Att_4_-_Design_for_Fish_Passage_at_Road_Stream_Crossings_USDOT.pdf

U.S. Department Publication No. FHWA-HIF-07-033 of Transportation June 2007

Federal Highway Administration

DESIGN FOR FISH PASSAGE AT

ROADWAY-STREAM CROSSINGS:

SYNTHESIS REPORT

Federal Highway Administration Office of Infrastructure Research and Development

Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center 6300 Georgetown Pike

McLean, Virginia 22101

Technical Report Documentation Page

1. Report No.

FHWA-HIF-07-033 June 2007

2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No.

4. Title and Subtitle

DESIGN FOR FISH PASSAGE AT ROADWAY-STREAM CROSSINGS:

SYNTHESIS REPORT

5. Report Date June 2007

6. Performing Organization Code

7. Author(s) Rollin H. Hotchkiss and Christopher M. Frei 8. Performing Organization Report No.

9. Performance Organization Name and Address

Washington State University Pullman, WA

Brigham Young University Provo, UT

10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS)

11. Contract or Grant No.

13. Type of Report and Period Covered

Final Report September 2004 – June 2007

12. Sponsoring Agency and Address

Office of Infrastructure Research and Development Federal Highway Administration 6300 Georgetown Pike McLean, VA 22101

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. Supplementary Notes

Contracting Officer’s Technical Representative: Bart Bergendahl

16. Abstract

Cataloging and synthesizing existing methods for the design of roadway-stream crossings for fish passage began in January 2005 with an extensive literature review covering the topics of culvert design and assessment to facilitate fish passage. A survey was posted online to gather input from design professionals across the country, and a Culvert Summit Meeting was held in Denver Colorado from February 15-16, 2006, to allow presentation and discussion of state-of-practice design and assessment techniques. Following the Summit meeting, a Technical Advisory Committee was developed with individuals specifically knowledgeable in the topics of interest. Members were crucial in shaping and reviewing the direction of these guidelines.

This document places current culvert design techniques into four categories based on design premise and objectives. These categories include: No Impedance techniques, which span the entire stream channel and floodplain; Geomorphic Simulation techniques, which create fish passage by matching natural channel conditions within the culvert crossing; Hydraulic Simulation techniques, which attempt to closely resemble hydraulic diversity found in the natural channels through the use of natural and oversized substrate; and Hydraulic Design techniques, which may utilize roughness elements such as baffles and weirs to meet species specific fish passage criteria during periods of fish movement.

Preliminary chapters covering the topics of fish biology and capabilities, culverts as barriers, fish passage hydrology, and design considerations aid in the selection of appropriate design techniques based on hydraulic, biologic, and geomorphic considerations. A further section presents examples of design techniques fitting the defined design categories. Design examples and case histories for a selection of design techniques are presented next, and are followed by a discussion on construction, maintenance, monitoring, and future research needs.

17. Key Words:

Fish passage, Culverts, Bridges, Culvert assessment, Design methods

18. Distribution Statement

No restrictions. This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161

19. Security Classif. (of this report)

Unclassified

20. Security Classif. (of this page)

Unclassified

21. No. of Pages

22. Price

Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Dr. Rollin H. Hotchkiss and Mr. Christopher Frei are the primary authors of this document. Their work was guided by Mr. Bart Bergendahl, Senior Hydraulic Engineer, Central Lands Federal Highway Division. Significant and invaluable discussion, review, and input were provided by two review committees.

Federal Highway Administration Technical Advisory Committee

Andrzej (“Andy”) Kosicki Maryland State Highway Administration Marcin Whitman California Department of Fish and Game Mark Miles (deceased) Alaska Department of Transportation Michael Furniss United States Forest Service Robert Gubernick United States Forest Service Scott Jackson University of Massachusetts Bryan Nordland National Marine Fisheries Service Charles Hebson Maine Department of Transportation

Federal Highway Administration Review Team

Larry Arneson Resource Center, Hydraulic Engineer Eric Brown Resource Center, Hydraulic Engineer

Mark Browning Federal Lands Highway Division, Hydraulic Engineer

Paul Garrett Office of Environment, Ecologist Mary Gray Office of Environment, Environmental

Specialist Scott Hogan Federal Lands Highway Division, Hydraulic

Engineer Kevin Moody Office of Environment, Environmental

Specialist Jorge Pagan Office of Infrastructure, Hydraulic Engineer

Melissa Schnier Federal Lands Highway Division, Environmental Biologist

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DEDICATION

This document is dedicated to the memory of Mark Miles for his interest in promoting and preserving fish passage at roadway-stream crossings and his many overall contributions to the hydraulic engineering community. He is and will always be remembered as a valued source of knowledge, experience, and reason in his profession. His friendship, candor, and leadership will be sorely missed by all who knew him.

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BACKGROUND

Development of this publication began in January 2005 with a literature review covering the topics of culvert design and assessment to ensure fish passage. In February 2005 a project website was posted to keep others apprised of progress, as well as to enhance contact with professionals interested in fish passage design and assessment.

In May 2005, a fish-passage survey was posted online to gather input from design professionals, non-governmental organizations, and other interested parties. Through February 2006 there were 67 respondents from 29 states representing biologists, fisheries managers, hydraulic engineers, bridge engineers, drainage engineers, and environmental managers. All respondents were actively involved in roadway-stream crossing issues; their opinions can be assumed to be representative of their agencies. Of the states represented, only five reported fish passage to be of minor importance including New Hampshire, Florida, Oklahoma, Arizona, and Illinois. Furthermore, 13 states rated fish passage as an extremely important concern. Survey comments were used to shape the initial direction of the document.

A Fish Passage Summit Meeting was held on February 15th – 16th, 2006 in Denver, Colorado. This comprised of 3 sessions – over one and a half days – covering the topics of culvert assessment, design and retrofit, and culvert replacement case histories. Speakers were selected, with design professionals known to be knowledgeable in each of our session topics, and care was taken to ensure that information was presented from regions that are under-represented in fish passage literature. Panel discussions were conducted at the conclusion of each session to invite audience participation and gain perspective on the topics presented. Overall, there were 110 people in attendance, including 16 speakers.

Affiliation ranged from non-governmental-organizations to state departments of transportation.

A Technical Advisory Committee Meeting was held at the conclusion of the Summit Meeting. Those in attendance are specifically knowledgeable in each of the topic areas, and were active in shaping this document. Members of the Technical Advisory Committee included:

Andrzej (“Andy”) Kosicki Maryland State Highway Administration Marcin Whitman California Department of Fish and Game Mark Miles (deceased) Alaska Department of Transportation Michael Furniss United States Forest Service Robert Gubernick United States Forest Service Scott Jackson University of Massachusetts Bryan Nordland National Marine Fisheries Service

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Mr. Hebson from the Maine Department of Transportation has since joined the Technical Advisory Committee.

In addition to the Culvert Summit Meeting, consultation with members of the Forest Service Technology and Development Center in San Dimas, California, as well as with Michael Love and Associates and Michael Furniss (key developers in USFS’s FishXing) was important in shaping project scope and direction. These meetings included site visits to inspect completed fish passage restoration projects and tide gates.

The following document represents the culmination of an effort to gather and share information necessary to understand the current state of bridge and culvert design for fish passage.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ACKNOWLEDGMENT………………………………………………………………… ii

DEDICATION………………………………………………........................................ iii

BACKGROUND…………………………………………………………….…………...iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………………..vii

LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………………… xv

LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………xvii

GLOSSARY…………………………………………………………………………… xxi

GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS……………………………………………………....xxix

LIST OF SYMBOLS………………………………………………………………….. xxx

1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................1-1

1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE.........................................................................1-1

1.2 HIGHWAY PERSPECTIVE .....................................................................1-2

1.3 ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE ...............................................................1-4

1.3.1 Importance of Animal Movement..............................................1-5

1.3.2 Road Stream Interaction ..........................................................1-5

1.3.3 Effects of Population Isolation ..................................................1-6

1.4 LEGISLATION AND REGULATION ........................................................1-7

1.4.1 Statutes and an Executive Order .............................................1-8

1.4.1.1 Clean Water Act (CWA) 1948 ....................................1-8

1.4.1.2 Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973 ....................1-9

1.4.1.3 Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (FWCA) 1934 ....1-10

1.4.1.4 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) 1969.....1-11

1.4.1.5 Rivers and Harbors Appropriations Act of 1899.......1-12

1.4.1.6 Sustainable Fisheries Act 1996 ...............................1-12

1.4.1.7 Wild and Scenic Rivers Act 1968.............................1-13

1.4.1.8 Executive Order on Recreation Fisheries 1995 .......1-13

1.4.2 State and Local Regulations ..................................................1-13

1.5 MULTIDISCIPLINARY NATURE OF PROVIDING FOR FISH PASSAGE

AT ROADWAY-STREAM CROSSINGS ..........................................................1-14

1.6 RELATED FHWA PUBLICATIONS AND REPORT PREVIEW .............1-14

2 FISH BIOLOGY.......................................................................................2-1

2.1 ANATOMY ..............................................................................................2-1

2.2 CAPABILITIES AND ABILITIES ..............................................................2-1

2.2.1 Swimming and Jumping ...........................................................2-1

2.2.2 Species and Life Stages ..........................................................2-2

2.2.3 Depth Requirements ................................................................2-4

2.2.4 Example of Fish Criteria ...........................................................2-5

2.3 FISH MOVEMENT ..................................................................................2-6

2.3.1 Migration ..................................................................................2-6

2.3.2 Juvenile and Resident Movement ............................................2-6

2.4 LOCAL FISH REQUIREMENTS .............................................................2-7

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2.5 CONCLUSIONS......................................................................................2-7

3 CULVERTS AS PASSAGE BARRIERS ..................................................3-1

3.1 STREAM FRAGMENTATION .................................................................3-1

3.2 HOW A CULVERT CAN BE A BARRIER ................................................3-2

3.2.1 Drop at Culvert Outlet ..............................................................3-3

3.2.2 Outlet Pool Depth .....................................................................3-4

3.2.3 Excessive Velocity in Barrel .....................................................3-4

3.2.3.1 Boundary Layer Velocity ............................................3-5

3.2.3.2 Average Velocity ........................................................3-5

3.2.3.3 Maximum Point Velocity ............................................3-6

3.2.3.4 Inlet Transition Velocity..............................................3-6

3.2.4 Insufficient Depth .....................................................................3-6

3.2.5 Excessive Turbulence ..............................................................3-7

3.2.6 Behavioral Barriers...................................................................3-7

3.2.7 Debris Accumulation ................................................................3-8

3.2.8 Summary..................................................................................3-9

4 CULVERT INVENTORY, ASSESSMENT AND PRIORITIZATION .........4-1

4.1 CULVERT INVENTORY..........................................................................4-1

4.1.1 Knowledge of Crossing Location ..............................................4-1

4.1.1.1 Road-Based Inventory ...............................................4-1

4.1.1.2 Stream-Based Inventory ............................................4-2

4.1.2 Inventory Goals ........................................................................4-2

4.1.3 Data Collection .........................................................................4-2

4.2 CULVERT ASSESSMENT ......................................................................4-3

4.2.1 Overview ..................................................................................4-3

4.2.1.1 Criteria .......................................................................4-3

4.2.1.2 Development .............................................................4-4

4.2.2 Criteria .....................................................................................4-4

4.2.2.1 Degree of Barrier .......................................................4-4

4.2.3 Existing Procedures .................................................................4-5

4.2.3.1 Coarse Filter ..............................................................4-5

4.2.3.2 Regional Screen ........................................................4-6

4.2.3.3 Examples of Regional Screen Criteria .......................4-6

4.2.3.4 Flow Chart Filters.......................................................4-9

4.2.3.5 Matrix Filters ..............................................................4-9

4.2.3.6 Hydraulic Analysis .....................................................4-9

4.2.4 Recommended Template .........................................................4-9

4.3 PRIORITIZATION OF ROAD CROSSING CULVERT

RETROFITS/REPLACEMENTS ......................................................................4-12

4.3.1 Overview ................................................................................4-12

4.3.1.1 Objectives ................................................................4-12

4.3.1.2 Funding Source .......................................................4-12

4.3.2 Criteria ...................................................................................4-12

4.3.2.1 Cost .........................................................................4-12

4.3.2.2 Ecological Significance ............................................4-13

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4.3.2.3 Habitat Blocked........................................................4-13

4.3.2.4 Risk/Significance of Failure .....................................4-14

4.3.3 Existing Prioritization Procedures...........................................4-15

4.3.3.1 California Department of Fish and Game ................4-15

4.3.3.2 Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife ..................4-15

4.3.3.3 Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife ...........4-16

4.3.4 Recommended Template .......................................................4-16

5 FISH PASSAGE HYDROLOGY ..............................................................5-1

5.1 HYDROLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS FOR FISH PASSAGE DESIGN ....5-1

5.1.1 Seasonality...............................................................................5-1

5.1.1.1 Timing and Extent of Fish Presence ..........................5-1

5.1.1.2 Species and Life Stage ..............................................5-2

5.1.1.3 Representing Seasonal Flows ...................................5-2

5.1.2 Extreme Events ........................................................................5-3

5.1.2.1 Fish Response...........................................................5-3

5.1.2.2 Allowable Delay .........................................................5-3

5.1.2.3 Migration Flows..........................................................5-4

5.2 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS.....................................................................5-4

5.2.1 High Fish Passage Flows .........................................................5-4

5.2.2 Low Fish Passage Flows..........................................................5-5

5.2.3 Bankfull Flow ............................................................................5-5

5.2.4 Streambed Stability and Crossing Capacity .............................5-6

5.2.5 Tidal Influence ..........................................................................5-6

5.3 HYDROLOGIC PROCEDURES ..............................................................5-7

6 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS, METHODS AND TOOLS ........................6-1

6.1 OBJECTIVES ..........................................................................................6-1

6.1.1 Biological Considerations .........................................................6-2

6.1.1.1 Fish Passage Requirements......................................6-2

6.1.1.2 Ecological Significance ..............................................6-3

6.1.2 Geomorphic Considerations .....................................................6-4

6.1.2.1 Form and Key Features .............................................6-4

6.1.2.2 Stability ......................................................................6-5

6.1.2.3 Morphological Adjustment Potential/Ability ................6-5

6.1.2.4 Rigid Structure in Dynamic Environment ...................6-5

6.1.3 Hydraulic Considerations .........................................................6-5

6.1.3.1 Flood Flow Conveyance ............................................6-5

6.1.3.2 Culvert Flow Characteristics ......................................6-5

6.1.3.3 Targeted Fish Passage at Design Flows ...................6-5

6.1.3.4 Passage for All Fish ...................................................6-6

6.1.3.5 Sediment Transport ...................................................6-6

6.1.3.6 Outlet Control ............................................................6-6

6.2 CONSTRAINTS ......................................................................................6-7

6.2.1 Costs........................................................................................6-7

6.2.2 Right of Way.............................................................................6-8

6.2.3 Physical Constraints.................................................................6-8

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6.2.4 Environmental Constraints .......................................................6-8

6.2.5 Regulatory Constraints.............................................................6-8

6.2.6 Alignment .................................................................................6-9

6.3 DESIGN APPROACHES.......................................................................6-10

6.3.1 No Impedance ........................................................................6-10

6.3.2 Geomorphic Simulation (Category 1) .....................................6-10

6.3.2.1 Biological Characteristics.........................................6-10

6.3.2.2 Geomorphic Characteristics ....................................6-10

6.3.2.3 Hydraulic Characteristics .........................................6-11

6.3.2.4 Data Requirements ..................................................6-11

6.3.3 Hydraulic Simulation (Category 2)..........................................6-11

6.3.3.1 Biological Characteristics.........................................6-12

6.3.3.2 Geomorphic Characteristics ....................................6-12

6.3.3.3 Hydraulic Characteristics .........................................6-13

6.3.3.4 Data Requirements ..................................................6-13

6.3.4 Hydraulic Design (Category 3) ...............................................6-13

6.3.4.1 Biological Characteristics.........................................6-14

6.3.4.2 Geomorphic Characteristics ....................................6-14

6.3.4.3 Hydraulic Characteristics .........................................6-14

6.3.4.4 Data Requirements ..................................................6-14

6.3.4.5 Further Considerations ............................................6-15

6.4 DESIGN SELECTION ...........................................................................6-15

6.4.1 Summary Matrix of Design Approaches .................................6-16

6.5 ANALYSIS TOOLS AND SOFTWARE..................................................6-16

6.5.1 Channel Geometry .................................................................6-17

6.5.1.1 Channel Width .........................................................6-17

6.5.1.2 Channel Profile and Condition .................................6-18

6.5.2 Stream Classification .............................................................6-20

6.5.2.1 Montgomery and Buffington.....................................6-20

6.5.2.2 Rosgen Stream Classification..................................6-22

6.5.2.3 Summary of Channel Classification .........................6-22

6.5.3 Stream Morphology ................................................................6-23

6.5.3.1 Gradient...................................................................6-23

6.5.3.2 Bed Material and Embedded Culverts .....................6-23

6.5.3.3 Key Roughness Elements .......................................6-23

6.5.3.4 Subsurface Flows ....................................................6-24

6.5.4 Estimating Roughness with the Manning Equation ................6-24

6.5.4.1 Limerinos Equation ..................................................6-24

6.5.4.2 Jarrett’s Equation .....................................................6-25

6.5.4.3 Mussetter’s Equation ...............................................6-26

6.5.5 Bed Mobility............................................................................6-26

6.5.5.1 Simulated Streambed Design ..................................6-26

6.5.5.2 Modified Shield’s Equation ......................................6-27

6.5.5.3 Critical Unit Discharge Approach .............................6-29

6.5.5.4 Boundary Shear Threshold Analysis........................6-31

6.5.5.5 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Riprap .....................6-32

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6.5.5.6 Reference Reach Approach ....................................6-33

6.5.5.7 Unit-Discharge Bed Design .....................................6-33

6.5.5.8 Paleohydraulic Analysis ...........................................6-34

6.5.5.9 Critical Shear Stress Method ...................................6-35

6.5.6 Countermeasures for Channel Instability ...............................6-36

6.5.6.1 Scour Countermeasures ..........................................6-36

6.5.6.2 Channel Modifications .............................................6-37

6.5.6.3 Roughened Channel ................................................6-38

6.5.6.4 Grade Control Structures .........................................6-38

6.5.6.5 Tailwater Control......................................................6-39

6.5.6.6 Broad Crested Weirs ...............................................6-40

6.5.7 Culvert Shapes and Standards ..............................................6-41

6.5.8 Simulation Software ...............................................................6-42

6.5.8.1 FishXing...................................................................6-43

6.5.8.2 FishBase..................................................................6-43

6.5.8.3 HY-8 v. 7.0...............................................................6-44

6.5.8.4 HEC-RAS ................................................................6-44

6.5.8.5 Commercial Programs .............................................6-44

7 DESIGN METHODS ...............................................................................7-1

7.1 GEOMORPHIC SIMULATION (CATEGORY 1) ......................................7-1

7.1.1 U.S.F.S. Stream Simulation – DRAFT Manual .........................7-3

7.1.1.1 Biological Characteristics...........................................7-3

7.1.1.2 Geomorphic Characteristics ......................................7-3

7.1.1.3 Hydraulic Characteristics ...........................................7-4

7.1.1.4 Data Requirements ....................................................7-4

7.1.1.5 Design Procedure ......................................................7-7

7.1.2 WDFW Stream Simulation .......................................................7-8

7.1.2.1 Biological Characteristics...........................................7-8

7.1.2.2 Geomorphic Characteristics ......................................7-8

7.1.2.3 Hydraulic Characteristics ...........................................7-9

7.1.2.4 Data Requirements ....................................................7-9

7.1.2.5 Design Procedure ....................................................7-12

7.1.3 No-Slope and Active Channel Design ....................................7-13

7.1.3.1 Biological Characteristics.........................................7-13

7.1.3.2 Geomorphic Characteristics ....................................7-13

7.1.3.3 Hydraulic Characteristics .........................................7-14

7.1.3.4 Data Requirements ..................................................7-14

7.1.3.5 Design Procedure ....................................................7-15

7.1.4 Summary of Geomorphic Simulation Procedures ..................7-16

7.2 HYDRAULIC SIMULATION (CATEGORY 2) ........................................7-17

7.2.1 Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Stream Simulation ..7-18

7.2.1.1 Biological Characteristics.........................................7-18

7.2.1.2 Geomorphic Characteristics ....................................7-18

7.2.1.3 Hydraulic Characteristics .........................................7-18

7.2.1.4 Data Requirements ..................................................7-19

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7.2.2 Alaska DF&G and DOT Stream Simulation ............................7-23

7.2.2.1 Biological Characteristics.........................................7-23

7.2.2.2 Geomorphic Characteristics ....................................7-23

7.2.2.3 Hydraulic Characteristics .........................................7-23

7.2.2.4 Data Requirements ..................................................7-24

7.2.2.5 Design Procedure ....................................................7-24

7.2.3 Browning et al. 1990 ..............................................................7-25

7.2.3.1 Biological Characteristics.........................................7-25

7.2.3.2 Geomorphic Characteristics ....................................7-25

7.2.3.3 Hydraulic Characteristics .........................................7-26

7.2.3.4 Data Requirements ..................................................7-26

7.2.4 Maryland ................................................................................7-29

7.2.4.1 Biological Characteristics.........................................7-29

7.2.4.2 Geomorphic Characteristics ....................................7-29

7.2.4.3 Hydraulic Characteristics .........................................7-29

7.2.4.4 Data Requirements ..................................................7-30

7.2.4.5 Design Procedure ....................................................7-31

7.2.5 Summary of Hydraulic Simulation Procedures .......................7-32

7.3 HYDRAULIC DESIGN (CATEGORY 3) ................................................7-33

7.3.1 General Hydraulic Design ......................................................7-35

7.3.1.1 Biological Characteristics.........................................7-35

7.3.1.2 Geomorphic Characteristics ....................................7-35

7.3.1.3 Hydraulic Characteristics .........................................7-36

7.3.1.4 Data Requirements ..................................................7-36

7.3.1.5 Design Procedure ....................................................7-37

7.3.2 Baffle Configurations ..............................................................7-39

7.3.2.1 Biological Characteristics.........................................7-42

7.3.2.2 Geomorphic Characteristics ....................................7-42

7.3.2.3 Hydraulic Characteristics .........................................7-42

7.3.2.4 Data Requirements ..................................................7-43

7.3.3 Maine .....................................................................................7-47

7.3.3.1 Biological Characteristics.........................................7-47

7.3.3.2 Geomorphic Characteristics ....................................7-47

7.3.3.3 Hydraulic Characteristics .........................................7-47

7.3.3.4 Data Requirements ..................................................7-47

7.3.3.5 Design Procedure ....................................................7-48

7.3.4 Roughened Channel Design ..................................................7-49

7.3.4.1 Biological Characteristics.........................................7-49

7.3.4.2 Geomorphic Characteristics ....................................7-49

7.3.4.3 Hydraulic Characteristics .........................................7-50

7.3.4.4 Data Requirements ..................................................7-50

7.3.4.5 Design Procedure ....................................................7-53

7.3.5 Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Hydraulic Design ....7-54

7.3.5.1 Biological Characteristics.........................................7-54

7.3.5.2 Geomorphic Characteristics ....................................7-54

7.3.5.3 Hydraulic Characteristics .........................................7-54

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7.3.5.4 Data Requirements ..................................................7-54

7.3.6 Maine DOT Culvert Design for Rehabilitation.........................7-59

7.3.6.1 Biological Characteristics.........................................7-59

7.3.6.2 Geomorphic Characteristics ....................................7-59

7.3.6.3 Hydraulic Characteristics .........................................7-59

7.3.6.4 Data Requirements ..................................................7-59

7.3.6.5 Design Procedure ....................................................7-60

7.3.7 Summary of Hydraulic Design Procedures.............................7-61

7.3.8 A Detachable Fishway for Steep Culverts ..............................7-62

7.3.8.1 Biological Characteristics.........................................7-62

7.3.8.2 Geomorphic Characteristics ....................................7-62

7.3.8.3 Hydraulic Characteristics .........................................7-62

7.3.8.4 Data Requirements ..................................................7-63

7.3.8.5 Design Procedure ....................................................7-63

7.3.9 Fishways ................................................................................7-65

7.3.9.1 Biological Characteristics.........................................7-66

7.3.9.2 Geomorphic Characteristics ....................................7-66

7.3.9.3 Hydraulic Characteristics .........................................7-66

7.3.9.4 Data Requirements ..................................................7-66

7.3.10 Floodplain Culverts ................................................................7-67

7.3.10.1 Biological Characteristics.......................................7-67

7.3.10.2 Geomorphic Characteristics ..................................7-67

7.3.10.3 Hydraulic Characteristics .......................................7-67

7.3.10.4 Data Requirements ................................................7-67

7.3.11 Two-Cell Installations .............................................................7-68

7.3.11.1 Biological Characteristics.......................................7-70

7.3.11.2 Geomorphic Characteristics ..................................7-70

7.3.11.3 Hydraulic Characteristics .......................................7-70

7.3.11.4 Data Requirements ................................................7-70

7.3.12 Tide Gates..............................................................................7-71

7.3.12.1 Biological Characteristics.......................................7-74

7.3.12.2 Geomorphic Characteristics ..................................7-74

7.3.12.3 Hydraulic Characteristics .......................................7-74

8 CASE STUDIES AND DESIGN EXAMPLES ..........................................8-1

8.1 GEOMORPHIC SIMULATION ................................................................8-1

8.1.1 USFS Stream Simulation Design Example ..............................8-1

8.1.2 USFS Stability Check Design Example ....................................8-4

8.1.3 WDFW Stream Simulation Design Example ............................8-7

8.1.4 Unit Discharge Design Example...............................................8-9

8.1.4.1 Paleohydraulic Analysis .............................................8-9

8.1.5 WDFW No-Slope Design Example.........................................8-11

8.1.6 Embedded Pipe Case History ................................................8-12

8.2 HYDRAULIC SIMULATION...................................................................8-15

8.2.1 Culvert with Floodplain Relief Case History ...........................8-15

8.3 HYDRAULIC DESIGN...........................................................................8-20

8.3.1 John Hatt Creek Case History ................................................8-20

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8.3.2 WDFW Roughened Channel Design Example .......................8-28

8.3.2.1 Fish Passage Velocity .............................................8-29

8.3.2.2 Turbulence...............................................................8-31

9 CONSTRUCTION, MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION ........................9-1

9.1 CONSTRUCTION ...................................................................................9-1

9.1.1 Timing ......................................................................................9-1

9.1.2 Constructability.........................................................................9-1

9.1.3 Bed Mix Specification ...............................................................9-1

9.1.4 Sealing Voids ...........................................................................9-2

9.1.5 Compaction ..............................................................................9-3

9.2 MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION.......................................................9-3

10 MONITORING .......................................................................................10-1

10.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE.......................................................................10-1

10.2 METHODS ............................................................................................10-2

10.2.1 Inventory and Assessment .....................................................10-4

10.2.2 Surveying and Field Inspection ..............................................10-4

11 FUTURE RESEARCH NEEDS .............................................................11-1

11.1 SEDIMENT MOVEMENT AND STABILITY...........................................11-1

11.2 FLOW HYDRAULICS............................................................................11-1

11.3 LIFE CYCLE COSTS ............................................................................11-1

11.4 FISH MOVEMENT AND RESPONSE ...................................................11-2

11.5 MONITORING .......................................................................................11-2

11.5.1 Hydraulic Simulation Structures .............................................11-2

11.5.2 Hydraulic Design Structures ...................................................11-2

APPENDIX A .................................................................................................... A-1

METRIC SYSTEM, CONVERSION FACTORS, AND WATER

PROPERTIES ........................................................................................ A-1

REFERENCES ................................................................................................. R-1

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1 Possible Geomorphic Responses and Impacts of a Stream Channel to an Undersized Culvert (adapted from Bates et al. 2006) ............................1-3

Table 1.2 FHWA Culvert Design Technologies and Supporting Guidance .....1-15

Table 1.3 Report Preview ...............................................................................1-16

Table 2.1 Movement Type as It Relates to Muscle System Utilization (adapted from Bell 1986) ...........................................................................................2-2

Table 2.2 Minimum Depth Criteria for Successful Upstream Passage of Adult

Salmon and Trout, Customary Units (Everest et al. 1985)..........................2-5

Table 2.3 Fish-Passage Design Criteria for Culvert Installations, Customary

Units (Bates et al. 2003) .............................................................................2-6

Table 3.1 State Fish Passage Depth Requirements .........................................3-6

Table 3.2 Description of Barriers to Fish Passage and Possible Effects...........3-9

Table 4.1 Specific Culvert Characteristics Useful in Assessment, Including

Possible Barrier Types (Coffman 2005) ......................................................4-3

Table 4.2 Fish Passage Barrier Types and Their Potential Impacts (Taylor and

Love 2003)..................................................................................................4-5

Table 5.1 State and Agency Guidelines for High Fish Passage Flows, Customary Units (adapted from Clarkin et al. 2003) ...................................5-4

Table 5.2 State and Agency Guidelines for Low Fish Passage Flows, Customary Units (adapted from Clarkin et al. 2003) ...................................5-5

Table 5.3 Flows Used in Determining Adequate Streambed Stability (adapted from Clarkin et al. 2003) .............................................................................5-6

Table 6.1 Summary of Geomorphic, Biologic and Hydraulic Characteristics of

Various Crossing Options .........................................................................6-16

Table 6.2 Stream Classification by Montgomery and Buffington (from Bunte and

Abt 2001) ..................................................................................................6-21

Table 6.3 Morphological Characteristics of the Major Rosgen Stream Types

(Bunte and Abt 2001)................................................................................6-22

Table 6.4 Angle of Repose, Shield’s Parameter and Critical Shear Stress Values for Gravel-, Cobble- and Boulder-Sized Particles (Bates et al. 2006) .......6-29

Table 6.5 Prediction of Water Depth for a Given Maximum Particle Size that Has

Been Moved (Bates et al. 2003) ...............................................................6-35

Table 6.6 Comparison of Channel Profile Design Structures Used to Control

Grade either Upstream or Downstream of a Culvert (adapted from Bates et

al. 2003 with additional comments from other sources) ............................6-38

Table 6.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Culvert Shapes for Fish

Passage Installations (from White 1997; Norman et al. 2005; Bates et al.

2003; Robison et al. 1999) ........................................................................6-42

Table 7.1 Design Recommendations Based on Channel Types (adapted from Bates et al. 2006)........................................................................................7-5

Table 7.2 Comparison of Geomorphic Simulation Techniques .......................7-16

Table 7.3 Flow Capacity for Non Embedded Circular and Pipe-Arch Culverts, Customary Units*† (Robison et al. 1999) ..................................................7-20

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Table 7.4 Comparison of Percent of Culvert Diameter or Rise with Baffles or Embedding and Corresponding Cross-Sectional Area Loss for the Culvert (Robison et al. 1999) ................................................................................7-21

Table 7.5 Comparison of Hydraulic Simulation Design Techniques ...............7-32

Table 7.6 Baffle Hydraulics (Bates et al. 2003) ...............................................7-43

Table 7.7 Water Velocity Requirement for Culvert Installations in Oregon, Customary Units (Robison et al. 1999) .....................................................7-54

Table 7.8 Comparison of Hydraulic Design Techniques .................................7-61

Table 8.1 Modeled Hydraulic Conditions at Fish Passage Design Flows for John

Hatt Creek (Customary Units) ...................................................................8-22

Table 10.1 Types of Monitoring (adapted from Collins 2003) .........................10-1

Table 10.2 Monitoring Questions, Parameters, Effectiveness, Criteria and Field

Methods (adapted from Harris 2005) ........................................................10-3

Table A.1 Overview of SI……………………………………………………………A-2

Table A.2 Relationship of Mass and Weight……………………………………... A-2

Table A.3 Derived Units with Special Names……………………………………. A-2

Table A.4 Useful Conversion Factors…………………………………………….. A-2

Table A.5 Prefixes…………………………………………………………………... A-4

Table A.6 Physical Properties of Water at Atmospheric Pressure in SI Units… A-5

Table A.7 Physical Properties of Water at Atmospheric Pressure (Customary

Units)……………………………………………………………………………...A-6

Table A.8 Sediment Particles Grade Scale……………………………………….. A-7

Table A.9 Common Equivalent Hydraulic Units…………………………………...A-8

Table A.10 Common Equivalent Hydraulic Units (continued)…………………… A-8

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Scour downstream from culvert “perches” the barrel above the streambed, making it inaccessible to many fish species (United States

Forest Service 2006b) ................................................................................1-3

Figure 1.2 Downstream channel degradation causing culvert to become perched, and presenting a low flow barrier to fish passage (Furniss 2006) 1-4

Figure 1.3 Multiple culvert installation located at a slope break where sediment is likely to deposit, creating a debris barrier (United States Forest Service

2006b) ........................................................................................................1-4

Figure 2.1 Relative swimming abilities of adult fish, in customary units (Bell

1986) ..........................................................................................................2-3

Figure 2.2 Relative swimming abilities of young fish, in customary units (Bell

1986) ..........................................................................................................2-4

Figure 2.3 Minimum water depths for fish passage in Alaska (Alaska Department of Fish and Game and Alaska Department of Transportation 2001) ...........2-5

Figure 3.1 Changes in fish habitat use over time after roadway fragmentation

(Jackson, Personal Communication) ..........................................................3-2

Figure 3.2 Barriers to fish passage (Natalie Cabrera and the FishXing Team) .3-3

Figure 3.3 Perched outlet, leap barrier (Alaska Department of Fish and Game

2005) ..........................................................................................................3-4

Figure 3.4 Drop and velocity barrier (Alaska Department of Fish and Game

2005) ..........................................................................................................3-5

Figure 4.1 Longitudinal profile survey points (Clarkin et al. 2003) ....................4-3

Figure 4.2 Example of a coarse filter and regional screen in customary units

(from Clarkin et al. 2003) ............................................................................4-7

Figure 4.3 Alaskan fish-passage evaluation criteria, United States Forest Service

Region 10, customary units (Flanders and Cariello 2000) ..........................4-8

Figure 4.4 Flow chart for culvert assessment (adapted from Clarkin et al. 2003)

..................................................................................................................4-11

Figure 4.5 The erosional consequences of diverting stream flow onto non-stream slopes (Furniss et al. 1997).......................................................................4-14

Figure 4.6 Fill in the blank regional screen based on the California model

(Clarkin et al. 2003) ..................................................................................4-17

Figure 5.1 Peak spawning periods for a selection of freshwater fish in Virginia, based on biological data from Scott and Crossman (1973) (adapted from

Hudy 2006) .................................................................................................5-2

Figure 5.2 Synthetic flow duration curves from May Creek, customary units

(Lang et al. 2004)........................................................................................5-3

Figure 6.1 Range of ecological solutions at culvert installations (adapted from

Gubernick 2006) .........................................................................................6-4

Figure 6.2 Culverts under outlet control (Norman et al. 2005) ..........................6-7

Figure 6.3 Alignment options for a skewed roadway-stream crossing (Bates et

al. 2006)......................................................................................................6-9

Figure 6.4 Depiction of bankfull channel width compared to active channel width

(Taylor and Love 2003).............................................................................6-18

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Figure 6.5 Critical bank height is inherently unstable and will result in bank failure and stream widening (Castro 2003) ...............................................6-19

Figure 6.6 Downstream riprap will dissipate energy and reduce scour, but must be placed with fish utilization in mind (USFS 2005) ..................................6-37

Figure 6.7 Downstream grade control (Bates et al. 2003)...............................6-39

Figure 6.8 Upstream regrade channel-steepening options (Bates et al. 2003)….

..................................................................................................................6-39

Figure 6.9 Notch weirs downstream of a culvert installation, acting to properly backwater the culvert, while maintaining manageable drops (United States

Forest Service 2005) ................................................................................6-40

Figure 7.1 Low flow channel in an open bottom structure (Bates et al. 2006)...7-7

Figure 7.2 Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Stream Simulation approach for low slope situations, where bed slope < 4.0% (Bates et al.

2003) ........................................................................................................7-10

Figure 7.3 Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife High-Slope Stream Simulation Approach (Bates et al. 2003) ..................................................7-11

Figure 7.4 WDFW No-Slope option (Bates et al. 2003) ..................................7-15

Figure 7.5 Steps in Hydraulic Design (Robison et al. 1999)............................7-33

Figure 7.6 Hydraulic Design option, customary units (Bates et al. 2003) ........7-35

Figure 7.7 (a) Offset baffle; (b) slotted weir baffle; (c) weir baffle; (d) spoiler baffle; (e) Alberta fishweir; and (f) Alberta fishbaffle (Ead et al. 2002) ......7-40

Figure 7.8 Culvert options (b) slotted weir and (c) weir baffle configurations

(adapted from Ead et al. 2002) .................................................................7-41

Figure 7.9 Recommended styles of baffles for round and box culverts in

Washington (Bates et al. 2003).................................................................7-42

Figure 7.10 Variation of Darcy-Weisbach friction factor (Bates et al. 2003) ....7-45

Figure 7.11 Energy coefficients for various baffle arrangements (adapted from

Bates et al. 2003)......................................................................................7-45

Figure 7.12 Roughened-channel culverts using fish rocks and bed retention sills

(Bates et al. 2003) ....................................................................................7-52

Figure. 7.13 Baffle configurations endorsed in Oregon in customary units

(Trevis, Personal Communication).…………………………………………..7-56

Figure 7.14 8 inch plastic baffle used in Oregon, customary units (Trevis, Personal Communication) ........................................................................7-57

Figure 7.15 12 inch plastic baffle used in Oregon, customary units (Trevis, Personal Communication) ........................................................................7-58

Figure 7.16 Detachable fishway design for culvert retrofit, customary units

(Clancy 1990) ...........................................................................................7-64

Figure 7.17 Fishway installed on Peacock Creek, California (Llanos 2004) ...7-65

Figure 7.18 Example detail of low-flow channel sills, customary units (Twisdale, Personal Communication) ...................................................................