Attachment_3_-_APCO_Foundation_Document.pdf

Foundation Document Appomattox Court House National Historical Park Virginia November 2015

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE • U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Attachment 3

B

Appomattox River

Appomattox History TrailConfederate

Cemetery

Raine Monument

Apple Tree site

Sweeney Prizery

Site of Lee’s Headquarters

VILLAGE OF

APPOMATTOX

COURT HOUSE

(see map below for detail)

To

To and Appomattox

Prince Edward Court House Road

Visitor Center Site of Grant’s Headquarters

North Carolina Monument

North

0.5 Kilometer0

0 0.5 Mile

Contents Mission of the National Park Service 1

Introduction 2

Part 1: Core Components 3

Brief Description of the Park 3 Park Purpose 5 Park Significance 6 Fundamental Resources and Values 7 Other Important Resources and Values 9 Related Resources 10 Interpretive Themes 11

Part 2: Dynamic Components 12

Special Mandates and Administrative Commitments 12 Assessment of Planning and Data Needs 12

Analysis of Fundamental Resources and Values 12

Analysis of Other Important Resources and Values 27

Identification of Key Issues and Associated Planning and Data Needs 29

Planning and Data Needs 31

Part 3: Contributors 36

Appomattox Court House National Historical Park 36 NPS Northeast Regional Office 36 Other NPS Staff 36

Appendixes 37

Appendix A: Enabling Legislation and Legislative Acts for Appomattox Court House National Historical Park 37

Appendix B: Full Site And Legislative History Of Appomattox Court House National Historical Park 43

Appendix C: Inventory of Administrative Commitments 52 Appendix D: Past and Ongoing Park Planning and

Data Collection Efforts 53

Appomattox Court House National Historical ParkAttachment 3

Foundation Document Attachment 3

Mission of the National Park Service The National Park Service (NPS) preserves unimpaired the natural and cultural resources and values of the national park system for the enjoyment, education, and inspiration of this and future generations. The National Park Service cooperates with partners to extend the benefits of natural and cultural resource conservation and outdoor recreation throughout this country and the world.

The NPS core values are a framework in which the National Park Service accomplishes its mission. They express the manner in which, both individually and collectively, the National Park Service pursues its mission. The NPS core values are:

· Shared stewardship: We share a commitment to resource stewardship with the global preservation community.

· Excellence: We strive continually to learn and improve so that we may achieve the highest ideals of public service.

· Integrity: We deal honestly and fairly with the public and one another.

· Tradition: We are proud of it; we learn from it; we are not bound by it.

· Respect: We embrace each other’s differences so that we may enrich the well-being of everyone.

The National Park Service is a bureau within the Department of the Interior. While numerous national park system units were created prior to 1916, it was not until August 25, 1916, that President Woodrow Wilson signed the National Park Service Organic Act formally establishing the National Park Service.

The national park system continues to grow and comprises more than 400 park units covering more than 84 million acres in every state, the District of Columbia, American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. These units include, but are not limited to, national parks, monuments, battlefields, military parks, historical parks, historic sites, lakeshores, seashores, recreation areas, scenic rivers and trails, and the White House. The variety and diversity of park units throughout the nation require a strong commitment to resource stewardship and management in order to ensure both the protection and enjoyment of these resources for future generations.

The arrowhead was authorized as the official National Park Service emblem by the Secretary of the Interior on July 20, 1951. The sequoia tree and bison represent vegetation and wildlife, the mountains and water represent scenic and recreational values, and the arrowhead represents historical and archeological values.

Introduction Every unit of the national park system will have a foundational document to provide basic guidance for planning and management decisions—a foundation for planning and management. The core components of a foundation document include a brief description of the park as well as the park’s purpose, significance, fundamental resources and values, other important resources and values, and interpretive themes. The foundation document also includes special mandates and administrative commitments, an assessment of planning and data needs that identifies planning issues, planning products to be developed, and the associated studies and data required for park planning. Along with the core components, the assessment provides a focus for park planning activities and establishes a baseline from which planning documents are developed.

A primary benefit of developing a foundation document is the opportunity to integrate and coordinate all kinds and levels of planning from a single, shared understanding of what is most important about the park. The process of developing a foundation document begins with gathering and integrating information about the park. Next, this information is refined and focused to determine what the most important attributes of the park are. The process of preparing a foundation document aids park managers, staff, and the public in identifying and clearly stating in one document the essential information that is necessary for park management to consider when determining future planning efforts, outlining key planning issues, and protecting resources and values that are integral to park purpose and identity.

While not included in this document, a park atlas is also part of a foundation project. The atlas is a series of maps compiled from available geographic information system (GIS) data on natural and cultural resources, visitor use patterns, facilities, and other topics. It serves as a GIS-based support tool for planning and park operations. The atlas is published as a (hard copy) paper product and as geospatial data for use in a web mapping environment.

The park atlas for Appomattox Court House National Historical Park can be accessed online at: http://insideparkatlas.nps.gov/.

Part 1: Core Components The core components of a foundation document include a brief description of the park, park purpose, significance statements, fundamental and other important resources and values, and interpretive themes. These components are core because they typically do not change over time. Core components are expected to be used in future planning and management efforts.

Brief Description of the Park Appomattox Court House National Historical Park commemorates the events of the Appomattox Campaign that led to the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia under General Robert E. Lee to Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant, commander of the Union forces, effectively marking the end of the Civil War. Today, the park protects the resources associated with the Appomattox Campaign and the site of the surrender and interprets the significance of these historic events.

A defining moment in American history took place in Appomattox County during April 1865, as Confederate General Lee retreated from Petersburg and Richmond, across southern Virginia, with Union forces in relentless pursuit. On the afternoon of April 8, Union troops under the command of Brevet Major General Custer captured 25 Confederate artillery pieces and more than 1,000 prisoners, blocking the vital Richmond- Lynchburg Stage Road at the Battle of Appomattox Station. On the following morning of April 9, 1865, in an attempt to break through the Union position, the last battle of the Appomattox Campaign took place, sealing the fate of the Army of Northern Virginia.

Hostilities shortly ceased and on the afternoon of April 9 Lee ordered truce flags sent out and wrote a note to Grant requesting a meeting to discuss the terms of surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia. Approximately 100,000 Union and Confederate troops were in battle lines in the surrounding farms and fields, anxiously awaiting word of the meeting.

The two generals met at the home of Wilmer McLean in Appomattox Court House to agree upon the final terms of surrender for the Army of Northern Virginia.

By April 13, Confederate troops had stacked their arms along the Richmond-Lynchburg Stage Road, were issued paroles, and were allowed to return to their homes. Other Confederate commanders still in the field soon followed Lee’s lead in surrendering, thus concluding the Civil War.

In a Civil War that was marked by such divisiveness and bitter fighting, the surrender at Appomattox Court House is often remembered as the first step toward the reconciliation of a reunited nation. Grant’s compassion and generosity did much to allay the emotions of defeated Confederate troops.

The magnanimous actions by both sides at Appomattox Court House set the stage for the peace and reunion of the nation following a devastating war.

On June 18, 1930, Congress passed an act to recognize the site of the surrender at Appomattox Court House as a national monument, authorizing the War Department to acquire one acre of land at the site of the old courthouse, fence the area, and erect a monument. With the transfer of the Appomattox Court House site to the National Park Service, Department of the Interior, in 1933, it was recommended that the park service should restore the most important buildings—those that stood there at the time of the surrender—rather than erect a monument. This recommendation reflected a growing consensus among NPS historians that the most appropriate memorialization for battlefields was preservation of the landscape. A 1940 Secretary of the Interior’s order (5 CFR 1520) designated the Appomattox Court House National Historical Monument, creating the park, and as the park grew, it was redesignated Appomattox Court House National Historical Park in 1954. The National Park Service continued to acquire land associated with the battles and surrender, and a new boundary was authorized in 1976. The military significance of the park was considerably strengthened in 1992 with congressional testimony addressing the importance of protecting lands because of the military actions of the Appomattox Campaign, specifically the engagements that took place prior to the surrender.

Currently, the park encompasses approximately 1,700 acres of rolling hills in rural, central Virginia, 92 miles west of Richmond and 18 miles east of Lynchburg. There are 27 original and reconstructed 19th-century structures on the site, which includes the reconstructed McLean House, the original 1819 Clover Hill Tavern where paroles were printed for Lee’s army, and the village of Appomattox Court House, Virginia, the former county seat for Appomattox County. Although reconstructed, the McLean House sits on the historic building foundation and includes approximately 5,000 original bricks. The Appomattox Courthouse was also reconstructed and functions as the park visitor center on Virginia State Route 24, 2 miles northeast of the town of Appomattox, Virginia. The village as a whole offers an immersive experience of a rural town of its time (April 1865), with country lanes and grass fields that allow visitors to walk among historic homes, fenced yards, and outbuildings including the tavern, jail, and store, small family burial plots, and orchards. Sweeping views of the surrounding pastoral landscape and forested hills provide a serene and contemplative setting where visitors can reflect on the causes and consequences of the Civil War.

For a full site and legislative history of Appomattox Court House National Historical Park, please see appendix B.

The purpose of AppomAttox Court House NAtioNAl HistoriCAl pArk is to

• commemorate the surrender of General Robert E. Lee to Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant and the effective termination of the Civil War brought about by the Appomattox Campaign and the surrender, March 29– April 12, 1865, and to honor those engaged in this great conflict

• preserve and protect those park resources, including landscape features, historic structures, archeological sites, cemeteries and monuments, archives and collections that are related to the Appomattox Campaign, the surrender, and its legacy

• provide opportunities for the public to learn about the Civil War; the people affected, the Appomattox Campaign, and its culmination in the surrender at Appomattox Court House; and the beginning of peace and national reunification

Park Purpose The purpose statement identifies the specific reason(s) for establishment of a particular park. The purpose statement for Appomattox Court House National Historical Park was drafted through a careful analysis of its enabling legislation and the legislative history that influenced its development. Congress authorized the Appomattox Battlefield Site on June 18, 1930, under the management of the War Department. It was transferred to the National Park Service on August 10, 1933, and subsequently authorized as a national historical monument in 1940. On April 15, 1954, it was reauthorized as a national historical park.

Additionally, the 1992 boundary expansion legislative testimony in Congress established the importance of protecting new lands because of the military actions of the Appomattox Campaign, specifically those engagements that took place prior to the surrender.

The purpose statement lays the foundation for understanding what is most important about the park.

The following purpose statement was based on a thorough review of park legislation, previous management documents, and extensive discussions with park staff and noted scholars. Meetings and public open forums were held on this topic.

Park Significance Significance statements express why a park’s resources and values are important enough to merit designation as a unit of the national park system. These statements are linked to the purpose of Appomattox Court House National Historical Park, and are supported by data, research, and consensus. Statements of significance describe the distinctive nature of the park and why an area is important within a global, national, regional, and systemwide context. They focus on the most important resources and values that will assist in park planning and management.

The following significance statements have been identified for Appomattox Court House National Historical Park. (Please note that the sequence of the statements does not reflect the level of significance.)

1. The site of the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia under General Robert E.

Lee to Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant, commander of the Union forces, April 9–12, 1865, effectively marking the end of the Civil War. The village of Appomattox Court House and the surrounding landscape have exceptional integrity and are intrinsic to understanding the surrender and subsequent events. In combination with park archives and artifacts, they form an outstanding assemblage that contributes markedly to the public’s awareness of how these events helped to shape the military, political, and social outcomes of the Civil War.

2. The site of the Battle of Appomattox Station, April 8, 1865, and the Battle of Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865, which led directly to the surrender.

Park lands display the largely unaltered terrain of the battle and key topographic features that influenced its outcome, and contain the remains of the domestic and agricultural sites associated with the engagement.

3. The site where reunification of the nation commenced with the terms of the surrender and the magnanimous actions of Union and Confederate soldiers at Appomattox Court House. The rural setting evokes a timeless sense of place for the consideration of these events. The park’s landscape and structures, commemorative features, archeological resources, archives, and artifacts provide an opportunity for the public to understand the different conceptions and meanings that the end of the Civil War has taken on through time.

Fundamental Resources and Values Fundamental resources and values (FRVs) are those features, systems, processes, experiences, stories, scenes, sounds, smells, or other attributes determined to warrant primary consideration during planning and management processes because they are essential to achieving the purpose of the park and maintaining its significance.

Fundamental resources and values are closely related to a park’s legislative purpose and are more specific than significance statements.

Fundamental resources and values help focus planning and management efforts on what is truly significant about the park. One of the most important responsibilities of NPS managers is to ensure the conservation and public enjoyment of those qualities that are essential (fundamental) to achieving the purpose of the park and maintaining its significance. If fundamental resources and values are allowed to deteriorate, the park purpose and/or significance could be jeopardized.

The following fundamental resources and values have been identified for Appomattox Court House National Historical Park:

· Buildings and Structures Associated with the End of the Appomattox Campaign, the Surrender, and Its Legacy – The village of Appomattox Court House consists of 27 original and reconstructed buildings and structures that reflect the built environment of April 1865. Many of these buildings and structures in the village witnessed the battle of Appomattox Court House and the final events leading up to and resulting from Lee’s surrender to Grant, with several structures being used for specific military purposes in April 1865. The iconic McLean House was reconstructed using historic documentation and archeological evidence on the exact site where Lee and Grant met and deliberated on the terms of the surrender, signing the agreement on April 9, 1865. Following the surrender, the Clover Hill Tavern complex was the location of the printing of paroles for the Confederate soldiers. Other important buildings in the village include the Peers House, Isbell House, Mariah Wright House, Meeks Store, Appomattox County Jail, Kelly House, and Woodson Law Office. Numerous barns, storehouse, stables, and outbuildings can also be found throughout the village, framing the historic setting for the conclusion of the Appomattox Campaign, surrender, and its legacy.

· Sites, Roads and Lanes, Cultural Landscape Features, and Archeological Resources Associated with the End of the Appomattox Campaign, the Surrender, and Its Legacy – The surrounding landscape and country roads and lanes were filled with Confederate and Union soldiers from April 8 to April 17, 1865. The Richmond-Lynchburg Stage Road is a key cultural landscape feature and a historic route that alternately provided an avenue of advance and retreat for both Union and Confederate forces. On April 12, Union forces lined up along a portion of the Richmond-Lynchburg Stage Road to receive the arms of thousands of Confederate soldiers, who marched through the village to stack their arms in accordance with the terms of surrender. On a knoll north of the village along the Richmond-Lynchburg Stage Road is the site where Union and Confederate soldiers exchanged salutes as a sign of mutual respect. Important landscape features associated with the Appomattox Campaign and surrender that are protected by the park include: remnants of field works built by Confederate forces at New Hope Church, campsites of Union and Confederate forces, the headquarters sites of Lee and Grant, and the apple orchard site where Lee waited before meeting Grant at the McLean House. Many of these landscape features and sites are likely to contain important archeological resources and data that may provide new insights into the final days of the Civil War.

· Archives and Museum Collections Associated with the End of the Appomattox Campaign, the Surrender, and Its Legacy – Archives and museum collections provide a tangible link to the historic events that unfolded at Appomattox Court House. These collections support not only interpretation and educational programming at the park but are also used by researchers and historians. Within the park’s museum collection, objects of particular significance are those relating to the individuals and the events associated with the Appomattox Campaign and the surrender. Several souvenirs collected by those who participated in these events can be found in the collection. Artifacts from the museum collection are displayed in various buildings throughout the park, with the primary exhibit space located in the reconstructed court house building. The museum collection also contains significant archeological materials and data that have been gathered during site investigations throughout the park.

· Commemorative Resources – Commemorative resources found within the park are a reflection of how the conclusion of the Civil War has been remembered and honored by different generations prior to the establishment of the park. Concerns over the appropriate way to commemorate and recognize the site of the surrender surrounded early efforts to designate the Appomattox Court House site under the War Department in 1930. With the transfer of Appomattox Court House to the National Park Service, the decision was made to focus on restoring the village setting and rebuilding the McLean House rather than a traditional monument or memorial. The North Carolina monument is the only state monument to be erected in the park. The Raine Monument is a memorial to a Civil War soldier and former resident of Appomattox Court House who died during the war. These monuments and markers are the most recognizable on the landscape, but other commemorative resources, tablets, and plaques are found throughout the park.

· Viewshed Values – Views and vistas contribute to the visitor experience by providing scenic enjoyment. Viewsheds provide the context for the cultural landscape features that are key to understanding the battles and events that led to the surrender. There are many opportunities for enjoying views from within the park and a series of viewpoints from key areas are associated with interpretive waysides telling important aspects of the park story. Although not present in April 1865, many wood lots and forests provide an important vegetative buffer that screens the visual impacts of modern buildings on the edges of the park. Maintaining these viewshed values is fundamental to protecting the park experience and context.

· Contemplative Atmosphere – The historic village of Appomattox Court House and surrounding rural landscape create an immersive experience and contemplative atmosphere for visitors. This fundamental value provides a sense of solemnity and an opportunity for visitors to reflect on the desperate struggle to end the Civil War, which led to the surrender at Appomattox Court House and the first steps toward the reconciliation of a reunited nation. The lack of modern visual intrusions contributes to this contemplative atmosphere, creating a unique sense of place ideal for provoking thought on the causes and consequences of the Civil War.

Other Important Resources and Values Appomattox Court House National Historical Park contains other resources and values that are not fundamental to the purpose of the park and may be unrelated to its significance, but are important to consider in planning processes. These are referred to as “other important resources and values” (OIRV). These resources and values have been selected because they are important in the operation and management of the park and warrant special consideration in park planning.

The following other important resources and values have been identified for Appomattox Court House National Historical Park:

· Natural Resources – Approximately 1,700 acres of diverse natural resources are managed by the park, including various plant and animal communities, streams, wetlands, forests, and agricultural lands. Biological inventories conducted in the park have documented 498 species of vascular plants, 99 bird species, 22 mammal species, 13 reptile species, 17 amphibian species, and 37 species of fish. The park protects 8 miles of streams and roughly 40% of its upstream watershed. The park lies in the Appomattox River watershed, which drains into the James River and Chesapeake Bay.

Related Resources Related resources are not owned by the park. They may be part of the broader context or setting in which park resources exist, represent a thematic connection that would enhance the experience of visitors, or have close associations with park fundamental resources and the purpose of the park. The related resource represents a connection with the park that often reflects an area of mutual benefit or interest and collaboration between the park and owner/stakeholder.

· Confederate Cemetery – Although not owned or directly managed by the National Park Service, the Confederate Cemetery was identified as another important resource for the park. The small cemetery, managed by the Appomattox Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, contains 18 Confederate graves and 1 Federal grave. These soldiers are among the last killed during the Appomattox Campaign. Located near the west entrance of the park, the Confederate Cemetery is often the first stop for park visitors.

· Site of the Battle of Appomattox Station – The core area of the Battle of Appomattox Station fight took place less than a mile west of the park’s current westernmost boundary. After capturing Confederate supplies waiting for Lee’s army at Appomattox Station, 25-year-old Brevet Major General George A. Custer’s cavalry command, the Third Division of the Army of the Shenandoah, made several mounted charges through wooded terrain and into a clearing ringed with 25–30 cannons deployed by 37-year-old Confederate Brigadier General Reuben L.

Walker. The first three charges were repulsed largely by the firing of canister (shells filled with small iron balls), but a final concerted charge netted 25 cannons, 200 wagons, and 1,000 prisoners. By capturing the Confederate supplies, dispersing Walker’s artillery, and securing the Richmond-Lynchburg Stage Road, the Federals gained the advantage of position on April 8. They held the high ground west of Appomattox Court House, blocking the road Lee intended to use, and forcing his surrender the next day.

· Battle of Appomattox Court House Ridgeline – The ridgeline between the park’s southern boundary and a local road, Route 631, played a significant role in the outcome of the Battle of Appomattox Court House and the subsequent surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia. This ridgeline location gave the Union troops advancing from the southwest a natural advantage over Confederate troops located on lower ground within and near the village of Appomattox Court House.

This location defines part of a “pincer” movement that barred Lee’s escape west, trapping his army in the village and making his surrender all but inevitable. The last battle actions took place along this ridgeline area as Confederate and Union cavalry, artillery, and infantry clashed while protecting their respective flanks.

The site of the Battle of Appomattox Station and the Battle of Appomattox Court House Ridgeline are crucial to understanding Grant’s strategy of cutting off Lee from supplies of food and military equipment at towns along the railroad, preventing Lee’s troops from regrouping with Confederate forces to the south.

These related resources support Appomattox Court House National Historical Park’s purpose and enhance visitor understanding of the historic events leading up to the surrender at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865.

Interpretive Themes Interpretive themes are often described as the key stories or concepts that visitors should understand after visiting a park—they define the most important ideas or concepts communicated to visitors about a park unit. Themes are derived from, and should reflect, park purpose, significance, resources, and values. The set of interpretive themes is complete when it provides the structure necessary for park staff to develop opportunities for visitors to explore and relate to all park significance statements and fundamental and other important resources and values.

Interpretive themes are an organizational tool that reveal and clarify meaning, concepts, contexts, and values represented by park resources. Sound themes are accurate and reflect current scholarship and science. They encourage exploration of the context in which events or natural processes occurred and the effects of those events and processes.

Interpretive themes go beyond a mere description of the event or process to foster multiple opportunities to experience and consider the park and its resources. These themes help explain why a park story is relevant to people who may otherwise be unaware of connections they have to an event, time, or place associated with the park.

The following interpretive themes have been identified for Appomattox Court House National Historical Park:

· From Petersburg to Appomattox, the Final Days and Surrender – From March 29 to April 12, 1865, the military activities of the Appomattox Campaign culminated in the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia. On April 9–12, 1865, Generals Grant and Lee set the tone for the men who had followed them into battle by choosing reconciliation over vengeance, thereby signaling the effective end of the Civil War. The peaceful conclusion—unlike most civil wars—was not a given, as injuries and hatreds on both sides could have led to a bloody aftermath in the wake of the nation’s most destructive war.

· The Legacy of Appomattox – Appomattox came to symbolize the promise of national reunification, a first step on the long road to dealing with sectional divisions. However, this ideal was not always supported by reality as African Americans struggled for equal rights ostensibly guaranteed through newly ratified constitutional amendments. White Southerners coped with economic and political dislocations and feelings of submission, humiliation, and resentment. The tensions among conflicting societal forces are part of the unresolved legacy of Appomattox.

· Memories and Meanings – Appomattox occupies a significant and compelling place in our national memory. The meaning of the historic events at Appomattox has been shaped and reshaped by the differing views held by veterans interested in national reconciliation, white Southerners supporting the “Lost Cause,” African Americans believing in the promise of freedoms yet unfulfilled, and others. In turn, preservation and commemoration efforts undertaken at the park reflect differing views of the meaning of these events.

Part 2: Dynamic Components The dynamic components of a foundation document include special mandates and administrative commitments and an assessment of planning and data needs. These components are dynamic because they will change over time. New special mandates can be established and new administrative commitments made. As conditions and trends of fundamental and other important resources and values change over time, the analysis of planning and data needs will need to be revisited and revised, along with key issues.

Therefore, this part of the foundation document will be updated accordingly.

Special Mandates and Administrative Commitments Many management decisions for a park unit are directed or influenced by special mandates and administrative commitments with other federal agencies, state and local governments, utility companies, partnering organizations, and other entities. Special mandates are requirements specific to a park that must be fulfilled. Mandates can be expressed in enabling legislation, in separate legislation following the establishment of the park, or through a judicial process. They may expand on park purpose or introduce elements unrelated to the purpose of the park. Administrative commitments are, in general, agreements that have been reached through formal, documented processes, often through memorandums of agreement.

Examples include easements, rights-of-way, arrangements for emergency service responses, etc. Special mandates and administrative commitments can support, in many cases, a network of partnerships that help fulfill the objectives of the park and facilitate working relationships with other organizations. They are an essential component of managing and planning for Appomattox Court House National Historical Park.

Currently, there are no special mandates for Appomattox Court House National Historical Park. For more information about the existing administrative commitments for Appomattox Court House National Historical Park, please see appendix C.

Assessment of Planning and Data Needs Once the core components of part 1 of the foundation document have been identified, it is important to gather and evaluate existing information about the park’s fundamental and other important resources and values, and develop a full assessment of the park’s planning and data needs. The assessment of planning and data needs section presents planning issues, the planning projects that will address these issues, and the associated information requirements for planning, such as resource inventories and data collection, including GIS data.

There are three sections in the assessment of planning and data needs:

1. analysis of fundamental and other important resources and values

2. identification of key issues and associated planning and data needs

3. identification of planning and data needs (including spatial mapping activities or GIS maps)

The analysis of fundamental and other important resources and values and identification of key issues leads up to and supports the identification of planning and data collection needs.

Analysis of Fundamental Resources and Values The fundamental resource or value analysis table includes current conditions, potential threats and opportunities, planning and data needs, and selected laws and NPS policies related to management of the identified resource or value.

Fundamental Resource or Value

Buildings and Structures Associated with the End of the Appomattox Campaign, the Surrender, and Its Legacy

Related Significance Statements

• The site of the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia under General Robert E Lee to Lieutenant General Ulysses S Grant, commander of the Union forces, April 9–12, 1865, effectively marking the end of the Civil War The village of Appomattox Court House and the surrounding landscape have exceptional integrity and are intrinsic to understanding the surrender and subsequent events In combination with park archives and artifacts, they form an outstanding assemblage that contributes markedly to the public’s awareness of how these events helped to shape the military, political, and social outcomes of the Civil War

• The site where reunification of the nation commenced with the terms of the surrender and the magnanimous actions of Union and Confederate soldiers at Appomattox Court House The rural setting evokes a timeless sense of place for the consideration of these events The park’s landscape and structures, commemorative features, archeological resources, archives, and artifacts provide an opportunity for the public to understand the different conceptions and meanings that the end of the Civil War has taken on through time

Current Conditions and Trends

Conditions

• Reconstruction has been used to fill in missing features key to the surrender story— the McLean House and the courthouse—and to understand the context of its setting, such as the privy and well structures of village buildings and the slave quarters of the McLean House and the tavern complex

• Restoration and rehabilitation have been used for treating the tavern, its guesthouse, kitchen, and other buildings

• The McLean House parlor is a focus for the park visit as it is in the parlor of the house that a ranger recounts the story of the surrender When large numbers of people are in the McLean House, access to the parlor is limited and personal services are abbreviated The rest of the building is interpreted as a house museum furnished with items typical of those owned by the McLean family

• As with the house, the tavern complex is an important area of interpretation in the park, and the tavern has printing presses used to explain the paroling process that took place after the surrender The paroles may have been printed in the wooden dining room wing at the tavern’s west end, which no longer exists

• The operations of the Eastern National outlet in the Clover Hill Tavern kitchen are constrained by the building’s size and configuration

• The tavern, its guesthouse, kitchen, and other buildings have been rehabilitated

• Park staff has completed an exhibit on slavery and emancipation in the McLean House kitchen outbuilding However, the present use of the tavern slave quarters as restrooms does not support interpretation of the African American presence in the village

• All structures other than courthouse, jail, and Meeks store have new roofs

• The windows in the tavern have been rehabilitated to improve the air circulation and climate

• The Isbell House, Meeks Store, and Clover Hill Tavern have a historic structure report

• The jail foundation is being monitored for movement and vibration

• The park visitor center in the reconstructed courthouse is not universally accessible

Fundamental Resource or Value

Buildings and Structures Associated with the End of the Appomattox Campaign, the Surrender, and Its Legacy

Current Conditions and Trends (continued)

Trends

• Historic structures and buildings throughout the park require ongoing cyclical maintenance

• Trained craftspeople experienced with carpentry and masonry on historic structures are becoming harder to find

Threats and Opportunities

Threats

• Historic buildings in the village serve as administrative offices, archival space, and collections storage and bookstore; adaptation to meet changing needs over time will continue to place stress on historic material and fabric and compromise structural integrity due to floor load-bearing constraints and high levels of visitor access

• There is stress on, damage to, and loss of original fabric due to adaptive use of historic structures

• Climate control in the tavern has led to masonry failures and other issues requiring periodic maintenance There is also excess moisture in the tavern that could be addressed in rehabilitation efforts

• The Peers house has structural issues, siding failures, climate/moisture control problems

• The Isbell House has drainage issues in the basement, inoperable windows, and climate/moisture control problems

• Inadequate moisture control in historic buildings leads to faster deterioration and compounds other structural problems

• There are flooding issues at the jail after heavy precipitation

• The stage road is threatened by stormwater and a lack of adequate drainage

• Mean annual temperature and precipitation are projected to increase for the region, along with an increase in more frequent and intense precipitation events and heat waves This could impact historic building and structures by accelerating weathering and/or damage from wind and flooding events

Opportunities

• Village structures represent opportunities to interpret building use, history, former occupants, important events, and objects within them

• The Peers House has been renovated to accommodate staff housing and/or law enforcement but is currently unoccupied

• There is an opportunity to improve accessibility between the parking lot and the visitor center or McLean House

• In the village and at remote sites within the park, visitors have limited access to park staff; a solar powered intercom system could be implemented to improve wayfinding and emergency services

• The park should consider alternative for addressing visitor accessibility, including different locations for visitor center operations

• Discontinue the present use of the tavern slave quarters as restrooms and explore new interpretive opportunities of this structure to educate visitors about the African American presence in the village

• Developing stormwater management strategies could address drainage issues around historic structures, reduce erosion, and meet Chesapeake Bay total maximum daily load requirements

• Engage with education and trade programs that teach traditional building practices such as carpentry and masonry

Fundamental Resource or Value

Buildings and Structures Associated with the End of the Appomattox Campaign, the Surrender, and Its Legacy

Data and/or GIS Needs

• Historic structure report for Peers House

• Administrative history of the park

• Identification and survey of 1865 structure foundations

• Functional space/use analysis

• Cultural resource condition assessment

Planning Needs

• Conceptual schematic program site analysis plan for relocating facilities

• Visitor use management plan

• Comprehensive housekeeping plan

• Resource stewardship strategy

• Sitewide stormwater management plan

• Update housing management plan and needs assessment certification

Laws, Executive Orders, and Regulations That Apply to the FRV, and Policy-level Guidance

Laws, Executive Orders, and Regulations That Apply to the FRV

• Antiquities Act of 1906

• Historic Sites Act of 1935

• National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended (16 USC 470)

• Archeological and Historic Preservation Act of 1974

• Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979

• Management of Museum Properties Act of 1955 (PL 84-127) (16 USC 18f through 18f-3)

• Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (1968)

• Executive Order 11593, “Protection and Enhancement of the Cultural Environment”

• “Curation of Federally-Owned and Administered Archaeological Collections” (36 CFR 79)

• “Protection of Historic Properties” (36 CFR 800)

• Secretarial Order 3289, “Addressing the Impacts of Climate Change on America’s Water, Land, and Other Natural and Cultural Resources”

NPS Policy-level Guidance (NPS Management Policies 2006 and Director’s Orders)

• The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties with Guidelines for Preserving, Rehabilitating, Restoring, and Reconstructing Historic Buildings

• NPS Management Policies 2006 (chapter 5) “Cultural Resource Management”

• Director’s Order 28: Cultural Resource Management

• Director’s Order 80: Real Property Asset Management

• Director’s Order 36: National Park Service Housing Management

Fundamental Resource or Value

Sites, Roads and Lanes, Cultural Landscape Features, and Archeological Resources Associated with the End of the Appomattox Campaign, the

Surrender, and Its Legacy

Related Significance Statements

• The site of the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia under General Robert E Lee to Lieutenant General Ulysses S Grant, commander of the Union forces, April 9–12, 1865, effectively marking the end of the Civil War The village of Appomattox Court House and the surrounding landscape have exceptional integrity and are intrinsic to understanding the surrender and subsequent events In combination with park archives and artifacts, they form an outstanding assemblage that contributes markedly to the public’s awareness of how these events helped to shape the military, political, and social outcomes of the Civil War

• The site of the Battle of Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865, which led directly to the surrender Park lands display the largely unaltered terrain of the battle and key topographic features that influenced its outcome, and contain the remains of the domestic and agricultural sites associated with the engagement

• The site where reunification of the nation commenced with the terms of the surrender and the magnanimous actions of Union and Confederate soldiers at Appomattox Court House The rural setting evokes a timeless sense of place for the consideration of these events The park’s landscape and structures, commemorative features, archeological resources, archives, and artifacts provide an opportunity for the public to understand the different conceptions and meanings that the end of the Civil War has taken on through time

Current Conditions and Trends

Conditions

• The armies moved through the landscape quickly in the hours before the surrender, and their presence was largely ephemeral Some sites and resources are well understood; others will require more investigation

• Sites in the lands added in the 1990s are not easily accessed for visitor use due to the lack of established trail access

• The Appomattox River within the park is listed on the inventory of wild and scenic rivers for its historic, scenic, and free-flowing character

• The stage road has an ongoing preservation and treatment plan through the Olmstead Center

• Approximately 500 acres of open cultural landscape lands are maintained through a combination of agricultural use (historic property leasing), prescribed fire, and other resource management techniques

Trends

• None identified

Fundamental Resource or Value

Sites, Roads and Lanes, Cultural Landscape Features, and Archeological Resources Associated with the End of the Appomattox Campaign, the

Surrender, and Its Legacy

Threats and Opportunities

Threats

• The stage road is an ongoing management concern; the pavement from the 1960s era use as a state highway is still intact under a compacted layer of sand that doesn’t drain well Heavy precipitation washes sand off the road

• Many key sites are close to State Route 24 Existing traffic interferes with the visual and contemplative values of the park An increase in traffic volume of in the number of commercial vehicles on State Route 24 will result in significant impacts on the visitor experience

• The Lee and Grant headquarters sites at the northern and western edges of the park boundary make the development of adjacent lands, particularly at the western edge, a potential future threat to the visitor experience

• The ability to tell the whole story would be hampered by development on adjacent lands, particularly on the higher ridge outside of the park boundary Viewshed values and contemplative resources would be affected by future development

• Mean annual temperature and precipitation are projected to increase for the region, along with an increase in more frequent and intense precipitation events and heat waves This could impact some of the sites, roads, cultural landscape, and archeological resources (e g , erosion, flooding, changes in vegetation, increase in nonnative species)

• Invasive, nonnative vegetation is an ongoing threat to the cultural landscape lands that are managed through agricultural leasing

Opportunities

• A set of stakeholder interests (town and county government, heritage tourism) are related to interpretive connections to resources in the surrounding area relating to the Battles of Appomattox Station and Appomattox Court House The train depot is one site, and the site of the epicenter of the April 8 action on land currently owned by the 1865 Foundation, less than a mile from the park, is another There is an opportunity to explore trail connections between the town and the park A local group is exploring preservation of the land

• There is interest among some landowners in the protection of resources on adjacent lands

• Restoration of road grades and surfaces could improve the cultural landscape and eliminate driving hazards from rutting

• Changes to fence types and/or configuration could improve the cultural landscape by being more reflective of historic fence patterns

• There is an opportunity for the park to block the view of the maintenance facility

• Greater connections to outlying sites would provide an opportunity for visitors to see all of the park resources and would encourage longer visits

• Access to the Coleman site along the Lynchburg Stage Road could be considered in the comprehensive trail plan

Data and/or GIS Needs

• Geophysical survey of all cemeteries within the park

• Historic structure report for the Richmond-Lynchburg Stage Road

• Archeological research and survey of the park to confirm troop movements

• Evaluation of road gradient from parking area to village

• Historic fence line study/survey

• Identification and survey of 1865 structure foundations

• Cultural resource condition assessment

Fundamental Resource or Value

Sites, Roads and Lanes, Cultural Landscape Features, and Archeological Resources Associated with the End of the Appomattox Campaign, the

Surrender, and Its Legacy

Planning Needs

• Conceptual schematic program site analysis plan for relocating facilities

• Comprehensive site and pedestrian access trail plan

• Sitewide storm water management plan

• Concept plan for transportation circulation

• Visitor use management plan

• Update of the cultural landscape report

• Resource stewardship strategy

Laws, Executive Orders, and Regulations That Apply to the FRV, and Policy-level Guidance

Laws, Executive Orders, and Regulations That Apply to the FRV

• Antiquities Act of 1906

• Historic Sites Act of 1935

• “American Battle Monuments Commission” (36 CFR chapter IV)

• National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended (16 USC 470)

• Archeological and Historic Preservation Act of 1974

• Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979

• Management of Museum Properties Act of 1955 (16 USC 18f through 18f-3)

• Executive Order 11593, “Protection and Enhancement of the Cultural Environment”

• “Curation of Federally-Owned and Administered Archaeological Collections” (36 CFR 79)

• “Protection of Historic Properties” (36 CFR 800)

• Secretarial Order 3289, “Addressing the Impacts of Climate Change on America’s Water, Land, and Other Natural and Cultural Resources”

NPS Policy-level Guidance (NPS Management Policies 2006 and Director’s Orders)

• The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties with…