Attachment J.4 NRM - Initial Environment Examination 2021 to 2026.pdf

TANZANIA NRM IEE

FEBRUARY 2021

INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

PROJECT DATA

Project Name: Natural Resource Management and Biodiversity Project

Geographic Location(s) (Country/Region): Tanzania /East Africa Amendment (Yes/No), if Yes indicate # (1, 2...): No

Implementation Start/End Date (FY or M/D/Y): April 2021 – October 1, 2026 If Amended, specify New End Date:

Solicitation/Contract/Award Number(s):

Implementing Partner(s): Multiple, TBD Bureau Tracking ID: Tanzania Biodiversity NRM IEE https://ecd.usaid.gov/document.php?doc_id=53179 Tracking ID of Related RCE/IEE (if any):

Tracking ID of Other, Related Analyses: Environmental Assessment for Landscape Conservation in Western Tanzania https://ecd.usaid.gov/document.php?doc_id=52736

USAID/Tanzania Biodiversity and Tropical Forestry and Biodiversity (FAA 118/119) Assessment https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00TP93.pdf

This IEE supersedes the previous Natural Resources IEE https://ecd.usaid.gov/document.php?doc_id=39933 and its amendments:

IEE Amendment 1:

https://ecd.usaid.gov/document.php?doc_id=51085 IEE Amendment 2:

https://ecd.usaid.gov/document.php?doc_id=52175 IEE Amendment 3:

https://ecd.usaid.gov/document.php?doc_id=52287

ORGANIZATIONAL/ADMINISTRATIVE DATA

Implementing Operating Unit(s):

(e.g., Mission or Bureau or Office)

USAID/Tanzania

Other Affected Operating Unit(s):

Lead BEO Bureau: Africa

Funding Account(s) (if available): Biodiversity Original Funding Amount: $54,576,884

If Amended, specify funding amount: N/A If Amended, specify new funding total: N/A

Prepared by: USAID/Tanzania: Boniphace Marwa, Dosteus Lopa ECOS: Josh Habib, Molly Hellmuth, Ralph https://ecd.usaid.gov/document.php?doc_id=53179 https://ecd.usaid.gov/document.php?doc_id=52736 https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00TP93.pdf https://ecd.usaid.gov/document.php?doc_id=39933 https://ecd.usaid.gov/document.php?doc_id=51085 https://ecd.usaid.gov/document.php?doc_id=52175 https://ecd.usaid.gov/document.php?doc_id=52287

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Grismala, Joanne Potter, and Stella Siegel Date Prepared: February 2021

ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE REVIEW DATA

Analysis Type: ☒Environmental Examination ☐Deferral Environmental Determination(s): ☒Categorical Exclusion(s)

☒Negative ☐Positive ☒Deferred (per 22 CFR 216.3(a)(7)(iv)

IEE Expiration Date (if applicable): April 2026 Additional Analyses/Reporting Required: Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plans

(EMMPs).

IEE Amendments or Supplements when significant new Activities or Interventions are added.

Climate Risks Identified (#): Low: 9 Moderate: 5 High: 4 Climate Risks Addressed (#): Low: N/A Moderate: 5 High: 4 about:blank about:blank

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THRESHOLD DETERMINATION AND SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

PROJECT/ACTIVITY SUMMARY

This Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) addresses Biodiversity and Natural Resource Management interventions undertaken by USAID/Tanzania and its partners. The Mission’s biodiversity interventions primarily fall under Development Objective (DO) 3 of the 2020 – 2025 Tanzania Country Development Cooperation Strategy (CDCS).

● D03: Capacity of state and non-state actors strengthened to benefit future generations.

o IR 3.1 Capacity of sub-national government to lead sustainable development improved.

o IR 3.2 Enabling environment for private sector and CSOs enhanced o IR 3.3 Capacity of civil society actors strengthened.

The IEE covers mechanisms and interventions in Tanzania that are ongoing and planned, as described below (more complete descriptions of the mechanisms are in Section 1). For ongoing mechanisms, only those components that are not covered in other IEEs are covered with this

IEE.

Ongoing Mechanisms Landscape Conservation in Western Tanzania (LCWT) Duration: November 2018 – November 2023 Funded Amount: $19,975,884 An initiative designed to protect chimpanzee populations and their habitats, strengthen local government capacity in natural resource management, and empower local communities in the Gombe-Masito-Ugalla (GMU) ecosystem. LCWT is implemented by the Jane Goodall Institute (JGI) and partners Research Triangle Institute (RT) and Pathfinder International in collaboration with other non-government and government organizations.

LCWT activities include natural resource management, land use planning & sustainable development, monitoring, and environmental education.

Southern Highlands and Ruaha-Katavi Protection Program (SHARPP) Duration: September 29, 2019 – September 30, 2022 Funded Amount: $10,601,100 Implemented by the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), SHARPP aims to achieve four main results:

● Establish political will for wildlife corridor conservation;

● Develop and support wildlife corridor management;

● Build adaptive management capacity for wildlife corridor conservation;

● Increase benefits to local communities for wildlife corridor conservation.

Usimamizi Endelevu Wa Maliasili Activity Duration: March 06, 2020 - March 05, 2025 Funded Amount: $1,999,483 Usimamizi Endelevu wa Maliasili (“Resilient Natural Resources Governance”) works to conserve land, wildlife, forests, and water resources in the Lyamba lya Mfipa ecosystem. The activity also

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strengthens resilience of local communities in the Rukwa region through improved natural resources governance.

Planned Mechanisms Marine Biodiversity Conservation Activity Duration: Five years (expected start date: 2021) Approximate Funding: $10,000,000 The purpose of this activity – which is at the planning stages as of the writing of this IEE – is to enhance the ecological resilience and productivity of high marine biodiversity areas in Tanzania by strengthening protected area and wild-caught fisheries management.

Tuhifadhi Maliasili Activity (TMA) Duration: Five years: (expected start date: 2021) Approximate Funding: $30,000,000 The goal of this activity is to address dynamics that threaten habitat connectivity and biodiversity in Tanzania. The project will:

● Build institutional capacities of both public and private stakeholders.

● Increase private sector engagement in biodiversity conservation and natural resources management.

● Improve the policy, regulatory, and enabling environment for biodiversity conservation and NRM.

Any Added or Future Mechanisms/Interventions For any mechanism/intervention that is not yet planned or included in this IEE, USAID/Tanzania will assess whether these activities can be covered under the existing Intervention Categories (i.e., do not substantially differ from other activities) or if they require an Amendment. The review and approach to added activities should be determined by the Mission, with consultation with the AFR BEO.

This IEE will come into effect from the date of its signature by the Tanzania/USAID Mission Director and Africa Bureau BEO for a period of 5 years, unless amended, or substituted by a BEO approved environmental document that claims precedence.

Scope and Findings of the IEE This IEE is a critical element of a mandatory environmental review and compliance process meant to achieve environmentally sound activity design and implementation. This document provides a preliminary environmental examination and threshold determinations for the following activities: LCWT, SHARPP, Usimamizi Endelevu Wa Maliasili, Marine Biodiversity Conservation, and TMA. For those activities within the Tanzania biodiversity programming that have already been assessed through other environmental examinations (see Table 1), this document does not supersede the findings of those documents unless so indicated.

Amendment Process for the IEE This IEE outlines the activities/awards covered by the USAID/Tanzania NRM and Biodiversity programming and provides a high-level analysis of the intervention categories anticipated under each activity. If necessary, more detailed analysis of activities within this program would be provided through IEE Amendments. Two scenarios would require an amendment to this IEE: 1)

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a change in the duration, funding, or the addition of a new activity/award to biodiversity programming, 2) the addition of a new intervention category or significant sub-intervention to a new or ongoing activity/award not addressed in the existing intervention categories.

ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINATIONS

Upon approval of this document, the determinations become affirmed, per Agency regulations

(22 CFR 216).

Mechanisms This analysis addresses the following biodiversity mechanisms:

Activity 1: Landscape Conservation in Western Tanzania (LCWT) Activity 2: Southern Highlands and Ruaha-Katavi Protection Program (SHARPP) Activity 3: Usimamizi Endelevu wa Maliasili Activity 4: Marine Biodiversity Conservation Activity 5: Tuhifadhi Maliasili Activity (TMA)

Intervention Categories This analysis addresses the following intervention categories:

Intervention Category 1: Conservation Strategies, Policies, and Enforcement Intervention Category 2: Environmental and Biological Monitoring and Evaluation Intervention Category 3: Communications and Awareness Building Intervention Category 4: Livelihood Development Intervention Category 5: Ecotourism Development and Oversight Intervention Category 6: Forest Management Activities Intervention Category 7: Public Health Activities Intervention Category 8: Small Scale Construction Intervention Category 9: Energy Conservation Activities Intervention Category 10: Other Biodiversity Activities (e.g., Marine Conservation) Intervention Category 11: Pollution Prevention and Waste Cleanup Activities

Mechanism Governing Environmental Compliance Document

Determination(s) Given in Referenced Document*

Intervention Categories addressing mechanism

LCWT Environmental Assessment, NRM IEE, this IEE

Positive Determination1 & Negative Determination w Conditions (NDwC)

1 - 9

SHARPP NRM IEE and this IEE NDwC and Deferral 1 - 6, 8

1 Positive Determination for LCWT resolved with the Environmental Assessment.

https://ecd.usaid.gov/document.php?doc_id=52736 https://ecd.usaid.gov/document.php?doc_id=52736

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Usimamizi Endelevu wa Maliasili (Resilient Natural Resources Governance)

NRM IEE and this IEE NDwC 1-4, 6

Marine Biodiversity Conservation

This IEE NDwC and Deferral 1 – 5, 8, 10, 11

TMA This IEE NDwC and Deferral 1 – 5, 7, 8

Note: For each mechanism, the entire mechanism is assigned an environmental determination equal to the most stringent determination of any of the interventions or sub-interventions. For example, if any of the interventions or sub-interventions might have adverse social or environmental impacts and warrant an NDwC, the entire mechanism is assigned an NDwC. Only when all interventions/sub-interventions warrant a Categorical Exclusion will the mechanism be assigned a Categorical Exclusion. This approach helps ensure that the IPs and AOR/CORs consider any adverse social and environmental impacts and develop appropriate mitigation measures.

Climate Risk Management The Climate Risk Management (CRM) screening identifies climate-related risks to the biodiversity activities that should be addressed to enhance resilience and safeguard activity development objectives. This screening was conducted as part of implementing the Reference for ADS Chapter 201 “Climate Risks Management for USAID Projects and Activities.” The results of the CRM screening are documented in Section 4.2 of this IEE. The Climate Risk Screening Matrix is provided in Annex 1.

BEO Specified Conditions of Approval In addition to the conditions specified in Sections 5.1 and 5.2, the Africa BEO has established the following conditions for IEE approval.

1. COVID-19 Conditions

a) See Tanzania’s COVID-19 Supplemental SIEE for guidance.

b) In order to reduce COVID-19 transmission during the implementation of these activities, USAID managers must:

● Ensure all activities addressed by this IEE adhere to current, applicable COVID- 19 guidelines. Refer to the AFR COVID-19 PIEE (attached and linked here --https://ecd.usaid.gov/document.php?doc_id=52754) for links to U.S. and international guidance on appropriate measures to reduce COVID-19 transmission. Such measures may include, but are not limited to social distancing, use of personal protective equipment, limiting the size of gatherings and travel, and effective disinfection.

● Share with the partner:

o Applicable COVID-19 guidance from the USAID Mission or U.S.

Embassy;

o Applicable COVID-19 guidance from local authorities;

o The following Agency-wide “COVID-19 GUIDANCE FOR

IMPLEMENTING PARTNERS” page on the USAID website:

https://www.usaid.gov/work-usaid/resources-for-partners/covid-19-guidance-implementing-partners https://docs.google.com/a/usaid.gov/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=dXNhaWQuZ292fGFmcmVudnByb2N8Z3g6OTgxOTkyMjY5Mjg1N2Zl https://www.usaid.gov/work-usaid/resources-for-partners/covid-19-guidance-implementing-partners https://www.usaid.gov/work-usaid/resources-for-partners/covid-19-guidance-implementing-partners

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● Ensure that partners have appropriate training, authorization, and resources to meet the expectations of the applicable guidance while implementing these activities.

2. Activities in or Near Parks and Protected Areas: In accordance with the FY 2020 Appropriations Statement of Managers, the following four components are required:

a. That the implementing partner (IP) perform consultations and engagement with the project affected community and if that community includes indigenous peoples (as described in the USAID PRO-IP policy), that the level of engagement rise to the level of Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC).

b. That the IP examines the impacts to land and use resources.

c. That the IP train and monitor any park rangers or eco-guides or similar in performing their duties with a human right focus, and

d. That the IP has a grievance and redress mechanism (GRM).

3. Health Care Waste Management Conditions

a. Where USAID support increases the delivery of healthcare services, such as through the provision of supplies, equipment, and/or staffing, USAID will take responsibility for ensuring the proper management of medical waste from that facility; including, but not limited to, proper handling, labeling, treatment, storage, transport, and final disposal.

b. When USAID supports healthcare service delivery in partnership with other actors, including the host country, NGOs, CSOs, etc., USAID will ensure appropriate, sufficient, and sustainable medical waste management through collaboration. If significant deficiencies2 in medical waste management persist in spite of collaborative efforts, USAID must reallocate its resources to either independently close those gaps or to work in facilities where medical waste is properly managed.

c. USAID must regularly monitor the state of healthcare waste management in the healthcare facilities it supports, and USAID should request reports on that monitoring with the same regularity as it receives reports on other programmatic objectives of the activity.

4. Reporting Conditions: The AFR BEO requests that the activity managers/AORs/CORs provide access to the Regional Environmental Advisor (REA) and to the AFR BEO Team to review (not approve) the Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plans/Reports (EMMPs/EMMRs) that will be written to implement the findings of this IEE. These should be uploaded into the appropriate sub-folder(s) of this Google Drive folder:

https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1q7HGMzgopJ-MuKxkQEJ4GSPp9R7Qzv- 5?usp=sharing

This will facilitate access by all parties who need these documents, including the Mission Environmental Officer and the AOR/COR. This will allow the REA and the BEO Team to

2 Significant deficiencies are defined as not meeting “minimum approaches” as established by WHO Guidance for each of the following aspects of medical waste management: health care waste management policy; planning; waste minimization; segregation, storage and transport;

treatment and disposal; wastewater management; waste management costing; health and safety practices; hygiene and infection control; training, education and public awareness.

https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1q7HGMzgopJ-MuKxkQEJ4GSPp9R7Qzv-5?usp=sharing https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1q7HGMzgopJ-MuKxkQEJ4GSPp9R7Qzv-5?usp=sharing https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/85349/9789241548564_eng.pdf;jsessionid=29E4FC7B647745587FF832EB6C1E8EED?sequence=1

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spot-check and review these documents to confirm that the mitigations seem appropriate and are cognizant of the specific design of the activities.

5. Subsidiary Review: Some actions (e.g., sub-grants) may require subsidiary review in the form of an Environmental Review Form (ERF) and associated Environmental Review Report (ERR) (https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1865/204sac.pdf). IPs should work with the Mission Environmental Officer (MEO) and A/COR to determine whether subsidiary review is necessary; if so, IPs must complete and submit the ERF/ERR to the A/COR for each subject action, prior to implementation of the action.

The ERF/ERF will be approved by the A/COR and the MEO.

General Implementation and Monitoring Conditions

Any organizations receiving USAID funds must incorporate provisions in their environmental compliance documentation that activities undertaken will be within the purview of the environmental determinations and recommendations of this IEE. For activities that fall outside the purview an amended IEE will be needed.

The Negative Determinations recommended in this IEE are contingent on full implementation of a set of general monitoring and implementation requirements specified in Sections 5.1 and

5.2. These requirements include:

(1) IP Briefings on Environmental Compliance Responsibilities;

(2) Development of environmental mitigation and monitoring plans (EMMPs);

(3) Integration and implementation of EMMPs in work-plans and budgets;

(4) Integration of compliance responsibilities in prime and sub-contracts and grant agreements;

(5) Assurance of sub-grantee and sub-contractor capacity and compliance;

(6) 22 CFR 216 documentation coverage for new or modified activities;

(7) Compliance with host country requirements.

Ongoing activities: All ongoing activities will review their EMMP(s) in the context of this IEE and determine - in consultations with the Mission Environmental Officer (MEO) - whether adjustments to their EMMPs are necessary.

Planned activities: Once underway, all IPs with awards must develop and implement an EMMP in accordance with the requirements of this IEE.

Future activities: New activities that are planned or awarded within the timeframe of this IEE validity must be evaluated by the MEO. If deemed by the MEO to not substantively differ from the activities that have already received an environmental determination in this IEE, these activities may be covered by this IEE. Otherwise, the new activities would require an Amendment to this IEE. The review and approach to added activities should be determined by the Mission, with consultation with the AFR BEO.

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USAID APPROVAL OF INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

PROJECT/ACTIVITY NAME: _BIODIVERSITY INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION_

Bureau Tracking ID: https://ecd.usaid.gov/document.php?doc_id=53179

Approval: Cleared 03/17/2021 Andrew Karas, Mission Director Date

Clearance: Cleared electronically 02/23/2021 Boniphace Marwa, Activity Manager Date

Clearance: Cleared electronically 02/23/2021 Yoel Kirschner, NRM Team Leader

Date

Clearance:

Cleared electronically

02/24/2021

Terhi Majenan, EG Office Director Date

02/17/2021

Dosteus Lopa, Mission Environmental Officer Date

Clearance: Cleared 02/24/2021 David Kinyua, Regional Environmental Advisor Date

02/18/2021

Anya Glenn, Program Office Director

Cleared

03/16/2021

John ‘Greg’ Butler, Regional Legal Officer Date

Cleared

03/17/2021

Veeraya (Kate) Somvongsiri, Deputy Mission Director

06/11/2021

Colin Quinn, Climate Integration Lead Date

Concurrence: Cleared 06/11/2021 Brian Hirsch, Bureau Environmental Officer Date

DISTRIBUTION:

https://ecd.usaid.gov/document.php?doc_id=53179

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INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL

EXAMINATION

CONTENTS

1.0 PROJECT/ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION 11

1.1 PURPOSE OF THE IEE 11

1.2 PROJECT/ACTIVITY OVERVIEW 11

1.3 PROJECT/ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION 12

2.0 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION 18

2.1 LOCATIONS AFFECTED AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT (ENVIRONMENT,

PHYSICAL, CLIMATE, SOCIAL, THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES) 18

2.2 APPLICABLE AND APPROPRIATE PARTNER COUNTRY AND OTHER

INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS (E.G. WHO), ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL LAWS,

POLICIES, AND REGULATIONS 19

2.3 COUNTRY/MINISTRY/MUNICIPALITY ENVIRONMENTAL CAPACITY ANALYSIS 20

3.0 ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL RISK 22

4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINATIONS 32

4.1 RECOMMENDED ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINATIONS 32

4.2 CLIMATE RISK MANAGEMENT 33

5.0 CONDITIONS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 35

5.1 CONDITIONS 35

5.2 AGENCY CONDITIONS 37

5.3 MITIGATION MEASURES 37

6.0 LIMITATIONS OF THIS INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION 57

7.0 REVISIONS 57

ATTACHMENTS: 58

ANNEX 1: CLIMATE RISK MANAGEMENT SUMMARY TABLE 58

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1.0 PROJECT/ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION

1.1 PURPOSE OF THE IEE

The purpose of this document, in accordance with Title 22, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 216 (22 CFR 216), is to provide a preliminary review of the reasonably foreseeable effects on the environment of the USAID intervention described herein and recommend determinations and, as appropriate, conditions, for these activities. Upon approval, these determinations become affirmed, and specified conditions become mandatory obligations of implementation.

This IEE also documents the results of the Climate Risk Management process in accordance with USAID policy (specifically, ADS 201mal).

This IEE is a critical element of USAID’s mandatory environmental review and compliance process meant to achieve environmentally sound design and implementation. Potential environmental impacts should be addressed through formal environmental mitigation and monitoring plans (EMMPs) and/or Environmental Assessments (EAs), if needed.

1.2 PROJECT/ACTIVITY OVERVIEW

This Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) addresses Biodiversity and Natural Resource Management interventions undertaken by USAID/Tanzania and its partners. The Mission’s biodiversity interventions primarily fall under Development Objective (DO) 3 of the 2020 – 2025 Tanzania Country Development Cooperation Strategy (CDCS).

● D03: Capacity of state and non-state actors strengthened to benefit future generations.

o IR 3.1 Capacity of sub-national government to lead sustainable development improved.

o IR 3.2 Enabling environment for private sector and CSOs enhanced o IR 3.3 Capacity of civil society actors strengthened.

The Results Framework from the CDCS is shown below.

https://www.usaid.gov/our_work/environment/compliance/22cfr216 https://www.usaid.gov/ads/policy/200/201mal

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1.3 PROJECT/ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION

Ongoing, Planned and Future Mechanisms

The IEE covers interventions in Tanzania that are ongoing and planned, as described below.

Ongoing Mechanisms Landscape Conservation in Western Tanzania (LCWT) Duration: November 2018 – November 2023 Funded Amount: $19,975,884 An initiative designed to protect chimpanzee populations and their habitats, strengthen local government capacity in natural resource management, and empower local communities in the Gombe-Masito-Ugalla (GMU) ecosystem. LWCT is implemented by the Jane Goodall Institute (JGI) and partners Research Triangle Institute (RT) and Pathfinder International in collaboration with other non-government and government organizations.

The program activities include:

● Natural Resource Management: Build the capacity of local governments to facilitate conservation practice and effective natural resource management.

● Land Use Planning & Sustainable Development: Help local governments and communities develop and implement sustainable land use and livelihood development plans.

● Population, Health, and Environment: Expand activities to improve awareness of and access to reproductive health and family planning resources.

● Monitoring: Improve monitoring of conservation and development targets and threats using innovative technologies to compile, analyze and share data as part of a decision support and alert system. The information from the system will enable JGI and local stakeholders to test, validate, and adapt decisions that will guide LCWT activities.

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● Environmental Education: Expand the reach and effectiveness of community-based sensitization and environmental education efforts to inspire behavior change that will protect chimpanzees and their habitats.

An Environmental Assessment (EA) was conducted for components of LCWT, specifically timber extraction and clearing of native forests (“Environmental Assessment for Landscape Conservation in Western Tanzania“ Jan 2020). The EA includes design criteria that aim to avoid or minimize adverse effects and enhance the quality of the environment. The EA is in effect until November 1, 2023.

Southern Highlands and Ruaha-Katavi Protection Program (SHARPP) Duration: September 29, 2019 – September 30, 2022 Funded Amount: $10,601,100 Implemented by the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), SHARPP implementation aims to achieve four main results:

● Establish political will for wildlife corridor conservation;

● Develop and support wildlife corridor management;

● Build adaptive management capacity for wildlife corridor conservation;

● Increase benefits to local communities for wildlife corridor conservation.

The mechanism covers an area of 1,040,000 hectares and expands upon WCS’s previous four-year activities in the same region. The main goals of the project are to establish managed wildlife corridor connectivity for two national priority wildlife corridors - linking Ruaha-Rungwa protected area complex with protected areas to the west and north - to help conserve East Africa’s largest remaining elephant population, other key landscape species, and the ecosystem services upon which communities depend. SHARPP is working with a variety of government authorities and NGOs to increase sustainability such as the President's Office, Regional Administration and Local Government Tanzania (PO-RALG); Tanzania National Parks Authority (TANAPA); Wildlife Division (WD) of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism; Tanzania Wildlife Management Authority (TAWA); Tanzania Forest Service Agency (TFS); Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI); Local Government Authorities (LGAs); village councils;

neighboring communities; and the Associations for Development of Protected Areas (ADAPs).

Usimamizi Endelevu Wa Maliasili Activity Duration: March 20, 2020 - March 05, 2025 Funded Amount: $1,999,483 Usimamizi Endelevu wa Maliasili (“Resilient Natural Resources Governance”) works to conserve land, wildlife, forests, and water resources in the Lyamba lya Mfipa ecosystem. The activity also strengthens resilience of local communities in the Rukwa region through improved natural resources governance.

The following are project anticipated results:

● Develop and implement inclusive land-use plans, by-laws, and other natural resources management processes and tools.

● Improve capacity of communities to hold institutions entrusted with managing natural resources accountable.

● Improve capacity of communities and local government authorities to manage natural resources; and

● Ensure communities are aware and knowledgeable of natural resources governance, social accountability monitoring, and climate change.

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The project realizes its objectives through a series of citizen-centered interventions that improve the capacities of local communities and their respective local government authorities to holistically manage natural resources. Interventions include trainings, public debates and sensitization meetings, media platforms, and community study visits. The activity promotes the enforcement and implementation of laws and policies that integrate natural resources and climate change as indispensable tools for attaining good governance and sustainable management of natural resources.

Planned Mechanisms Marine Biodiversity Conservation Activity Duration: 5 years (expected start date: October 2021) Approximate Expected Funding $10,000,000:

The purpose of this activity – which is at the planning stages as of the writing of this IEE – is to enhance the ecological resilience and productivity of high marine biodiversity areas in Tanzania by strengthening protected area and wild-caught fisheries management.

The results to be achieved by this activity are:

● Updated policy framework for biodiversity conservation, fisheries management, and spatial planning.

● Strengthened capacity of government, civil society, and the private sector to develop and manage a national network of marine reserves.

● Private sector engaged in improved management of protected areas and fisheries and better livelihood opportunities for youth.

● Enhanced scientific capacity and stakeholders’ engagement in management and policy decisions.

Tuhifadhi Maliasili Activity (TMA) Duration: 5 years (expected start date: March 2021) Approximate Expected Funding $30,000,ooo:

The goal of this activity is to address dynamics that threaten habitat connectivity and biodiversity in Tanzania. The project will:

● Build institutional capacities of both public and private stakeholders.

● Increase private sector engagement in biodiversity conservation and natural resources management.

● Improve the policy, regulatory, and enabling environment for biodiversity conservation and NRM.

This activity will include a grants-under-contract (GUC) component that will be used to implement activities under all objectives.

For this environmental analysis activities are grouped by intervention and sub-intervention.

TABLE 2: DEFINED OR ILLUSTRATIVE INTERVENTION CATEGORIES AND SUB-INTERVENTIONS

Intervention Categories and sub-interventions Intervention Category 1: Conservation Strategies, Policies, and Enforcement Sub-intervention 1.1: Development of interventions, planning, organizing, conducting meetings, exchange of information

Sub-intervention 1.2: Conservation law enforcement activities

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Sub-intervention 1.3: Land surveying, on foot, by car, aerial surveying, use of surveillance equipment

Sub-intervention 1.4: Data processing and mapping, land use assessment, land registration, development of databases

Sub-intervention 1.5: Providing support for development of land policies and land planning

Sub-intervention 1.6: Technical assistance to government institutions responsible for conservation policy development and sustainable natural resource management.

Sub-intervention 1.7: Work with Civil Service Organizations (CSOs) and local communities to build capacity to protect biodiversity and oversee natural resources.

Sub-intervention 1.8: Empower women, youth, and other marginalized groups to be involved in decision making processes.

Intervention Category 2: Environmental and Biological Monitoring and Evaluation Sub-intervention 2.1: Environmental evaluations (planning, analyzing, designing sampling protocols, data gathering, studying, processing, assessing, reporting)

Sub-intervention 2.2: Tracking and monitoring wildlife, patrolling on foot or by car, aerial patrolling, and surveying

Sub-intervention 2.3: Sampling and testing (e.g., soil, water, air, sediment), establishing and using sensors, procurement and use of electronic devices and personal protective equipment (PPE)

Sub-intervention 2.4: Collection of biological samples, laboratory testing and analysis (e.g., parasitology), procurement and use of reagents, laboratory devices and personal protective equipment (PPE). For instance, collect fecal samples from chimpanzees for the purpose of analyzing and monitoring health status of chimpanzees, understanding the paternity of the individuals through DNA testing, and for hormonal studies.

Sub-intervention 2.5: Establishing weather stations and weather monitoring, procurement and use of computers and electronic devices

Sub-intervention 2.6: Demarcation of open area corridor boundaries through placing concrete beacons on the boundaries Sub-activity 2.7: Monitoring and tracking of fisheries Intervention Category 3: Communications and awareness building, capacity building Sub-intervention 3.1: Communications, outreach, awareness building, communications campaigns, dissemination of findings, data sharing, data processing, documents transfer, conducting public hearings, advocacy campaigns

Sub-intervention 3.2: Use of computers and communications equipment

Sub-intervention 3.3: Classroom or distance training, education, group discussions, development and distribution of training materials, supervision, and mentoring

Intervention Category 4: Livelihood development and support activities Sub-intervention 4.1: Agroforestry activities:

USAID/Tanzania and Partners estimate the following annual land coverage for tree planting, agroforestry and coffee (approximate figures):

● Trees – Approximately 200-300 ha

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● Coffee – 70 ha

● Agroforestry – 70 ha

Sub-intervention 4.2: Coffee production

Sub-intervention 4.3: Livestock production

Sub-intervention 4.4: Honey production

Sub-intervention 4.5: Mushrooms production

Sub-intervention 4.6: Home gardens activity

Sub-intervention 4.7: Small scale food processing (e.g., fruit drying), crafts making, retail or other small-scale livelihood activity

Sub-intervention 4.8: Seaweed farming [Likely in coastal areas of mainland Tanzania and three islands, Mafia, Pemba, and Zanzibar] Sub-intervention 4.9: Pearl Oyster farming

Sub-intervention 4.10: Sustainable Fisheries

Sub-intervention 4.11:

Sustainable Forest and non-forest product activities/business

Intervention Category 5: Ecotourism development and support activities Sub-intervention 5.1: Ecotourism activities that do not have direct adverse impact on the environment such as planning, communicating, advertising, capacity building.

Sub-intervention 5.2: Ecotourism activities that could have direct impact on the physical environment (e.g., off-road, vehicle use, lodging, waste management, fishing, diving)

Intervention Category 6: Forest management activities

Sub-intervention 6.1: Forest management including surveying, planning, preparing studies, assessment, and reports, developing recommendations, advising, organizing and monitoring

Sub-intervention 6.2: Establishing tree nurseries and tree planting

Sub-intervention 6.3: Forest trees harvesting, land clearing

Sub-intervention 6.4: Fire management, maintaining fire lines, fire breaks

Sub-intervention 6.5: Establishing forest trails, placing signs, markers, posts, small structures

Sub-intervention 6.6: Establishing forest concessions

Sub-intervention 6.7: Introducing trophy hunting financing schemes

Sub-intervention 6.8: Incorporate agroforestry and silvopastoral systems

Sub-intervention 6.9: Improving participatory management approaches of biodiversity resources, e.g., Participatory Forest Management (PFM).

Intervention Category 7: Public health activities Sub-intervention 7.1: Family planning and reproductive advisory services

Sub-intervention 7.2: Distribution of public health commodities

Sub-intervention 7.3: Establishing and supporting public health facilities including clinics

Intervention Category 8: Small scale construction Sub-intervention 8.1: Building new housing and service buildings, building clinics, schools, other small-scale structures (e.g., ranger dwellings in protected areas)

Sub-intervention 8.2: Repair of trails and roads, e.g., fixing (filling potholes) access roads for tourism and anti-poaching operations.

Sub-intervention 8.3: Design/rehabilitation/construction of, e.g., patrol boat slipways and landing sites in Marine Protected Areas.

Intervention Category 9: Energy conservation activities Sub-intervention 9.1: Introducing new energy efficient stoves

Sub-intervention 9.2 Introducing briquette making activities

Intervention Category 10: Other Biodiversity conservation activities (e.g., marine)

Sub-intervention 10.1: Head starting species

Sub-intervention 10.2: Fostering coral nurseries

Sub-intervention 10.3: Growing artificial reefs

Sub-intervention 10.4: Development and implementation of financing schemes such as Reducing Carbon Emissions (REDD+) and Soil Carbon Financing

Intervention Category 11: Pollution prevention and waste cleanup activities Sub-intervention 11.1: Cleanup activities, waste removal from beaches, reefs, and water

Will this project/activity involve construction3 as defined by ADS 201 and 303? Yes ☒ No ☐

3 Construction, as defined by ADS 201 and 303, includes: construction, alteration, or repair (including dredging and excavation) of buildings, structures, or other real property and includes, without limitation, improvements, renovation, alteration, and refurbishment. The term includes, without limitation, roads, power plants, buildings, bridges, water treatment facilities, and vertical structures. In the box below, describe any construction planned for this project/activity. Refer to ADS 201maw for required Construction Risk Management procedures.

If yes, describe in the space below:

Park Facilities (e.g., ranger outposts, airstrip rehabilitation) Grading/rehabilitating existing roads for wildlife tracking or assisting patrols Trail maintenance Structures for production and storage (e.g., coffee, honey) Weather stations Concrete beacons and area demarcation structures Stalls, posts, signs, benches, shelters, etc.

Public facilities including health clinics Marine structures (e.g., slipways) https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1865/201maw.pdf

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2.0 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION

2.1 LOCATIONS AFFECTED AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT (ENVIRONMENT, PHYSICAL,

CLIMATE, SOCIAL, THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES)

Geography. The United Republic of Tanzania is located in Eastern Africa. It is bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the North, Rwanda, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of Congo to the West and Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the South. The country's eastern border lies along the Indian Ocean and has a coastline of 1,424 km.

The Zanzibar Archipelago is part of the United Republic of Tanzania and consists of two main islands of Unguja and Pemba and a number of small islands. The Islands are located 40 km off the mainland coast of East Africa in the Indian Ocean. The two main islands are 40 kilometers apart, separated by the 700-meter deep Pemba Channel.4

Topography. Except for the islands and a coastal strip varying in width from 16 to 64 km (10– 40 mi), Tanzania lies at an altitude of over 200 m (660 ft). A plateau averaging 900–1,800 m (3,000–6,000 ft) in height makes up the greater part of the country. Mountains are grouped in various sections. The Pare range is in the northeast, and the Kipengere Range is in the southwest. Kilimanjaro (5,895 m/19,340 ft), in the north, is the highest mountain in Africa.

On the borders are three large lakes: Victoria, the second largest freshwater lake in the world, exceeded only by Lake Superior; Tanganyika, second only to Lake Baykal as the deepest in the world; and Lake Malawi. Lakes within Tanzania include Natron, Eyasi, Manyara, and Rukwa.

Tanzania has few permanent rivers. During half the year, the central plateau has no running water, but in the rainy season, flooding presents a problem.

Two-thirds of Zanzibar, to the center and the east, consists of low-lying coral country covered by bush and grass plains and is largely uninhabited except for fishing settlements on the east coast. The western side of the island is fertile and has several ridges rising above 60 m (200 ft).

Masingini Ridge, at 119 m (390 ft), is the highest point on the island. The west and center of Pemba Island consists of a flat-topped ridge about 9.5 km (6 mi) wide, deeply bisected by streams. Pemba is hilly, but its highest point is only 95 m (311 ft). Apart from the narrow belt of coral country in the east, the island is fertile and densely populated5.

Population and Economics. The current population of the United Republic of Tanzania is estimated at 60,101,100. With the total land area of 885,800 Km2 (342,009 sq.

miles) it has population density is 67 per Km2 (175 people per mi2). 37.0 % of the population is urban. The median age in Tanzania is 18 years.6

Tanzania has sustained relatively high economic growth over the last decade, averaging 6–7% a year. While the poverty rate in the country has declined, the absolute number of poor citizens has not because of the high population growth rate. Government efforts to expand access to social services like education, health, and water have been undermined by their declining quality as the population rises faster than the supply of the services.7

4 https://www.embassyoftanzaniarome.info/en/about-tanzania/country-profile 5 https://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Tanzania-TOPOGRAPHY.html#ixzz6YiVjDcfn 6 https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/tanzania-population/#:~:text=The%20current%20population%20of%20the,year%20according%20to%20UN%20data.

7 https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/tanzania/overview https://www.embassyoftanzaniarome.info/en/about-tanzania/country-profile https://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Tanzania-TOPOGRAPHY.html#ixzz6YiVjDcfn https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/tanzania-population/#:%7E:text=The%20current%20population%20of%20the,year%20according%20to%20UN%20data https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/tanzania-population/#:%7E:text=The%20current%20population%20of%20the,year%20according%20to%20UN%20data https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/tanzania/overview

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Tanzania remains predominantly agricultural, with three quarters of the population living in rural areas. Eighty percent of Tanzania’s poor live in rural households. Growth in the agricultural sector remains low, at around 4% per year, and in rural areas the growth in productivity struggles keep up with the country’s population growth.8

Natural Resources. Tanzania has a long coastline, three of the largest lakes in the African continent, ecologically-significant wildlife parks (including Serengeti, Lake Manyara, Mikumi, Ruaha, Tarangire, and Ngorongoro), game reserves, and game-controlled areas. The country has about 33.5 million hectares of forests and woodlands with approximately 13 million hectares of this total forest cover protected under the forests reserve regime. Mining is one of the leading sectors in Tanzania. Diamonds, gold, nickel, and other gemstones play a key role in Tanzania’s growing minerals industry.9 Tanzania is estimated to have more than 55 trillion cubic feet of gas reserves.10

Biodiversity. Tanzania is an ecologically and biologically diverse country, with over 55,000 confirmed species (placing it in the top 15 countries globally for the highest number of endemic species and threatened species) and approximately 840 national protected areas. It is also home to two of the 36 global Biodiversity Hotspots (the Eastern Afromontane and Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa) and 149 distinct Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs). The country is characterized by a high degree of variability in temperatures, rainfall, elevations, and soil types, resulting in seven distinct agro-climatic zones (the coast, arid climate zones, semi-arid climate zones, plateaus, southern and western highlands, northern highlands, and alluvial plains).

Tanzania is also home to several subtypes of tropical forests including Zanzibar-Inhambane Coastal Forests, East African Montane, and Mangrove forests.11

2.2 APPLICABLE AND APPROPRIATE PARTNER COUNTRY AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL

STANDARDS (E.G. WHO), ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL LAWS, POLICIES, AND REGULATIONS

The National Environmental Policy (NEP) provides a framework for making fundamental changes that are needed to bring environmental considerations into the mainstream of decision-making in Tanzania. The National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) is mainstreaming environmental concerns into development policies, plans and strategies.

Tanzania’s main sources of environmental law are the common law and the statutory law in the form of principal legislation, subsidiary legislation and international law and the Constitution.

The Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania was amended in 1984 to provide for the Bill of Rights. Article 14 of the Bill of Rights, which stipulates that every person has a right to life and to the protection of life by society, was interpreted by the High Court to mean that persons are entitled to a healthy environment. In addition, Article 9 of the Constitution requires the Government to ensure that national resources are harnessed, preserved, and applied toward the common good.

The National Environment Management Council Act, 1983 was the first law to demonstrate the government’s interest in development that takes the environment into consideration. The Act created the National Environment Management Council (NEMC) in 1983 for the purpose of ‘acting as an advisory body to the government on all matters relating to the environment’.

8 https://um.dk/en/danida-en/strategies%20and%20priorities/country-policies/tanzania/current-and-future-challenges-and-opportunities-in-tanzania/ 9 http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/bitstream/handle/10535/1405/nshalar042400.pdf 10 https://www.eia.gov/international/overview/country/TZA 11 Biodiversity Assessment 118/119 https://um.dk/en/danida-en/strategies%20and%20priorities/country-policies/tanzania/current-and-future-challenges-and-opportunities-in-tanzania/ https://um.dk/en/danida-en/strategies%20and%20priorities/country-policies/tanzania/current-and-future-challenges-and-opportunities-in-tanzania/ http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/bitstream/handle/10535/1405/nshalar042400.pdf https://www.eia.gov/international/overview/country/TZA

The Environmental Management Act (EMA) was passed by the National Assembly in 2004 and in the beginning of 2005 the President assented to the Act. The Act repealed and replaced the National Environment Management Council Act, 1983.

Environmental Management (Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations, 2005, as amended in 2018 provide rules relative to the procedures for carrying out environmental impact studies and environmental audits as provided for under the Environmental Management Act. They prohibit the execution of projects without an environmental impact assessment required under the Environmental Management Act and define the contents and form of an environmental impact assessment and the basic principles of an environmental audit.12

Tanzania has a number of other statutes sometimes referred to as environmental laws, but which are actually resource-exploitation statutes. These include the Mining Act (1998), Fisheries Act (1974), Water Utilization and Control Act (1974), and the Forest Ordinance (1959).13

The national parks are under the management of Tanzania National Parks Authority (TANAPA) a parastatal organization that derives its mandate from the National Parks Ordinance Cap 389.

The wildlife department is the main government department charged with the management of wildlife in areas outside the national parks and in particular the game reserve, game-controlled areas, and partial game reserves. The main law entrusting these powers to the wildlife department is the Wildlife Conservation Act No. 12 of 1974. The Act establishes three layers of authority in the wildlife management regime in the country.

2.3 COUNTRY/MINISTRY/MUNICIPALITY ENVIRONMENTAL CAPACITY ANALYSIS

Over the past several years the Government of Tanzania has embarked on a process of policy reform that had led to local communities having greater involvement and authority in the management of natural resources - including wildlife. The approach has led to the modification of existing legal and structural relationships, requiring changes in laws and land use designations to accommodate greater local control. The Government recognizes that decentralization and devolution of governance and fiscal powers and responsibilities to lower levels of government and rural communities would, on balance, be better for natural resources management and sustainable economic development. The Government recognizes that it has insufficient human and financial resources to manage resources that are becoming increasingly under threat from a growing population. The Government also understands that moving toward a new management process requires building capacity of local governments and communities in resource management and defining the roles and relationships of local organizations vis-à-vis central government.

USAID NRM strategy has recently emphasized a community based (CB) NRM approach, placing less emphasis on Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs), and a more expanded approach that incorporates other community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) approaches such as village land use plans (VLUPs), Certificate of Customary Right of Occupancy (CCROs), Beach Management Units (BMUs), Participatory Forest Management (PFM), wildlife corridors and habitat connectivity.

12 https://ewsdata.rightsindevelopment.org/files/documents/70/WB-P162470.pdf 13 https://www.ecolex.org/ https://ewsdata.rightsindevelopment.org/files/documents/70/WB-P162470.pdf https://www.ecolex.org/

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Significant progress has also been made over the past years in strengthening institutional and legal framework for environmental management in Tanzania. A number of progressive NRM policies, laws and devolution of authorities have been promulgated, and several key sector policies to better reflect environmental concerns, including biodiversity conservation, were revised. A National Environmental Action Plan and National Environmental Policy, key foundational pieces of the improved framework, were adopted in 1997. An Institutional and Legal Framework for Environmental Management was adopted in 2002. Local government reform has increased responsibilities of local authorities, so that most services, including environmental management, are to be delivered at the district level or below.