Attachment 0005-CMH Style Guide 2023_Afghan Book.pdf

Style and Publications Guide

U.S. Army Center of Military History

Style and

Publications Guide

For Use in the Preparation of CMH Products and Publications

Revised March 2023

This edition supersedes all previous editions, including those published in

2022, 2014, 2011, 1981, and 1959.

i

Preface Every publishing house has its own unique style, and the U.S. Army Center of Military History (CMH) is no different. This updated edition of CMH’s Style (2014), now called the Style and Publications Guide, retains most of our traditional style guidance particular to the writing of military history and its emphasis on primary sources such as archival materials. This revision also provides information on the CMH publication process to guide authors, editors, and production staff through the steps of preparing all components of a manuscript for timely publication.

We have updated certain areas of the guide based on the current best practices of academic writing, such as the importance of inclusive language and the appropriate use of outside material. Other updates answer style questions relevant to current Army operations, including joint and coalition activities, unconventional warfare, and conflicts involving nonstate actors. Additionally, to reduce in-house confusion and to make CMH style more accessible to outside authors, we have aligned our style guidance, wherever practical, with The Chicago Manual of Style (hereinafter called Chicago).

The CMH Style and Publications Guide is a living document that will be updated and revised as necessary to address questions and issues raised by CMH employees and outside authors. The editorial and production teams encourage authors to consult this guide regularly throughout the writing process.

For specific situations that are not covered in this guide, writers and editors should refer to the latest editions of Chicago and Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (hereinafter called Merriam-Webster). When these sources contradict one another, Chicago usually trumps Merriam- Webster, but the editorial team will make any final decisions to reconcile conflicting guidance.

Authors should prioritize clarity and consistency in their writing over absolute adherence to any rule. When in doubt, ask.

Updating a style guide is a tedious—and sometimes controversial!—undertaking. This revision reflects the contributions of everyone in the Multimedia and Publications Division: Matthew T.

Boan, Michael R. Gill, Shannon L. Granville, Kristina A. Hernandez, Bryan J. Hockensmith, Margaret J. B. McGarry, Carl E. “Gene” Snyder, and Deborah A. Stultz. Margaret McGarry deserves special recognition for the tremendous amount of work she did to research, update, organize, revise, and shepherd the work of the team on this revision. This updated guide is a reality because of Margaret’s efforts. We are grateful to the following individuals for their meticulous review of our revisions and for their direct contributions to this guide: E. N. “Ned” Bedessem, Thomas Boghardt, Mark L. Bradley, Michael W. DeYoung, Kristin Kohler, Christopher N.

Koontz, Pilar A. Lightfoot, Stephen J. Lofgren, Paul M. Miller, Jennifer A. Nichols, Channah F.

Norman, Kate M. Richards, Nicholas J. Schlosser, Katelyn K. Tietzen, Dieter Stenger, Erik B.

Villard, and William Michael Yarborough.

Washington, D.C. CHERYL L. BRATTEN November 2022 Division Chief, Multimedia and Publications Division

U.S. Army Center of Military History ii

Note Style guidance (both paraphrased and verbatim) from The Chicago Manual of Style appears intermittently throughout this style guide. This complies with the fair use guidelines established by the University of Chicago Press for those working in the field of scholarly publication. This guide is for internal use only; it is not for public distribution. The Center of Military History gratefully acknowledges Chicago’s many authors and content creators from whom it has borrowed both language and ideas.

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Contents Preface.............................................................................................................................................. i Contents ......................................................................................................................................... iii

1 | Names and Terms

General

People Public Acts and Military Orders

Publications and Their Parts

Military

Designations of U.S. Army Units and Organizations

Designations of U.S. Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Space Force Units Rank and Title Designations

Military Equipment, Weapons, Ships, and Aircraft

Foreign and Enemy Military and Nonmilitary Terms

2 | Punctuation

General

Apostrophe Brackets

Colon

Comma

Ellipses Exclamation Point

Hyphens and Dashes

Hyphen

En Dash Em Dash

Parentheses

Period

Quotation Marks

Semicolon iv

3 | Spelling, Abbreviations, Compounds, and Distinctive Treatment of Words Preferred Spelling Abbreviations and Acronyms

Punctuation in Abbreviations

Plural Abbreviations

Ampersands Compounds and Hyphenation

Italics

Foreign Words and Phrases

Expletives

Lists

4 | Geographic Terms Spelling Capitalization

Abbreviations and Punctuation

Foreign Geographic Terms

5 | Numbers

General Guidance

Special Topics Ordinal Numbers

Multiple Numbers

Plurals and Punctuation

6 | Dates, Time, and Measurement

Dates

Time

Measurements

7 | Visual Elements General Text References v

Numbering

Titles and Labels

Tables and Charts Maps

Captions

Source Acknowledgments

8 | Using Outside Material

General

Visual Elements Plagiarism

Repackaging CMH Publications

Block Quotations

Run-In Quotations Permissible Changes to Quoted Material

9 | Documentation

Citations Overview General Guidance and Style for Notes

Components of Notes

Abbreviations Punctuation and Capitalization

Missing Information

Shortened Citations

Historians Files and Author’s Files

Online Sources Published Sources

Books

Classic Texts Periodicals

Government Publications and Public Documents

Website Content vi

Archival Material (Unpublished Sources) General Guidance Sources from the National Archives

Correspondence

Military Documents

Other Archival Documents Spoken Sources Bibliographies

Types of Bibliographies

Arranging and Formatting Entries

10 | Front and Back Matter Front Matter Back Matter

Pamphlets

11 | Indexes

General

Cross-References

Abbreviations People

Notes

Visual Elements

Formatting Entries

Subentries Organizing the Index

Editing the Index

Units

12 | From Manuscript to Publication: Preparation, Editing, Design, and Printing

Production Schedule

Preliminary Steps Manuscript Submission vii

The Editing Process

Author Review

Preparing the Manuscript for Layout The Design Process

Page Proofs

The Index

Preparing the Publication for Print Printing and Distribution

Reprints

Appendix A | Words List

Appendix B | Usage Recommendations Collective Nouns

Wordy and Idiomatic Phrases Military Jargon, Slang, and Doctrinal Terms

Bias-Free Language

Profanity and Offensive Language

Appendix C | Word Division, Breaks, and Stranded Lines

General

Word Division

Other Breaks

Stranded Lines

Appendix D | Additional Services’ Rank Abbreviations General viii

Figures

Figure 10.1. Half Title Page Figure 10.2. Frontispiece Figure 10.3. Title Pages Figure 10.4. Library of Congress CIP Data Page Figure 10.5. Advisory Committee Page Figure 10.6. Table of Contents Figure 10.7. Foreword Figure 10.8. Preface Figure 10.9. Acknowledgments Figure 10.10. Abbreviations Figure 10.11. Map Symbols Figure 10.12. Author Biography

Tables

Table 1.1—Army Rank Abbreviations Table 7.1—Titles, Labels, Captions, and Descriptions Table 9.1—CMH Citation Abbreviations Table 9.2—Common Scholarly Citation Abbreviations Table 9.3—Common Citation Spell-outs Table 9.4—Types of Bibliographies Table 10.1—Parts of Publications Table B.1—Wordy or Idiomatic Phrases Table B.2—Gendered Language Table D.1—U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard Rank Abbreviations Table D.2—U.S. Marine Corps Rank Abbreviations Table D.3—U.S. Air Force Rank Abbreviations Table D.4—U.S. Space Force Rank Abbreviations Table D.5—Paygrades and Ranks Across the Services

1 | Names and Terms

General

1.1 Countries. Capitalize official and shortened names of countries.

Republic of Iraq; Iraq Islamic Republic of Afghanistan; Afghanistan Democratic People’s Republic of Korea; North Korea Democratic Republic of Vietnam; North Vietnam United States of America; United States; America

1.2 Cities, states, provinces, territories. Capitalize official and shortened names of cities, states, districts, provinces, and territories; lowercase words such as city, district, and province when they precede the name or stand alone. See Chapter 4 for further guidance on geographic terms.

For the distinctive treatment of place names specific to a particular conflict, refer to the geographical place names lists maintained by the Center’s cartographers as well as any style sheets maintained by the editors or authors of CMH’s most recent publications covering the same region.

Baghdad Anbar Province Adolous District of Ramadi New York City; city of New York Khost, Kunar, and Nangarhar Provinces roads through the province

1.3 Legislative bodies and government agencies. Capitalize the full and shortened names of legislative, deliberative, administrative (including cabinet level), and judicial bodies. Capitalize the full names of their branches. Lowercase derived adjectives and paraphrased forms.

U.S. Congress Department of Defense; Defense Department United Nations Security Council; Security Council Republic of Vietnam National Assembly Department of the Army Joint Chiefs of Staff; Joint Chiefs Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army (Manpower and Reserve Affairs) Army Staff; Joint Staff Army Secretariat U.S. Embassy but congressional presidential the department the council the assembly

Names and Terms the office the secretariat the staff family support group family readiness group general officer steering committee the embassy the Truman administration

1.4 Generic references. Lowercase the words federal and government unless they are part of a formal title. Likewise, lowercase the terms executive, legislative, and judicial branch. Note that federal may be capitalized when used to refer to U.S. (Union) troops in Civil War texts.

United States government (but United States Government Publishing Office) federal government policy (but, in the Civil War–era, a Federal blockade; the Federals) government of Afghanistan (but Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan as a formal title)

1.5 Political parties. Capitalize names of political parties and party members, but not the doctrine with which they are associated.

Baʿathist Party; Baʿathists; de-Baʿathification Republican Party; Republicans People’s Revolutionary Party Patriotic Union of Kurdistan Communist leaders; Communists; Communist Party but communism socialism democratic principles denazification

1.6 Companies, businesses, universities, and other organizations. Capitalize full and shortened names of companies and private organizations. It is best to follow the capitalization, spacing, and abbreviations used by the entity itself. However, do not capitalize the when it precedes the name, even when it is part of the official title. Definite and indefinite articles should be used or omitted based on the flow of the sentence. For help with punctuation and suffixes in business names, see 2.26. For help with abbreviations and ampersands in business names, see 3.25.

Microsoft Corporation; Microsoft Dell Inc.; Dell Blackwater USA; Blackwater Lockheed Martin Corporation; Lockheed Martin RAND Corporation; RAND HarperCollins Her book is forthcoming from the University of Chicago Press.

She graduated from Ohio State. [or . . . the Ohio State University]

After graduating from the University of Michigan, he published his first article in the New York Times.

Did that appear in a Washington Post article?

1.7 Organized groups. Capitalize common nouns referring to specific organized groups.

Afghan National Police Northern Alliance Civilian Irregular Defense Group

People

1.8 First and subsequent mentions. Give the full name including the middle initial (or initials), if any, at first mention of a person in the text. Each initial is followed by a period and a space.

Include suffixes, if any, without commas (see 2.25). If identification of a nickname is deemed necessary, put the nickname in quotation marks after the middle initial(s). It is not necessary to reintroduce people with their full names in every chapter or section of a publication. Such repetition can be cumbersome. However, in longer works, it is permissible (and often helpful) to reintroduce people with their full names if they have not appeared in some time. If a person’s rank or title has changed, a full reintroduction is usually necessary. Discretion is key.

Subsequent mentions (in any length text) may be shortened to the person’s last name and, if applicable, rank or title. For military names, see 1.49–1.55.

George H. W. Bush William J. Clinton Richard B. “Dick” Cheney James S. Barker III Christopher S. Eaton Jr.

Col. E. J. Degen

Do not abbreviate an entire name into initials, such as:

John F. Kennedy; President Kennedy; Kennedy not JFK Franklin Delano Roosevelt; Franklin D. Roosevelt;

President Roosevelt; Roosevelt not FDR Osama bin Laden; bin Laden not OBL (or UBL)

1.9 Foreign names. In some countries and regions, individuals may not have given names or surnames that follow Western conventions. They may be distinguished instead by their place of birth, family or tribal affiliation, profession, or honorific status. Writers and editors should establish accepted names for individuals and ensure consistency throughout a manuscript.

Follow the guidance provided in the most recent edition of Chicago with regard to accepted usage of names and titles in different cultures. A few specific considerations are given below.

Note: Whenever possible, use the special characters, accents, diacritical marks, and glyphs that appear in the original language. Tables 11.1 and 11.2 in Chicago provide lists of special characters and their Unicode numbers. See 3.55 for further guidance. (See 4.2 for the use of special characters in geographic terms.)

Arabic Names Write Arabic names that contain the definite article al by joining it to the next name with a hyphen. In general, subsequent mentions should retain the definite article. Note that the a is lowercased unless the term begins a sentence. With more prominent figures, however, the al (or equivalent) is often dropped in subsequent mentions. Arabic names containing ad-, an-, ar-, as-, ash-, at-, and az- follow the same rules as names containing al-. Note that ul, a component of some Pashto names (such as “Sami ul-Haq”), is most likely treated the same as the al in Arabic names. See Chicago for guidance on Arabic surnames with abu, abd, ibn, and el. When making style choices for Arabic names, authors are encouraged to consult with subject matter experts as well as those who have written about the same region or people most recently. Arabic naming conventions, just like the style with which CMH represents them, evolve.

Adil al-Mashhadani; al-Mashhadani; the al-Mashhadani family Nouri al-Maliki; Maliki; the Maliki administration Bashar al-Assad; Assad; the Assad regime Abu Musab al-Zarqawi; Zarqawi Muqtada al-Sadr; Sadr [Note that for some members of this large and complicated family, al-Sadr would be more appropriate. Consult an expert.] Names that contain the word bin are not hyphenated. Note that bin remains lowercased unless the term begins a sentence.

Osama bin Laden; bin Laden CMH standardizes the spelling of Mohammed when it is used as an honorific in Arab names.

Mohammed Bakir al-Hakim Mohammed Jassim Mohammed Farah Aideed but Prophet Muhammad; the Prophet [the p is always capitalized] Mohamed A. El-Erian [Mohamed is the given name, not an honorific.]

Islamic titles and honorifics such as hajj (and its variants), mullah, and ayatollah may be used on first mention, but should be used sparingly thereafter.

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini; Ayatollah Khomeini; Khomeini; the ayatollah Mullah Mohammed Omar; Mullah Omar; Omar; the mullah

Chinese Names Write the names of people from mainland China generally following the pinyin system of romanization. In Chinese names, the family name is given first. See Chicago for additional guidance on Chinese naming conventions.

Mao Zedong, not Mao Tse-tung Zhou Enlai, not Chou En-lai Lin Biao, not Lin Piao but Chiang Kai-shek, not Jiang Jieshi

1.10 Noms de guerre and code names. For individuals who are more commonly known by noms de guerre or code names, provide both names if possible on first mention, and then use the more commonly used name on subsequent mentions.

Abu Bakr (Ibrahim Awad Ibrahim al-Badri) Mahmoud Abbas, also known as Abu Mazen British double agent GARBO (Juan Pujol García)

1.11 Civilian titles. Capitalize civilian titles preceding a personal name. Do not use honorific titles, such as Dr. (unless a physician), Mr., Ms., or Mrs., in formal writing. Lowercase titles that follow a personal name or that stand alone. Retain capitalization of specific organizations included in a title. For military titles, see 1.49–1.55. For academic degrees, see 3.14.

President Barack H. Obama; President Obama; Barack H. Obama; Barack Obama;

Obama; the president; Barack H. Obama, president of the United States

Vice President Joseph R. Biden; the vice president Governor Robert F. McDonnell; Robert F. McDonnell, governor of Virginia; Governor

McDonnell; McDonnell; the governor Senator Kirsten E. Gillibrand; Senator Gillibrand; Gillibrand; the senator; New York senator Kirsten E. Gillibrand Representative Dan Lipinski; Representative Lipinski; the representative; the congress member Maryland congress member Steny Hoyer; Maryland representative Steny Hoyer; Steny

Hoyer, representative from Maryland; Steny Hoyer, congress member from Maryland; Representative Hoyer; Hoyer

Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr.; John Roberts, chief justice of the United States; Chief Justice Roberts; the chief justice

Ambassador Susan E. Rice; Ambassador Rice; Susan E. Rice, ambassador to the United Nations; the ambassador

Secretary of the Army John M. McHugh; Secretary McHugh; John M. McHugh, the secretary of the Army; the secretary

Under Secretary of the Army Joseph W. Westphal Joel D. Meyerson or Meyerson, not Mr. Meyerson Janice E. McKenney or McKenney, not Dr. McKenney

Capitalize formal position titles that follow names in front and back matter such as a preface, formal acknowledgments, or lists of contributors.

The author is indebted to C. R. Dodwell, Fellow and Librarian of Trinity College, Cambridge.

1.12 Abbreviating titles. A civil or military title may be abbreviated when it precedes the full name.

Preceding the surname alone, however, it is spelled out. For more information on abbreviating military titles in text, see 1.52–1.53; in footnotes, see 9.14–9.24; see also Table 1.1 and Appendix D. For academic degrees, see 3.14.

Sen. Mark L. Kirk; Senator Kirk Lt. Col. Mary J. Pierce; Colonel Pierce Pfc. Richard F. Jones; Private Jones Capt. John P. Sims; Captain Sims S. Sgt. James J. Smith; Sergeant Smith Sfc. Kathryn L. Jacobson; Sergeant Jacobson Spc. John P. Doe; Specialist Doe 1st Lt. Carl L. James; Lieutenant James Lt. Gen. Joseph E. Green; General Green

1.13 Plurals. Form plurals of names of persons and other capitalized nouns generally by adding s or es.

five Toms, four Dicks, and three Harrys the two Germanys reunited Afghans and Pakistanis keeping up with the Joneses rainy Sundays

Never use an apostrophe to form the plural of a family name. “The Jeffersons live here” (not “Jefferson’s”). With names such as Gates or Gutierrez, consider rewording to avoid the awkwardness of “Gateses” or “Gutierrezes.”

They invited the Gates family. instead of They invited the Gateses.

1.14 Racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups. Capitalize racial, linguistic, tribal, religious, and ethnic names used as nouns and adjectives. Note that the preference for and usage of some of these terms evolve over time, sometimes changing rapidly. What was acceptable a few years ago may not be acceptable today. Historians, authors, writers, and editors should strive to stay informed of these changes and remain current in their writing. Use the most accurate and acceptable terms according to guidance at the time of publication, even if it differs from what is recommended here. See also Appendix B. When in doubt, defer to Chicago 5.251–5.260.

African American, African Americans (n.); African-American (adj.)

Black; Black authors; Black people; not Blacks [Note: Black increasingly is capitalized when referring to racial or ethnic identity. As a matter of editorial consistency, certain terms such as White may also be capitalized when used in this sense.]

American Indian [Note: This term is preferred by some groups; though it is CMH’s preference to use a specific tribal affiliation whenever possible.]

Asian Asian American and Pacific Islander Caucasian Iraqi Montagnard Muslim Native American [Note: It is preferable to use a specific tribal affiliation, e.g., Navajo] Nisei

Pashtun Rhade Sunni Shi’i; Shi’a; Shi’i Islam; Shi’ism; not Shi’ite White; White authors; White people; not Whites [See note above for “Black.”] but mujahideen people of color upper middle class blue-collar workers the 1 percent

Public Acts and Military Orders

1.15 Capitalize formal or shortened (but not generic) titles of specific public acts, treaties, and military orders.

Panama Canal Act; Canal Act; the act Selective Service Act Korean Armistice Agreement Pentalateral Agreement Department of the Army General Orders 23 Marshall Plan House Joint Resolution 426 UN Security Council Resolution 1441 Treaty on Limitations of Antiballistic Missiles; ABM Treaty; the treaty but armistice (capitalize when referring to Armistice Day) lend-lease aid

1.16 Do not capitalize generic references to congressional legislation.

agricultural appropriations bill lend-lease bill military construction appropriation bill

Publications and Their Parts

1.17 Capitalize the first word and all important words (nouns, verbs, and prepositions containing five or more letters) in titles of series, books, articles, chapters, and sections. Do not capitalize infinitive verb forms and prepositions containing four or fewer letters.

Underdevelopment Is a State of Mind German Railway Operations Under the United States of America The Corps of Engineers: The War Against Germany The Asian Experience Outside Indochina

Chapter 7, “Steps Toward Stability” From OSS to Green Berets: The Birth of Special Forces but “City Offers to Build Housing for Yanks” Lessons from the Huk Campaign in the Philippines

1.18 Italicize full or shortened titles of all books, pamphlets, certain Army documents, newspapers, periodicals, journals published for general distribution, works of art, plays, and motion pictures. Italicize titles of CMH monographs and studies printed for limited distribution. When referencing English-language newspapers and periodicals in the main body or discursive text, use the article the, lowercased and not italicized, even if the article is part of the official title of the publication. Always retain articles (and keep them italicized) in the names of non- English-language newspapers. (See also 9.56.)

Building for Peace: U.S. Army Engineers in Europe, 1945–1991 Battleground Iraq: Journal of a Company Commander The U.S. Army in the Occupation of Germany, 1944–1945 Field Manual (FM) 3–0, Operations Army Regulation (AR) 870–5, Military History: Responsibilities, Policies, and

Procedures War Department (WD) Technical Manual (TM) 20–205, Dictionary of United States

Army Terms He was quoted in the New York Times.

She was quoted in Das Welt.

1.19 Do not italicize the title of a series. Do not italicize titles of internal Army documents, such as orders, directives, and memos. Capitalize initial letters of important words, without quotation marks. For the proper use of abbreviations in these titles when they appear in citations, see 9.21 as well as Tables 9.1 and 9.2. To introduce a shortened name of a title in a citation, see 9.35–9.39.

Combat Actions in Korea, Army Historical Series Department of the Army (DA) General Orders (GO) 2007–01 DA Memo 5–4, Army Strategic Management Plan Department of Defense (DoD) Directive 3025.12, Employment of Military Resources in the Event of Civil Disturbances

1.20 Capitalize titles of the standard parts of a volume, such as the Foreword, Preface, Chapter, Bibliography, or Index; but lowercase generic references.

Chapter 2, “Research and Development in the Army” but

In addition to a foreword, the book has five chapters, a bibliography, and an index.

1.21 Capitalize references in the text to specific parts of publications when a number or letter designation follows them. For the abbreviation and capitalization of these terms in citations, lists, and when mentioned parenthetically, see 3.13.

Volume 1 Annex B Section 6 Map 19 Chapter 2 Chart 1 Part 1 Book 2 Table 4 Appendix G

Do not capitalize references to the following parts of publications.

page 129 paragraph 10 item 46 footnote 156

1.22 Tables, maps, and charts. Capitalize and italicize parenthetical references to tables, maps, diagrams, and charts. Note that the parentheses themselves are not italicized. See 7.1–7.4 for further guidance on in-text references to tables, maps, and charts.

(Map 1) (See Table 4.2)

Military

1.23 Capitalize formal full and shortened names of national armies, navies, air forces, fleets, regiments, battalions, companies, and corps in both the singular and plural forms. Capitalize Army when standing alone only when it refers to the entire United States Army. Lowercase words such as army, navy, or military when standing alone, when used collectively in the plural, or when not part of an official title.

U.S. Army; U.S. Army, Europe (or U.S. Army Europe—see 1.39); the army [referring to a field army]; U.S. soldiers

U.S. Air Force; Air Force; air force [referring to a generic or foreign air force] U.S. Army Corps of Engineers U.S. Marine Corps; Marine Corps; U.S. marines; a marine Regular Army Union army; Confederate army [American Civil War; see also Confederate, federal, and Union in Appendix A.] Continental Navy [American Revolution] Army of the Republic of Vietnam; South Vietnamese Army; army Kosovo Liberation Army Red Army [Soviet Union until 1945]; Soviet Army; Soviet Navy [Soviet Union 1946–1991] People’s Liberation Army (PLA); People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLA Navy)

[People’s Republic of China] but

Army of Northern Virginia [official name of a Confederate army] Lowercase generic references to individual members of the military.

engineers guardians [Space Force] marines national guard soldier(s) regulars reservist service member soldier special operator warfighter

1.24 Capitalize widely used military or colloquial coinages for members of branches of the armed forces or members of specific units.

Rangers; a Ranger [Note: Rangers (pl.) can be used colloquially; Ranger (s.) is used as part of an official unit designation.]

Seabees Green Berets; a Green Beret Raiders Merrill’s Marauders; a Marauder

1.25 Capitalize the formal names of national guard and reserve units.

Army National Guard of the United States; Army National Guard; the National Guard Air National Guard of the United States; Air National Guard Army Reserve; not the Reserve Naval Reserve Marine Corps Reserve Air Force Reserve Coast Guard Reserve

Also capitalize these reserve categories:

General Reserve Ready Reserve Standby Reserve Retired Reserve

Do not capitalize reserve or national guard unless referring to a particular force in an organizational sense.

a reserve officer a national guard soldier the reserve components a national guard division strategic reserves national guard units reserve units

1.26 Capitalize adjectives designating the armed services or their arms and branches only when the reference in context is clearly to the organization and not merely descriptive.

the Air Force budget the Army way is not the Navy way the Marine guard He was commissioned into the Field Artillery.

The Infantry adopted its current insignia in 1924.

and infantry troops The infantry moved forward.

He was a field artillery officer.

1.27 Capitalize the word headquarters only when preceding the name of a unit.

Headquarters, 9th Division General Headquarters but 9th Division headquarters headquarters of the division

1.28 Capitalize formal designations for specific political or military alliances, task forces, and joint commands. See 3.15 for guidance on abbreviations and the use of en dashes and hyphens.

Free World Military Assistance Forces Triple Entente; Triple Alliance the Allied Powers (in World War II only) Warsaw Pact Gulf Cooperation Council Combined Forces Command–Afghanistan (CFC-A) Combined Joint Task Force–180 (CJTF-180) Regional Command (RC) East Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force–Afghanistan (CJSOTF-Afghanistan or

CJSOTF-A)

but

European powers coalition troops; coalition forces

1.29 Capitalize common terms that have a special meaning in military usage.

Blue armies (maneuvers) Force XXI Team Bravo Company A

1.30 Do not capitalize stand-alone (generic) unit designations.

There were three divisions in the corps and three corps in the army.

1.31 Capitalize formal names of wars, battles, conflicts, and major campaigns. Confirm all formal names with someone in CMH’s Field Programs and Historical Services Directorate, Force Structure and Unit History Division (hereinafter referred to as FPO), or a designated subject-matter expert for capitalization and place name usage.

Persian Gulf War Global War on Terrorism

Battle of 73 Easting Battle of Medina Ridge World War II Revolutionary War Vietnam War Gettysburg Campaign

1.32 Code names. Set U.S. and allied forces code names (such as task forces, operations, plans, exercises, war plans) in caps and small caps. Note: If a code name is used in a quotation or in the name of a source in a citation, do not change the formatting of the code name to match our style. Leave it as is.

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM Operation JOINT GUARDIAN DESERT STORM War Plan ORANGE Project ENHANCE Task Force DAGGER but Manhattan Project Tube Alloys Note: These two code names are known “CMH preferred” exceptions to the rule above.

If a U.S. or allied force’s code name contains a foreign term, do not italicize the foreign term, even if it is the first use of that term, to avoid confusion between allied and enemy code names.

If it is the first use of the foreign term, provide the translation in parentheses after the code name. Note that the translation is set in roman type without quotation marks. (See 3.49–3.51 and 3.55 for more on foreign terms.)

Operation MOSHTARAK (Together), not Operation MOSHTARAK (Together) For enemy code names, see 1.67.

1.33 Medals and awards. Capitalize military medals and awards.

Presidential Unit Citation Distinguished Service Cross Medal of Honor Defense Distinguished Service Medal with four Oak Leaf Clusters Defense Distinguished Service Medal with oak leaf clusters Silver Star Medal Bronze Star Medal Purple Heart

Designations of U.S. Army Units and Organizations

FPO is the authority on official unit designations; when in doubt, consult with FPO. When preparing a publication for print, authors and editors should work closely with FPO to confirm correct unit designations. For more information regarding the creation of a “units list,” see 12.7.

For guidance on indexing units, see 11.41–11.59.

1.34 Unit names. Capitalize formal names of specific units of armed forces.

VII Corps XVIII Airborne Corps 4th Aviation Regiment Company A (not A Company) First Army 23d Infantry Division II Field Force Troop A, 3d Squadron, 2d Armored Cavalry Regiment 75th Ranger Regiment 1st Battalion, 7th Field Artillery Regiment 299th Support Battalion Special Troops Battalion, 1st Infantry Division 4th Infantry Division (Mechanized) 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault)

1.35 Full v. shortened names. The first mention of any unit should use its full, official designation, as approved by FPO. Parenthetical identifications, such as “(Mechanized),” are not part of a unit’s official designation. Authors are not required to use these parenthetical identifications, but they may do so at the first full mention of a unit, if desired. In subsequent mentions, a unit may be referred to by a variety of shortened names, all of which relate to its current, official designation. A unit’s nickname may be mentioned but should be used sparingly.

First mention: 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault); 101st Airborne Division Acceptable variations after the first mention: 101st Airborne Division, 101st Airborne, the 101st, the division Nickname: “Screaming Eagles” [quotation marks only necessary at first use]

In some cases, after introducing the unit with its official designation, the author may identify a more commonly used name for the unit. Explanations can occur in the main body text or in a footnote, as appropriate for the discussion. Common names should not be used without explanation.

32 Although the official name of the 1st Cavalry Division’s aviation unit is the Combat Aviation Brigade, in Iraq the division called it the 1st Air Cavalry Brigade. To remain consistent, that designation will be used throughout.

The 160th Aviation Regiment (Special Operations)—commonly referred to as the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment, or the 160th SOAR—transformed into a joint element, designated as Task Force SWORD.

See 3.15 for guidance on abbreviating unit designations and task force names.

1.36 Using a definite article with unit designations. It is CMH’s preferred style, in narrative text, to include the definite article before unit designations from the division level down to the battalion level. The definite article is often not used at the corps level and is never used at the company level.

The move allowed Wolf’s 1st Brigade—its maneuver elements now consisting of the 4th Battalion, 23d Infantry; three troops from the 3d Squadron, 4th Cavalry; the 3d

Battalion, 22d Infantry; and three companies from the 2d Battalion, 34th Armor— to focus on the immediate vicinity of Tay Ninh City.

The mission started when the 160th SOAR carried out a night insertion of a SEAL reconnaissance team.

Some units, such as the 101st Airborne Division’s 3d Brigade and the 507th Support Battalion provided by XVIII Airborne Corps, were not called forward immediately.

Colonel Fox commanded the 3d Brigade for three years.

Capt. Leigh S. Ashurst joined Company E in August of that year.

Note: Do not begin a sentence with a unit number. An acceptable work-around is to insert the in front of the number. Do not spell out a unit number that otherwise would be expressed with a numeral.

The V Corps stationed its armored cavalry regiment well forward to screen and observe the border.

not Fifth Corps stationed its armored cavalry regiment well forward to screen and observe the border.

1.37 Changes in unit designations. Both U.S. and foreign unit designations change over time.

Follow the naming conventions in use during the period under discussion.

1st Division [6 July 1917 until 31 July 1942] 1st Infantry Division [1 August 1942 until the present]

Note: For units under its purview, John B. Wilson’s Armies, Corps, Divisions, and Separate Brigades, Army Lineage Series (Washington, DC: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1987) provides an authoritative guide to designations. For smaller units, see the other volumes of the Army Lineage Series.

1.38 Regiment designations. Omit the word regiment in the name of a U.S. Army regiment before 1 October 2005 because it is generally not part of the official designation; after that date, the word is part of its designation and should be used. If the word is used in the plural before that date, it should be lowercased; after that date, it should be capitalized.

1st Battalion, 30th Infantry [pre-2005] 3d Battalion, 23d Infantry Regiment [post-2005] The 27th and 35th Infantry regiments moved in. [pre-2005] The 27th and 35th Infantry Regiments moved in. [post-2005] 75th Ranger Regiment

Note: In some cases, the word regiment was part of the official designation before 1 October 2005. Exceptions include the 90th Quartermaster Regiment and the 75th Ranger Regiment.

When in doubt, consult with FPO, which is the authority on official unit designations.

1.39 Comma usage. Use a comma before and after a phrase indicating the larger group to which a unit belongs.

The 2d Battalion, 27th Infantry, began to move.

Commas may be used within the names of Army service component commands, though this practice may depend on the era being covered and the specific publication’s style. Comma usage should be consistent within each publication, but it may differ across various publications. The following examples are both acceptable:

On 1 April, U.S. Army, Pacific, ordered the soldiers to return.

On 1 April, U.S. Army Pacific ordered the soldiers to return.

1.40 If the possibility of confusion exists in cases where U.S. military units are deployed alongside units from other countries, identify each unit (U.S. and foreign) by nationality, especially at first mention. See also 1.62–1.63.

1.41 Center of Military History. At first mention of CMH in text, use the full title of U.S. Army Center of Military History; subsequent references may simply state Center of Military History or the Center. In citations, when CMH is the publisher of a source, always spell out U.S. Army Center of Military History in full. The abbreviation is acceptable when CMH is the repository.

1.42 National Museum. At first mention, refer to the National Museum of the United States Army by its full title. Subsequent references may be shortened to the National Museum or the Museum. Whenever possible, avoid abbreviating to NMUSA. For all other style decisions pertaining to the Museum (and to the entire Army Museum Enterprise), consult the latest edition of the Museum’s style guide.

1.43 Abbreviations in text. Short names of military organizations may be used after the full name is given at first mention.

U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) U.S. Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV) Combined Forces Command–Afghanistan (CFC-A)

1.44 Abbreviations in tables and charts. Generally, do not abbreviate military unit designations.

However, it is permissible to do so in tables, charts, and footnotes where space may be at a premium.

1.45 Spell out numbers of U.S. field armies.

Eighth Army

1.46 Use roman numerals for U.S. corps and field forces.

XXIV Corps II Field Force

1.47 Use arabic numerals for U.S. Army groups, commands, brigades, divisions, regiments, battalions, squadrons, companies, detachments, and platoons.

12th Army Group 1st Logistical Command 3d Brigade Combat Team, 4th Infantry Division 2d Battalion, 2d Infantry Regiment

1st Squadron, 14th Armored Cavalry Regiment 17th Fires Brigade 3d Sustainment Command 209th Military Intelligence Company 50th Signal Battalion 90th Military History Detachment 512th Military Police Platoon

Designations of U.S. Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Space Force Units

1.48 For designations of other service units, follow the conventions used by that service during the period under discussion.

U.S. Air Force Seventh Air Force 1964th Communications Group 315th Air Division 777th Troop Carrier Squadron 3d Tactical Fighter Wing 320th Bombardment Wing

U.S. Navy Seventh Fleet Amphibious Squadron 5 Task Force 76 Attack Carrier Wing 16 Task Group 79.5 30th Naval Construction Regiment

U.S. Marine Corps III Marine Amphibious Force Marine Air Group 12 1st Marine Brigade Marine Medium Helicopter, Squadron 161 3d Marine Aircraft Wing 3d Marines [regiment] 1st Marine Division

U.S. Space Force 21st Space Wing 4th Space Launch Squadron, 30th Launch Group 20th Space Control Squadron Space Delta 7

Rank and Title Designations

1.49 Capitalization. Capitalize military titles preceding a personal name. If a military title must be used after a personal name (without the article the), capitalize it.

Chief of Staff, II Field Force, Brig. Gen. Richard T. Knowles; II Field Force Chief of Staff Brig. Gen. Richard T. Knowles; II Field Force Chief of Staff General Knowles; Chief of Staff General Knowles; Brig. Gen. Richard T. Knowles, Chief of Staff, II Field Force; General Knowles

Commander, 1st Infantry Division, Maj. Gen. Jonathan O. Seaman; General Seaman Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Martin E. Dempsey; General Martin E.

Dempsey, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; General Martin E. Dempsey, Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff; General Dempsey

Chief of Staff, Army, General Raymond T. Odierno; Chief of Staff, U.S. Army, General Raymond T. Odierno; Army Chief of Staff General Raymond T. Odierno;

Chief of Staff General Raymond T. Odierno; General Raymond T. Odierno, Chief of Staff, U.S. Army; Chief of Staff Odierno; General Odierno

Commander in Chief, U.S. Army, Europe, Lt. Gen. Manton S. Eddy M. Sgt. Stephanie H. McGraw; Sergeant McGraw Pvt. Anthony W. Washington; Private Washington

Lowercase military titles and rank when standing alone or when used with the article the either before or after a name:

the brigadier general; the general; the chief of staff; the chief of staff of II Field Force;

the II Field Force chief of staff; Brig. Gen. Richard T. Knowles, the chief of staff of II Field Force; the chief of staff of II Field Force, Brig. Gen. Richard T. Knowles the commander; the general; the 1st Infantry Division commander; the commander of the 1st Infantry Division the chairman; the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; General Dempsey, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff the chief of staff; the general; General Raymond T. Odierno, the chief of staff of the Army; General Raymond T. Odierno, the Army’s chief of staff; the U.S. Army chief of staff, General Raymond T. Odierno the commander in chief of U.S. Army, Europe; the commander in chief the sergeant the private and the inspector general the adjutant general the surgeon general the judge advocate general the captain

1.50 Initial and subsequent text references. In the initial reference to military personnel in text, give full rank, abbreviated, and full name including the middle initial (or initials), suffixes, and nicknames, if any. See 1.53 for exceptions. See Table 1.1 for Army rank abbreviations and Appendix D for Air Force, Coast Guard, Marine Corps, Navy, and Space Force rank abbreviations. Reintroduce military personnel in full each time they are promoted. See also 1.8.

Brig. Gen. (Ret.) Clara L. Adams-Ender Lt. Col. John R. Doe Jr.

R. Adm. John R. Jones S. Sgt. William T. Smith III Col. Benjamin A. “Monk” Dickson Bvt. Brig. Gen. Duncan L. Clinch

On subsequent mentions, give only the rank (without abbreviation) and last name. It is permissible to use the last name alone as well.

General Adams-Ender; the general, not Brigadier General Adams-Ender; Brig. Gen.

Adams-Ender

Colonel Doe; the colonel, not Lieutenant Colonel Doe; Lt. Col. Doe Admiral Jones; the admiral, not Rear Admiral Jones; R. Adm. Jones Sergeant Smith; the sergeant, not Staff Sergeant Smith; S. Sgt. Smith Colonel Dickson; the colonel, not Col. Dickson General Clinch; the general, not Breveted Brigadier General Clinch; Bvt. Brig. Gen.

Clinch If the initial reference to a military officer with a numbered rank (such as 1st or 2d Lt.) falls at the beginning of a sentence, spell out the number only.

Second Lt. George Parker was stationed at Fort Benning, Georgia.

1.51 Separate a name from the military service or branch to which the individual belongs with commas. Note that CMH prefers to write out the affiliation in full, though abbreviations such as USA, USN, or USMC may be acceptable in citations and indexes.

Lt. Col. John R. Doe, U.S. Marine Corps, was in command.

1.52 Abbreviation style. Although current military practice is to omit periods and use full capitals for the abbreviated forms of ranks—a practice that is officially regulated only for military correspondence—CMH discourages using such forms, as they may be unfamiliar to general readers. Traditional (old style) abbreviations are preferred. Table 1.1 lists the preferred abbreviations for Army ranks. See 1.50 for the format of a brevetted rank; see 1.55 to format the rank of retired personnel. See Appendix D for abbreviations of other service ranks. For more information on handling military ranks in footnotes, see 9.14–9.19.

1.53 No abbreviation. Never abbreviate the rank of four-star general and above or its equivalent in text. For guidance on handling military ranks in footnotes, see 9.14–9.19.

General of the Army [five star] Fleet Admiral [five star] Admiral [four star] General [four star]

Table 1.1—Army Rank Abbreviations These abbreviations do not need to be spelled out at first use.

For additional services ranks, see Appendix D. See 1.54 for ranks that no longer exist.

Grade Rank Abbreviation use with full name

Subsequent Use use with last name n/a (5-star) General of the Army nonea General O–10 (4-star) General nonea General O–9 (3-star) Lieutenant General Lt. Gen. General O–8 (2-star) Major General Maj. Gen. General O–7 (1-star) Brigadier General Brig. Gen. General O–6 Colonel Col. Colonel O–5 Lieutenant Colonel Lt. Col. Colonel O–4 Major Maj. Major O–3 Captain Capt. Captain O–2 First Lieutenant 1st Lt. Lieutenant O–1 Second Lieutenant 2d Lt. Lieutenant W–5 Chief Warrant Officer CWO5b Warrant Officer W–4 Chief Warrant Officer CWO4 Warrant Officer W–3 Chief Warrant Officer CWO3 Warrant Officer W–2 Chief Warrant Officer CWO2 Warrant Officer W–1 Warrant Officer WO1 Warrant Officer E–9c Sergeant Major of the Army Sgt. Maj. Army Sergeant Major E–9 Command Sergeant Major Cmd. Sgt. Maj. Sergeant Major E–9 Sergeant Major Sgt. Maj. Sergeant Major E–8 First Sergeant 1st Sgt. Sergeant E–8 Master Sergeant M. Sgt. Sergeant E–7 Sergeant First Class Sfc. Sergeant E–6 Staff Sergeant S. Sgt. Sergeant E–5 Sergeant Sgt. Sergeant E–4 Corporal Cpl. Corporal E–4 Specialist (Fourth Class) Sp4c. (until 1985) Specialist E–4 Specialist Spc. (after 1985) Specialist E–3 Private First Class Pfc. Private E–2 Private (E-2) Pvt. Private E–1 Private (E-1) Pvt. Private

a. The abbreviations Gen. Army and Gen. may be used in citations.

b. The abbreviations for the warrant officer ranks given here are those used by the Army in its official correspondence. There is no traditional or long form abbreviation for Chief Warrant Officer or Warrant Officer.

c. The Army has the additional E–9 rank of Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman [of the Joint Chiefs of Staff], which is abbreviated by the Army as SEAC. No guidance is given for a traditional abbreviation.

1.54 Ranks that no longer exist. U.S. military ranks that no longer exist, such as the Navy’s commodore and the Army’s cornet and specialist third class, should be styled following the same rules that govern existing ranks. Abbreviations (used at the first mention of an individual) should follow the abbreviation conventions seen in Table 1.1 and in Appendix D. If no equivalent abbreviation can be determined, the historic rank may be written out in full at first use.

Sp3c. [or Spc. 3d Class] Arthur Leeds; Specialist Leeds T/5 [or Tec. 5 or Tech. 5] Hansen R. Radmiller; Technician Fifth Grade Radmiller Commodore Grace Hopper; Commodore Hopper

1.55 Retired personnel. When referencing the rank of retired military personnel (e.g., in an interview citation or in narrative text), use the abbreviation Ret. in parentheses after the rank.

This abbreviation does not need to be spelled out at first use. In more formal settings, such as in a signature block, follow one of the examples below

In narrative text and citations:

Col. (Ret.) Jayne H. Cooley; Colonel Cooley; Cooley Brig. Gen. (Ret.) John S. Brown; General Brown; Brown

In more formal text:

Brig. Gen. John S. Brown, U.S. Army (Ret.) or John S. Brown, Brigadier General, USA (Ret.)

1.56 Military occupational specialties (MOSs). Alphanumeric combinations that refer to a person’s MOS are written without a space between the number and letter. The first mention of each MOS should be followed by its description, in parentheses. Subsequent mentions may eliminate the parenthetical element.

The program was designed for 88M (Motor Transport Operator) students.

When she became an officer, her military occupational specialty changed to 19A (Armor).

She rose quickly through the ranks, alongside several other 19As from her year group.

Military Equipment, Weapons, Ships, and Aircraft

1.57 Full designations. Introduce military equipment, weapons, vehicles, ships, and aircraft in full at first mention. Shortened designations may be used in subsequent mentions.

C–17 Globemaster transport aircraft; C–17; Globemaster; transport aircraft F–15 Eagle fighter jets; F–15s; F–15 Eagles; fighter jets M15 assault rifles; M15s M3 Bradley cavalry fighting vehicle; M3 Bradley; M3; Bradley M4A2 Sherman tank; M4A2 tank

1.58 Types of military equipment. Capitalize the formal names of types of aircraft, missiles, tanks, weapons, and other military equipment. For model designations, see 1.59–1.61.

Stryker Abrams Bradley

Apache Black Hawk Kiowa Warrior

However, do not capitalize common nouns following the names of types of aircraft, tanks, or other military equipment.

Apache helicopter Raven unmanned aerial vehicle Javelin antitank missile Bradley fighting vehicle Barrett sniper rifle

1.59 Weapons and vehicle designations. Designations for individual weapons, ordnance (ammunition), and weapon systems (tanks, self-propelled artillery) are set with capital letters with no spaces or dashes. This style applies to both U.S.- and foreign-made weapons and vehicles. Note: This style differs from recommendations made in other sources (in which hyphens are often used), including Merriam-Webster. (For aircraft and ship designations, see

1.61. See 2.37–2.39 and 2.46 for the treatment of other alphanumeric combinations.)

AK47 assault rifle M109 self-propelled howitzer GBU27 Paveway laser-guided bomb M16A2 rifle M1 Abrams tank T34 tank M1 rifle

1.60 Ships and aircraft.