Attachment 4 Product or Equal File.pdf

DELAWARE WATER GAP NATIONAL RECREATION AREA

Hardwick Township, New Jersey

Watergate Wetlands Restoration Restoration Construction

Package PMIS NO. 294871

PROJECT DOCUMENTS

Construction Documents Appendix A - Product or Equal Data

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

DENVER SERVICE CENTER

November 13, 2020

Table of Contents

Wildlife Exclusion Fence--------------------------------2-28

Coir Fiber Matting---------------------------------------29-32

Jute Mesh Fiber----------------------------------------------33

Special-Status Species Exclusion or Directional Control

* Wildlife Exclusion Fence *

Highest Performance Lowest Cost Zero Waste

Triple Function for Significant Project Savings:

1. Wildlife Exclusion or Directional Control

2. High Visibility Safety Fence

3. Sediment Control

Turnkey Service: Fast Response

• Design: Most Cost Effective

• Furnish: Purchase or Rental

• Install: Experienced Installers

• Coordinate: With Site Biologist

• Remove & Restore

Construction Sites High Visibility Exclusion Fence with

Sediment Control Panel and One-Way Escape Funnel shown

Road Ecology

Highest Performance, Lowest Cost, ZERO Waste

ERTEC has the experience which comes with manufacturing and installing millions of feet of Wildlife Exclusion Fence and Directional Barriers for special-status small vertebrates. As the world leader, ERTEC engineers have learned from hundreds of biologists who have guided its innovation and continuous improvement process and expansion of effective configurations and accessories for a broad array of species and conditions. E-Fence™ is patented, durable and the lowest cost species exclusion or directional control system designed for projects in habitat where special-status small vertebrates live. The barrier is designed to exclude small vertebrates from active construction areas and road surfaces, and control movement within fragmented habitat. The barrier is made from a heavy Rigid Polymer Matrix™ which is extruded for strength and durability. The extruded strands of the ERTEC matrix will not separate, stretch or entrap even persistent intruders. Unlike metal mesh, its smooth surface does not present a laceration hazard and unlike mono-filament plastic mesh

(found in erosion control products) it will not entangle nor entrap. It will not corrode and decay like metal hardware cloths or geotextile fabrics. Unlike perforated solid plastic barriers, silt fence, or plywood fence, E-Fence allows high wind and heavy stormwater flow-through. By allowing wind flow-through, it avoids the chaotic, turbulent wind currents which are dangerous to animals with moisture-sensitive skin (See Wind Study – Kim 2019). E-Fence™ can be installed across contours (up and down slopes) without the destructive and scouring effects of storm water runoff. It is non-toxic and environmentally safe. Even after extensive exposure to sunlight, harsh weather and salt water it continues to perform. E-Fence provides very high reliability (up-time) which significantly reduces main-tenance and monitoring costs. E-Fence can be used for temporary or permanent needs. It is a ZERO Waste solution (reusable, and recy-clable). Accepted by wildlife agencies, E-Fence is configurable for individual or combinations of species and flexible for special conditions.

Resulting Benefits:

Higher Reliability, Higher Up-Time o No storm water washouts o No wind knockdowns o No UV degradation o Less monitoring, more trust

Lowest Total Costs o Fast install, fewer posts, fast removal o Negligible maintenance o Reduced monitoring o Reusable on next or multi-phase projects

ZERO Waste o Reusable, recyclable

Animal Safe o No entrapment o No desiccating wind flows

Key System Features:

Smooth Rigid Polymer Matrix™ o Will not separate, stretch or entrap o Anti-climb configuration o Will not cause dangerous, chaotic air flows o Strong, durable and corrosion resistant o Allows wind and stormwater to flow through o Non-toxic, animal safe o Flexible for sharp elevation changes

Configure for Distinct Species o Vary height and trench depth o Optional one-way gateways/diversion wings o Optional climber barriers o Optional visual barriers

Option for 3 Controls in Same Trench

1. Wildlife exclusion/directional control

2. High visibility personnel and equipment control

3. ERTEC high performance sediment control

Comprehensive Options/Solutions o Temporary swing gates with ground sweeps o No-trench ground seal systems o One-way escape gateways o Temporary or permanent o Cover board refuge

Smooth Rigid Monolithic HDPE Matrix

100% American Ownership, Engineering, Materials, Logistics & Labor https://ertecsystems.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/CST-ERTEC-E-Fence-Test-Results-Scales-Nature-Park.pdf https://ertecsystems.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Wind-Effects-WEF-Solid-vs-Porous-CFD-Analysis-E-Kim-2019.pdf https://ertecsystems.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Wind-Effects-WEF-Solid-vs-Porous-CFD-Analysis-E-Kim-2019.pdf https://ertecsystems.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Wind-Effects-WEF-Solid-vs-Porous-CFD-Analysis-E-Kim-2019.pdf https://ertecsystems.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Wind-Effects-WEF-Solid-vs-Porous-CFD-Analysis-E-Kim-2019.pdf

Cost effective, high performance sediment control productsOptions, Flexibility, Solutions

Partial List of Options & Accessories:

Cover Boards

Rapid Response

Height, Trench Depth

Integrated Sediment Control

Temp Gates with Ground Sweeps

Climber Barriers: Lip and/or Belly Band

High UV Black or High Visibility Orange

Temporary or Permanent Installation

Asphalt or Concrete (Hard Surfaces)

Escape Gateways & Detour Wings

Trenchless Ground Seal Systems

Pitfall Trapping Systems

Full Turnkey Service

Livestock Control

Visual Barriers

One-Way Escape Gateways – Exit Earth Bed Funnel/Natural Ramp Shown

Ground Seal Options for No-Trench Installations

Cover Boards Provide Refuge Around Construction Sites

One-Way Escape Gateways Size Options

E-Fence™ Options & Accessories:

Gate Panels with Attached Ground Sweeps

Low Cost Temp Swing Gates and Panels Opening Options 4, 6, 10, 12, 16 and 20’

Livestock Control Electrical Hot Wire

Sediment Control Panel Eliminates Need for separate Silt Fence or Straw Wattles

Height and Size Options For Conditions and Behaviors

Flow-Thru Visual Barriers at Base

Key Factors in Designing the Right Exclusion Barrier

ERTEC Environmental Systems www.ertecsystems.com 510-521-0724 https://ertecsystems.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Wind-Effects-WEF-Solid-vs-Porous-CFD-Analysis-E-Kim-2019.pdf

Cost effective, high performance sediment control productsLeadership: Hundreds of Projects, Proven Results

Two Function Barrier: exclusion & safety fence combined into same trench

Temporary Gate with Dual Climber Barriers

1) Smooth Belly Band with 2) Climber Barrier Lip

San Joaquin antelope squirrel

SFPUC - Calaveras Dam Construction CA red legged frog and tiger salamander

A Growing List Accepted by Wildlife Agencies

Some examples:

Alameda whip snake

Arroyo toad

Blanding’s turtle

Blue racer

Blainville’s horned lizard

Blunt nosed leopard lizard

Butler’s garter snake

California red-legged frog

California tiger salamander

Chiricahua leopard frog

Coachella Valley fringe-toed lizard

Corn snake

Common snapping turtle

Desert tortoise

Dunes sagebrush lizard

Eastern box turtle

Eastern fox snake

Foothill yellow-legged frog

Giant garter snake

Giant kangaroo rat

Gray ratsnake

Loggerhead sea turtle

Mojave fringe-toed lizard

Mojave ground squirrel

Northern cricket frog

Northern red legged frog

Ornate box turtle

Texas horned lizard

Rattlesnake (all species)

Riparian brush rabbit

Tipton kangaroo rat

Salt marsh harvest mouse

San Bernardino kangaroo rat

San Francisco dusky-footed woodrat

San Francisco garter snake

San Joaquin antelope squirrel

San Joaquin whip snake

San Joaquin kit fox

Santa Cruz long-toed salamander

Stephens’ kangaroo rat

Western hognose snake

Western pond turtle

Wood turtle

Yellow mud turtle

Yosemite toad

Suncor Ontario, Canada Butler’s garter snake

US Refinery Modifications Salt marsh harvest mouse

Lake Restoration Pacific chorus frog and Western pond turtle

Solar Farm Construction Desert tortoise

Unlike silt or perforated solid fences, a key advantage of E-Fence™ is that it can be installed across contours without concern for stormwater scouring and washouts.

Cost effective, high performance sediment control productsCost Saving Multi-Function Barriers

Single Function E-Fence

1. Exclusion Barrier

Solution Shown: E-Fence Black, 48” with one-way escape funnels on 150’ centers

Double Function E-Fence

1. Exclusion Barrier

2. High Visibility Safety Barrier eliminating the need for a separate construction safety barrier

Solution Shown: E-Fence Orange, 48” with the climber barrier facing towards sensitive habitat

Triple Function E-Fence

1. Exclusion Barrier

2. High Visibility Safety Barrier

3. Sediment Control Panel eliminating the need for separate silt fence or wattle

Solution Shown: E-Fence, Orange, 48” with Sediment Control Panel using ERTEC’s leading sediment control technology

Cost effective, high performance sediment control productsEnd-to-End Service and Support

ERTEC Provides Rapid Response End-to-End Service and Support for the Engineer, Biologist, and Both Bidding and Installing Contractors.

For the Owner and Specifying Engineer

• Automated design guide, designer’s checklist

• Advice on best practices and budgetary worksheets

• Advice on the most cost-effective solution

• Installation drawings (PDF)

For the Bidding Contractor at Bid Time

• Help interpreting project plans

• Advice on equipment, crew size, production rates and methods

• Advice on unusual conditions

For the Installing Contractor

• On-site training or videos to assure the job gets done right with the best means and methods

• Advice on special conditions

• Advice on removal, reuse and recycling

For the Field Biologist

• Availability for Q&A

• Training and support

• Seek feedback for continuous innovation and system improvements

When protecting special-status species, it is important that information and support flow quickly and comprehensively through the supply chain. The project must be setup for success!

Cost effective, high performance sediment control products

Learn more about E-Fence™ and ERTEC Sediment and Erosion Control solutions at:

www.ertecsystems.com | 510-521-0724 | 100% Made in USA Our products are offered with our express limited warranty.

Patented and Int’l Patents Pending © 2004-2020 ERTEC Environmental Systems

E-Fence™

Wildlife Exclusion & Directional Control

GUARANTEED PERFORMANCE

you put your name on it, we do too

TRIPLE FUNCTION

Options:

1. Wildlife Exclusion

2. Construction Safety

3. Sediment Control

TURNKEY SERVICE OPTION

• Design, Budget, Coordinate, Install, Remove, Restore, Rental Option

LOWEST

TOTAL COST

NEARING 1,000 PROJECTS

PROVEN RESULTS

ZERO WASTE

RAPID

RESPONSE

Specify E-Fence™ with Confidence Construction Projects Road Ecology Projects

PROVEN PERFORMANCE

Since 2004, Over 4 Million Feet

MARKET INNOVATOR

Wide-ranging experience and expertise feeds continuous improvement process

Contact ERTEC® to learn about the important reliability, wind, water and anti-climb advantages of E-Fence™ Rigid Polymer Matrix™

E-Fence™

RIGID POLYMER MATRIX™

https://ertecsystems.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/CST-ERTEC-E-Fence-Test-Results-Scales-Nature-Park.pdf https://ertecsystems.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Wind-Effects-WEF-Solid-vs-Porous-CFD-Analysis-E-Kim-2019.pdf https://ertecsystems.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/ERTEC-Data-Sheet-Rigid-HDPE-Polymer-Matrix-E-Fence.pdf https://ertecsystems.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/ERTEC-Data-Sheet-Rigid-HDPE-Polymer-Matrix-E-Fence.pdf www.ertecsystems.com

E-Fence™ Installation Details © 2008-16 ERTEC Environmental Systems

July 2016 NOT TO SCALE www.ertecsystems.com 510-521-0724

E-Fence™ (Patent #US 8402630, 9,816,239 other US & Int’l patents pending)E-Fence DETAILS – Wildlife Exclusion

34” – height above ground

Construction Side

EFB40 Black ERTEC E-Fence 40”

6” – trench depth

5, 5.5 or 6’ T-Post 10’ OC

Side A

Back-fill Side A first to push E-Fence against T-Posts

14 ga. guide wire (3 to 4” from top of barrier)

Drive posts to depth of 18” below original grade

E-Fence

Overlap sections 12” minimum.

Sew sections together with 18-gauge galvanized wire or black plastic ties to eliminate all possible gaps.

E-Fence ties crimped to guide wire: 3.3’ C-C min

T-Posts: 5, 5.5 or 6’ long,

0.95 lbs/ft minimum, 10 FT OC for temporary installation.

Zip Ties (8”) or wire ties: two per post. One at top, and one at mid-height – every post.

Guide Wire – wrap once around top of each post and tension from post to post 14-gauge galvanized wire 3 to 4” from top of Fence

E-Fence™ (Patent #US8402630, others pending)

E-Fence™ Installation Details © 2008-16 ERTEC Environmental Systems

March 2016 NOT TO SCALE www.ertecsystems.com 510-521-0724

E-Fence Details – Integrated Sediment Control Panel

Variable

E-Fence

Variable

Side A

Back-fill Side A first to push E-Fence against T-Posts

E-Fence

Ties (8”) – three per post.

1) One 3” down from top

2) One at mid-height of barrier

3) One thru sediment control barrier

8”

ERTEC Sediment Control Filter (SF12)

Install on side away from sensitive habitat.

Attach with UV stable plastic ties or wire ties at T-Posts and Dry Wall Screws (1”) at wood stakes

E-Fence™ sediment control filter. Attach with UV stable plastic or wire ties at T-Posts

Construction Side

Drive Post 18” below original grade (og) og

Wood Stakes: 1”x2”x18” – used to support sediment control panel in between E-Fence Posts. Secure to E-Fence with one tie as shown.

Posts

Notes:

1. Sediment Control is not required along entire E-Fence. Install on downstream side of project only or at low points where water could flow towards the perimeter.

2. Always install Sediment Control Panel on side away from sensitive habitat. For tips and tricks watch YouTube video:

www.youtube.com/watch?v=0bUPRf7u1xo

Sensitive Habitat Side T-Post

July 2016 NOT TO SCALE www.ertecsystems.com 510-521-0724

E-Fence™ (Patent #US 8402630, 9,816,239 other US & Int’l patents pending)E-Fence DETAILS – Wildlife Exclusion – E-Fence Tie

July 2016 NOT TO SCALE www.ertecsystems.com 510-521-0724

E-Fence™ (Patent #US 8402630, 9,816,239 other US & Int’l patents pending)E-Fence™ DETAILS – Wildlife Exclusion

Installation Notes:

1. Excavate a trench a minimum of 4” wide and a minimum of 6” deep. Try to use a trencher that will throw spoils up on both sides of trench – this makes it easier to backfill.

2. T-posts shall be a minimum of 0.95 lbs/ft. T-posts shall be driven a minimum 18” below original grade and spaced 10’ c-c.

3. Insert E-Fence™ into trench and tie-off to posts. Barrier Material should be on the on the side of T-Post that is facing away from construction and facing towards sensitive habitat. Tie off with zip ties or wire ties 3 to 4 inches from top of fence at each post. Install a second zip tie or wire tie to the posts at mid-height.

4. Install Guide Wire: At 3 to 4” down from the top of the fence, wrap 14-gauge galvanized wire 1 full wrap around each T-post and pull the guide wire from post to post, wrap, secure and pull wire tight by hand between each post.

5. At the guide wire height, using E-Fence Guide Wire Crimps (E-Fence Ties), connect the guide wire to the fence at 3.3’ intervals minimum, as illustrated in Detail A of the installation guidelines. Push E-Fence ties thru the fence, and crimp loops around guide wire. Crimp E-Fence tie loops around the guide wire tightly.

6. At segment overlaps (roll length 100 LF) overlap a minimum of 12”. Use 18 gage galvanized wire or black plastic ties to sew overlapped segments together on both sides of the overlap as shown. Eliminate all gaps.

7. E-Fence must be installed in continuous lengths (100-foot rolls). Do not cut segments into shorter lengths unless necessary due to sudden changes in elevation.

8. Backfill trench with trench spoils. Backfill from E-Fence side of posts first so that E-Fence is pushed up against T-posts. Back fill other side to complete backfill.

9. For installation of one-way escape funnels see video:

https://youtu.be/ino_Qo2fCLk

GUIDE SPECIFICATION

E-Fence™ Wildlife Exclusion Fence or Directional Control Barrier for Special-Status Small Vertebrates

H333222 Updated: 08/01/20 Page 1 of 9 © 2004-2020 ERTEC Environmental Systems

Construction Site Wildlife Exclusion Fence Directional Control in Fragmented Habitat Road Ecology Applications

E-Fence™ has options which allow the barrier to provide a Triple Function Capability: 1) Wildlife Exclusion, 2) High Visibility Safety, and 3) Sediment Control – eliminating the need for separate fence lines. See Section D for other options: Options and Accessories.

PRODUCT:

E-Fence™ (US Patent #8402630, #9816239 other US & Int’l applications pending)

MANUFACTURER:

ERTEC®

1150 Ballena Blvd. Suite 250 Alameda, CA 94501 Phone: 866-521-0724 Fax: 510-521-3972 email: sales@ertecsystems.com Web: www.ertecsystems.com

1.0 Description:

E-Fence™ is a Wildlife Exclusion Fence or Directional Control Barrier for special-status small vertebrates and shall conform to the details shown on the plans and these special provisions, It shall be installed around the perimeter of construction sites or for road ecology applications, or as per biologist’s layout to control movement in fragmented habitat as a directional barrier. The primary function of E-Fence is to exclude special-status small vertebrates from construction sites or road surfaces where they can be killed, injured or isolated. E-Fence can also provide directional control within fragmented habitat.

2.0 Material:

Provide E-Fence as shown on the plans.

A. Product and Installation Sheets. A copy of the manufacturer’s product data sheet together with instructions for installation of specified options shall be furnished to the Engineer 5 days before installation.

B. Barrier Configuration. Furnish E-Fence with a configuration based on the species or combination of species to be controlled as per Table B. Furnish barrier in minimal 100 to 150 foot segments (10” width at 150 feet, 20” width at 150 feet, 24” width at 150 feet, 30” width at 150 feet, 40 to 42” width at 100 feet, 48” width at 100 feet or 60” width or greater at 100 feet to minimize segment overlaps. Minimize section overlaps.

C. Barrier Materials & Structure. Furnish E-Fence manufactured from non-biodegradable materials which are UV and dimensionally stable for up to 10 years. The system shall:

a. comprise a monolithic rigid polymer matrix

b. be thermally extruded into an apertured sheet with rigid and thermally bonded strands

c. be made from virgin or recycled HDPE (high density polyethylene) feedstock which has a readily available recycle stream

d. have greater than 50% open Area (POA) to prevent the following: undermining from stormwater runoff, chaotic, turbulent wind flows that can pose a desiccating threat to moisture sensitive animals and knockdown damage from wind and stormwater runoff

e. be durable, to achieve negligible maintenance or so that it can be reused on several projects

Vertebrates

H333222 Updated: 08/01/20 Page 2 of 9 © 2004-2020 ERTEC Environmental Systems

f. be recyclable at the end of life – zero waste.

g. conform to the requirements in Table A below

D. Options and Accessories

a. Exclusion Fence Color:

i. High Visibility Orange: High visibility Orange allows E-Fence™ to double as a High Visibility Construction Safety Fence possibly eliminating the need for a separate fence line. Can be part of a Triple Function Fence:

1. Exclusion, 2. High Visibility Safety, 3. Sediment Control.

ii. Black: provides UV stability for long-term or permanent requirements.

b. One-Way Escape Funnels (spacing determined by project biologist)

i. Funnel Size Options

1. 8x8” Entrance x 2x2” Exit

2. 12”x6” Entrance, 6”x3” Exit

3. Other sizes available

ii. Exit door options:

1. No door, external flap door, internal flap door, mammal exit

iii. Funnel Ramp/Floor Options

1. Natural earth-bed substrate, or

2. Polymer Matrix substrate

iv. Flow-Through Visual Barriers: Visual barriers provide opacity, yet still allow high stormwater flow-thru at the base of the fence. The visual barrier rests on grade and attaches to E-Fence during installation.

1. Heights: 4”, 6” 8”

c. Sediment Control Panel: The E-Fence Sediment Control Panel is available in 150’ rolls, mates to E-Fence during installation, is installed in the same trench and can eliminate the requirement for a separate silt fence and or wattles (fiber rolls). While Wildlife Exclusion Fence is often installed around the perimeter of the job site, sediment control is required only on the down-stream areas of the project (typically less than half the footage required for exclusion fence). The Sediment Control Panel allows E-Fence™ to double as a silt fence, eliminating the need for a separate fence line. Can be part of a Triple Function Fence 1. Wildlife Exclusion, 2. High Visibility Safety, 3. Sediment Control. Submit copy of the manufacturer’s installation guidelines.

d. No-Trench Ground Seal Options: No-Trench Ground Seal options are available for soil and or hard surfaces. Submit copy of the manufacturer’s installation guidelines for the type of No-Trench Ground Seal option found on plans.

1. Clam-shell type or

2. Apron type

e. Climber Barrier Options:

1. 5” Climber Barrier Lip (reptiles/amphibians)

2. 8” Climber Barrier Lip (small mammals)

Vertebrates

H333222 Updated: 08/01/20 Page 3 of 9 © 2004-2020 ERTEC Environmental Systems

3. HDPE smooth belly band (small mammals)

f. Temporary Entrance Gates & Panels: The most difficult section of the exclusion fence to maintain is the entrance. Required to be closed and sealed at the end of each construction day, it is often assembled by the contractor from makeshift materials. Typically, the entrance is difficult for contractors to keep organized AND sealed. The E-Fence system makes it easy.

i. Gate Frames

1. Consider entrance opening.

a. Single-Swing Personnel Gate Set: 4’

b. Single-Swing Equipment Gate Sets: 8’, 10’, 12’

c. Double-Swing Equipment Gate Sets: 12’, 16’, 20’, or wider

d. (custom sizes are available)

Submit copy of Manufacturer’s installation guidelines.

ii. Exclusionary Gate Panels:

1. Exclusionary Gate panels can fit to existing permanent or chain-link gates or can be fit to E-Fence Temporary Gates to provide seal around the entrance with a ground sweep to allow opening and closing. Exclusionary Gate Panels are manufactured to fit all sizes of Temporary Gate Panels and/or existing site gates.

Submit copy of Manufacturer’s installation guidelines.

E. Cover boards: Wildlife exclusion fences are designed to keep animals out of construction sites, but they temporarily disrupt their natural movements. Placed periodically along the fence line, (ie. 100 to 150 LF spacing), cover boards provide refuge opportunities from weather and predators. Submit copy of Manufacturer’s specifications and installation guidelines.

F. Posts. Installations requiring metal T-Posts shall use reusable metal T-Posts (0.95 lbs/ft minimum). Posts should be spaced as indicated on installation guidelines (see installation instructions for specific configuration and species). Spacing of posts is dependent on length of time the fence will be installed, the height of the fence and exposure to wind. In general, install posts on 5 foot centers (max) in areas of very high wind or for long-term or permanent installations and on 8 foot centers (max) for majority of installations. Install posts on 10 foot centers (max) when fence material is 42 inches width or less. It is permissible to use wooden stakes (1”x2”x36”) for E-Fence™ width (height) of 24” or less, on 10-foot centers (max) for projects lasting 2 years or less.

Vertebrates

H333222 Updated: 08/01/20 Page 4 of 9 © 2004-2020 ERTEC Environmental Systems

Table A: Barrier Type: E- Fence material property requirements Specification

Design Focus Material Requirements

HDPE or Recycled HDPE

Barrier Height Specific Animal See Configuration Table B column 2

Roll Lengths (widths 20, 24”, 30, 40 to 42, 48, 60 in) (LF) Minimize joints 150, 150, 150, 100, 100, 100

Strand Deformation – 0.375” sphere pull-through at 68°F (lbs) (minimum)

Intrusion resistance, entrapment resistance

Distance between strands (in) (maximum) Intrusion resistance, entrapment resistance 0.185

Strand thickness (in) (maximum) Intrusion resistance, entrapment resistance 0.10

Distance between strand centers (in) (maximum) Intrusion resistance, entrapment resistance 0.25

Mass per Unit Weight range (lbs/ft2) Installation ease 0.16 to 0.19

Tensile Strength – machine direction ASTM D4595 (lbs) (minimum)

Dimensional Stability 400

Tensile Strength – transverse direction ASTM D4595 (lbs) (minimum)

Dimensional Stability 325

Aperture Size – Cylinder PASS (dimensional range within which a cylinder will pass thru) (in)

Allow wind & water passage, prevent chaotic/turbulent wind flows which pose desiccation threat

0.141 - 0.156

Aperture Size – Cylinder NO PASS (smallest dimension that will not pass) (in)

Confine juvenile vertebrates

0.212

Ultraviolet stability - percent tensile strength retained

ASTM D 4355

Long term property retention

96%

Thickness ASTM 5199 minimum (in) Deformation and intrusion resistance 0.115

Life in application minimum (yrs) Black / Orange Durability, Reusability 10 / 5

Friction Coefficient (published base polymer data) Climbing resistance, Resist accumulation of organic materials

<0.3

Shore Hardness (base polymer data) at 68°F Burrowing resistance 95

CBR Puncture strength ASTM D 6241 nominal (lbs) Burrowing resistance, Intrusion resistance

Flow Rate ASTM D 4491 minimum gal/min/ft2 Washout prevention 650

Percent Open Area (ASTM D 6767) (min)

Washout prevention, Protection from chaotic/turbulent wind flows which pose desiccation threat

50%

Low Temperature Brittleness (published base polymer data) ASTM D 746 (°F)

Extreme cold weather durability

-106

Operating Temp (base polymer data) range (°F) All weather durability, Property retention -30 to 160

Separation of stand planes (distance) (in - nominal) Climbing resistance 0.02 - 0.04

Angle of strands (°) Climbing resistance 70 to 80

Vertebrates

H333222 Updated: 08/01/20 Page 5 of 9 © 2004-2020 ERTEC Environmental Systems

3.0 Wildlife Exclusion Fence: Configurations by species – Current Approved Best Practices

Table B: Configuration requirements (Please note: 2 or more special-status-species are often in the same habitat. The design configuration should address the species with the highest capabilities (the design determinate species). If required, please call ERTEC for design guidance (510-521-0724).

Common Name (Scientific Name) A

B a rr ie r

H e ig h t (i n

B T re n c h

D e p th

(m in

(i n

C

C lim b e r

B a rr ie r

T y p e /S iz e

D

T P o st o r

W o o d

P o s t D e p th

(m in

(i n

E O n e -W a y

G a te w a y

F u n n e l (Y

/N

E xc lu s io n F e n c e

D e s ig n a ti o n

E F

E

-F e n c e

D ig it s

S h e e t w id th

(i n

L e tt e rs

L

C lim b e r

B a rr ie r, F

F u n n e l

Frog Fence

California red-legged frog (Rana draytonii) 38 5 L5 T18 N EF48L EF40/42L is an approved configuration, but most specifiers call for 48” width

Foothill yellow-legged frog (Rana boylii) 30 5 L5 T18 N EF40/42L

Northern cricket frog (Acris crepitans) 30 5 L5 T18 N EF40/42L

Chiricahua leopard frog (Rana chiricahuensis) 38 5 L5 T18 N EF48L EF40/42L is an approved configuration, but most specifiers call for 48” width

Northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) 38 5 L5 T18 N EF48L EF40/42L is an approved configuration, but most specifiers call for 48” width

Sierra Nevada yellow-legged frog (Rana sierrae) 30 5 L5 T18 N EF40/42L

Sierra Madre yellow-legged frog (Rana muscosa)

30 5 L5 T18 N EF40/42L

Northern red-legged frog (Rana aurora) 30 5 L5 T18 N EF40/42L

Toad Fence: Below are the lowest cost, approved configurations for these Turtles/Terrapins but designers often call for 4’ width and

High Visibility Construction Safety.

Colorado River toad (Bufo alvarius) 18 12 N T24 N EF30

Arroyo toad (Bufo microscaphus californicus) 25 5 N W18 N EF30

Yosemite toad (Bufo canorus) 25 5 N W12 N EF30

Western spadefoot toad (Spea hammondii) 18 12 N T24 N EF30

Turtle/Terrapin/Tortoise Fence

Western pond turtle (Actinemys marmorata) 15 5 N W18 N EF20

Blanding’s turtle (Emydoidea blandingii) 15 5 N W18 N EF20

Common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentine) 35 5 N T18 N EF40/42

Loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) 60 N N T24 N EF60

Desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) 18 12 N T30 N EF30 UV Resistant black is best choice for DT Habitat.

A

B

C.

Climber barrier type/optionConstruction

Side

Vertebrates

H333222 Updated: 08/01/20 Page 6 of 9 © 2004-2020 ERTEC Environmental Systems

Common Name (Scientific Name)

A B a rr ie r

H e ig h t (i n

B T re n c h

D e p th

(m in

(i n

C

C lim b e r

B a rr ie r

T y p e /S iz e

D

T P o st o r

W o o d

P o s t D e p th

(m in

(i n

E O n e -W a y

G a te w a y

F u n n e l (Y

/N

E xc lu s io n F e n c e

D e s ig n a ti o n

E F

E

-F e n c e

D ig it s

S h e e t w id th

(i n

L e tt e rs

L

C lim b e r

B a rr ie r, F

F u n n e l

Salamander / Newt Fence Notes

California tiger salamander (Ambystoma californiense)

15 5 N W18 Y EF20F

Below are the lowest cost approved configurations for these Salamanders but designers often call for 4’ width and High Visibility Construction Safety.

Santa Cruz long-toed salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum)

15 5 See note

W18 Y EF20F Install with HDPE Climber Barrier

Barton Springs salamander (Eurycea sosorum) 19 5 N W18 Y EF24F

Austin blind salamander (Eurycea waterlooensis) 19 5 N W18 Y EF24F

Southern torrent salamander (Rhyacotriton variegates)

14 6 N W18 Y EF20F

Limestone salamander (Hydromantes brunus) 14 6 N W18 Y EF20F

Mt. Lydell salamander (Hydromantes platycephalus)

14 6 N W18 Y EF20F

Shasta salamander (Hydromantes shastae) 14 6 N W18 Y EF20F

Owens Valley web-toed salamander (Hydromantes platycephalus)

14 6 N W18 Y EF20F

Scott Bar salamander (Plethodon asupak) 14 6 N W18 Y EF20F

Del Norte salamander (Plethodon elognatus elongatus)

14 6 N W18 Y EF20F

Coast range Newt (Taricha torosa torosa) 14 6 N W18 Y EF20F

Snake Fence Notes Alameda Whip Snake (Masticophis lateralis euryxanthus)

43 5 N T18 Y EF48F

Most designers call for 48” width due to AWS speed and climbing ability

San Joaquin Whip Snake (Masticophis flagellum ruddocki)

43 5 N T18 Y EF48F

Most designers call for 48” width due to SJWS speed and climbing ability

Giant Garter Snake (Thamnophis gigas) 25 5 N T18 Y EF30F

Below are the lowest cost approved configurations for these Snakes but designers often call for 4’ width and High Visibility Construction Safety.

Eastern fox snake (Pantherophis gloydi) 30 5 L5 T18 Y EF40/42LF

Butler’s garter snake (Thamnophis butleri) 25 5 N T18 Y EF30F

Gray Ratsnake (Pantherophis spiloides) 35 5 L8 T18 Y EF48LF

Blue racer (Coluber constrictor foxii) 30 5 L5 T18 Y EF40/42LF

Corn snake (Pantherophis gutlatus) 25 5 N T18 Y EF30F

A

B

C.

Climber barrier type/option

Construction

Vertebrates

H333222 Updated: 08/01/20 Page 7 of 9 © 2004-2020 ERTEC Environmental Systems

Common Name (Scientific Name)

A B a rr ie r

H e ig h t (i n

B T re n c h

D e p th

(m in

(i n

C

C lim b e r

B a rr ie r

T y p e /S iz e

D

T P o st o r

W o o d

P o s t D e p th

(m in

(i n

E O n e -W a y

G a te w a y

F u n n e l (Y

/N

E xc lu s io n F e n c e

D e s ig n a ti o n

E F

E

-F e n c e

D ig it s

S h e e t w id th

(i n

L e tt e rs

L

C lim b e r

B a rr ie r, F

F u n n e l

Santa Catalina garter snake (Thamnophis hammondii ssp.)

25 5 N 18 Y EF30F

South Coast garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis infernalis)

25 5 N 18 Y EF30F

Western hognose snake (Heterodon nasicus) 25 5 N 18 Y EF30F

San Francisco Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia)

38 5 L5 T18 Y EF48LF

CA Red legged frog most often found in same habitat as SFGS. Determinant species is CRLF. Follow CRLF configuration.

Northern red-diamond rattle snake (Crotalus ruber) 43 5 N T18 Y EF48F

Timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) 43 5 N T18 Y EF48F

Lizard, Skink Fence Notes

Blunt-nosed leopard lizard (Gambelia sila) 30 5 L5 T18 N EF40/42L

Coachella Valley fringe-toed lizard (Uma inornata)

24 24 L5 T36 N EF60L

Mojave fringe-toed lizard (Uma scoparia) 24 24 L5 T36 N EF60L

Texas horned lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum) 13 6 L5 W18 N EF24L

Blainville’s horned lizard (Phrynosoma coronatum blainvillii);

13 6 L5 W18 N EF24L

Dunes sagebrush lizard (Scleloporus arenicolus)

21 4 L5 T24 N EF30L

Panamint alligator lizard (Elgaria panamintina) 30 5 L5 T18 N EF40/42L

Black legless lizard (Anniella pulchra (nigra)) 19 5 N W18 N EF24

Bird Fence Notes

Least Tern (Sternula antillarum) 10 5 Y 18 N EF20L For Nestling or Fledgling Containment

Small Mammal Fence Notes

San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes mutica mutica) 60 12 N 24 N EF48+EF30

The fence can be extended to a height of 5’ above ground to exclude SJKF.

However, SJKF habitat is typically home to other special-status species. Most designers design to exclude the other species but keep the barrier low enough to allow SJKF to pass both ways. Wood ramps can be placed for cubs to pass.

Tipton kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nitratoides nitratoides)

40 6 N T18 N EF48

A

B

C.

Climber barrier

Vertebrates

H333222 Updated: 08/01/20 Page 8 of 9 © 2004-2020 ERTEC Environmental Systems

Common Name (Scientific Name)

A B a rr ie r

H e ig h t (i n

B T re n c h

D e p th

(m in

(i n

C

C lim b e r

B a rr ie r

T y p e /S iz e

D

T P o st o r

W o o d

P o s t D e p th

(m in

(i n

E O n e -W a y

G a te w a y

F u n n e l (Y

/N

E xc lu s io n F e n c e

D e s ig n a ti o n

E F

E

-F e n c e

D ig it s

S h e e t w id th

(i n

L e tt e rs

L

C lim b e r

B a rr ie r, F

F u n n e l

Stephens’ kangaroo rat (Dipodomys stephensi) 40 6 N T18 N EF48

San Bernardino kangaroo rat (Dipodomys merriami parvus)

40 6 N T18 N EF48

Giant kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ingens) 40 6 N T18 N EF48

Preble's meadow jumping mouse (Zapus hudsonius preblei)

30 5 L5 18 N EF40/42L

Northwestern San Diego pocket mouse (Chaetodipus fallax fallax)

30 5 L5 18 N EF40/42L

San Joaquin Antelope ground squirrel (Ammospermophilus nelson)

35 5 L8 18 N EF48L

There’s an option to add a smooth HDPE Belly-Band barrier in combination with 8” Climbing Barrier Lip.

Mojave ground squirrel (Xerospermophilus mohavensis)

35 5 L8 18 N EF48L

There’s an option to add a smooth HDPE Belly-Band barrier in combination with 8” Climbing Barrier Lip.

Salt Marsh Harvest Mouse (Reithrodontomys raviventris)

30 5 L5 18 N EF40/42L

There’s an option to add a smooth HDPE Belly-Band barrier in combination with 5” Climbing Barrier Lip.

San Diego desert woodrat (Neotoma lepida intermedia)

30 5 L5 18 N EF40/42L

San Francisco dusky-footed woodrat (Neotoma fuscipes ssp. annectens) 37 6 L5 18 N EF48L

There’s an option to add a smooth HDPE Belly-Band barrier in combination with 5” Climbing Barrier Lip.

Mount Lyell shrew (Sorex lyelli) 35 5 N 18 N EF40/42

Buena Vista Lake shrew (Sorex ornatus relictus) 35 5 N 18 N EF40/42

Monterey shrew (Sorex ornatus salarius) 35 5 N 18 N EF40/42

Southern California salt marsh shrew (Sorex ornatus salicornicus)

35 5 N 18 N EF40/42

Suisun shrew (Sorex ornatus sinuosus) 35 5 N 18 N EF40/42

Santa Catalina shrew (Sorex ornatus willetti) 35 5 N 18 N EF40/42

Salt-marsh wandering shrew (Sorex vagrans halicoetes)

35 5 N 18 N EF40/42

Monterey vagrant shrew (Sorex vagrans paludivagus)

35 5 N 18 N EF40/42

Pygmy rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis) 35 5 N 18 N EF40/42

Riparian brush rabbit (Sylvilagus bachmani riparius)

35 5 N 18 N EF40/42

Revision Date: January 15, 2020 - check www.ertecsystems.com for most current version

A

B

C.

Climber barrier

Vertebrates

H333222 Updated: 08/01/20 Page 9 of 9 © 2004-2020 ERTEC Environmental Systems

4.0 Installation:

Contact ERTEC for a design consultation, technical support, or an approved installation diagram and guideline for each species, or combination of species. (510-521-0724 or info@ertecsystems.com).

5.0 Maintenance:

Perform maintenance as required. Inspect areas of concentrated rainwater run-off following rainfall events and after high-wind events. Damage to the special-status-species exclusion barrier resulting from weather or the construction site vehicles, equipment, or operations shall be repaired immediately.

Split or torn segments shall be repaired with zip-ties or 16 gauge galvanized wire ties or replaced.

Rills, gullies and other evidence of concentrated runoff which has undercut the SSSEB shall be corrected. Locations needing repair shall be repaired or replaced immediately after identifying the deficiency.

6.0 Method of Measurement:

Quantities of E- Fence to be paid for will be determined by the linear foot measured along the centerline of the installed barrier. Where E- Fence segments are joined and overlapped, the overlap will be measured as a single installed strip.

7.0 Basis of payment:

The contract price paid per linear foot for E- Fence shall include full compensation for furnishing all labor, materials, tools, equipment, and incidentals, and for doing all the work involved in installing the E-Fence, complete in place, including trench excavation and backfill, and maintenance, as shown on the plans, and in these special provisions, and as directed by the Project Manager.

Chelydra serpentine (Common snapping turtle) compatibility with ERTEC E-Fence™ and discussion of E-Fence climbing resistance via the use of Rigid Polymer Matrix™. (March 27, 2019)

Study Sponsor: Jeff Hathaway, Honors BS, University of Guelph; Founder, Scales Nature Park, Oro- Medonte, Ontario, CA

Abstract ERTEC E-Fence™ is a special-status species-exclusion barrier system used to exclude small vertebrates from construction sites and provide directional control for road ecology projects (to keep animals off traveled roads and/or provide directional control in fragmented habitat). A trial was performed at Scales Nature Park in Ontario, Canada with three healthy captive Chelydra serpentina (Cs) to determine whether the species can climb and pass over various configurations of E-Fence. Three individuals (small, medium and large) were introduced into the center of two concentric enclosure areas with E-Fence 40” (1.02m) and a 125mm (5”) top climbing barrier lip as the inner enclosure and E-Fence 48” (1.22m) with an 200mm (8”) top climbing barrier lip as the outer enclosure. The outer enclosure was designed to test a more difficult escape should the turtle escape the inner enclosure. The turtles were observed to make many attempts but could not climb the E-Fence™ Rigid Polymer Matrix™ barrier.

Introduction E-Fence is a proven special-status-species (species at risk) exclusion and directional control barrier system which, among other applications, is installed around construction sites to prevent the entry of small vertebrates. E-Fence has benefits of high reliability, low total cost, and zero waste compared to traditional systems. Over four million feet have been deployed successfully for reptiles, amphibians, and small mammals such as snakes, lizards, salamanders, frogs, turtles, tortoises, rats, mice, etc.

Because it is an excellent climber, it has been questioned whether Common snapping turtle (Cs) could pass over the Rigid Polymer Matrix™ of the E-Fence system. If they could, it would render the system unsuitable for use on construction or directional control projects in Cs in habitat. There is interest to evaluate this material for Cs suitability because the current Best Management Practice recommends geotextile mesh or metal mesh fences.

Geotextile mesh fences are fraught with very high total project costs and ongoing maintenance difficulty. Geotextiles tend to fail from or during wind and rain events or from longer-term (6 months) UV exposure. It is common to find these geotextile fences either riddled with holes or with locations along the base where it has been undermined by stormwater flows. Metal mesh suffers from issues with corrosion at the trench. It has also been demonstrated that Cs can climb the ladder-like structure of metal mesh. E-Fence does not suffer these same issues.

Obtaining data to evaluate this question with Cs individuals in their natural habitat is extremely difficult since Cs is listed as “special concern” in the Species at Risk Act in Canada. It is unlikely that responsible biologists or wildlife agencies would allow the disturbance or capture of individuals for the purpose of testing an exclusion fence.

However, Scales Nature Park in Canada has captive Cs individuals and is unaffected by these restrictions. The Park offered to evaluate this question with healthy, captive animals in an on-site test facility.

Methods & Materials Test Material E-Fence is an exclusion and control barrier designed for projects in habitat where threatened small vertebrates are present. The barrier is designed to prevent passage of small vertebrates into active construction areas, to control movement within fragmented habitat, and for survey perimeter control. Mesh products are woven, by definition, with horizontal and vertical strands woven into a ladder-like structure. Unlike the ladder structure of mesh materials, and in order to make climbing difficult, E-Fence™ is extruded into a bi-planer Rigid Polymer Matrix™ with opposing strands at sharp angles to the ground. This configuration makes it difficult for animals such as Cs to insert claws from all four feet through the two strand-planes. (See Figure 1). The sharp angles of the strands drive the turtle’s feet to the right or left and then down. E-Fence is not woven, but extruded into a heavy, rigid and monolithic polymer matrix giving it strength, durability and low coefficient of friction (slippery surface). The extruded strands of the E-Fence Rigid Polymer Matrix™ will not separate, stretch or entrap even persistent intruders. E-Fence is non-toxic and environmentally safe. Even after extensive exposure to sun, harsh weather and salt-water it continues to perform. It provides very high reliability because there is almost no storm-water washouts or wind knock-downs which significantly reduces maintenance and monitoring costs and increases animal safety. E-Fence can be used for temporary or permanent requirements. It is reusable and is fully recyclable at the end of life (see Table 1 and Figure 2 for key dimensions).

Table 1. E-Fence Key Dimensions / Specifications

Measure (mm)

Measure (in)

Closest distance btw strands (max)

4.7 0.185

Strand thickness (max) 2.5 0.100 Distance between strand centers 6.4 0.250 Aperture Size – Cylinder PASS (dim. of cylinder will pass thru)

4.0 0.156

Aperture Size – Cylinder NO PASS (smallest dim. not pass)

5.4 0.212

Thickness ASTM 5199 minimum 2.9 0.115

Test Chamber The inside 1.2m diameter enclosure was built using E-Fence 40L (1.02m) which was set up on a platform 125mm (5”) off the main floor to replicate the recommended trench burial. A 125mm (5”) “Climber Barrier” lip was formed at the top or 750mm above the platform surface. The outer enclosure which was 3.0m in diameter was erected using E-Fence 48L (1.22m) with a 200mm (8”) “Climber Barrier” lip at the top or 875mm above the platform surface. (see Figure 3).

Containment Trial Three captive Cs (small, medium & large) were introduced to the test chamber fitted with E-Fence. It was decided that the claw size of a very large Cs was too large to fit the apertures of E-Fence and therefore not introduced into the live test. The turtles were left inside the inner enclosure for at least one hour and observed continually. Cs behavior was evaluated within the test chamber and many attempts to climb the Rigid Polymer Matrix™ to escape the chamber were observed. Cs ability to bypass the matrix and their persistence at trying was noted.

Results & Observations Live Evaluation in Containment Chamber The three individual Cs made many attempts to climb the E-Fence Rigid Polymer Matrix™ and could not gain upward traction against the fence.

The turtles were unable to insert claws of all four feet through the matrix. The turtles were observed slipping to the right and left and eventually falling on every attempt to climb. After several hours, Cs (all individuals) were unable to leave the floor of the test chamber and thus unable to escape. (See photos – Appendix A)

Discussion The Common snapping turtles (Cs) were unable to climb E-Fence in the live test. None were able to rise above the platform.

It should be noted that the results from this trial are not comprehensive in terms of sample size. They are based on data from three captive individuals (one small, one medium and one large). That being said, it should be considered that three aspects enhance the safety factor of using E-Fence exclusion or direction control Cs: 1) The surface of E-Fence has a very low friction coefficient and bi-planar with sharp downward angles by design. The turtles were not able to establish suitable contact with the fence in order to climb. They were observed to engage with the fence repeatedly but

Figure 3. Diagram of Test Apparatus

Figure 2. E-Fence Dimensions

75°

Matrix Aperture

0.200”0.175”

0.250”

0.075”

0.188”

0.175”

0.175”

75°

Matrix Aperture

0.200”0.175”

0.250”

0.075”

0.188”

0.175”

0.175”

Figure1. Design for Climbing Resistance:

E-Fence™ - Monolithic bi-planar strands set at sharp angles to the ground.

fell away from the fence every time. It is believed that the strand angle and separation of fence strand planes contributes to the difficulty in climbing.

Additionally, unlike mesh fences (such as metal mesh or geotextile mesh on which the turtles have demonstrated their ability to climb in previous tests at Scales Nature Park) E-Fence polymer matrix presents itself at sharp strand angles which tend to drive climbers to the right or to the left and down.

The turtles could not find leverage to climb. 3) The very high reliability (high functional longevity) of E- Fence (negligible stormwater washouts, or wind knockdowns) as compared to traditional systems leaves significantly less opportunity for a Cs to find a gap in the perimeter barrier and migrate onto a construction site. Based on these results it is reasonable to conclude that E-Fence can be considered as a reliable system for Cs exclusion.

APPENDIX A:

Cs attempting to climb E-Fence™ Bi-Planar matrix and sharp downward strand angles forcing Cs to the left

Cs observed to fall after every climb attempt, quickly right itself and attempt another climb

In every attempt to climb, Cs was driven to the right or left and then down. All sizes (small, medium and large) were observed to react similarly.

Pantherophis gloydi compatibility with ERTEC E-Fence™ (March 27, 2019)

Study Sponsor: Jeff Hathaway, Honors BS, University of Guelph; Founder, Scales Nature Park, Oro- Medonte, Ontario, CA

Abstract ERTEC E-Fence™ is a special-status species-exclusion barrier system used to exclude small vertebrates from construction sites and provide directional control for road ecology projects (to keep animals off traveled roads and/or provide directional control in fragmented habitat). A trial was performed at Scales Nature Park in Ontario, Canada with captive Pantherophis gloydi (Pg) to determine whether the snakes can climb and pass over various configurations of E-Fence. Three adults were introduced into the center of two concentric enclosure areas with E-Fence 40” (1.02m) and a 125mm (5”) top climbing barrier lip as the inner enclosure and E-Fence 48” (1.22m) with an 200mm (8”) top climbing barrier lip as the outer enclosure. The outer enclosure was designed to test a more difficult escape should the snakes escape the inner enclosure. The snakes were observed to make many attempts to escape the inner enclosure. After one hour, none were able to pass over the inner enclosure. No individuals were able to reach the height of the climber barrier lip.

Introduction E-Fence is a proven special-status-species (species at risk) exclusion and directional control barrier system which, among other applications, is installed around construction sites to prevent the entry of small vertebrates. E-Fence has benefits of high reliability, low total cost, and zero waste compared to traditional systems. Over four million feet have been deployed successfully for reptiles, amphibians, and small mammals such as snakes, lizards, salamanders, frogs, turtles, tortoises, rats, mice, etc.

Because it is an excellent climber, it has been questioned whether Eastern fox snake (Pg) could pass over the rigid polymer matrix of the E-Fence system. If they could, it would render the system unsuitable for use on construction or directional control projects in Pg in habitat. There is interest to evaluate this material for Pg suitability because the current Best Management Practice recommends a very expensive two-meter-high fence which is lumber-framed, lumber-braced, wire-backed and geotextile-covered. Geotextile fences are fraught with very high total project costs and ongoing maintenance difficulty. Geotextiles tend to fail from or during wind and rain events or from longer-term (6 months) UV exposure. It is common to find these geotextile fences either riddled with holes or with locations along the base where it has been undermined by stormwater flows (see photos, Appendix A). E-Fence does not suffer these same issues.

Obtaining data to evaluate this question with Pg individuals in their natural habitat is extremely difficult since Pg is listed as an endangered species (species at risk). It is unlikely that responsible biologists or wildlife agencies would allow the disturbance or capture of individuals for the purpose of testing an exclusion fence. However, Scales

Nature Park in Canada has several captive Pg individuals and is unaffected by these restrictions.

The Park offered to evaluate this question with healthy, captive animals in an on-site test facility.

Methods & Materials Test Material E-Fence is an exclusion or control barrier designed for projects in habitat where threatened small vertebrates are present. The barrier is designed to prevent passage of small vertebrates into active construction areas, to control movement within fragmented habitat, and for survey perimeter control. Unlike mesh products (woven by definition, into a ladder-like structure), E-Fence is a heavy, rigid and monolithic polymer matrix which is extruded for strength, durability and low coefficient of friction (slippery surface). The extruded strands of the E-Fence polymer matrix will not separate, stretch or entrap even persistent intruders. It is non-toxic and environmentally safe. Even after extensive exposure to sun, harsh weather and salt water it continues to perform.