Attachment_C_-_2024_Recycled_Water_Master_Plan.pdf

Recycled Water Master Plan

19 January 2024

FINAL

SMURRF

SWIP AWTF

35 North Lake Ave, Suite 550 Pasadena, California 91101

(626) 568-4300

FINAL

Santa Monica

Recycled Water Master Plan

(RWMP)

19 January 2024

Prepared for

The City of Santa Monica

KJ Project No. 2244514.00 https://www.google.com/search?q=kennedy+jenks+padadena&rlz=1C1GCEA_enUS972US973&oq=kennedy+jenks+padadena&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOTIPCAEQLhgNGK8BGMcBGIAEMg0IAhAAGIYDGIAEGIoFMg0IAxAAGIYDGIAEGIoFMg0IBBAAGIYDGIAEGIoFMgYIBRBFGEDSAQgzNDgxajBqN6gCALACAA&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

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Santa Monica Recycled Water Master Plan (RWMP) - DRAFT | Page - i

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Table of Contents

Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................... I

ES.1 Background and Overview ................................................................................................ I

ES.2 Water Supply Assessment............................................................................................... IV

ES.3 Water Reuse Opportunities ............................................................................................. V

ES.4 Recycled Water Market Assessment .......................................................................... VI

ES.5 Project Components and Portfolio Development ............................................... VIII

ES.6 Preferred Portfolio ............................................................................................................ XV

ES.7 Hydraulic Model ............................................................................................................... XVI

ES.8 Preferred Portfolio Costs and Implementation ................................................. XVII

ES.9 Pricing and Financing Considerations ...................................................................... XX

Section 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1-1

1.1 Overall Study Goal and Objectives ............................................................................ 1-1

1.2 Relevant Studies ............................................................................................................... 1-2

1.3 RWMP Approach and Organization ......................................................................... 1-3

1.4 Background ........................................................................................................................ 1-4

1.4.1 2014 & 2018 Sustainable Water Master Plan ........................................ 1-4

1.5 Recently Adopted Ordinances and Recycled Water Guidelines ................... 1-6

1.5.1 2017 Water Neutrality Ordinance ............................................................. 1-6

1.5.2 2022 Recycled Water Ordinance and User Guidelines ....................... 1-6

Section 2 Water Supply Assessment ................................................................................ 2-1

2.1 City Water Supplies and Usage .................................................................................. 2-1

2.2 Potable Water Supply .................................................................................................... 2-1

2.2.1 Local Groundwater Basins ........................................................................... 2-1

2.2.2 Imported Water ............................................................................................... 2-3

2.2.3 Water Conservation ....................................................................................... 2-3

2.2.4 Historical and Future Water Use Trends ................................................. 2-4

2.3 City Recycled Water Sources and Supply .............................................................. 2-4

2.4 SMURRF and California Beach Initiative Project ................................................ 2-5

2.5 SWIP AWTF ........................................................................................................................ 2-6

2.6 Other Potential Recycled Water Supplies .............................................................. 2-6

2.6.1 West Basin Municipal Water District ....................................................... 2-8

2.6.2 City of Los Angeles Department of Water and Power .......................... 2-8

Section 3 Water Reuse Opportunities and Regulations ............................................ 3-9

Table of Contents (cont’d)

Santa Monica RWMP - FINAL | Page - ii

3.1 Multi-Barrier Approach to Reuse .............................................................................. 3-9

3.2 Overview of Recycled Water Regulations and Requirements .................... 3-10

3.2.1 Non-Potable Reuse ....................................................................................... 3-11

3.2.1.1 Irrigation Requirements ..................................................... 3-12

3.2.1.2 Non-Irrigation Requirements ........................................... 3-13

3.2.2 Groundwater Replenishment Reuse (GRR) .......................................... 3-13

3.2.3 Direct Potable Reuse (DPR) ....................................................................... 3-14

3.3 City’s Recycled Water Facilities and Sustainable Water

Infrastructure Project .................................................................................................. 3-15

3.3.1 SMURRF ............................................................................................................ 3-17

3.3.2 SWIP AWTF and Stormwater Harvesting Tank ................................... 3-18

3.3.3 Existing Recycled Water Distribution System ..................................... 3-21

3.4 GRRP Facilities ................................................................................................................ 3-22

3.5 DPR Strategy and Proposed Treatment Scheme .............................................. 3-23

3.6 Environmental Compliance ....................................................................................... 3-27

Section 4 Recycled Water Market Assessment ............................................................. 4-1

4.1 Market Assessment Approach .................................................................................... 4-1

4.2 NPR Market Assessment ............................................................................................... 4-1

4.2.1 Summary of Existing NPR Water Customers and Demands .............. 4-1

4.2.2 Potential Non-Potable Customers and Demands .................................. 4-4

4.2.2.1 Potential Demand from Existing Potable Water

Customers ................................................................................... 4-4

4.2.2.2 Potential Demand from Future Customers ................... 4-6

4.2.2.3 Planned Developments .......................................................... 4-8

4.2.2.4 Potential Demands from Users Outside City

Limits ............................................................................................ 4-9

4.2.3 Summary of Potential Non-Potable Demand Evaluation ................... 4-9

4.3 Potable Water Reuse Market Assessment ........................................................... 4-10

4.3.1 GRR Demands ................................................................................................. 4-10

4.3.2 DPR Demands ................................................................................................. 4-10

4.4 Recycled Water Supply and Demand Evaluation ............................................. 4-11

4.5 Recycled Water Market Assessment Summary................................................. 4-12

Section 5 Evaluation and Project Development ........................................................... 5-1

5.1 NPR Expansion Evaluation and Project Components ....................................... 5-1

5.1.1 NPR Expansion Evaluation ........................................................................... 5-1

5.1.1.1 Anchor Customers and Backbone Extensions .............. 5-2

5.1.1.2 NPR Cost-Effectiveness Analysis ....................................... 5-4

5.1.2 NPR Project Components .............................................................................. 5-6

Santa Monica RWMP - FINAL | Page - iii

5.1.2.1 Transmission Pipeline (Backbone Extensions) ........... 5-7

5.1.2.2 Distribution Pipelines ............................................................ 5-7

5.1.2.3 Customer Retrofits .................................................................. 5-8

5.1.2.4 New Dual-Plumbing Facilities ............................................. 5-8

5.2 GRR Project Components ............................................................................................. 5-8

5.2.1 Injection Wells & Monitoring Wells .......................................................... 5-9

5.3 DPR Project Components ........................................................................................... 5-10

5.3.1 DPR Pipeline ................................................................................................... 5-10

5.3.2 DPR Pump Station ......................................................................................... 5-11

5.3.3 Treatment ........................................................................................................ 5-11

5.4 Infrastructure Design Criteria .................................................................................. 5-11

5.5 Project Component Costs ........................................................................................... 5-12

5.5.1 GRR Costs ......................................................................................................... 5-16

5.5.2 DPR Costs ......................................................................................................... 5-16

5.6 Regional Reuse Opportunities .................................................................................. 5-16

Section 6 Portfolio Development and Evaluation ....................................................... 6-1

6.1 Identification of Portfolio Concepts ......................................................................... 6-1

6.2 Portfolio Costs ................................................................................................................... 6-3

Section 7 Preferred Portfolio.............................................................................................. 7-1

7.1 Basis of Selection for Preferred Portfolio .............................................................. 7-1

7.2 Preferred Portfolio Costs .............................................................................................. 7-3

7.3 Implementation Plan ...................................................................................................... 7-7

7.4 10-year Capital Improvement Plan (CIP) .............................................................. 7-9

Section 8 Hydraulic Model ................................................................................................... 8-1

8.1 Model Setup ....................................................................................................................... 8-1

8.1.1 Model Conversion ........................................................................................... 8-1

8.1.2 Model Scenarios .............................................................................................. 8-1

8.1.3 Query Sets .......................................................................................................... 8-2

8.1.4 Demand Sets ..................................................................................................... 8-2

8.1.4.1 Diurnal Curves ........................................................................... 8-3

8.2 Existing Recycled Water System Hydraulic Model ............................................ 8-5

8.2.1 Existing Facilities and Controls .................................................................. 8-5

8.2.1.1 Pipes and Junctions ................................................................. 8-5

8.2.1.2 SMURRF Pump Station ........................................................... 8-6

8.2.1.3 SWIP AWTF Pump Station .................................................... 8-8

8.2.1.4 Pump Controls ........................................................................... 8-9

8.2.2 Summary of Supply and Demand ............................................................. 8-10

Santa Monica RWMP - FINAL | Page - iv

8.3 Preferred Portfolio Hydraulic Model ..................................................................... 8-12

8.3.1 Facilities and Controls ................................................................................. 8-12

8.3.1.1 Pipelines and Junctions ....................................................... 8-12

8.3.1.2 Existing Pump Stations and Controls ............................. 8-13

8.3.1.3 Proposed DPR Pump Station and Controls .................. 8-13

8.3.2 Summary of Supply and Demand ............................................................. 8-14

8.3.2.1 Demand Management .......................................................... 8-15

8.4 Model Outcomes ............................................................................................................ 8-15

8.4.1 Existing Recycled Water System .............................................................. 8-15

8.4.2 Preferred Portfolio System ........................................................................ 8-19

Section 9 Pricing and Financing Considerations ......................................................... 9-1

9.1 Rate Structures and Pricing Methodologies – Other Agencies ..................... 9-1

9.2 Overview of Recycled Water Pricing Methodologies and Practices ........... 9-2

9.2.1 Historical Recycled Water Pricing Practices .......................................... 9-2

9.2.2 Recycled Water Rate Structures and Cost Recovery ............................ 9-3

9.2.3 Recycled Water Pricing Concepts .............................................................. 9-4

9.2.3.1 AWWA Standards ..................................................................... 9-4

9.3 Pricing Considerations for Santa Monica Recycled Water ............................. 9-5

9.4 Determining the Marginal Rate Impacts on Potable Water Rates ................ 9-6

9.5 Costs for Recycled Water Preferred Portfolio ..................................................... 9-7

9.6 Recycled Water Deliveries ........................................................................................... 9-8

9.7 Cost Savings from Less Effluent to Hyperion ....................................................... 9-8

9.8 Recycled Water Sales Revenue .................................................................................. 9-9

9.9 Remaining Costs Allocated to Potable Water .................................................... 9-10

9.10 Marginal Impacts on Potable Water Rates .......................................................... 9-11

9.11 Funding Opportunities ................................................................................................ 9-12

References

Appendices .............................................................................................................................................................................................. i

Santa Monica RWMP - FINAL | Page - v

List of Tables

Table ES-1: Summary of Portfolio Construction Costs .................................................................................. ES-XIV

Table ES-2: Preferred Portfolio Costs ............................................................................................................... ES-XVIII

Table ES-3: Implementation Timeline for the Preferred Portfolio .......................................................... ES-XIX

Table 1-1: Relevance of City’s Studies to this RWMP ........................................................................................... 1-2

Table 2-1: City Recycled Water Facilities and Anticipated Production ......................................................... 2-5

Table 3-1: Recycled Water Quality Guidelines for Irrigation .......................................................................... 3-13

Table 3-2: Planned Recycled Water Extension Projects .................................................................................... 3-22

Table 3-3: Proposed DPR Treatment Mechanisms .............................................................................................. 3-26

Table 3-4: Current Anticipated Log Removal Credits for the Proposed DPR Treatment Scheme ... 3-26

Table 3-5: Anticipated Total Log Removal Credits for the Proposed DPR Treatment Scheme ......... 3-27

Table 3-6: Project Participants, Regulatory Agencies and Roles ................................................................... 3-28

Table 4-1: Existing Recycled Water Customers and Demands ......................................................................... 4-2

Table 4-2: Potential Recycled Water Demand from Existing Potable Water Customers ....................... 4-4

Table 4-3: Summary of Potential Recycled Water Demand from Future Customers .............................. 4-6

Table 4-4: Summary of Non-Potable Demand ......................................................................................................... 4-9

Table 4-5: Potential GRR Demands ............................................................................................................................ 4-10

Table 5-1: Expansion Areas, Backbone Extensions, and Anchor Customers .............................................. 5-4

Table 5-2: Summary of Backbone Extensions ......................................................................................................... 5-7

Table 5-3: Summary of Distribution Pipelines ........................................................................................................ 5-8

Table 5-4: Design Criteria and Assumptions .......................................................................................................... 5-12

Table 6-1: Portfolio Strategies, Facilities and Demands ...................................................................................... 6-2

Table 6-2: Summary of Portfolio Construction Costs ($ Million) .................................................................... 6-6

Table 7-1: Preferred Portfolio Costs ............................................................................................................................ 7-5

Table 7-2: Implementation Timeline ........................................................................................................................... 7-8

Table 7-3: 10-Year CIP Project List ............................................................................................................................ 7-10

Table 8-1: Hydraulic Model Scenarios ........................................................................................................................ 8-2

Table 8-2: Demand Diurnal Curve Summary ........................................................................................................... 8-3

Table 8-3: SMURRF Pump Design Information and Model Components ..................................................... 8-8

Table 8-4: SWIP AWTF Pump Design Information ................................................................................................ 8-8

Table 9-1. Survey of Recycled Water Pricing ........................................................................................................... 9-1

Table 9-2: Calculating the Marginal Impact on Portable Water Rates .......................................................... 9-7

Table 9-3: Project Costs for Preferred Portfolio (not including San Vicente Median) ............................ 9-8

Table 9-4: Recycled Water Deliveries (acre-feet) .................................................................................................. 9-8

Table 9-5: Sewer Costs Avoided .................................................................................................................................... 9-9

Table 9-6: Potential Contribution from Sewer Enterprise ................................................................................. 9-9

Table 9-7: Potential Recycled Water Sales Revenue ........................................................................................... 9-10

Table 9-8: Sum of Avoided Sewer Costs and Recycled Water Sales ............................................................. 9-10

Table 9-9: Remaining Costs Allocated to Potable Water ................................................................................... 9-11

Santa Monica RWMP - FINAL | Page - vi

Table 9-10: Impact on Water Rates ........................................................................................................................... 9-12

List of Figures

Figure ES-1: Master Plan Approach ............................................................................................................................ ES-I

Figure ES-2: Closing the Loop on the City’s One-Water Cycle ........................................................................ ES-II

Figure ES-3: Existing Recycled Water System and Recycled Water Service Area ................................ ES-III

Figure ES-4: Recycled Water Market Survey Map ........................................................................................... ES-VII

Figure ES-5: Average Monthly Recycled Water Supply and Demand ..................................................... ES-VIII

Figure ES-6: Approach to NPR Expansion Evaluation and Project Component Identification ....... ES-IX

Figure ES-7: Potential NPR Backbone Extensions ............................................................................................... ES-X

Figure ES-8: GRRP Project Components ................................................................................................................ ES-XI

Figure ES-9: DPR Concept Project Components ................................................................................................ ES-XII

Figure ES-10: Summary of Portfolio Concepts ................................................................................................. ES-XIII

Figure ES-11: Preferred Portfolio Facilities ......................................................................................................... ES-XV

Figure 1-1: Master Plan Approach ................................................................................................................................ 1-3

Figure 1-2: City of Santa Monica Existing Water Resources Schematic (SWMP 2018) .......................... 1-4

Figure 1-3: Closing the Loop on the City’s One-Water Cycle ............................................................................. 1-6

Figure 1-4: Recycled Water Service Area .................................................................................................................. 1-8

Figure 2-1: Santa Monica Basin and Sub-Basin Boundaries .............................................................................. 2-2

Figure 2-2: City Projected Water Use Trends (2025 – 2040) ............................................................................ 2-4

Figure 2-3: Overview of Existing City Facilities ...................................................................................................... 2-5

Figure 2-4: Existing and Potential Future Regional Potable Reuse Projects .............................................. 2-7

Figure 3-1: Multi-Barrier Approach to Reuse .......................................................................................................... 3-9

Figure 3-2: Progression of California Potable Reuse Regulations and Legislation ................................ 3-15

Figure 3-3: Location of SWIP Facilities ..................................................................................................................... 3-15

Figure 3-4: City SWIP Facilities to Expand Local Reuse .................................................................................... 3-16

Figure 3-5: SMURRF Facility and Process Flow Diagram ................................................................................. 3-18

Figure 3-6: SWIP AWTF Facility and Flow Diagram ........................................................................................... 3-19

Figure 3-7: City’s Existing Recycled Water System and Planned Extensions ........................................... 3-21

Figure 3-8: Olympic AWTF and Arcadia WTP Flow Diagram .......................................................................... 3-24

Figure 3-9: DPR Chemical and Flow Control Strategy ........................................................................................ 3-25

Figure 4-1: City's Existing Recycled Water Customers ........................................................................................ 4-3

Figure 4-2: Potential Recycled Water Customers (Existing Potable Water Customers) ....................... 4-5

Figure 4-3: Potential Future Recycled Water Customers ................................................................................... 4-7

Figure 4-4: Average Monthly Recycled Water Supply and Potential Non-Potable, Indirect, and Direct

Reuse Demand ..................................................................................................................................... 4-12

Figure 4-5: Recycled Water Market Survey Map .................................................................................................. 4-13

Figure 5-1: Approach to NPR Expansion Evaluation and Project Component Identification .............. 5-1

Santa Monica RWMP - FINAL | Page - vii

Figure 5-2: Potential Backbone Extensions .............................................................................................................. 5-3

Figure 5-3: RoCE Equation ............................................................................................................................................... 5-5

Figure 5-4: NPR Cost-Effectiveness Results ............................................................................................................. 5-6

Figure 5-5: GRRP Project Components ....................................................................................................................... 5-9

Figure 5-6: DPR Project Components ........................................................................................................................ 5-10

Figure 5-7: Backbone Concept Construction Cost Summary ........................................................................... 5-14

Figure 5-8: Backbone Concept Annualized Unit Construction Costs ........................................................... 5-15

Figure 5-9: Potential Recycled Water Supplies and Beneficial Reuse Applications .............................. 5-17

Figure 5-10: Potential Future Delivery Locations for Tertiary Recycled Water for NPR .................... 5-18

Figure 6-1: Summary of Portfolio Concepts ............................................................................................................. 6-1

Figure 6-2: Portfolio Construction Cost Summary................................................................................................. 6-4

Figure 6-3: Portfolio Concept Annual Unit Construction Cost Summary ..................................................... 6-5

Figure 7-1: Preferred Portfolio Facilities ................................................................................................................... 7-2

Figure 7-2: Preferred Portfolio Diversified Demands .......................................................................................... 7-3

Figure 7-3: Preferred Portfolio Construction Cost Summary ........................................................................... 7-6

Figure 7-4: Preferred Portfolio Life Cycle Unit Cost Summary ......................................................................... 7-7

Figure 8-1: Hydraulic Model Development ............................................................................................................... 8-1

Figure 8-2: Irrigation Diurnal Curve ............................................................................................................................ 8-4

Figure 8-3: Dual-Plumbing Diurnal Curve ................................................................................................................. 8-4

Figure 8-4: IPR/DPR Diurnal Curve ............................................................................................................................. 8-5

Figure 8-5: Existing Recycled Water Pipe Sizes ...................................................................................................... 8-6

Figure 8-6: Pump Curve for SMURRF Small Pump ................................................................................................ 8-7

Figure 8-7: Pump Curve for SMURRF Big Pump ..................................................................................................... 8-7

Figure 8-8: Pump Curve for SWIP AWTF Pumps .................................................................................................... 8-9

Figure 8-9: SMURRF Pump Controls for Existing System ................................................................................. 8-10

Figure 8-10: SWIP AWTF Pump Controls for Existing System ....................................................................... 8-10

Figure 8-11: Supply vs. Existing Diurnal ADD ....................................................................................................... 8-11

Figure 8-12: Supply vs. Existing Diurnal MDD ...................................................................................................... 8-11

Figure 8-13: Existing & Preferred Portfolio RW System ................................................................................... 8-12

Figure 8-14: Proposed DPR Pump Station and Controls ................................................................................... 8-13

Figure 8-15: Supply vs. Demand Existing & Preferred Portfolio ADD Diurnal Demands .................... 8-14

Figure 8-16: Supply vs. Demand Existing & Preferred Portfolio MDD Diurnal Demands ................... 8-15

Figure 8-17: Existing ADD Pressure Results (Hour 2) ....................................................................................... 8-16

Figure 8-18: Existing ADD Flow Results (Hour 2) ............................................................................................... 8-17

Figure 8-19: Existing MDD Pressure Results (Hour 2) ...................................................................................... 8-18

Figure 8-20: Existing MDD Flow Results (Hour 2) .............................................................................................. 8-19

Figure 8-21: Preferred Portfolio ADD Pressure Results (Hour 2) ................................................................. 8-20

Figure 8-22: Preferred Portfolio ADD Flow Results (Hour 2) ......................................................................... 8-21 file://///KJC.local/KJC-Root/KJ-Office/PAS/Projects/2022/2244514.00_Santa%20Monica-RWMP/09-Reports/9.09-RWMP/Final%20Report/FINAL_SM%20RWMP_1.19.2024.docx%23_Toc156486452 file://///KJC.local/KJC-Root/KJ-Office/PAS/Projects/2022/2244514.00_Santa%20Monica-RWMP/09-Reports/9.09-RWMP/Final%20Report/FINAL_SM%20RWMP_1.19.2024.docx%23_Toc156486455 file://///KJC.local/KJC-Root/KJ-Office/PAS/Projects/2022/2244514.00_Santa%20Monica-RWMP/09-Reports/9.09-RWMP/Final%20Report/FINAL_SM%20RWMP_1.19.2024.docx%23_Toc156486456 file://///KJC.local/KJC-Root/KJ-Office/PAS/Projects/2022/2244514.00_Santa%20Monica-RWMP/09-Reports/9.09-RWMP/Final%20Report/FINAL_SM%20RWMP_1.19.2024.docx%23_Toc156486457 file://///KJC.local/KJC-Root/KJ-Office/PAS/Projects/2022/2244514.00_Santa%20Monica-RWMP/09-Reports/9.09-RWMP/Final%20Report/FINAL_SM%20RWMP_1.19.2024.docx%23_Toc156486458 file://///KJC.local/KJC-Root/KJ-Office/PAS/Projects/2022/2244514.00_Santa%20Monica-RWMP/09-Reports/9.09-RWMP/Final%20Report/FINAL_SM%20RWMP_1.19.2024.docx%23_Toc156486459 file://///KJC.local/KJC-Root/KJ-Office/PAS/Projects/2022/2244514.00_Santa%20Monica-RWMP/09-Reports/9.09-RWMP/Final%20Report/FINAL_SM%20RWMP_1.19.2024.docx%23_Toc156486460

Santa Monica RWMP - FINAL | Page - viii

List of Appendices

Appendix A 2022 Recycled Water Ordinance and Recycled Water Guidelines, Policies, and

Procedures

Appendix B Market Assessment Supporting Information

Appendix C Recycled Water Expansion Supporting Information

Appendix D Estimating Engineers Opinion of Probable Construction Costs

Appendix E Supporting Information for Hydraulic Model

Santa Monica RWMP - FINAL | Page - ix

Acronyms and Abbreviations

$ dollars

% percent

AACE Association for the Advancement of Cost Engineering

ADD average daily demand

AF Acre-feet

AFM Acre-feet per month

AFY Acre-feet per year

AOP Advanced oxidation process

AWTF Advanced Water Treatment Facility

AWWA American Water Works Association

BMP Best Management Practice

Caltrans California Department of Transportation

Carollo Carollo Engineers

CGBSC California Green Building Standards Code

CBI California Beach Initiative

CCR California Code of Regulations

CDPH California Department of Public Health

CEQA California Environmental Quality Act

CF Cartridge Filtration

CIMIS California Irrigation Management Information System

CIP Capital Improvement Plan

City City of Santa Monica

City City of Santa Monica

City of LA City of Los Angeles

CWA Clean Water Act

DAF dissolved air flotation

DDW Division of Drinking Water

DPR Direct potable reuse

ECLWRF Edward’s C. Little Water Reclamation Facility

EPA Environmental Protection Agency

EWMP Enhanced Watershed Management Plan

Ft Feet

FRRO Flow Reversal Reverse Osmosis

GAC Granular activated carbon

GIS geographic information systems gpcd gallons per capita per day

Santa Monica RWMP - FINAL | Page - x gpd Gallons per day

GRR Groundwater Replenishment Reuse

GRRP Groundwater Replenishment Reuse Project

H2O2 hydrogen peroxide

HAA Housing Accountability Act

HCF Hundred cubic feet

HDR HDR, Inc.

HGL Hydraulic Grade Line

HP Horsepower

HWRP Hyperion Water Reclamation Plant

IPR Indirect potable reuse

IS Initial Study

ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act

KJ Kennedy Jenks

LACDPH Los Angeles County Department of Public Health

LADWP Los Angeles Department of Water and Power

LARWQCB Los Angeles Regional Water Quality Control Board

LASAN LA Sanitation and Environment lb(s) pound(s)

LRV Log reduction values

Master Plan Recycled Water Master Plan

MBR Membrane bioreactor

MDD Maximum daily demand

MG Million gallons mg/L Milligrams per liter mgd Million gallons per day mil million

MND Mitigated Negative Declaration

MS4 municipal separate storm sewer system

MWD Metropolitan Water District of Southern California n/a not available

NBS NBS Governance Finance Group

NEPA National Environmental Policy Act

NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

NPR Non-Potable Reuse

O&M Operations and maintenance ppd Pounds per day psi pounds per square inch

Santa Monica RWMP - FINAL | Page - xi

PVC Polyvinyl Chloride

RO Reverse osmosis

RoCE Radius of cost-effectiveness

RW Recycled water

RW

Guidelines

Recycled Water Ordinance, Recycled Water Guidelines, Policies, and Procedures

RWMP Recycled Water Master Plan

RWQCB Regional Water Quality Control Board

SBX7-7 Water Conservation Act of 2009

SMGB Santa Monica Groundwater Basin

SMMC Santa Monica Municipal Code

SMURRF Santa Monica Urban Runoff Recycling Facility

SS Suspended Solids

SSI Suitable Site Inventory

SWIP Sustainable Water Infrastructure Project

SWMP Sustainable Water Master Plan

SWRCB State Water Resources Control Board

SYA Sustainable Yield Analysis

TDH Total dynamic head

TDS Total dissolved solids

TM Technical memorandum

TSS Total suspended solids

UF Ultrafiltration

UV Ultraviolet

UWMP Urban Water Management Plan

WCU Water Conservation Unit

WDR Waste Discharge Requirements

West Basin West Basin Municipal Water District

WRR Water Recycling Requirements

WTP Water Treatment Plant

WWC Wastewater Contribution yr year

Santa Monica RWMP - FINAL | Page ES- I

Executive Summary The City of Santa Monica (City) is a community committed to protecting the environment and the beautiful coastline of the Santa Monica Bay. The City’s Public Works Department- Water Resources

Division leads the City’s efforts to achieve its vision for water self-sufficiency, maintain high quality drinking water, and invest in a resilient water supply system and infrastructure.

Historically, the City’s water sources have been a combination of local groundwater and imported

Northern California and Colorado River water purchased from the Metropolitan Water District of

Southern California (MWD). Over the years, the City has implemented an effective water conservation program, an innovative stormwater harvesting and reuse program and most recently a new advanced water recycling facility to bolster local supplies and reduce the City’s reliance on imported water.

The expansion of recycled water use is a critical component in achieving the City’s goal of water self-sufficiency and enhance drought resiliency. The goal of this Santa Monica Recycled

Water Master Plan (RWMP or Master Plan) is to guide the planning of and capital investments in future recycled water infrastructure development for the City.

ES.1 Background and Overview

This Recycled Water Master Plan (RWMP) connects the dots between the City’s existing systems, facilities in construction and new facilities needed to reduce the City’s reliance on imported water supplies. The RWMP establishes a road map to optimize the use of the City’s available recycled water resources for non-potable reuse (e.g., irrigation and dual-plumbing) and future potable reuse, while also exploring regional partnership opportunities. The overall approach for the RWMP is illustrated in Figure ES-1.

Figure ES-1: Master Plan Approach

Santa Monica RWMP - FINAL | Page ES- II

The City’s 2018 Sustainable Water Master Plan (SWMP) outlined the City’s strategy to develop an integrated approach to maximize local water resources in order to achieve long-term water self-sufficiency and drought resilience. The RWMP builds on the projects that have been implemented as part of the three key SWMP components, listed below and illustrated in Figure ES-

2.

• 2018 SWMP Component 1 – Increasing water conservation efforts through an optimal conservation plan that permanently reduces water demand.

• 2018 SWMP Component 2 – Developing sustainable and drought resilient alternative water supplies by increasing recycled water production through the Sustainable Water

Infrastructure Project (SWIP), which includes upgrading the existing Santa Monica Urban

Runoff Recycling Facility (SMURRF) and constructing a new Advanced Water Treatment

Facility (AWTF). The SWIP offsets imported water by recharging local groundwater aquifers in the Olympic Sub-Basin with advanced treated recycled water from SWIP to maintain sustainable yield pumping levels.

• 2018 SWMP Component 3 – Expanding local groundwater production within sustainable yield limits and upgrading the City’s Arcadia Water Treatment Plant (WTP) with flow reversal reverse osmosis (FRRO) to increase water production and further offset imported water purchases.

Figure ES-2: Closing the Loop on the City’s One-Water Cycle

Construction of the SMURRF upgrades and the SWIP AWTF were completed in 2022 and the upgrades at Arcadia WTP are scheduled for completion in Spring 2024. The entire suite of local water supply projects in Component 2 and 3 of the 2018 SWMP will be online in early 2024 and are an integral part of the City’s future recycled water expansion plans.

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In parallel to infrastructure upgrades, the City has implemented Water Neutrality and Recycled

Water Ordinances, and developed Recycled Water Guidelines, Policies, and Procedures (RW

Guidelines) to support expansion of the City’s recycled water distribution system. The Water

Neutrality Ordinance, adopted in 2017, caps water use for new developments to the average five-year historical use for that individual parcel. The Recycled Water Ordinance, adopted in March

2022, formalizes water recycling requirements, describes the applicability for mandatory recycled water use and allowable exemptions, and establishes a recycled water service area within the City limits, shown in Figure ES-3.

Figure ES-3: Existing Recycled Water System and Recycled Water Service Area

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Applicable new developments within the boundary of the recycled water service area are required to install facilities necessary for the delivery of recycled water as a development standard. The recycled water service area was developed to align with the extent of the existing recycled water distribution system, also shown in Figure ES-3, and the City’s objective to implement groundwater replenishment through groundwater injection. It was also developed to align with the current state of planned and future developments in the City, and as such, is intended to be updated regularly.

The RW Guidelines, adopted in April 2022, guide the implementation of recycled water facilities, and describe the procedures for the application and engineering control requirements for recycled water use.

ES.2 Water Supply Assessment

The City supplies potable water through a combination of local groundwater from the Santa

Monica Groundwater Basin (SMGB) and water purchased from the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (MWD) imported from the Colorado River and/or the State Water

Project. The expansion of the recycled water system will help the City enhance its water service reliability and resiliency to reduce dependencies on imported water supplies.

The City’s local groundwater supply provides, on average, approximately 50-70 percent of the total water supply, and water imported from MWD accounts for the remaining 30-50 percent of the

City’s total water supply. The Charnock, Arcadia, Coastal, and Olympic Sub-basins are the major sources of local groundwater with nine active wells and two new wells undergoing permitting.

Based on the 2020 MWD Urban Water Management Plan (UWMP) analysis, MWD can deliver the

City’s supplemental water demands for a normal water year, single dry-year, and five consecutive drought years. However, given the uncertainties of climate change and recurring droughts, the City is committed to developing additional local, drought-resilient supplies to lessen their dependency on imported water. Once water self-sufficiency is achieved, the City will maintain these imported water connections, for water security, in case of a natural disaster or other emergencies.

The City’s recycled water supply is derived from two facilities: (1) Urban and stormwater runoff and brackish/saline groundwater supply treated at the SMURRF and (2) Local wastewater and stormwater runoff treated at the SWIP AWTF, with an anticipated production of 560 AFY and 1,120

AFY, respectively. The combined 1,680 AFY represents the available locally produced recycled water considered for this Master Plan.

There are established recycled water programs in areas adjacent to the City, at West Basin

Municipal Water District (West Basin) and the City of Los Angeles (City of LA), which could offer opportunities to bring additional recycled water supplies to offset potable demands. The ability of the City to beneficially use regional recycled water supplies depends on the additional infrastructure needed, implementation schedule of regional partners, and the available quantity and quality of the regional supply. In addition, establishing the partnerships and agreements

Santa Monica RWMP - FINAL | Page ES- V necessary to make these types of inter-agency programs a reality would require time and funding and could be considered a long-range strategy for the City.

ES.3 Water Reuse Opportunities

The City’s recycled water begins as local wastewater, urban and stormwater runoff, and brackish groundwater before undergoing a series of treatment steps, using a multi-barrier approach, to remove organic matter and pollutants and produce high-quality, advanced treated recycled water. The production and use of recycled water must adhere to strict regulations stipulating the levels of treatment, allowable types of reuse and water quality requirements.

This RWMP focuses on non-potable and potable reuse, as defined below:

• Non-potable reuse (NPR) for a specific purpose other than drinking. For the City this includes landscape irrigation and dual-plumbing for indoor reuse.

• Groundwater Replenishment Reuse (GRR), also referred to as indirect potable reuse

(IPR), incorporates recycled water into a groundwater aquifer, where it mixes and assimilates with native groundwater, thus providing an environmental buffer prior to extraction and use as a source of domestic water supply. The City is in the process of implementing a Groundwater Replenishment Reuse Project (GRRP) using direct injection into the Olympic sub-basin that would then be extracted via groundwater production wells and treated at the Arcadia WTP to meet drinking water needs. The City obtained regulatory approval for GRR on 21 December 2023.

• Direct potable reuse (DPR) is the purposeful introduction of highly purified recycled water into a drinking water supply, immediately upstream of a drinking water treatment plant (referred to as raw water augmentation) or directly into the potable water supply distribution system downstream of a WTP (referred to as treated water augmentation). The

City’s DPR concept is considered raw water augmentation and would combine advanced treated water from the SMURRF and SWIP AWTF with extracted water from the Olympic

Well Field. The combined flow would be conveyed to a new Olympic AWTF that feeds into the recently upgraded Arcadia WTP prior to distribution to the City’s drinking water customers.

The production, discharge, distribution, and use of recycled water are subject to federal, state, and local regulations, the primary objectives of which are to protect public health. NPR regulations are well established, and the City already has the needed approvals to operate its existing NPR system.

As the system expands, new NPR customers would need to follow applicable regulatory requirements, as described in the RW Guidelines. For the GRRP, the City’s SWIP Title 22 GRRP

Engineering Report (Stantec et. al, 2022) was developed to provide the State Water Resources

Control Board (State Water Board) Division of Drinking Water (DDW) and the Los Angeles Regional

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Water Quality Control Board (LARWQCB or RWQCB) with specific project information to obtain the necessary permits for IPR, and the RWQCB approved amendments to the City’s Waste Discharge

Requirements/Water Recycling Requirements to allow IPR in December 2023. The State Water

Board also adopted the DPR regulations in December 2023. The City has been communicating the proposed DPR strategy with the DDW and will continue to work collaboratively with the DDW to demonstrate that the proposed treatment strategies would achieve the log reduction values and other requirements defined in the final regulations.

ES.4 Recycled Water Market Assessment

A recycled water market assessment was conducted to identify types of uses that are currently approved for recycled water applications and those that are anticipated to be approved in the future. The assessment was performed in two parts: (1) to identify existing and potential future

NPR customers and (2) to assess the potential potable reuse opportunities for GRR and DPR.

The non-potable market assessment focused on the geographic distribution of potential customers, relative to the existing recycled water system, which would meet the requirements of the City’s Recycled Water Ordinance. Potential future customers identified for NPR were based on discussions with the City, identification of existing irrigation customers and potential future dual-plumbed developments within the City’s established recycled water service area. The City serves approximately 61 AFY of recycled water to customers already connected to the existing recycled water system. The NPR market assessment identified 176 AFY of potential demand for existing potable water customers (parks, schools, commercial/industrial) that could be converted for NPR and 602 AFY of potential future customers that could be developed for NPR. The timing of these future developments and whether they are within the City’s recycled water service area are critical factors in determining which customers could be most suitable for NPR. Additional recycled water transmission and distribution infrastructure would need to be designed to accommodate serving both new existing potable customers and future developments.

The potable market assessment considered the potential amount of recycled water that could be delivered for GRR and DPR. The GRR demand is based on the injection capacity of injection wellSM-

10i and the completion of two additional injection wells (SM-11i and SM-12i), with injection rates of approximately 200 gallon per minute (gpm) per well (323 AFY) and 97 percent capture rate, for a maximum estimated injection of 969 AFY. The potential DPR demand is based on the ability to achieve a wastewater contribution (WWC ) of 10 percent for chemical control to meet the anticipated treatment train requirements for DPR (DDW, 2021).