an area of 30,168 ft² and a PCI of 46-Poor. The distresses with the highest deducts were medium-severity alligator cracking, medium-severity block cracking, and medium-severity weathering. PAVER recommends a mill and overlay in FY 2026.

Section A48 had an area of 5,469 ft² and a PCI of 32-Poor. The distresses with the highest deducts were medium-severity linear cracking and low and medium-severity shattered slab.

PAVER recommends a complete reconstruction in FY 2029.

Section A49 had an area of 1,156 ft² and a PCI of 75-Good. The distresses with the highest deducts were high-severity joint seal damage, low-severity linear cracking, and low-severity corner break. Recommended localized preventive maintenance includes crack sealing and joint seal replacement.

2.3.1.5 AGE Apron 05

AGE Apron 05 consisted of one section. Section A50 had an area of 21,127 ft² and a PCI of 69-Fair. The distresses with the highest deducts were medium-severity weathering, medium-severity L&T cracking, and medium-severity patching. Recommended localized preventive maintenance includes crack sealing, deep patching, and shallow patching. PAVER recommends a global fog seal in FY 2025.

2.3.1.6 AGE Apron 06

AGE Apron 06 consisted of one section. Section A51 had an area of 22,081 ft² and a PCI of 74-Good. The distresses with the highest deducts were medium-severity L&T cracking, high-severity raveling, and low-severity weathering. Recommended localized preventive maintenance includes crack sealing and shallow patching. PAVER recommends a global fog seal in FY 2025.

2.3.1.7 AGE Apron 07

AGE Apron 07 consisted of 2 sections. The area-weighted average PCI of the 28,221 ft² branch was 73-Good.

Section A52 had an area of 21,520 ft² and a PCI of 74-Good. The distresses with the highest deducts were medium and low-severity L&T cracking and medium-severity weathering.

Recommended localized preventive maintenance includes crack sealing and shallow patching.

PAVER recommends a global fog seal in FY 2025.

Section A53 had an area of 6,701 ft² and a PCI of 70-Fair. The distresses with the highest deducts were high-severity joint seal damage, low-severity large patch/utility, and shrinkage cracking. Recommended localized preventive maintenance includes joint seal replacement and partial depth patching.

March ARB 15

2.3.1.8 AGE Apron 08

AGE Apron 08 consisted of 11 sections. The area-weighted average PCI of the 225,496 ft² branch was 76-Good.

Section A54 had an area of 16,904 ft² and a PCI of 63-Fair. The distresses with the highest deducts were high-severity shattered slab, high-severity joint seal damage, and medium-severity large patch/utility. Recommended localized preventive maintenance includes crack sealing, full depth patching, joint seal replacement, partial depth patching, and selective slab replacement.

Section A55 had an area of 21,175 ft² and a PCI of 73-Good. The distresses with the highest deducts were medium-severity weathering and medium and low-severity L&T cracking. The only recommended localized preventive maintenance is crack sealing. PAVER recommends a global fog seal in FY 2025.

Section A56 had an area of 22,123 ft² and a PCI of 66-Fair. The distresses with the highest deducts were medium-severity weathering and medium and low-severity L&T cracking. The only recommended localized preventive maintenance is crack sealing. PAVER recommends a global fog seal in FY 2025.

Section A57 had an area of 22,702 ft² and a PCI of 79-Good. The distresses with the highest deducts were medium and low-severity L&T cracking and low-severity weathering. The only recommended localized preventive maintenance is crack sealing. PAVER recommends a global fog seal in FY 2025.

Section A58 had an area of 21,524 ft² and a PCI of 75-Good. The distresses with the highest deducts were medium and low-severity weathering and medium-severity L&T cracking. The only recommended localized preventive maintenance is crack sealing. PAVER recommends a global fog seal in FY 2025. Photograph 2.3 shows medium-severity L&T cracking.

Photograph 2.3. AGE Apron 08, Section A58. Medium-Severity L&T Cracking.

March ARB 16

Section A59 had an area of 22,418 ft² and a PCI of 93-Good. The distresses with the highest deducts were low-severity weathering and low-severity L&T cracking. PAVER recommends a global fog seal in FY 2032.

Section A60 had an area of 51,318 ft² and a PCI of 91-Good. The distresses with the highest deducts were medium-severity linear cracking, low-severity joint spalling, and low-severity corner spalling. Recommended localized preventive maintenance includes crack sealing and partial depth patching.

Section A61 had an area of 4,450 ft² and a PCI of 78-Good. The distresses with the highest deducts were high-severity joint seal damage, low-severity large patch/utility, and low-severity joint spalling. The only recommended localized preventive maintenance is joint seal replacement.

Section A62 had an area of 13,349 ft² and a PCI of 36-Poor. The distresses with the highest deducts were medium-severity block cracking, medium-severity patching, and medium-severity alligator cracking. PAVER recommends a mill and overlay in FY 2026.

Section A63 had an area of 20,984 ft² and a PCI of 76-Good. The distresses with the highest deducts were low-severity large patch/utility, medium-severity joint seal damage, and low-severity joint spalling. The only recommended localized preventive maintenance is joint seal replacement.

Section A64 had an area of 8,549 ft² and a PCI of 67-Fair. The distresses with the highest deducts were medium-severity weathering, medium-severity block cracking, and medium-severity L&T cracking. The only recommended localized preventive maintenance is crack sealing. PAVER recommends a global fog seal in FY 2025.

2.3.1.9 AGE Apron 09

AGE Apron 09 consisted of 2 sections. The area-weighted average PCI of the 21,525 ft² branch was 81-Good.

Section A65 had an area of 3,680 ft² and a PCI of 68-Fair. The distresses with the highest deducts were low-severity shattered slab, low-severity corner break, and medium-severity joint spalling. This section experienced an unusually high deterioration rate since construction due to the development of low-severity corner breaks, medium-severity joint spalls, and low-severity shattered slabs. Recommended localized preventive maintenance includes crack sealing and partial depth patching.

Section A66 had an area of 17,845 ft² and a PCI of 84-Good. The distresses with the highest deducts were shrinkage cracking and medium-severity joint seal damage.

2.3.1.10 AGE Apron 10

AGE Apron 10 consisted of 2 sections. The area-weighted average PCI of the 16,207 ft² branch was 57-Fair.

Section A67 had an area of 7,635 ft² and a PCI of 16-Poor. The distresses with the highest deducts were high-severity raveling, high-severity weathering, and medium-severity L&T cracking. The only recommended localized stopgap maintenance is shallow patching.

PAVER recommends a complete reconstruction in FY 2025.

March ARB 17

Section A68 had an area of 8,572 ft² and a PCI of 94-Good. The distress with the highest deduct was low-severity weathering. PAVER recommends a global fog seal in FY 2033.

2.3.1.11 Alert Apron

Alert Apron consisted of 3 sections. The area-weighted average PCI of the 126,716 ft² branch was 89-Good.

Section A20B had an area of 65,816 ft² and a PCI of 87-Good. The distresses with the highest deducts were high and medium-severity L&T cracking and low-severity patching. The only recommended localized preventive maintenance is crack sealing. PAVER recommends a global fog seal in FY 2027.

Section A29B had an area of 47,910 ft² and a PCI of 92-Good. The distresses with the highest deducts were medium and low-severity joint seal damage and shrinkage cracking.

Recommended localized preventive maintenance includes joint seal replacement and partial depth patching.

Section A30B had an area of 12,990 ft² and a PCI of 91-Good. The distresses with the highest deducts were low-severity linear cracking, low-severity corner break, and shrinkage cracking.

The only recommended localized preventive maintenance is crack sealing.

2.3.1.12 Fuel Cell Hangar Apron

Fuel Cell Hangar Apron consisted of one section. Section A36C had an area of 6,000 ft² and a PCI of 38-Poor. The distresses with the highest deducts were medium-severity large patch/utility, high-severity joint spalling, and high-severity joint seal damage. The only recommended localized stopgap maintenance is partial depth patching. PAVER recommends a selective slab replacement in FY 2027.

2.3.1.13 Hangar Access Apron

Hangar Access Apron consisted of 7 sections. The area-weighted average PCI of the 327,394 ft² branch was 78-Good.

Section A06C had an area of 197,879 ft² and a PCI of 80-Good.