B.08 Attachment 7 Pesticide Discharge Management Plan.pdf

April 2023

Pesticide Discharge Management Plan

Pesticide Discharge Management Plan USACE - Portland District

Portland District PDMP i for:

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District Bonneville Lock and Dam, The Dalles Lock and Dam, John Day-Willow Creek Project, Willamette Valley Project and Rogue River Basin Project USACE Portland District CENWP-ODT-N 333 SW 1st Ave Portland, OR 97204-3440

Decision-maker:

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District Kymberly Anderson, Chief of Operations Division USACE Portland District CENWP-OD 333 SW 1st Ave Portland, OR 97204-3440

PDMP Contact:

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District Nicholas M. Racine, Natural Resource Specialist USACE Portland District CENWP-ODT-N 333 SW 1st Ave Portland, OR 97204-3440 503-808-4325

PDMP Preparation Date:

UPDATED: 04/18/2023

Portland District PDMP ii

Table of Contents

SECTION 1: Operator Information

SECTION 2: PDMP Team

SECTION 3: Problem Identification

3.1 Pest Problem Description

3.2 Action Threshold(s)

3.3 General Location Map

3.4 Water Quality Standards

SECTION 4: Pest Management Options Evaluation

SECTION 5: Schedules and Procedures

SECTION 6: Response Procedures

6.1 Spill Response Procedures

6.1.1 Spill Containment

6.1.2 Spill Notification

6.2 Adverse Incident Response Procedures

6.2.1 Responding to an Adverse Incident

6.2.2 Notification of an Adverse Incident

SECTION 7: Documentation to Support Eligibility Considerations under Other Federal Laws

SECTION 8: Signature Requirements

SECTION 9: PDMP Plan Modifications

SECTION 10: PDMP Availability

Attachment A – General Location and PMA Maps

Attachment B – Pesticide General Permit

Attachment C – Acknowledgement Letter from Oregon DEQ, 2020 update to 2300A and Supporting Documents

Attachment D – Adverse Incident Report

Attachment E – Corrective Action Log Template

Attachment F – PDMP Amendment Log Template

Attachment G – Subcontractor Certifications/Agreements Template

Attachment H – Delegation of Authority

Attachment I – Annual Reports and Other Record Keeping

Attachment J - 2021 USACE-NWP Record of Environmental Consideration

Portland District PDMP 1

SECTION 1: Operator Information

1. Pest Management Areas

Federal agencies must develop and maintain a Pesticide Discharge Management Plan (PDMP) for their pest management areas (PMA) that are within 3 feet of waters of the United States (WOTUS) in the state of Oregon, including wetlands, as required by the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) general permit issued by the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality pursuant to ORS 468B.050 and Section 402 of the Federal Clean Water Act (CWA), and at or below ordinary high water mark (OHWM) of WOTUS in the state of Washington, as required by Chapter 90.48 RCW, 173-201A WAC, and the NPDES Pesticide General Permit issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) pursuant to Section 402 of the CWA.

The USACE Portland District has PMAs under its jurisdiction and management that need invasive weed control within the scope of NPDES requirements. Civil works projects at Bonneville, The Dalles, John Day-Willow Creek have PMAs located on or near the Columbia River. Additionally, this PDMP covers the East Sand Island located near the mouth of the Columbia River. Civil works projects at Detroit, Big Cliff, Foster, Green Peter, Fern Ridge, Blue River, Cougar, Fall Creek, Dexter, Lookout Point, Hills Creek, Cottage Grove, Dorena, Elk Creek, Lost Creek Lake, and Applegate have PMAs located on or near a variety of watersheds including Willamette, McKenzie, North and South Santiam rivers as well as the Rogue and Applegate rivers and Elk Creek.

NWP uses an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach to pest management, which involves regular survey for pest plants, the decision whether to treat, the choice of the most appropriate method for treatment from all possible options, monitoring of results, and, when appropriate, follow-up restoration to native vegetation. This plan lists both the general processes NWP uses to make pest management decisions, and specific sites where pest treatments are proposed. In many cases, PMAs are intentionally large, and vegetation will be treated when appropriate based on thresholds and IPM practices. This is an intentional decision to allow pest managers to treat new patches as they are discovered and to respond rapidly to priority species for which Early Detection and Rapid Response (EDRR) are critical.

This plan meets the requirements of the permits and is reviewed annually and updated as needed to remain current. This document is maintained in the Operations Division, Natural Resources Management Section of the Portland District office. This PDMP will be updated when new sites, species, or chemicals need to be included.

2. Identify the Pesticide Use Patterns for this Pest Management Area that trigger the requirement to develop a Pesticide Discharge Management Plan. (check all that apply).

a. Mosquitoes and Other Flying Insect Pests

b. X Weeds and Algae

c. Animal Pests

d. Forest Canopy Pests

3. Operator Type (check one):

a. X Federal Government

b. State Government

c. Local Government

d. Mosquito control district (or similar)

Portland District PDMP 2

SECTION 2: PDMP Team

1. Decision-maker: Any entity with control over the decision to perform pesticide applications including the ability to modify those decisions.

Organization Name: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District Name: Kymberly Anderson Address: 333 SW 1st Ave City, State, Zip Code: Portland, OR 97204 Telephone Number: (503) 808-4300 Email address: Kymberly.C.Anderson@usace.army.mil

2. PDMP Contact: Person who should be contacted regarding PDMP questions.

Organization Name: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District Office Name: Nicholas Racine Address: 333 SW 1st Ave City, State, Zip Code: Portland, OR 97204 Telephone Number: 503-808-4325 Email address: Nicholas.M.Racine@usace.army.mil

3. This PDMP was Prepared by: Person responsible for developing and revising the PDMP.

Organization Name: USACE Portland District Office Name: Nicholas Racine Address: 333 SW 1st Ave City, State, Zip Code: Portland, OR 97204 Telephone Number: 503-808-4325 Email address: Nicholas.M.Racine@usace.army.mil

4. Please include any additional team members and their responsibilities.

Team Member Name(s) Individual Responsibilities Nicholas Racine, Portland District Natural Resource Manager Melissa Rinehart, Portland District NRM and EC Section Chief Mason Scharfe, Bonneville Lock & Dam Natural Resource Specialist Claire Addis, The Dalles Lock & Dam Natural Resource Specialist Greg Volkman, John Day Lock and Dam Natural Resource Specialist Wes Messinger, Willamette Valley Projects Botanist Jesse Brownlee, Rogue River Basin Projects Natural Resource Manager

Portland District PDMP 3

SECTION 3: Problem Identification

3.1 Pest Problem Description

1. Provide a brief summary of the pest problem in the table.

Summary of Pest Problem

Target Pest(s) Note: Use common name

Source of the pest problem Data Source WA List

OR

List

Bittersweet Nightshade

Eurasian vine that has naturalized throughout North America along waterways, lake shores and open areas

Field Observation

N/A

N/A

Blackberry (Himalayan/Armenian, Evergreen, European, Cut Leaf)

Bird and animal seed disbursement in improperly vegetated regions

Field Observation

C B

Butterfly Bush An escaped ornamental, native to northwestern China and Japan.

B B

Cattails (Exotic) Natural environmental and accidental human disbursement

Field Observation

C N/A

Common Reed Accidental human facilitated introduction through aquatic activities.

Field Observation

B B

Curlyleaf Pondweed

Eurasian aquatic that was introduced in the Great Lakes region and is now considered invasive throughout much of North America.

Field Observation

C N/A

English Hawthorne European tree species, introduced as ornamental and occasionally for livestock hedges

Field Observation

C B

Eurasian Watermilfoil Natural environmental and accidental human disbursement

Field Observation

B B

Everlasting Pea (Perennial Peavine)

European native sold in wildflower mixes and used for erosion control and restoration

Field Observation

N/A B

False Indigo/ Indigobush

Human cultivation and natural seed disbursement

B B

Flowering Rush

(EDRR)

Ornamental cultivation spread through natural and human means

A A/T

French Broom (EDRR in Washington)

Introduced as an ornamental, it is originally from Mediterranean Europe and northwest Africa.

Field Observation

A B

Garlic Mustard

(EDRR)

European native first planted in North America in 1800s, cultivated

No Reports A B/T

Portland District PDMP 4 for food and medicine by pioneers who valued its garlic flavor.

Geranium (Shiny and Herb Robert)

Originally from Eurasia, transported by human and environmental means

Field Observation

B B

Giant Hogweed

(EDRR)

Native to Asia, imported then escaped and naturalized in surrounding areas, especially riparian and urban sites.

No Reports A A/T

Gorse (EDRR in Oregon)

Native to Europe, it was introduced at Bandon, OR as an ornamental and living fence. Oregon has 55,000 acres with some level of infestation.

No Reports B B/T

Grasses [False-Brome (WA-A), Ravenna (OR-A/T), Harding, Loy Manna, Reed Canary, Johnsongrass

(WA-A)]

Agricultural product cultivation spread through natural and human means

Field Observation

Varies A-List Noted

Varies A and T List Noted

Hoary Cress

Potentially introduces through contaminated alfalfa seeds spread via humans and environmental means

Field Observation

C B

Ivies (English and Atlantic)

Introduced by European immigrants, then widely sold as ornamental plants for landscaping

Field Observation

C B

Knotweed (Japanese, Giant, Himalayan)

Native to Eurasia, introduced as an ornamental and stream bank stabilization

Field Observation

B B

Kudzu (EDRR)

Native to Japan, three sites are known in Oregon. Since 2000, all sites received intensive treatment, but unknown infestations may exist.

No Reports A A/T

Lesser Celandine

An escaped ornamental that has spread to the PNW including the Willamette Valley. Cultivars of lesser celandine continue to be sold through catalogs and nurseries nationwide.

Field Observation

B B

Myrtle Spurge / Caper Spurge/ Leafy Spurge (EDRR in Oregon)

Ornamental cultivation spread through natural and human means.

Field Observation

B, N/A, B

B, N/A, B/T

Orange Hawkweed (EDRR in Oregon)

Native to Europe, it has spread throughout US. Plant enthusiasts have contributed to spread due to its showy, red-orange flowers. It continues to be sold in nurseries as an ornamental.

No Reports

B A/T

Parrot Feather Native of South America, introduced for use in aquariums and water gardens. First reported in PNW in

Field

B B

Portland District PDMP 5

1940s, now found in slow moving water throughout Western Oregon.

Paterson’s Curse (EDRR in Oregon)

Native to southern Europe and Africa, believed to have come from wildflower seed mix. First detected in Linn County in 2003 and Douglas County in 2004. Both sites are under intensive treatment, but unknown infestations may exist.

No Reports N/A A/T

Perennial Pepperweed

Suspected to have originated in contaminated sugar beet seed

Field Observation

B B/T

Poison Hemlock Natural environmental and accidental human disbursement

Field Observation

B B

Poison Oak Native to WA and OR, but strategically managed for safety reasons

Field Observation

N/A N/A

Policeman’s Helmet

Native to India and western Himalaya, introduced as an ornamental to gardeners and now spreading through PNW.

No Reports B B

Portuguese Broom

(EDRR)

Native to Portugal and Spain, introduced as an ornamental and for sand stabilization. Infestations are limited to Lane and Douglas counties, but unknown infestations may exist.

No Reports N/A B/T

Puncturevine Suspected to have been a contaminant in wool from Europe

Field Observation

B B

Purple Loosestrife Natural environmental and accidental human disbursement

Field Observation

B B

Roses (Exotic) Natural environmental and accidental human disbursement

Field Observation

N/A N/A

Rush Skeletonweed Originally from Eurasia, transported by human and environmental means

Field Observation

B B/T

Russian Thistle

Native to SE Russia and western Siberia, first introduced in 1873 then transported by human and environmental means

Field Observation

N/A N/A

Saltcedar (EDRR in Oregon)

Native to the Middle East, it was introduced in the 1800’s as an ornamental, for windbreaks and erosion control.

Field Observation

B B/T

Scotch Broom Ornamental cultivation spread through natural and human means

Field Observation

B B

Spurge Laurel Native to Europe, ornamental cultivation spread through natural and human means

Field Observation

B B

St. Johnswort A European native, this introduced species is now abundant in the PNW. It is still widely sold in herbal

Field

C B

Portland District PDMP 6 medicine market due to purported medicinal qualities.

Sulfur Cinquefoil Transported from Europe and spread through natural and human means

Field Observation B B

Tansy Ragwort and Common Tansy

Native to Europe and Western Asia, transported by human and environmental means

Field Observation B, B

B/T, N/A

Teasels (Common, Cutleaf)

Natural environmental and accidental human disbursement

Field Observation

C B

Thistles / Knapweeds Natural environmental and accidental human disbursement

Field Observation

Varies Varies

Toadflax (Yellow and Dalmatian)

Introduced as ornamental, still occasionally found in wildflower seed mixes

Field Observation C/B B, B/T

Tree of Heaven / Russian Olive, other Woody Plants

Human cultivation and natural seed disbursement

Field Observation C/C B

Viper’s Bugloss (Blueweed)

Native to Europe and Western and Central Asia, introduced and naturalized to North America.

Cultivated and distributed in other parts of the U.S.

No Reports B N/A

Virginia Creeper Ornamental cultivation spread through natural and human means

Field Observation

N/A N/A

Water Primrose (EDRR in Oregon)

Accidental human facilitated introduction through aquatic activities.

Field Observation B B/T

Yellow Flag Iris Seed transportation via humans and environmental means

Field Observation

C B

Yellow Floating Heart (EDRR in Oregon)

Native to the Mediterranean region, this was introduced as an ornamental pond plant and escaped.

B A/T

2. Provide a brief description of the pest problem.

Non-native species are ubiquitous throughout the Pacific Northwest. As people from around the world have traveled through North America, species from their countries of origin have been transplanted both accidentally and intentionally. Common vectors resulting in establishment of exotic species include escape from cultivation as agricultural products (exotic grasses) or ornamentals (tree of heaven, water primrose, flowering rush), intentional establishment (blackberries, feral apples), agricultural weeds accidentally introduced, or aquarium plants dumped by un-informed owners.

Once introduced, species may be spread through environmental or anthropogenic means resulting in new patches of pest plants on Corps lands on an ongoing basis. The primary contributing factor for invasive plant species is transplanted seeds and stem fragments carried by varying modes and deposited on Corps managed areas. Nearly all the management units

Portland District PDMP 7 are adjacent to major watersheds or their first-order tributaries. The natural flow of rivers transport seeds long distances. Other environmental influences that aid the spread of invasives are various types of weather, animal disbursement and lack of adequate native riparian vegetation. Anthropogenic influences include vessel and vehicle traffic, recreational and construction activities, and alteration of the native landscape and associated vegetation. Many different types of activity from recreation to industry occur on USACE project and adjacent lands enhancing this distribution influence. These activities have the potential to spread seeds and reproductive parts from area to area. Another factor contributing to the problem can be a lack of established native vegetation in shoreline and riparian areas.

Portland District PDMP 8

3.2 Action Threshold(s)

1. Provide a brief summary of the action threshold(s) in the table.

Summary of Action Threshold(s)

Target Pests Action Thresholds Bittersweet Nightshade Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives or pose a significant safety risk to the public or employees.

Blackberry (Himalayan/ Armenian, Evergreen, European, Cut Leaf)

Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to infrastructure, endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Butterfly Bush

Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Cattails (Exotic)

Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Common Reed

Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Curlyleaf Pondweed

Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

English Hawthorne

Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Eurasian Watermilfoil

Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Everlasting Pea (Perennial Peavine)

Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Portland District PDMP 9

False Indigo / Indigobush

Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Flowering Rush (A & A/T, EDRR) Any presence detected in management areas.

French Broom (A, EDRR in Washington)

In WA: Any presence detected in management areas.

In OR: Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Garlic Mustard (A & B/T, EDRR) Any presence detected in management areas.

Geranium (Shiny and Herb Robert)

Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Giant Hogweed (A & A/T, EDRR) Any presence detected in management areas.

Gorse (B/T, EDRR in Oregon)

In OR: Any presence detected in management areas.

In WA: Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Grasses [False-Brome (WA-A, EDRR), Ravenna (OR-A/T, EDRR), Harding, Loy Manna, Reed Canary, Johnsongrass (WA-A, EDRR)]

Ravenna, False Brome in WA, Johnsongrass in WA:

Any presence detected in management areas.

All others: Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Hoary Cress

Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Ivies (English and Atlantic)

Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Knotweeds (Japanese, Giant, Himalayan)

Any presence detected in management areas.

Kudzu (A & A/T, EDRR) Any presence detected in management areas.

Lesser Celandine

Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to

Portland District PDMP 10

Myrtle Spurge / Caper Spurge / Leafy Spurge (B/T, EDRR in Oregon)

Leafy Spurge in OR: Any presence detected in management areas.

Myrtle Spurge or Caper Spurge in either state or Leafy Spurge in WA: Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Orange Hawkweed (A/T, EDRR in Oregon)

In OR: Any presence detected in management areas.

In WA: Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Parrot Feather

Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Paterson’s Curse (A/T, EDRR in Oregon)

In OR: Any presence detected in management areas.

In WA: Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Perennial Pepperweed (B/T, EDRR in Oregon)

In OR: Any presence detected in management areas.

In WA: Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Poison Hemlock Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives or pose a significant safety risk to the public or employees.

Poison Oak Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives or pose a significant safety risk to the public or employees.

Policeman’s Helmet

Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Portuguese Broom (B/T, EDRR in Oregon)

In OR: Any presence detected in management areas.

In WA: Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Puncturevine Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new

Portland District PDMP 11 growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Purple Loosestrife

Any presence detected in management areas where biocontrol beetles are not detected. If beetles are present, infestation will be monitored but not actively controlled.

Roses (Exotic) Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, or pose a significant safety risk to the public, employees or infrastructure.

Rush Skeletonweed (B/T, EDRR in Oregon)

In OR: Any presence detected in management areas.

In WA: Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Russian Thistle

Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Saltcedar (B/T, EDRR in Oregon)

In OR: Any presence detected in management areas.

In WA: Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Scotch Broom

Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Spurge Laurel

Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

St. Johnswort

Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Sulfur Cinquefoil

Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Tansy Ragwort (B/T in OR) and Common Tansy

Tansy Ragwort in OR: Any presence detected in management areas.

Portland District PDMP 12

All others: Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Teasels (Common, Cutleaf)

Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Thistles/Knapweeds

Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Toadflax (Yellow and Dalmatian, B/T in OR)

Dalmatian Toadflax in OR: Any presence detected in management areas.

Dalmatian Toadflax in WA and Yellow Toadflax:

Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Tree of Heaven / Russian Olive and other Woody Plants

Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to infrastructure, endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Viper’s Bugloss (Blueweed)

Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Virginia Creeper

Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Water Primrose (B/T, EDRR in Oregon)

In OR: Any presence detected in management areas.

In WA: Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Yellow Flag Iris

Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to

Portland District PDMP 13

Yellow Floating Heart (A/T, EDRR in Oregon)

In OR: Any presence detected in management areas.

In WA: Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

2. Provide a brief description of the action threshold(s).

Action thresholds are factors taken into consideration to determine when action will be taken to start pest control. Species are placed into one of two categories based on the threat level to Corps managed natural capital. The first category are priority species that include rare species and species that may have not yet been detected on Corps lands, but would threaten ecosystem function, endemic species, and/or the human environment. These species will be targeted for eradication anywhere they are found on NWP lands. The second category is the as-needed category. These are species that are either lower threat or are so well established that there is no hope of eradication, but which threaten rare species, sites, or human safety. These will be targeted for treatment as needed to protect NWP resources.

Priority Species: Any Species on the Washington A list or Oregon A/T or B/T list, well as, Knotweeds, Purple Loosestrife, and Poison Hemlock as determined by Project managers.

As-Needed Species: All other species listed in this PDMP.

a. Target Pest: Bittersweet Nightshade

Pest Management Objective: Strategically manage the spread or establishment in management areas to prevent or treat significant impairment to the environment or utility of the waterway.

Action Threshold: Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives or pose a significant safety risk to the public or employees.

Basis for the action threshold: No legal status but is recognized it as an invasive and control and containment of existing populations is encouraged. Toxic to people, pets and livestock.

Method to determine when the action threshold has been met: The action threshold will be met upon any confirmed detection identified by the Project specific Natural Resource Management Staff.

b. Target Pest: Blackberry (Himalayan/Armenian, Evergreen, European, Cut Leaf) management areas to prevent or treat significant impairment to the environment or utility of the waterway.

Action Threshold: Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to infrastructure, endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Basis for the action threshold: The species is very invasive, widespread and forms dense groupings/monocultures in riparian zones leading to habitat and biodiversity loss, native species displacement and the creation of impassable brambles.

Method to determine when the action threshold has been met: The action threshold will

Portland District PDMP 14

c. Target Pest: Butterfly Bush Pest Management Objective: Strategically manage the spread or establishment in management areas to prevent or treat significant impairment to the environment or utility of the waterway.

Action Threshold: Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Basis for the action threshold: Butterfly bush forms dense thickets, especially along riverbanks and gravel bars, which crowd out native plants and may alter soil nutrient concentrations. This shrub is difficult to control, can produce seeds during its first year and seeds are viable 3 to 5 years.

Method to determine when the action threshold has been met: The action threshold will

d. Target Pest: Cattails (Exotic) management areas to prevent or treat significant impairment to the environment or utility of the waterway.

Action Threshold: Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Basis for the action threshold: Non-native cattails can invade managed and recreation aquatic systems, forming dense monocultures, negatively impacting the ecosystems ecology and impairing the intended usage of affected regions.

Method to determine when the action threshold has been met: The action threshold will

e. Target Pest: Common Reed management areas to prevent or treat significant impairment to the environment or utility of the waterway.

Action Threshold: Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Basis for the action threshold: The species proliferates rapidly and outcompetes native vegetation, forming very dense monocultures. It alters wetland hydrology, increases the potential for a fire and degrades the overall wetland wildlife habitat.

Method to determine when the action threshold has been met: The action threshold will

f. Target Pest: Curlyleaf Pondweed management areas to prevent or treat significant impairment to the environment or utility of the waterway.

Portland District PDMP 15

Action Threshold: Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Basis for the action threshold: Curlyleaf pondweed forms dense surface mats that choke out native plants and affect recreational uses. It is a perennial aquatic that grows in early spring and then goes dormant in the summer, so early detection and swift action is key.

Method to determine when the action threshold has been met: The action threshold will

g. Target Pest: English Hawthorne management areas to prevent or treat significant impairment to the environment or utility of the waterway.

Action Threshold: Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Basis for the action threshold: Degrades wildlife habitat in oak woodlands, forming very dense stands that can alter the structure of forest understories and open grasslands.

Method to determine when the action threshold has been met: The action threshold will

Management Staff

h. Target Pest: Eurasian Watermilfoil management areas to prevent or treat significant impairment to the environment or utility of the waterway.

Action Threshold: Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Basis for the action threshold: This a pervasive species in the region that has a propensity to form dense mats of vegetation on the surface of the water that hinders with recreational activities, creates an ideal mosquito habitat, and out competes native species while shading others out.

Method to determine when the action threshold has been met: The action threshold will

i. Target Pest: Everlasting Pea (Perennial Peavine) management areas to prevent or treat significant impairment to the environment or utility of the waterway.

Action Threshold: Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Basis for the action threshold: Everlasting pea is increasingly a problem in Western Oregon on rights-of-way, forested regions, and natural areas. As infestations occur, large areas are smothered, and native plant cover are reduced.

Portland District PDMP 16

Method to determine when the action threshold has been met: The action threshold will

j. Target Pest: False Indigo / Indigobush management areas to prevent or treat significant impairment to the environment or utility of the waterway.

Action Threshold: Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Basis for the action threshold: The species root system acidifies the surrounding soils inhibiting the growth of endemic species and at maturity each individual is capable of producing and releasing approximately 6,000 seeds. Once established at high densities it becomes very difficult and expensive to control. If current populations are allowed to increase recreation, wildlife and native vegetation (specifically restored endemic wormwood) will be negatively impacted.

Method to determine when the action threshold has been met: The action threshold will

k. Target Pest: Flowering Rush (EDRR) Pest Management Objective: Prevent new establishments and treat all existing distributions within the management units.

Action Threshold: Any presence detected in any management area.

Basis for the action threshold: Flowering Rush is an Early Detection Rapid Response “A” list species. It is an aggressive colonizer, rapidly spreading and forming dense mats that force out native species, block water intakes, and filling regions inhibiting access and egress from boat ramps, launches, swimming areas and marinas.

Method to determine when the action threshold has been met: The action threshold will

l. Target Pest: French Broom (EDRR in Washington) Pest Management Objective: In WA: Prevent new establishments and treat all existing distributions within the management units. In OR: Strategically manage the spread or establishment in management areas to prevent or treat significant impairment to the environment or utility of the waterway.

Action Threshold: In WA, any presence detected in any management area.

In OR, infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Basis for the action threshold: French Broom is an aggressive pioneer species, moving in and spreading quickly after disturbance. Once established its very difficult and expensive to remove.

Method to determine when the action threshold has been met: The action threshold will

Portland District PDMP 17

m. Target Pest: Garlic Mustard (EDRR) Pest Management Objective: Prevent new establishments and treat all existing distributions within the management units.

Action Threshold: Any presence detected in any management area.

Basis for the action threshold: Garlic Mustard is an Early Detection Rapid Response “T” list species. Garlic mustard outcompetes native and beneficial species producing high quantities of seed from a single plant can make it difficult to eradicate once it is well-established.

Method to determine when the action threshold has been met: The action threshold will

n. Target Pest: Geranium (Shiny and Herb Robert) management areas to prevent or treat significant impairment to the environment or utility of the waterway.

Action Threshold: Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Basis for the action threshold: Shiny Geranium is difficult to control since the seeds can germinate when conditions are favorable in a variety of habitats. It is tolerant of shade and wet soils; it grows prolifically in oak and ash woodlands.

Method to determine when the action threshold has been met: The action threshold will

o. Target Pest: Giant Hogweed (EDRR) distributions within the management units.

Action Threshold: Any presence detected in any management area.

Basis for the action threshold: Giant Hogweed is an Early Detection Rapid Response “A” list species. It forms dense canopies outcompeting native species and increasing soil erosion. It is also a public safety hazard as it exudes a clear watery sap which can result in severe burns.

Method to determine when the action threshold has been met: The action threshold will

p. Target Pest: Gorse (B/T, EDRR in Oregon) Pest Management Objective: In OR: Prevent new establishments and treat all existing distributions within the management units. In WA: Strategically manage the spread or establishment in management areas to prevent or treat significant impairment to the environment or utility of the waterway.

Action Threshold: In OR, any presence detected in any management area. In WA, infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Portland District PDMP 18

Basis for the action threshold: Gorse is an Early Detection Rapid Response “T” list species. Few invasive exotic species persist like gorse, making it one of the most difficult to manage weeds in the world. Control costs are high, and reinfestation is a constant problem.

Method to determine when the action threshold has been met: The action threshold will

q. Target Pest: Grasses [False-Brome (WA-A, EDRR), Ravenna (OR-A/T, EDRR), Harding, Loy Manna, Reed Canary, Johnsongrass (WA-A, EDRR)] Pest Management Objective: A-listed species: Prevent new establishments and treat all existing distributions within the management units. All others: Strategically manage the spread or establishment in management areas to prevent or treat significant impairment to the environment or utility of the waterway.

Action Threshold: A-listed species: Any presence detected in any management area.

All others: Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Basis for the action threshold: Exotic grasses are very invasive, widespread and forms dense groupings/monocultures leading to habitat and biodiversity loss, native species displacement and changes in fire regime.

Method to determine when the action threshold has been met: The action threshold will

r. Target Pest: Hoary Cress management areas to prevent or treat significant impairment to the environment or utility of the waterway.

Action Threshold: Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Basis for the action threshold: Hoary Cress is a highly competitive plant and once established it rapidly displaces native vegetation, forming dense monocultures.

Method to determine when the action threshold has been met: The action threshold will

s. Target Pest: Ivies (English and Atlantic) management areas to prevent or treat significant impairment to the environment or utility of the waterway.

Action Threshold: Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Basis for the action threshold: Ivy can outcompete native plants, reducing animal foraging habitat. It inhibits regeneration of understory plants and kills understory and overstory trees by shading them out. Ivy may cause storm damage trees by the added weight in the canopy that also may act as a sail. The sap of the stems can cause skin

Portland District PDMP 19 irritations and rashes to sensitive individuals. Consuming large amounts of leaves and fruits can be toxic to people and cattle.

Method to determine when the action threshold has been met: The action threshold will

t. Target Pest: Knotweeds- Japanese, Giant, Himalayan (Priority) distributions within the management units.

Action Threshold: Any presence detected in management areas.

Basis for the action threshold: These are very aggressive escaped ornamentals that are capable of forming dense stands, crowding out all other vegetation and degrading wildlife habitat. It can also create a fire hazard in the dormant season. It is difficult to control once established. Due to the ecosystem devastation potential, the species will be treated as an Early Detection Rapid Response (Priority-EDRR) species.

Method to determine when the action threshold has been met: The action threshold will

u. Target Pest: Kudzu (EDRR) distributions within the management units.

Action Threshold: Any presence detected in any management area.

Basis for the action threshold: Kudzu is an Early Detection Rapid Response “A” list species. It is a highly aggressive invasive plant which is extremely difficult to control once established. Kudzu is so aggressive it covers and smothers all other plants in its path, resulting in solid single species stands eliminating native species.

Method to determine when the action threshold has been met: The action threshold will

v. Target Pest: Lesser Celandine management areas to prevent or treat significant impairment to the environment or utility of the waterway.

Action Threshold: Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Basis for the action threshold: Lesser celandine outcompetes and excludes native plants. It emerges before most other spring ephemeral plants which can give it a competitive advantage over our native understory plant communities. It is invasive and difficult to control.

Method to determine when the action threshold has been met: The action threshold will

Portland District PDMP 20

w. Target Pest: Myrtle Spurge / Caper Spurge / Leafy Spurge (B/T, EDRR in Oregon) Pest Management Objective: For Leafy Spurge in OR: Prevent new establishments and treat all existing distributions within the management units. Strategically manage the spread or establishment in management areas to prevent or treat significant impairment to the environment or utility of the waterway.

Action Threshold: For Leafy Spurge in OR: Any presence detected in any management area. For all others: Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Basis for the action threshold: Myrtle Spurge poses a danger to the public because of its caustic, latex sap, which causes nausea, vomiting and diarrhea when ingested. Skin contact with sap causes redness, swelling and blisters. Leafy Spurge is toxic to cattle, horses, and humans.

Method to determine when the action threshold has been met: The action threshold will

x. Target Pest: Orange Hawkweed (A/T, EDRR in Oregon) distributions within the management units. In WA: Strategically manage the spread or establishment in management areas to prevent or treat significant impairment to the environment or utility of the waterway.

Action Threshold: In OR: Any presence detected in any management area.

In WA: Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Basis for the action threshold: Orange Hawkweed is an Early Detection Rapid Response “A” list species. It is an aggressive competitor of native plant species. It is a serious pest of lowland open-areas and mountain meadows.

Method to determine when the action threshold has been met: The action threshold will

y. Target Pest: Parrot Feather management areas to prevent or treat significant impairment to the environment or utility of the waterway.

Action Threshold: Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Basis for the action threshold: Parrot feather infestations can alter aquatic ecosystems. It forms dense mats that shade out other native aquatic plants as well as inhibit water flow and recreational activities.

Method to determine when the action threshold has been met: The action threshold will

Portland District PDMP 21

z. Target Pest: Paterson’s Curse (A/T, EDRR in Oregon) Pest Management Objective: In OR: Prevent new establishments and treat all existing distributions within the management units. In WA: Strategically manage the spread or establishment in management areas to prevent or treat significant impairment to the environment or utility of the waterway.

Action Threshold: In OR: Any presence detected in any management area.

In WA: Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to endemic vegetation and/or wildlife or endangered species.

Basis for the action threshold: Paterson’s Curse is an Early Detection Rapid Response “A” list species. Paterson’s curse has prolific seed production enabling rapid spread and can form solid stands and displace native and desirable plants.

Method to determine when the action threshold has been met: The action threshold will

aa. Target Pest: Perennial Pepperweed (B/T, EDRR in Oregon) distributions within the management units. In WA: Strategically manage the spread or establishment in management areas to prevent or treat significant impairment to the environment or utility of the waterway.

Action Threshold: In OR: Any presence detected in any management area. In WA:

Infestation that jeopardizes ecological restoration objectives, new or expanding colonization, any new growth that is determined to pose a significant risk to…