Attachment_3_-_SAPU_Foundation_Document.pdf

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE • U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Foundation Document Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument New Mexico September 2014

Attachment 3

Gran Quivira

Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument Visitor Center

Quarai

Abó

14mi 22km

18mi 29km

12mi 20km

47mi 76km

20mi 32km

17mi 27km

35mi 56km

25mi 40km

25mi 40.5km

8mi 13km

13mi 21km

9mi 14.5km

17.5mi 28km

SALT LAKES

(LAS SALINAS)

R io

Pu erco

Rio Salado

R io

G ra nd e

Ladron Peak 9176ft 2797m

Manzano Peak 10098ft 3078m

Gallinas Peak 8615ft 2626m

La Joya

Bernardo

Belen

Los Chavez

Los Lunas

Estancia

Tajique

Torreon

Tijeras

Escobosa

Chilili

Moriarty

Albuquerque

Manzano

Punta de Agua

Willard

Cedarvale

Mountainair

Gran QuiviraSevilleta National Wildlife Refuge

Manzano Mountains State Park

CIBOLA

NATIONAL

FOREST

CIBOLA

NATIONAL

FOREST

CIBOLA

NATIONAL

FOREST

Intermittent lake

Unpaved road

To Socorro

To Gallup

To Santa Fe

380To 54To

54To

To Vaughn

To Tucumcari

M A

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A N

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M O

U N

TA

IN

S

LO

S

PI

N

O S

M

TN

S

M

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JU

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ANAS

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M E

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ESTANCIA

BASIN

SANDIA

MOUNTAINS

0 5

0 5 10 Miles

10 Kilometers

North

Sites of Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument

Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument

Contents Mission of the National Park Service 1

Introduction 2

Part 1: Core Components 3

Brief Description of the Park 3 Monument Units 4

Park Purpose 6 Park Significance 7 Fundamental Resources and Values 8 Other Important Resources and Values 9 Interpretive Themes 10

Part 2: Dynamic Components 11

Special Mandates and Administrative Commitments 11 Assessment of Planning and Data Needs 11

Analysis of Fundamental Resources and Values 11

Analysis of Other Important Resources and Values 23

Identification of Key Issues and Associated Planning and Data Needs 28

Planning and Data Needs 31

Part 3: Contributors 36

Park 36 Intermountain Region 36 Other NPS Staff 36

Appendixes 37

Appendix A: Enabling Legislation and Legislative Acts for Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument 37

Appendix B: Inventory of Special Mandates and Administrative Commitments 41

Special Mandates 41

Administrative Commitments 41

Appendix C: Past and Ongoing Monument Planning and Data Collection Efforts 43

Appendix D: Traditionally Associated Tribes and Other Ethnographic Groups Historically Associated with the Monument 47

Traditionally Associated Tribes 47

Other Ethnographic Groups Historically Associated with the Monument 47

Foundation Document Attachment 3

Mission of the National Park Service The National Park Service (NPS) preserves unimpaired the natural and cultural resources and values of the national park system for the enjoyment, education, and inspiration of this and future generations. The National Park Service cooperates with partners to extend the benefits of natural and cultural resource conservation and outdoor recreation throughout this country and the world.

The NPS core values are a framework in which the National Park Service accomplishes its mission. They express the manner in which, both individually and collectively, the National Park Service pursues its mission. The NPS core values are:

· Shared stewardship: We share a commitment to resource stewardship with the global preservation community.

· Excellence: We strive continually to learn and improve so that we may achieve the highest ideals of public service.

· Integrity: We deal honestly and fairly with the public and one another.

· Tradition: We are proud of it; we learn from it; we are not bound by it.

· Respect: We embrace each other’s differences so that we may enrich the well-being of everyone.

The National Park Service is a bureau within the Department of the Interior. While numerous national park system units were created prior to 1916, it was not until August 25, 1916, that President Woodrow Wilson signed the National Park Service Organic Act formally establishing the National Park Service.

The national park system continues to grow and comprises 401 park units covering more than 84 million acres in every state, the District of Columbia, American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. These units include, but are not limited to, national parks, monuments, battlefields, military parks, historical parks, historic sites, lakeshores, seashores, recreation areas, scenic rivers and trails, and the White House. The variety and diversity of park units throughout the nation require a strong commitment to resource stewardship and management to ensure both the protection and enjoyment of these resources for future generations.

The arrowhead was authorized as the official National Park Service emblem by the Secretary of the Interior on July 20, 1951. The sequoia tree and bison represent vegetation and wildlife, the mountains and water represent scenic and recreational values, and the arrowhead represents historical and archeological values.

Introduction Every unit of the national park system will have a foundational document to provide basic guidance for planning and management decisions—a foundation for planning and management. The core components of a foundation document include a brief description of the park as well as the park’s purpose, significance, fundamental resources and values, other important resources and values, and interpretive themes. The foundation document also includes special mandates and administrative commitments, an assessment of planning and data needs that identifies planning issues, planning products to be developed, and the associated studies and data required for park planning. Along with the core components, the assessment provides a focus for park planning activities and establishes a baseline from which planning documents are developed.

A primary benefit of developing a foundation document is the opportunity to integrate and coordinate all kinds and levels of planning from a single, shared understanding of what is most important about the park. The process of developing a foundation document begins with gathering and integrating information about the park. Next, this information is refined and focused to determine what the most important attributes of the park are. The process of preparing a foundation document aids park managers, staff, and the public in identifying and clearly stating in one document the essential information that is necessary for park management to consider when determining future planning efforts, outlining key planning issues, and protecting resources and values that are integral to park purpose and identity.

While not included in this document, a park atlas is also part of a foundation project. The atlas is a series of maps compiled from available geographic information system (GIS) data on natural and cultural resources, visitor use patterns, facilities, and other topics. It serves as a GIS-based support tool for planning and park operations. The atlas is published as a (hard copy) paper product and as geospatial data for use in a web mapping environment.

The park atlas for Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument can be accessed online at:

http://insideparkatlas.nps.gov/.

http://insideparkatlas.nps.gov/

Part 1: Core Components The core components of a foundation document include a brief description of the park, park purpose, significance statements, fundamental resources and values, other important resources and values, and interpretive themes. These components are core because they typically do not change over time. Core components are expected to be used in future planning and management efforts.

Brief Description of the Park Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument is a collection of three discontiguous units:

Quarai, Abó, and Gran Quivira. Each unit contains distinctive 17th century Spanish missions, American Indian pueblos, and a variety of other historic buildings and ruins. The units are in central New Mexico in a region known to the colonial Spanish as the Salinas Province, named for the valuable salt deposits found there. Through the centuries, this diverse region supported prehistoric hunter-gatherers and puebloan groups, Spanish missionaries, and European American settlers. The people, places, and stories of the Salinas Pueblo Missions reflect a long tradition of cultural diversity, social interaction, and adaptation to a rich, but demanding environment.

In 1909, President William Howard Taft proclaimed the ruins of what is now the Gran Quivira unit of the monument as “Gran Quivira National Monument” under legislation that permitted him to set aside federal lands of particular scientific or historic importance. This original monument, Gran Quivira National Monument, protected the San Buenaventura Mission and later, through land additions in 1919, the surrounding pueblo mounds. When the National Park Service was created in 1916, Gran Quivira National Monument came under its care.

In 1913, the Museum of New Mexico acquired the Quarai ruins from private ownership, but did not obtain clear title until 1932. In 1937, the ruins of Abó also came under the stewardship of the Museum of New Mexico through purchase and donation by a group of University of New Mexico alumni. This split administration was simplified in 1980, when all three sites were combined into Salinas National Monument, a unit of the National Park Service. The name was later changed to Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument.

Monument headquarters and the main visitor center are in Mountainair, New Mexico. Visitor contact stations, picnic areas, and interpretive trails and waysides are also a part of each of the three units.

Monument Units Quarai. The Quarai (or “Cuarac”) unit of the monument is the smallest of the three units (98 acres). Located eight miles north of Mountainair, New Mexico, Quarai sits on a red sandstone (geologically referred to as Abó Red Sandstone) outcropping covered with a juniper forest that slopes toward a tree-lined, spring-fed stream. Flowing from the base of the Manzano Mountains, this year-round water source supported the prehistoric large pueblo of Tiwa-speaking peoples who built and lived in a number of pueblo structures at the site.

The Quarai Spanish Colonial period began in 1625 with the construction of the Quarai Mission Convento (housing for the friars), and in 1626–27 the church of La Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción de Cuarac, was added. A combination of disease, drought, famine, and Apache raids led to the abandonment of the mission in 1678. This pattern and fate was repeated at each of the Salinas missions. Spanish American settlers, largely ranchers, returned to Quarai in the early 1800s, constructing the Lucero structures. These included a “torreon” (defensive tower) and later the Manzano Church. Today, Quarai consists of a prehistoric settlement, a large 17th century Tiwa pueblo, a large 17th century Spanish Franciscan mission, a small 19th century church, ranchero compound, petroglyphs, and other associated sites and artifacts.

Abó. The Abó unit is 9 miles west of Mountainair and contains approximately 279 acres. Abó was built on another outcrop of the same Abó Red Sandstone as Quarai, at the southeastern base of the Manzano Mountains. The pueblo was adjacent to a trade route trail that led through Abó Pass to the Rio Grande Valley.

Despite their relative proximity to Quarai, the people of Abó spoke Tompiro. The number and size of unexcavated pueblo mounds suggest that when the Spanish Chamuscado expedition arrived in 1581 they would have found a thriving community.

The Spanish Colonial period at Abó began in 1621 when a missionary priest arrived and occupied a few room-blocks of the pueblo to establish a fledgling mission. The priest constructed additional rooms in 1622, as well as began construction of a church and larger convento, consecrated as San Gregorio de Abó. The convento for this church contained a Puebloan circular kiva, which probably aided in early conversions. By 1640, the priests renovated the Abó church and convento, using a sophisticated buttressing technique unusual in 17th century New Mexico. This new, larger, and improved church was completed by 1658.

The Abó mission was abandoned in 1673. For more than 100 years Abó was quiet. In 1815, Spanish sheep herders attempted to return to the area, but were displaced by Apaches in 1830.

Settlers permanently returned in 1869. The remains of these reoccupation structures can be seen south and east of the Abó mission.

Today, the unit consists of pit houses, jacales (adobe-style housing structures), prehistoric and historic pueblos, 17th century Spanish Franciscan mission structures, 19th century ranchero structures, pictographs, petroglyphs, and other associated sites and artifacts.

Gran Quivira. The Gran Quivira unit (or “Las Humanas” as it was named by the Spanish) is the largest of the three units at approximately 610 acres. On rocky, gray Chupadero Mesa stand remnants of the circular stone house that was the beginning of Las Humanas. The building became an impressive structure of perhaps 240 rooms arranged in concentric circles around a central kiva. Mound 7, a 226-room structure from the Pueblo IV period (AD 1275/1300–1600), is the largest and the only fully excavated pueblo at the site.

Before excavation, the height of this mound seemed to indicate a multistoried pueblo. Instead, excavation revealed the upper rooms used in the 1500s and 1600s were built on top of rooms dating from the 1300s. A further surprise was that, while the plan of the more recent pueblo is roughly rectangular, the earlier rooms were laid out in a circular fashion.

The area was colonized in 1626, resulting in the construction of two churches. Missionary priests and native workers completed the church of San Isidro de las Humanas in 1635. In 1659, a second, larger church—San Buenaventura de las Humanas— was built. However, by 1672, the native inhabitants and priests all abandoned the mission due to the famine. Around 1880, Anglo-American settlers reoccupied the area, establishing the 19th/20th century town of Gran Quivira, now also abandoned. Today, Gran Quivira consists of pit houses, prehistoric and historic pueblos, 17th century Spanish Franciscan mission structures, 19th and 20th century homesteads, petroglyphs, and other associated sites and artifacts.

Park Purpose The purpose statement identifies the specific reason(s) for establishment of a particular park. The purpose statement for Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument was drafted through a careful analysis of its enabling legislation and the legislative history that influenced its development. The monument was established when the enabling legislation adopted by Congress was signed into law on November 1, 1909 (see appendix A for enabling legislation and subsequent amendments). The purpose statement lays the foundation for understanding what is most important about the monument.

SalinaS Pueblo MiSSionS national MonuMent protects the archeological and historical significance and values of the Salinas province in central New Mexico by preserving the ruins and artifacts of indigenous pueblos, associated 17th century Spanish Franciscan mission architecture, and 19th century Spanish rancheros.

Park Significance Significance statements express why a park’s resources and values are important enough to merit designation as a unit of the national park system. These statements are linked to the purpose of Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument, and are supported by data, research, and consensus. Statements of significance describe the distinctive nature of the park and why an area is important within a global, national, regional, and systemwide context. They focus on the most important resources and values that will assist in park planning and management.

The following significance statements have been identified for Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument. (Please note that the sequence of the statements does not reflect the level of significance.)

1. Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument protects exceptional primary archeological resources that date as far back as 1,200 years. Strategically located, these well-preserved and largely unexcavated sites at Abó, Gran Quivira, and Quarai are part of a significant and expansive regional complex of related, early to late pueblo history sites interwoven with archaic history, trade routes, and a long-standing tradition of cultural diversity.

2. Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument protects four of the best-preserved 17th century Spanish mission churches remaining in the United States, illustrating the historic meeting of Spanish and indigenous cultures that resulted in a tenuous blending of technology, architecture, and religious beliefs.

This earliest administration of the pueblos also led to the strife between church and civil authorities.

3. Abó and Quarai played crucial roles in the continuity of cultural traditions that began during the mission period, leading to the history, social life, and architecture of the frontier settlement period in the 19th century, and which continues into the present day. The Salinas Jurisdiction attracted people of many backgrounds. By the mid-1600s, Spaniards and Indians had intermarried. Representing this tradition foremost is the blending of cultures that resulted in the mestizo heritage found among their descendants, who remain in the Salinas area today.

4. The cultural landscape surrounding Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument continues to be representative of its prehistoric and historic settings and remains largely unchanged. This landscape that is the Salinas province includes natural resources such as water features, flora, fauna, and salt for which the monument was named, along with the abundance of naturally occurring construction materials that attracted and sustained inhabitants for centuries.

Fundamental Resources and Values Fundamental resources and values (FRVs) are those features, systems, processes, experiences, stories, scenes, sounds, smells, or other attributes determined to warrant primary consideration during planning and management processes because they are essential to achieving the purpose of the park and maintaining its significance. Fundamental resources and values are closely related to a park’s legislative purpose and are more specific than significance statements.

Fundamental resources and values help focus planning and management efforts on what is truly significant about the monument. One of the most important responsibilities of NPS managers is to ensure the conservation and public enjoyment of those qualities that are essential (fundamental) to achieving the purpose of the monument and maintaining its significance. If fundamental resources and values are allowed to deteriorate, the park purpose and/or significance could be jeopardized.

The following fundamental resources and values have been identified for Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument:

· Abó (Archeological Resources). Abó, the oldest pueblo at Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument, represents a unique continuum of land use over some 1,000 years by settlers of the Tompiro people. The site includes pit houses, jacales, prehistoric and historic pueblos, 17th century Spanish Franciscan mission structures, 19th century ranchero structures, pictographs, petroglyphs, and other associated sites and artifacts.

San Gregorio de Abó is the oldest mission in the monument, representing a remarkable example of well-planned and well-designed Southwestern mission architecture and landscape architecture.

· Quarai (Archeological Resources). Quarai is the southernmost pueblo of the Tiwa people. The site includes a prehistoric settlement, a large 17th century Tiwa pueblo, a large 17th century Spanish Franciscan mission that served as the seat of ecclesiastical administration in the Salinas province, a small 19th century church and ranchero compound, petroglyphs, and other associated sites and artifacts. La Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción de Cuarac mission structures at Quarai represent the greatest volume of mission ruins architecture at a single unit of the monument.

· Gran Quivira (Archeological Resources). Gran Quivira, originally known as Las Humanas, is the largest Jumano pueblo of the Salinas province. The site includes pit houses, prehistoric and historic pueblos, 17th century Spanish Franciscan mission structures, 19th and 20th century homesteads, petroglyphs, and other associated sites and artifacts. San Isidro de las Humanas and San Buenaventura de las Humanas represent the only place in the monument where there are two distinct complexes of colonial-era missions.

· Preserved Cultural Landscape. The Salinas basin formed ancient salt beds from which the monument derives its name and drew early inhabitants. Modern visitors highly value the largely unchanged cultural landscape, to include structures and infrastructure, vegetation, viewsheds, and the pristine night skies and natural sounds of the three units of the monument, providing a sense of remoteness and hardship that existed during the Pueblo period. On a clear day at Gran Quivira, visitors can still see up to 100 miles away and as many as seven mountain ranges. One of the most sought after views is the pristine southern view from Gran Quivira and the solitude it evokes.

· Continuing Cultural Connections. Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument is deeply rooted in the surrounding Hispanic and pueblo communities. The monument fosters strong ties with these people whose ancestry connects to the monument and dates back centuries. Through its various relationships and partnerships, the monument plays a pivotal role in the preservation of the interconnected landscape, as well as regional education and interpretive efforts. The preservation of monument lands and structures is strengthened by these ongoing cultural connections.

· Scholarly Research and Museum and Archival Collections. Scholarly research and data collection about pueblo and Spanish colonial history using the archeological record, primary documentation, and museum collections contributes to the understanding of historic events and natural resources associated with Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument. The exceptionally important collection of pueblo material culture, colonial mission material culture, art, rare books, and an extensive archeological archival and photographic collection are intrinsically tied to the sites and allow for interpretation based on accurate historical evidence. Notable items within the collection are a number of large ceramic canteens from Gran Quivira—the only canteens of this type known to be found north of Mexico.

Other Important Resources and Values Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument contains other resources and values that are not fundamental to the purpose of the park and may be unrelated to its significance, but are important to consider in planning processes. These are referred to as “other important resources and values” (OIRV). These resources and values have been selected because they are important in the operation and management of the park and warrant special consideration in park planning.

The following other important resources and values have been identified for Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument:

· Natural Landscape. The natural landscape within the boundaries of the monument includes water features, cave and karst geology, vegetation, and wildlife. The monument preserves and restores these features as they complement and support the preservation of the cultural resources of the monument.

· Paleontological Resources. The monument features a variety of fossil resources such as mammoth, tetrapod tracks, marine fossils, and numerous plant and micro fossils.

Interpretive Themes Interpretive themes are often described as the key stories or concepts that visitors should understand after visiting a park—they define the most important ideas or concepts communicated to visitors about a park unit. Themes are derived from, and should reflect, park purpose, significance, resources, and values. The set of interpretive themes is complete when it provides the structure necessary for park staff to develop opportunities for visitors to explore and relate to all park significance statements and fundamental and other important resources and values.

Interpretive themes are an organizational tool that reveal and clarify meaning, concepts, contexts, and values represented by park resources. Sound themes are accurate and reflect current scholarship and science. They encourage exploration of the context in which events or natural processes occurred and the effects of those events and processes. Interpretive themes go beyond a mere description of the event or process to foster multiple opportunities to experience and consider the park and its resources. These themes help explain why a park story is relevant to people who may otherwise be unaware of connections they have to an event, time, or place associated with the monument.

The following interpretive themes have been identified for Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument:

· Pre-European contact. Because the Salinas province provided subsistence, humans made this place their home for thousands of years before Europeans arrived. Here, they endured to nurture their lifeways and traditions and comingled with other cultures.

· Cross-cultural influence and continued cultural traditions. The initial contact in the early 1600s between the Spanish and Indian peoples brought difficult changes that were both negative and positive to the lifeways and cultures of everyone involved.

These cultural changes and connections continue to influence relationships through the present day.

· Church and state relations. Contrary to the wishes of the Spanish crown, the Spanish civil authorities viewed Indian labor as a resource to enrich the lives of the aristocracy.

Discord among the Spanish authorities and Spanish Franciscan missionaries grew as missionaries sought to enhance Indian lives with European methods and ideas.

· Economic trade and daily life. Despite sometimes confrontational relationships among inhabitants of Salinas province, living in this unforgiving, rugged landscape necessitated their dependence on one another to labor together, learn survival skills, and produce valuable commodities for trade.

· Current management and research. Accumulation of knowledge from ongoing scientific inquiry identifies potential impacts on both cultural and natural resources.

This information provides stewards of the monument with ways to make decisions that provide a broader understanding of the management of all resources.

Part 2: Dynamic Components The dynamic components of a foundation document include special mandates and administrative commitments and an assessment of planning and data needs. These components are dynamic because they will change over time. New special mandates can be established and new administrative commitments made. As conditions and trends of fundamental and other important resources and values change over time, the analysis of planning and data needs will need to be revisited and revised, along with key issues. Therefore, this part of the foundation document will be updated accordingly.

Special Mandates and Administrative Commitments Many management decisions for a park unit are directed or influenced by special mandates and administrative commitments with other federal agencies, state and local governments, utility companies, partnering organizations, and other entities. Special mandates are requirements specific to a park that must be fulfilled. Mandates can be expressed in enabling legislation, in separate legislation following the establishment of the park, or through a judicial process.

They may expand on park purpose or introduce elements unrelated to the purpose of the park. Administrative commitments are, in general, agreements that have been reached through formal, documented processes, often through memorandums of agreement. Examples include easements, rights-of-way, arrangements for emergency service responses, etc. Special mandates and administrative commitments can support, in many cases, a network of partnerships that help fulfill the objectives of the monument and facilitate working relationships with other organizations. They are an essential component of managing and planning for Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument.

For more information about the existing special mandates and administrative commitments for Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument, please see appendix B.

Assessment of Planning and Data Needs Once the core components of part 1 of the foundation document have been identified, it is important to gather and evaluate existing information about the monument’s fundamental and other important resources and values, and develop a full assessment of the monument’s planning and data needs. The assessment of planning and data needs section presents planning issues, the planning projects that will address these issues, and the associated information requirements for planning, such as resource inventories and data collection, including GIS data.

There are three sections in the assessment of planning and data needs:

1. analysis of fundamental and other important resources and values

2. identification of key issues and associated planning and data needs

3. identification of planning and data needs (including spatial mapping activities or GIS maps)

The analysis of fundamental and other important resources and values and identification of key issues leads up to and supports the identification of planning and data collection needs.

Analysis of Fundamental Resources and Values The fundamental resource or value analysis table includes current conditions, potential threats and opportunities, planning and data needs, and selected laws and NPS policies related to management of the identified resource or value.

Fundamental Resource or Value

Combined Archeological Resources FRV Analysis Table for Abó, Quarai, and Gran Quivira

Related Significance Statements

• Significance statements 1, 2, 3, and 4

Current Conditions and Trends

Conditions

• One hundred and twenty-one archeological sites have been documented to date parkwide.

• All known archeological sites for all three site units are documented in the Archeological Site Management Information System (ASMIS) and in GIS data layers.

• 121 sites are recorded in ASMIS, including 43 archeological sites documented as well in the List of Classified Structures (LCS).

• All prehistoric structures listed on the LCS and ASMIS are routinely inspected.

• At Abó, 100% of the site has recently been re-surveyed for cultural resources / archeological sites.

• At Quarai, 75% of the site has recently been resurveyed for cultural resources / archeological sites.

• At Gran Quivira, 0% of the site has recently been resurveyed for cultural resources / archeological sites.

• Current condition data exist for all three sites, and they are generally in good condition.

• Many unexcavated or outlying sites at all three units have limited access.

• Pictographs and petroglyphs at Abó have limited access. Some petroglyphs are readily accessible at Quarai.

• At Abó, the primary sites are within the visitor exhibit area and include the pueblo mounds, 17th century mission structures, and 19th century ranchero structures.

• At Quarai, the primary sites are within the visitor exhibit area and include the pueblo mounds and17th century mission structures. The 19th century ranchero structure is outside the visitor area.

• At Gran Quivira, the primary sites are within the visitor exhibit area and include the pueblo mounds and 17th century mission structures.

• The predominance of excavated pueblo house-blocks is at Gran Quivira.

• All three site units exhibit kivas, with the predominance of kivas at Gran Quivira.

Abó and Quarai both exhibit a kiva within the garth (small open-air enclosure) of the mission conventos, and the garth kiva at Quarai is the only known square kiva within the monument.

• Abó and Quarai both exhibit the foundations of 19th century torreons (defensive towers).

• Gran Quivira exhibits an elaborate and extensive water catchment system.

• Quarai exhibits the remnants of an elaborate acequia (irrigation canal) system.

• Gran Quivira exhibits an earlier period of pueblo house-blocks arranged within a circular multi-walled plan.

Trends

• The primary sites with standing architecture are cyclically stabilized in a five- to seven-year cycle.

• All sites are routinely condition inspected for documentation in ASMIS.

• Sites are staffed during business hours and primary sites are inspected by the site ranger on a daily basis.

• Visitation patterns to the sites follow economic trends; anecdotal observations suggest visitation increases when gas prices are low and the economy is good.

• There is increasing interest in visiting all three sites by culturally associated groups.

• Combining national funding sources within the PMIS process makes it more competitive and challenging to receive the funding needed to protect archeological resources.

Fundamental Resource or Value

Combined Archeological Resources FRV Analysis Table for Abó, Quarai, and Gran Quivira

Threats and Opportunities

Threats

• Sites are occasionally impacted by graffiti, disturbance, vandalism and looting, and burglary.

• The Abó unit is unable to be closed at night because, by New Mexico state law, the state highway through the unit must remain open. The highway provides the sole access for in-holders and residents on the north side of the boundary. This is a long-term security threat that may threaten the stability of the resources.

• Adverse impacts on the pictograph site are a result of sustained vibrations from the vehicles on the adjacent US Highway 60 and the BNSF Railway line.

• Increasing warming and drought linked to climate change will continue to reduce water availability and increase wildfire frequency and magnitude, and therefore, threaten to alter the vegetation composition and structure of the cultural landscape and accelerate weathering, deterioration, and loss of archeological and cultural resources.

• Increasing pressure by adjacent large-scale industrial energy infrastructure projects, such as electrical transmission lines, pipelines, photovoltaic fields, roads, and wind farms, impact the larger cultural landscape connected to the archeological resources of the three sites.

• A more limiting budget results in fewer staff and the inability to meet all preservation needs.

• The high walls at all three units could present a visitor safety concern due to potential for collapse if funding for preservation treatment is not continued in an aggressive cyclic manner.

• Encroachment of vegetation on cultural sites poses a threat of negative impacts on cultural resources, both from increased fire risk as well as direct contact of vegetation on resources, both above and below ground.

• Occasional rain events and flash flooding cause some erosion problems at all three sites.

• Burrowing animals, such as gophers and ground squirrels, cause significant damage to archeological sites, in addition to other pests such as bees, birds, and bats nesting or roosting within archeological features.

• Rock swallows annually reinhabit and/or construct nests on overhangs/alcoves containing pictographs at Abó. Unchecked, this activity could irreversibly damage these paintings through physical contact with the nests.

Opportunities

• Continue to use archeological methods and stabilization techniques that maintain site integrity and support cultural resource protection values.

• Continue to use the Vanishing Treasures program as a catalyst to preserve the continuity of traditional preservation skills within the workforce.

• Continue outreach through student programs to hire and educate local youth for preservation and stewardship of cultural resources.

• Develop and expand park ranger share program to share rangers among similar sites (including state agencies) to increase the knowledge base of rangers regarding similar resources (e.g., Missions Initiative and other programs seeking to enhance communication and coordination among those involved in management of Spanish colonial mission sites).

• Develop additional interpretive media programs, particularly electronic methods such as podcasts, virtual tours, interactive displays, etc.

• Pursue a formal friends group consisting primarily of the local art community in Mountainair, New Mexico.

• Continue to foster partnerships with culturally associated or other special interest groups.

• Pursue potential academic partnerships to complete needed research.

Fundamental Resource or Value

Combined Archeological Resources FRV Analysis Table for Abó, Quarai, and Gran Quivira

Data and/or GIS Needs

• Climate change vulnerability assessment.

• Research needs assessment.

• Current baseline GIS mapping and 100% survey of archeological sites.

• Additional LiDAR documentation of archeological sites.

• Update and complete archeological overview and assessment needs.

Planning Needs

• Short- and long-term funding strategy for monument operations and resource protection.

• Combined plan for vegetation, invasive species, and fire management, including a management program for hazardous trees in visitor use areas.

• Integrated pest management plan.

• Comprehensive interpretation and education plan.

• Cultural resources management plan.

• Climate change scenario planning.

Laws, Executive Orders, and Regulations That Apply to the FRV, and NPS Policy-level Guidance

Laws, Executive Orders, and Regulations That Apply to the FRV

• Antiquities Act of 1906

• Historic Sites, Buildings, and Antiquities Act of 1935

• National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended (16 USC 470)

• Archeological and Historic Preservation Act of 1974

• American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978

• Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979

• Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990

• Museum Act (16 USC 18f through 18f-3)

• Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993

• Executive Order 11593, “Protection and Enhancement of the Cultural Environment”

• Executive Order 13007, “Indian Sacred Sites”

• Executive Order 13175, “Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments”

• Executive Order 13653, “Preparing the United States for the Impacts of Climate Change”

• Secretarial Order 3289, “Addressing the Impacts of Climate Change on America’s Water, Land, and Other Natural and Cultural Resources”

• “Curation of Federally Owned and Administered Archeological Collections” (36 CFR 79)

• “Protection of Historic Properties” (36 CFR 800)

NPS Policy-level Guidance (NPS Management Policies 2006 and Director’s Orders)

• Director’s Order 28: Cultural Resource Management

• Director’s Order 28A: Archeology

• NPS Management Policies 2006 (chapter 5) “Cultural Resource Management”

• The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation

• Department of the Interior Policy on Consultation with Indian Tribes

Fundamental Resource or Value

Preserved Cultural Landscape

Related Significance Statements

• Significance statement 4

Current Conditions and Trends

Conditions

• The cultural landscape of the monument encompasses the three units of the monument and the surrounding area, such as the ancient salt beds.

• Views from Gran Quivira: Views are expansive from Gran Quivira, nearly pristine to the south from Mound 7. To the north of Gran Quivira, there are houses, roads, and wind turbines within the viewshed.

• Views from Abó: Views from Abó include an inholding, power lines, and modern structures such as homes, roads, railroad tracks, and trains from certain points, as well as land scars from natural gas pipelines. Abó sits in a basin, so the viewshed is less expansive than at other sites.

• Views from Quarai: Views from Quarai include modern structures and roads, though one can see salt lakes at a distance from Quarai.

• Natural Sounds: Natural sounds are best at Gran Quivira, primarily only hindered by noise from the road and military overflights.

• Night skies: Views of night skies are best at Gran Quivira because Abó and Quarai are closer to larger towns and cities such as Albuquerque.

• Visitors are able to experience relative solitude at the sites of the monument, especially Gran Quivira, similar to that of the people who lived there years ago.

Trends

• Large-scale energy industrial development around the sites is becoming more frequent, and increasingly affecting viewsheds, night skies, and soundscapes and the acoustic environment.

• Light pollution from urban area domes is increasing.

• Noise impacting soundscapes and the acoustic environment has increased due to the Abó second track project (adding an additional parallel railroad track), as well as increasing highway traffic.

Fundamental Resource or Value

Preserved Cultural Landscape

Threats and Opportunities

Threats

• Many threats to the cultural landscape described below impact not just the cultural landscape, but the visitor experience of those landscapes.

• Large-scale industrial energy development around sites, such as powerlines, pipelines, solar panel fields, roads, and wind farms impact the cultural landscape of the three sites.

• Light pollution from nearby urban areas and developments such as bright light-emitting diodes flashing from wind farms.

• Noise pollution from nearby development, in particular, the expanded railroad lines through Abó and rock blasting from a pit near Abó.

• Increasing warming and drought linked to climate change will continue to reduce water availability and increase wildfire frequency and magnitude, and therefore, threaten the cultural landscape through impacts to vegetation composition and cultural resources and threaten the visitor experience through reduced visibility from the three sites.

Opportunities

• Work with community and monument neighbors to increase use of fully sustainable lighting, possibly through educational talks involving astronomers or through city ordinances.

• Identify and implement projects that could reduce noise and artificial light within the monument (infrastructure, purchasing, and contracting).

• Collaborate with cities of Albuquerque, Los Lunas, and Belen to create a fully sustainable lighting ordinance for regional impacts larger than just the monument. Coordinate with NPS partners such as Petroglyph National Monument, El Morro National Monument, El Malpais National Monument, etc., as well as other land management agencies.

• Continue fostering a working relationship with the Manzano Mountain Gun Club to mitigate potential noise from their nearby firing range.

• Continue to engage land management agencies (in particular the Bureau of Land Management) and local communities to coordinate efforts to preserve viewsheds and cultural landscapes in the face of large industrial development projects.

• Develop educational or interpretive materials and programs about the broader cultural landscapes and impacts on it to increase stewardship of the cultural landscape. An example of this could be continuing development of night sky programs with astronomy students and local schools.

• Coordinate with other NPS units and programs on night sky programs and natural sounds.

• Work with NPS solicitors to develop a national- and regional-level strategy and direction for commenting on and engaging with companies regarding development near NPS units.

Data and/or GIS Needs

• GIS scope of viewshed from/toward all three sites (viewshed analysis).

• Night sky data with the NPS Natural Sounds and Night Skies Division (NSNSD) such as night sky quality assessments, night sky indicators and standards, facility lighting inventories, etc.

• Work with NSNSD staff to do acoustical monitoring or other basic data to help inform monument management of natural sounds.

• Comprehensive condition assessment for the three sites.

• Climate change vulnerability assessment.

Fundamental Resource or Value

Preserved Cultural Landscape

Planning Needs

• Plan to replace poorly sited administrative buildings and structures that detract from the cultural landscape and damage resources. This could be accomplished through the construction of appropriately sited structures with an updated development concept plan.

• Cultural landscape reports for all three sites.

• Climate change scenario planning.

Laws, Executive Orders, and Regulations That Apply to the FRV, and NPS Policy-level Guidance

Laws, Executive Orders, and Regulations That Apply to the FRV

• National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended (16 USC 470)

• Archeological and Historic Preservation Act of 1974

• “Protection of Historic Properties” (36 CFR 800)

• The Clean Air Act (42 USC 7401 et seq.) gives federal land managers the responsibility for protecting air quality and related values, including visibility, plants, animals, soils, water quality, cultural resources, and public health, from adverse air pollution impacts

• National Parks Air Tour Management Act of 2000

• National Parks Overflight Act of 1987 (Public Law 100-91)

• Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993

• “Audio disturbances” (36 CFR § 2.12)

• “What is the maximum noise level for the operation of a vessel?” (36 CFR § 3.15)

• Executive Order 11593, “Protection and Enhancement of the Cultural Environment”

• Executive Order 13175, “Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments”

• Executive Order 13653, “Preparing the United States for the Impacts of Climate Change”

NPS Policy-level Guidance (NPS Management Policies 2006 and Director’s Orders)

• Director’s Order 28: Cultural Resource Management

• Director’s Order 47: Soundscape Preservation and Noise Management

• NPS Management Policies 2006 (§1.4) “Park Management”

• NPS Management Policies 2006 (§1.6) “Cooperative Conservation Beyond Park Boundaries”

• NPS Management Policies 2006 (§3.1) “General”

• NPS Management Policies 2006 (§4.4.4.2) “Removal of Exotic Species Already Present”

• NPS Management Policies 2006 (§4.7) “Air Resource Management”

• NPS Management Policies 2006 (§4.9) “Soundscape Management”

• NPS Management Policies 2006 (§4.10) “Lightscape Management”

• NPS Management Policies 2006 (§5.3.5.2) “Cultural Landscapes”

• NPS Management Policies 2006 (§5.3.1.7) “Cultural Soundscape Management”

• NPS Management Policies 2006 (§8.4) “Overflights and Aviation Uses”

• NPS Management Policies 2006 (§8.2.3) “Use of Motorized Equipment”

• NPS Natural Resource Management Reference Manual 77

• The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation

Fundamental Resource or Value

Continuing Cultural Connections

Related Significance Statements

• Significance statement 3

Current Conditions and Trends

Conditions

• The monument preserves human history of the Ancestral Puebloan, Plains Indians, Spanish Franciscans, Hispanics, pioneers, European explorers, and others.

• The monument continues to foster relationships between culturally associated groups and families, and culturally associated families still reside within monument boundaries.

• Living history programs at the monument interpret different aspects of the history of the peoples in the Salinas province, including Bernardo Gruber, Fray Gerónimo de la Llana, and others.

• One example of continued and growing cultural connections to the monument relates to the Venerable María de Ágreda. These stories are popular and create a connection with Catholic, Hispanic, and American Indian communities, Spanish visitors, and others at both national and international levels.

• The monument currently partners with the Manzano Mountain Arts Council to foster artistic connections with the monument landscape and history.

• Relationships with in-holders and adjacent landowners can sometimes be strained due to the original government acquisition of the monument’s lands.

Trends

• There is increasing interest in the monument from organized culturally associated groups.

• Interpretive and educational programs to foster continued connections to the monument, such as lecture series and living history programs, have been successful and will continue.

• The monument receives an increasing number of requests for off-site presentations to school groups, health fairs, community organized events, and other organized educational and research groups, such as the Torrance County Archaeological Society.

• The monument has received an increased number of requests to volunteer for or to provide support for a wide variety of activities including on-site educational activities, off-site educational activities, and trail work.

• There is increasing awareness by culturally associated groups related to their ancestry and historic connections to the monument, often made evident by the amount of research and publications being produced by these groups.

• There is increasing evidence of the involvement and visitation by anonymous culturally associated groups and others by the number of religious artifacts, fetishes, and other items left at the individual monument sites.

Threats and Opportunities

Threats

• Relationships with subsequent generations of in-holders and adjacent landowners has led to continued strained relationships due to the method of original government acquisition of monument lands.

• Funding and staffing limitations may adversely impact the amount of outreach activities the monument is able to offer the local community.

• The monument must interpret and protect resources and stories related to a wide range of individual culturally associated groups and there may be competing interests and agendas from these groups for which stories or resources are presented and protected.

Fundamental Resource or Value

Continuing Cultural Connections

Threats and Opportunities

Opportunities

• Increase interpretation, knowledge, events, and stewardship to respond to increasing, diverse, and expanded interest in the monument by various groups.

• Continue relationships with culturally associated groups as they expand their research efforts and share that information with the monument, enhancing the monument’s resource knowledge base for interpretation and outreach.

• Continue and expand educational programs in schools to…