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ARTILLERY

FOR THE

UNITED STATES LAND SERVICE,

X8 DEVISED AND ARRANGED BY

THE ORDNANCE BOARD

WITH PLATES.

PREPARKD UNDER THE INSTRUCTIONS OF THE

COLONEL OF ORDNANCE,

BY

BREVET MAJOR ALFRED MORDECAI,

OF THE, ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT.

WASHINGTON:

J. AND r.. S- CilDEONj T'KINTERS.

1849.

L I B R A }? Y UNIVKiJM J V OF

^CALIFORNIA.

^/3

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INTRODUCTION. m

ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT,

Washington, 16th August, 1849.

Hon. G. W. Crawford, Secretary of War:

Sir: During a number of years past the efforts of the Ordnance

Corps have been directed, under the annexed orders of the War

Department, to the preparation of a system of Artillery for the

Land Service of the United States. I respectfully present for your approval the result of our labors, which, except in a few par-ticulars, are now completed, and when sanctioned, will govern in all constructions by this Department, and establish uniformity therein.

I am, sir, most respectfully.

Your obedient servant, G. TALCOTT, Bvt. Brig. Gen. , Col. of Ordnance.

WAR DEPARTMENT,

April 16M, 1839.

Gentlemen: You are hereby informed that you are associated on duty for the purpose of devising and arranging a uniform sys-tem of Artillery, and other supplies of every kind furnished for the military service by the Ordnance Department, for which purpose an appropriation was made at the last session of Con-gress.

IV INTRODUCTION.

In the execution of this duty you will prepare the necessary drawings, tables, and descriptions in detail, of all the articles of supply, which will be presented from time to time to the Secre-tary of War for examination and, when approved, for adoption into service.

"You will assemble for this purpose at Washington as early as practicable. The time of meeting to be designated by Lieut. Col.

Talcott.

Very respectfully.

Your obedient servant, J. R. POINSETT, Secretary of War.

Lieut. Col. Geo. Talcott, Major R. L. Baker, Captain A. Mordecai, Capt. B. HuGER, Ordnance Corps.

War Department, August 16M, 1849.

The system of Artillery for the Land Service, prepared by the

Ordnance Department, is approved, and will be adopted.

GEO. W. CRAWFORD,

Secretary of War.

INTRODUCTION. V

Washington, August, 1849.

To Brig. Gen. GEO. TALCOTT, Ordnance Department.

Sir: I have the honor to report that I have completed, as far as practicable at present, the duty assigned to me by your instruc-tions of Oct. 14th, 1847, relative to ^ ^arranging, preparing, and publishing drawings of a uniform system of Artillery."

The arrangement of the details of this system has occupied a great part of the time and attention of the Ordnance Board since its organization in 1839, and these drawings have been prepared in conformity with their decisions, approved and adopted by the proper authority.

The Plates show the forms and dimensions of the ordnance, and of the various gun carriages, wagons, equipments and imple-ments for the service of the Artillery, together with the details required for their construction at the arsenals.

These plates are accompanied by an explanatory Text which contains the nomenclature of the parts, and describes the nature, dimensions and quantity of the materials for their construction, together with other particulars, relative to the manner of working these materials, which could not be exhibited in the plates.

The work is divided into separate parts for the purpose of facil-itating the preparation and use of it, and also in order to admit, without inconvenience, such alterations and additions as future experience may suggest. With this view, the plates of each part, and the pages of the corresponding text, are numbered in a sepa-rate series, so that they may be bound in single parts, or in any convenient volume.

To avoid the necessity of frequently repeating, in the plates, the figures which are common to many parts of the work, (such as the dimensions of the heads and nuts of bolts, &c.,) those de-

VI INTRODUCTION.

tails are given, in tabular form, in appropriate parts of the text, according to a uniform system of clashification which is explained in the beginning of Part second.

The dimensions on the plates are expressed, in inches and deci-mal parts, by figures and marks of reference.

Some discrepancies, (almost unavoidable in so large a work,) may be observed between the dimensions measured by the scale and those indicated by the figures of reference; in such cases the latter are always to be taken as a guide.

Part 6 is deficient in the carriages for mounting columbiads, and Part 8, in the beds for heavy mortars, the arrangement of which has been recently committed, by the Ordnance Board, to

Col. Huger.

I take pleasure in acknowledging here the highly valuable assistance which I have received, in the preparation and revision of this work, from Lieut. Col. Baker, of the Ordnance Depart-ment, commanding the Arsenal at Watervliet, and also from the master workmen at Watervliet and Washington Arsenals.

Respectfully, your obedient servant, A. MORDECAI, Capt. Ordnance, Bvt. Major.

Note.—In the plates which are colored, the nature of the material is denoted by the color, as follows

Wood - - - - Straw color.

Wrought Iron - - Blue.

Cast Iron - - . J^eutral lint.

Steel - - - - Purple.

Brass - - - - Yellow.

Copper - - - - Light red.

Bronze - - - - Reddish yellow.

Leather - - - Light broion.

Rope and Linen - - Greenish grey.

CONTENTS

Part I. Ordnance for the Land Service.

Part II. Carriages for the service of Field Artillery.

Part III. Carriages for the service of Siege Batteries.

Part IV. Harness for Field and Siege Carriages.

Part V. Gun Carriage and Equipments for the service of

Mountain Artillery.

Part VI. Carriages for the service of Barbette Batteries.

Part VII. Carriages for the service of Casemate Batteries.

Part VIII. Mortar Beds.

Part IX. Machines for Siege and Garrison Service.

Part X. Implements, Equipments, and Tools, for the service of Field, Siege, and Garrison Artillery.

Part XL Ammunition and Projectiles.

Part XII. Equipment of Ammunition Chests, Gun Carriages and Wagons, for the service of Field and Siege

Batteries.

PartXIII. Instruments for verifying the dimensions of Ord-nance and Projectiles.

PART FIRST

ORDNANCE

FOR

THE LAND SERVICE

PART FIRST.

ORDNANCE.

The following are the kinds and calibres of ordnance used in the land service of the United States.

Kind of Ordnance. Calibre. Material. No. of Plate.

Guns -

Howitzers

COLUMBIADS

Mortars

Field - - - -

Siege and garrison

Seacoast - - -

Mountain

Field - \ Siege and garrison

Seacoast - - -

Light -

Heavy

Stone mortar Coehorn -

^ Eprouvette •

6-pounder 12-pounder

12-pounder 18-pounder 24-pounder 32-pounder 42-pounder

12-pounder 12-pounder 24-pounder 32-pounder

8-inch

24-pounder 8-inch

10-inch -

8-inch

10-inch -

8-inch

10-inch -

10-inch -

13-inch

16-inch -

24-pounder 24-pounder

Bronze

Iron

Bronze

Iron -

Bronze

Iron

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

VI.

VII.

VIII.

IX.

X.

XI.

XII.

XIII.

XIV.

XV.

XVI.

XVII.

XVIII.

XIX.

XX.

XXI.

XXII.

A 12-inch columbiad, of cast iron, has also been tried and promises favorable results.

PART 1. ORDNANCE.

Nomenclature mid description of ordnance.

The forms and dimensions of the several pieces of ordnance are shown in the Plates referred to in the last column of the preceding table.

Cannon made of bronze are commonly called brass cannon.

The cascable is the part of the gun in rear of the base ring; it is composed generally of the following parts: iliQ knob, the neck, the fillet, and the base of the breech.

The curves of the knob and neck of the cascable are constructed in the manner represented in Plate 1.

The drawing of each piece gives the length, A B, of the knob and neck together, the diameter C D of the fillet, the greatest diameter of the knob and the smallest diameter of the neck. Par-allel to A B, at a distance from it equal to one-third of the greatest semi-diameter of the knob, draw the lines m o and n p; take A I, equal to twice op, and from the centre I describe the arc L A K;

from the same centre, with a radius equal to op, describe an arc cutting the lines m o, np, in m and n, and from the centres m and n, with the radius m\ ov n\, describe the arcs K r, L h.

Draw a b parallel to A B, at a distance from it equal to half the smallest diameter of the neck of the cascable, intersecting the line m n produced, in a ; find the centre / of a circle passing through the points m, a and C, and draw fg perpendicular io ab which it intersects at G; an arc of a circle having its centre in the line fg and passing through the points C and G, will be tangent to the line a b and to the arc LEA.

The base of the breech is a frustum of a cone, or a spherical segment, in rear of the breech.

The base ring is a projecting band of metal adjoining the base of the breech and connected with the body of the gun by a con-cave moulding.

NOMENCLATURE AND DESCRIPTION. 5

The breech is the mass of solid metal behind the bottom of the bore, extending to the base of the breech.

The reinforce is the thickest part of the body of the gun, in front of the base ring ; if there is more than one reinforce, that which is next to the base ring is called the first reinforce; the other, the second reinforce. In some howitzers, instead of a re-inforce, there is a recess in the metal around the chamber, next to the base ring.

The reinforce band is at the junction of the first and second re-inforces in the heavy howitzers and columbiads.

The chase is the conical part of the gun in front of the reinforce.

The astragal and fillets, in field guns, and the chase ring in other pieces, are the mouldings at the front end of the chase.

The neck is the smallest part of the piece, in front of the astra-gal or the chase ring.

The s^vell of the muzzle is the largest part of the gun in front of the neck. It is terminated by the muzzle mouldings, which, in field and siege guns, consist of the lip and the fillet.

In the seacoast guns and heavy howitzers and columbiads, there is no fillet. In field and siege howitzers and in mortars a muzzle band takes the place of the swell of the muzzle.

The face of the piece is the terminating plane perpendicular to the axis of the bore.

The trunnions are cylinders, the axes of which are in a line perpendicular to the axis of the bore, and in the same plane with that axis.

The rimbases are short cylinders, uniting the trunnions with the body of the gun. The ends of the rim bases, or the shoulders of the trunnions, are planes perpendicular to the axis of the trun-nions.

The bare of the piece includes all the part bored out, viz: the cylinder, the chamber (if there be one) and the conical or spheri-cal surface connecting them.

6 PART 1.—ORDNANCE.

The chaTnber, in howitzers, columbiads and mortars, is the smaller part of the bore, which contains the charge of powder.

In howitzers and columbiads, the chamber is cylindrical ; it is united with the large cylinder of the bore by a conical surface the angles of intersection of this conical surface with the cylin-ders of the bore and chamber are rounded (in profile) by arcs of circles. In the 8-inch siege howitzer, the chamber is united with the cylinder of the bore by a spherical surface, in order that the shell may, when necessary, be inserted without a sabot.

A conical chamber which is joined to the cylinder of the bore by a portion of a spherical surface, (as in the 8-inch and 10-inch light mortars,) is called a Gomer chamber.

The bottom of the bore is a plane perpendicular to the axis, united with the sides (in profile) by an arc of a circle the radius of which is one-fourth of the diameter of the bore at the bottom.

In the columbiads, the heavy seacoast mortars, the stone mortar and the eprouvette, the bottom of the bore is hemispherical.

The muzzle^ or mouth of the bore, is chamfered to a depth of

0.15 inch to 0.5 inch, (varying with the size of the bore,) in order to prevent abrasion and to facilitate loading.

The true windage is the difference between the true diameters of the bore and of the ball.

The axis of the vent is in a plane passing through the axis of the bore, perpendicular to the axis of the trunnions. In guns, and in howitzers having cylindrical chambers, the vent is placed at an angle of 80° with the axis of the bore, and it enters the bore at a distance from the bottom equal to one-fourth the diameter of the bore.

The diameter of the vent is two-tenths of an inch, in all pieces except the eprouvette in which it is one-tenth.

The vents of brass guns are bored in vent pieces which are screwed into the gun ; they are made of pure wrought copper, hammered and annealed. The form and dimensions of the vent

NOMENCLATURE AND DESCRIPTION. 7

piece are shown in Plate 1. The length of the screw varies ac-cording to the thickness of metal at the vent, so that the cylin-drical head of the vent piece shall enter the gun about .25 inch deep on the front side.

The lock piece is a block of metal at the outer opening of the vent, in some pieces of ordnance, to facilitate attaching a lock to the cannon; the centre of its upper surface is usually in the natural line of sight, or below that line.

The natural line of sight is a line drawn in a vertical plane through the axis of the piece, from the highest point of the base ring to the highest point in the swell of the muzzle, or to the top of the sight, if there is one.

The natural angle of sight is the angle which the natural line of sight makes with the axis of the piece.

The dispart is the difference of the semi-diameters of the base ring and the swell of the muzzle, or the muzzle band; it is there-fore the tangent of the natural angle of sight, to a radius equal to the distance from the rear of the base ring to the highest point of the swell of the muzzle, the sight, or the front of the muzzle band, as the case may be.

The preponderance of the breech of a gun is the excess of weight of the part in rear of the trunnions over that in front ; it is mea-sured by the weight which it is necessary to apply in the plane of the muzzle to balance the gun when suspended freely on the axis of the trunnions.

The handles of a gun are placed with their centres over the centre of gravity of the piece.

PART 1. ORDNANCE.

Table of weights of the several kinds of ordnance, and the prepon-derance of the breech in guns and howitzers.

Kind of ordnance. Calibre. Weight.

Prepon-derance.

Natural angle of sight.

Lbs. Lbs. o »

Field- - 6-pounder 884 33 1 00 12-pounder 1,757 60 1 00 12-pounder 3,590 200 1 30

GONS - - Siege, gar- 18-pounder 4,913 200 1 30 rison and 24-pounder 5,790 255 1 30 seacoast 32-pounder 7,195 466

I I 42-pounder 8,465 440

Mountain - 12-pounder 220 30 37 r 12-pounder 788 51 1 00

Field- - j 24-pounder 1,318 112 1 00

Howitzers •

Siege and (

32-pounder 8-inch -

1,890

2,614

1 00 1 00 garrison J

24-pounder 1,476 70 1 00

Seacoast \ 8-inch -

10-inch -

5,740

9,500

COLUMBIADS - - - -

8-inch -

10-inch -

9,240 15,260

1 23 1 21

Light - \ 8-inch -

10-inch -

1,852

Mortars - Heavy - \

10-inch -

13-inch -

5,775

11,500 Stone mortaj 16-inch - 1,500 Coehorn 24-pounder 164 i^Eprouvette- 24-pounder 220

PART SECOND.

CARRIAGES

FOR THE SERVICE OF

FIELD ARTILLERY

1848.

PART SECOND

FIELD CARRIAGES.

As a uniform system has been adopted for making the bolts, rivets, nails, &c., used in Artillery carriages, descriptions will here be given of those parts of which the elements are the same in all carriages.

The descriptions are accompanied by Tables, showing the classification of these elementary parts, and the manner in which they are designated, when referred to in the descriptions of the carriages.

PART 2. FIELD CARRIAGES.

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BOLTS, NUTS, WASHERS. 3

Remarks.

In the preceding table, the JVo. indicates the size of the bolt, and the Lettei' the form of the head, as follows:

A. Bolt with round (cylindrical) head, chamfered; the part of the stem next to the head is square.

B. Round head, not chamfered ; to be let into wood ; square under the head.

C. Countersunk head; bolt square under the head.

In all the countersunk heads of bolts, rivets, and nails, the same slope is preserved, (5 to 8,) in order that the holes for them may be aU countersunk with the same tool.

D. Convex, or rose head ; square under the head.

E. Square head, chamfered; round under the head.

These bolts are intended to be used where the nuts are fixed by being let into wood; to facilitate the entrance of the bolt, it is pointed; the points are not included in the tabular lengths of such bolts.

F. Round head, chamfered ; applied to wood, without a washer;

round under the head.

G. Round head, not chamfered; to be let into wood; round under the head.

H. Countersunk head ; bolt round under the head.

Bolts F. and G. are called rivet bolts, being designed to pre-vent wood from splitting; they are applied only to large timbers, in which it is necessary to provide for tightening the rivets when the wood has shrunk.

The depth of the chamfer on heads and nuts is equal to its width on the face.

The slant depth of the threads is equal to the distance between them; thus making a V thread, of which the angle is 60°.

Muts that are let into wood are not chamfered.

The diagonals of square nuts are given in the table, because it is often convenient to know in what space a nut can turn.

4r PART 2. FIELD CARRIAGES.

Washers for the heads of bolts have square holes in them;

those for nuts have round holes. These holes are about 0.04 inch larger than the bolts.

The drawings and tables show the forms and dimensions of special bolts, nuts and washers, which are not included in the above table.

Manner op making bolts, &c.—Rolled iron is used fox making nearly all bolts, nuts and washers. The heads of small bolts may be made by upsetting the stem in a suitable heading tool; those of large bolts are made of round iron, about twice the diameter of the bolt. If the bolt is not more than eight inches long, the body may be drawn down out of the same piece as the head; if longer, the head and about four inches of the body are made in one piece, to which round iron of the proper size is welded for the remaining part of the bolt. The point should be annealed; it is swaged a little smaller than the body, as the metal is raised in cutting the thread.

Round heads are turned; square heads filed or ground.

In the tables of bolts for carriages, the lengths of bolts A, D, E, F, having chamfered or rose heads, are exclusive of the thickness of the heads; those of other bolts, B, C, G, H, which are counter-sunk or let into wood, include the thickness of the head. When the head is oblique, the length is measured in the axis of the bolt.

Bolts are milled to the lengths given in the tables, the ends being made slightly convex.

JYuts should be annealed, after the holes are punched, to facil-itate cutting the thread; they are finished with the file, or better with the grindstone.

Washers are punched out of flat iron of the proper thickness, and chamfered in the lathe.

RIVETS.

Rivets.—Pldite II.

Nos. -

Diameter of body

Diameter of head

Thickness of head

^ C. D

C H

^ C. D t H

BURRS

'Diameter - _ - _

Thickness - - - - -

Exterior diameter of countersink

Depth of countersink

In.

0.2

.75

.125

.75

.125

.3

.1

In.

0.25

.75

.5

.2

.2

.75

.2

.45

.15

In

0.375

1.125

.7

.25

.25

1.125

.25

.6

.17

In.

0.5

1.5

.875

.375

.3

1.5

.375

.7

.25

Remarks.

The heads and bodies of all rivets are round.

B. Head not chamfered; to let into wood.

C. Countersunk head; to let into iron.

D. Rose head; resting on iron.

H. Rose head; resting on wood.

Rivets are best made, like small bolts, by forging the heads and stems out of the same piece of iron. The head is sometimes formed by welding a ring of iron on the end of the round iron which forms the body of the rivet.

The lengths of rivets, as given in the tables, are somewhat greater than the neat lengths required, as they are cut oft' after having been driven.

PART 2. FIELD CARRIAGES.

Wrought JYails.—Plate II.

Nos. - - 1 2 3 4

Body ; diameter or thickness - - . -

( Diameter - - -

Heads C. D.

(Thickness - - . _

In.

.25

.5

.2

In.

.3

.6

.25

In.

.375

.7

.25

.875

.3

Remarks.

C. Denotes a square nail, with countersunk head.

D. Round nail, with rose head.

The points of these wrought nails are wedge shaped, about two diameters long.

Cut Mails.

Nos. - - 2d. Zd. U. 6d. 8d. lOrf. 12d. 20<i.

Tienjth - Inches

Number in 1 lb. -

1.

1.25

1.5

2.5

3.5

Spikes are large nails, wrought or cut; the size is designated by the length in inches.

Bellows nails and clout nails are short wrought nails, with large heads, slightly convex; they are used chiefly for nailing leather, canvass, &c., on wood.

Bellows nails 1.13 in. long, 0.1 in. thick, with heads .75 in. to

1 inch in diam., should weigh about 120 to 1 lb.

Tacks are classed by the length in inches, or by the weight of

1,000, in ounces.

SprigSj brads, finishing nails, are classed by the length in inches.

SCREWS. 7

Wood Screws.

Wood screws are classed by the length in inches, and by the

No., which indicates the size of the wire, or body of the screw.

The following table of dimensions, derived from measurements of the screws made by the New England Screw Company, at

Providence, Rhode Island, will be found convenient for reference.

No.

Diameter of body.

HEAD. Number of threads to 1 in.

Remarks.

Diam-eter.

Thick-ness.

In. In. In.

3 0.10 0.20 0.06 24 The length of thread cut is two-

4 .11 .22 .065 24 thirds the length of the screw.

5 .13 .26 .075 20

6 .15 .30 .08 20

7 .16 .32 .085 18

8 .17 .34 .09 14

9 .19 .38 .095 131

10 .20 .40 .10 13

11 .21 .42 .11 12

12 .22 .44 .12 11

13 .23 .46 .13 11

14 .24 .48 .14 10

15 .25 .50 .15 10

16 .26 .52 .16 9i

17 .27 .54 .17 9

18 .28 .56 .18 83^

20 .30 .60 .20 8

2) .32 .64 .21 8

22 .35 .70 .22 7^

24 .38 .76 .24 7

26 1 .40 .80 .26 t 7 i

PART 2.—FIELD CARRIAGES.

Chains.—Plate 11.

No.

Thickness of

LINKS.

Proof weight.

Remarks.

iron.

Kind. Length. Width.

In. In. In. Lbs.

1 0.15 't {

1.1 0.6 400 All chains are welded.

2 .2 02 ^ 1.25 .75 800

3 .25 H 1.6 1.1 1,200

4 .25 2. 1. 1,500

.375

.5 j= 3.

3.

1.5

1.75

2,500

5,000

7 .625 *l 3.4 2.25 6,500

Rings.—Plate II.

Thickness Exterior

Designation. of diameter of wire. ring.

In. In.

( A. 0.2 1.4 No. 1 I

I B. .2 1.

C A. .25 1.5 No. 2 {

I B. .25 1.25

Remarks.

Welded.

Coldshut.

Welded.

Coldshut.

These are the rings most commonly used in field and siege carriages, with the chains Nos. 1, 2, and 3. For other rings, see the drawings and descriptions of the carriages to which they belong.

WIRE GAUGE. 9

/ Eye Pirn.—Plate II.

There are three sizes of eye pins used in field and siege car-riages, as follows:

Nos. - - 1 2 3

In. In. In.

Diameter of stem 0.3 0.375 0.5

Diameter of eye ,25 .3 .375

Sheet metals and Wire.

The thickness of sheet copper is usually indicated by the weight of a square foot in ounces; but, for uniformity and con-venience, all sheet metals and metallic wires will be designated by JVb5. corresponding with the thickness, as indicated by the ordinary iron wire gauge. These gauges may not exactly agree with each other, but the following table shows very nearly the thickness corresponding with the several Nos.

No. Thickness. No. Thickness. No. Thickness. No. Thickness.

In. In. In. In.

1 0.313 9 0.161 17 0.057 25 0.023

2 .292 10 .143 18 .052 26 .02

3 .271 11 .125 19 .047 27 .018

4 .25 12 .113 20 .042 28 .016

5 .233 13 .1 21 .037 29 .014

6 .216 14 .088 22 .031 30 ,012

7 .2 15 .075 23 .028

8 .18 " .063 24 .025

2—Part 2, 10 PART 2.—FTELD CARRIAGES.

General remarks relative to wood work of artillery carriages.

In dressing the wood, when there is no defect on the heart side, take off the surplus, as much as possible, from the sap side.

In joining two pieces of wood together, to form one beam, (^ch as the stock of a gun carriage,) put the heart sides out, and cover the inner sides and the dowels with a good coat of white lead.

If the fibre of the wood is not straight, turn the greatest con-vexity upwards, in such pieces as gun carriage stocks, tongues and rails of chassis, which are supported chiefly at the ends ; in pieces which are supported in the middle, as the hounds of lim-bers, and the side rails of caisson and other field carriages, turn the convexity of the fibres downwards.

For parts which are worked in pairs, (cheeks, side rails, &c.,) use, for each pair, pieces of timber the fibres of which have nearly the same curvature. In the cheeks of all gun carriages place the heart side inwards; in the hounds and side rails, &c., turn the heart side out.

In the stocks and cheeks of gun carriages, turn the end which comes from the butt of the tree towards the head of the carriage.

In other pieces, the butt forms generally the larger end of the piece, or that which requires the greatest strength.

The tenons and other surfaces of wood which come together, in framing the work, should have a coat of white lead ; and this should be applied also to the inner surfaces of rondelles, washers, and other irons which are put on before the wood work is painted.

If the w^ood work is to be painted immediately, it should have a priming coat before the irons are put on; if not, it should receive a good coat of linseed oil.

Bolt holes should be accurately bored, so as to render unneces-sary the pernicious practice of burning them out with a hot iron, to admit the bolts. The holes for bolts that are square under the head, are squared with the chisel to the requisite depth.

GUN CARRIAGES. 11

Bolt holes and bolts should be well greased with tallow soften-ed with neatsfoot oil, before the bolts are put in place.

The inner surfaces of holes for elevating screws and pintles should be painted.

In cutting out the axle body of a carriage, to form a bed for the iron axletree, the depth of the cut should always be a little less

(from .05 inch to .1 inch) than that of the iron, in order that the under straps may bind the axletree into its place and not bear on the wood alone.

FIELD GUN CARRIAGES.—Plates III to IX.

There are three gun carriages for the service of field artillery, viz :

One for the 6-pounder gun and the 12-pounder howitzer;

One for the 24-pounder howitzer;

One for the 12-pounder gun and the 32-pounder howitzer.

These carriages all consist of similar parts, differing only in their dimensions, as shown in the drawings.

In the following instructions the parts are enumerated nearly in the order in which they are put together.

The dimensions of bolts, rivets, nails, and screws, are given in tabular form at the end.

WOOD WORK.

One stock, (white oak.) The stock may be made of one or two pieces; generally of two, put together with dowels.

In order to allow of the necessary depression of the piece, the head of the stock is hollowed out, with a radius equal to that of the howitzer in front of the trunnions.

The edges of the stock are rounded with a radius of .8 inch between the rondelles and the trail plate, and the lower edges are

12 PART 2.—FIELD CARRIAGES.

rounded in like manner, from the rear of the axle body to the lunette plate.

Two dowels^ (tough white oak,) for stocks, in two pieces.

Two cheeks y (white oak.) The cheek patterns are made to include the trunnion plates on top, as shown in the drawings, and the wood is afterwards marked off by the iron itself, for fitting on the trunnion plate.

One axle body, (white oak.) To be made of a quartered stick, free from heart. The heart side is turned towards the trail of the carriage. The lower edges are rounded in their whole length the upper edges on the outside of the cheeks only. In the

6'pounder carriage these roundings have a radius of .6 inch; in the other carriages, .8 inch.

IRONS,

Two trail handles.

Two bolts and t'U}o nuts^ for trail handles*

One lock chain bolt. It holds the eye plate of the lock chain and keeps the two parts of the stock together*

One eye plate for lock chain. For convenience, this plate and the lock chain are not put in place until after the other irons; the bolt being then taken out for the purpose.

One lock chain. The chain is the same for all field carriages, except in the number of links, as shown in Plate III. The links are No. 5; there are three rings and one toggle.

One lunette. The plate tapers regularly from near the eye to the point, and is bent on a former to the required shape. The edges are chamfered . 15 inch.

The ring of the lunette, in the half of its circumference next to the end, is plated with steel on the under side; the piece of steel, which is shaped like ahorse shoe, is about .5 in. thick in the middle, tapering to .^5 in. at the ends; it covers the part of the lunette which bears on the pintle hook, and it extends up into the corresponding part of the eye*

GUN CARRIAGES. 13

One trail plate. Plate iron No. 6 ; chamfered on the upper edges . 15 in. It is fixed to the lunette by two rivets; the lunette and trail plate are fastened to the stock each by six nails, and by the pointing ring bolts.

The trail of the stock is rounded at the sides, down to the width of the lunette and trail plate.

One large pointing ring andplate. The ring and plate are con-nected together by a rivet passing through a stud in the plate, on which the ring can turn, so as to lie flat on the trail plate; the heads are riveted cold and filed off smooth.

Two bolts for the large pointing ring plate.

Two nuts, octagonal.

One small pointing ring. The edges of both pointing rings are slightly rounded, and the upper edges of the plates are chamfered

. 15 inch.

Two bolts for small pointing ring. Two nuts, octagonal.

Two wheel guard plates. The edges chamfered . 15 in. Each plate is fastened to the stock hy jive nails.

Two prolonge hooks. The edges of the hooks are rounded; the plates are chamfered . 15 inch ; the hooks are fastened to the stock, each by four nails.

One stop, for rammer and sponge. The edges of the part that is nailed to the stock are chamfered .15 inch; the other edges are rounded. The stop is fastened to the under side of the stock, across the middle line, by four nails.

One ear plate, for worm. The outer edges are chamfered . 15 inch; the plate is fastened under the stock, on the left of the centre line, by two nails.

One key, for ear plate, attached to the stock by a chain and eye pin.

One key chain, consisting of five links No. 1, and two rings

No. 1, B.

One eye pin, No. 1, for the key chain.

14 PART 2. FIELD CARRIAGES.

One eye plate, for sponge and rammer chains. The edges are chamfered . 15 in. ; the plate is fastened under the stock by two screws.

Two chains and hasps, for sponges and rammers. The chains consist of flat links made of hoop iron No. 16, connected by loops made of iron wire No. 7; they are attached to the double eye plate; the edges of the hasp are chamfered .15 inch.

Two stud plates, for the turnbuckles. The edges are chamfer-ed .15 in.; the studs are riveted into the plates: the plates are fastened to the sides of the stock, each by two nails.

Two turnbuckles, for implements. They are made of bi-ass, and are riveted on the studs of the hasp plates. Care must be taken that the turnbuckle plays freely through the slot in the hasp, in order that the hasps may be quickly and easily fastened up when the implements are in place.

Two trunnion plates. They are forged straight, with a regular taper, and are bent on an iron former. After the part in rear of the trunnion holes is bent, all the holes may be marked and finished, except that for the lower end of the key bolt, which is drilled after the front part of the plate is bent. The trunnion plate is let into the cheek on the upper side; for this purpose the wood is marked by the iron, for each cheek. It is fitted cold, but is slightly warmed when about to be fastened on the cheek. The part of the plate about the trunnion hole is left a little thicker than the finished dimension requires; and after the trunnion plate is bolted to the cheek the cap square is put on, and the trunnion holes of both cheeks are reamed in a lathe, at the same time, to the proper size, either before or after the cheeks are joined to the stock. The upper edges of the plate are chamfered . 15 inch, up to the junction with the cap square, and the cheek is chamfered down to the width of the trunnion plate.

The trunnion plates are fastened each by five bolts, and by the nails mentioned in the Tables.

GUN carrIa<;es. 15

Two chin bolts, i The edges of the heads above the cap square

Two key bolts. ) are chamfered .1 inch.

Six cheek bolts.

Two bevel washers, for chin bolts.

Four washers, for cheek bolts.

Ten nuts, for chin, key, and cheek bolts.

Two cap squares. The upper edges are chamfered . 15 inch.

Two eye pins, No. 1, riveted into the cap squares; the riveting is countersunk . 15 inch, and filed smooth.

Two cap square chains; each consisting of jive links No. 2, and two rings No. 2, B

Two eye pins. No. 2, for cap square chains; screwed into the outside of the cheeks.

Two cap square keys.

Two key chains; each offive links No. 1, and two rings No. 1, B.

Two eye pins. No. 1, for key chains; screwed into the outside of the cheeks.

Two D rings, for handspikes; fastened near the head of the cheeks, each by two staples, with eyes in which the ring turns the staples are driven through the cheeks and clinched on the inside.

One linstock socket. Sheet iron No. 10; edges chamfered .15 inch; it is fastened outside of the right cheek by six nails.

Six rondelles, (cast iron.) They are placed between the cheeks and the stock, and the assembling bolts pass through them; the two in rear have tenons which are let into the wood.

They should be faced in the lathe, to the exact thickness required.

Three assembling bolts, for the cheeks and stock.

One washer hook, for lock chain; placed under the head of the middling assembling bolt, on the right cheek.

Two washer hooks, for handspikes ; held by the rear assembling bolt, on the outside of each cheek.

16 PART 2.—FIELD CARRIAGES.

Three washers and three nuts, for assembling bolts; the nut for the rear bolt is octagonal.

One axletree. The axletree for the 6-pounder carriage is forged in two equal parts which are welded together; that for the 24-pounder howitzer and for the 12-pounder gun carriage, being of the same size in the whole length of the body, is forged in one piece. The stop in the centre is dovetailed into the body. The edges of the under side of the body are rounded about . 1 inch.

Two under straps. The edges of the under side are chamfered

. 15 inch. The front ends of the straps are turned over, to form rings for holding the implement hooks ; the strap on the right cheek carries the single hook for a sponge, on the outside of the cheek; that on the left cheek carries the sponge hook and the ring for the handle of the worm, the hook being on the outside.

One axle strap. The bottom edges are chamfered . 15 in. ; those of the eye for the sponge bucket are rounded.

Three bolts, for the axle strap. The heads are let in flush with the stock on top. In the 6-pounder carriage, the front bolt, being oblique to the bottom of the stock, has a bevel washer under the nut.

Three nuts for these bolts.

Two axle bands, for the ends of the wooden body. The square edge is turned towards the shoulder washer. The bands are made a little smaller than the axle body, and shrunk on at a low heat they are fastened each with three nails.

One box for elevating screw, (cast brass.) The metal is com-posed of thirty parts of copper, six of zinc, and one of tin. The upper edges are chamfered .15 inch; the plate of the box lies on the stock, the part which projects below being let into the wood.

Two bolts, for elevating screw box.

Two washers and two nuts for these bolts.

One elevating screw. The handles are forged in one piece; the centre part is bored out to form a collar for the upper end of the screw; the hole for this purpose is countersunk .2 inch at top.

GUN CARRIAGES. 17

To prevent the handles from turning on the screw, a pin .2 inch thick is driven into a hole bored at the junction of the collar with the head of the screw; or three notches may be cut in the edge of the collar, for the same purpose. The head is then riveted into the countersink of the collar, (and also into the notches,) and turned off smooth.

Two shoulder washers, for the axletree. They are heated near-ly red, and shrunk on.

Two linch washers.

Tvjo linchpins.

Two wheels. No. 1, for the 6-pounder carriage; No. 2, for the

24-pounder howitzer and the 12-pounder gun carriages.

3—Part 2.

18 PART 2. FIELD CARRIAGES.

Table of bolts, rivets, nails and screws, for 6-pounder gun carriage.

u

^ J3 WASHERS.

DESIGNATION.

Kind.

c

REMARKS,

Head Nut.

Bolts. In.

For lock chain plate - No. 4. A. 7.95 _ 1

" assembling the S cheeks & stock ) do.

do.

No. 5. A.

16.35 16.4 16.7

1 1

Nut octagonal.

•' trail handles - -j

No. 3. A.

do.

7.18 7.33 f chin bolts 2 No. 4. 14.6 _ 2 I Plate VI.

" trunnion ]^^y^«^^^

P^«^"^-cheeks } do.

No. 4. A.

11.45 13.25

2 do. 10.3 _ 2 2 do. 8.85 _ 2

*• axle strap - - -

No. 4. B.

do.

6.75 9.00

- 1 Bevel washer; nut octagonal.

" large pointing ring »* small ditto- -

N0.3.H.

do.

5.65 7.2 i Nuts octagonal.

" box for elevating screw - - -

1 No.a.C. 9.5 - 1

1 do. 9.55 " 1

Rivets.

For lunette and trail plate 2 N0.3.B. 2.0 Heads chamfered.

Mils.

For trunnion plates <

N0.2.D.

N0.2.C.

4.0 3.0

" lunette - - - - 6 do. 3.5 ' trail plate - - _ - 6 do. 3.5 " wheel guard plate - 10 do. 3.0 '* prolonge hooks - - 8 do. 2.5 " ear plate for worm - 2 do. 2.5 ' turnbuckle plates - 4 do. 3.0 ' axle bands - - - 6 No. 1. C. .75 ' sponge«ferammerstop 4 do. 2.0 " linstock socket - - 6 do. 2.0

Screws.

For eye plate of sponge and rammer chain 2 No. 20 3.0 r.UN CARRIAGES. 19

Table of bolts, rivets, nails and screws, for ^i-poundcr howitzer and Vl-pounder gun carriages.

1 Kind.

LENGTHS. WASHERS.

DESIGNATION.

24pdr.

jhow'zei

12-pdr.

gun. Head Nut.

REMARKS.

Bolts. In. In.

For lock chain plate - - No. 3. A. 10.0 10.5 _ 1

*' assembling the S cheeks and stock ) do.

do.

do.

19.25 19.3 19.35

20.05 20.1 20.15

1 1

Nutoctagonal *' trail handles - - j

No. 3. A.

do.

7.8 8.3

8.2 8.7 chin bolts 2 No. 5. 17.15 17.5 _ 2 Plate IX.

** trunnion plates.

key bolts 2 do.

No. 5. A.

13.75 15.5

14.25 16.1 cheeks \ 2 do. 12.4 12.6 _ 2

I 2 do. 10.25 11.25 _ 2

*' axle strap - - }

N0.4.B, do.

6.45 9.35

6.5 9.90

- - Nut octagonal

*' large pointing ring small do.

2 No.S.H. 5.7 6.6 _ ) Nuts octa-

^ gonal.2 do. 7.7 8.3 - *' box of elevating screw - - - 1 No. 3. C. 10.45 11.25 _ 1

1 do. 10.5 11.3 - 1

Rivets.

For lunette and trail plate 2 N0.3.B. 2.0 2.0 Heads chamfered.

J^ails.

f 12 N0.2.D. 4.0 _

For trunnion plates -

No. 2. C.

N0.2.D.

3.0

4.0 12 N0.2.C. _ 3.0

"- lunette - - . - 6 do. 3.5 3.5 " trail plate - - - - 6 do. 3.5 3.5 ** wheel guard plate - 10 do. 3.0 3.0 *' turnbuckle plates - 4 do. 3.0 3.0 " prolonge hooks - - 8 do. 2.5 2.5 " ear plate for worm 2 do. 2.5 2.5 *' axle bands - - - 6 No. 1. C. .75 .75 " sponge&rammerstop 4 do. 2.0 2.0

*' Unstock socket - - 6 do. 2.0 2.0 i

Screws.

For eye plate of sponge and rammer chain 2 No. 20 3.0 3.0

20 PART 2.—FIELD CARRIAGES.

WHEELS.—Plate X.

There are two Nos. of wheels for field carriages. No. 1 is used for the Q-poundei- gun carriage, the caisson, the forge, the battery wagon, and for the limbers of all field carriages.

No. 2, for the ^i-pounder howitzer and the Vl-pounder gun car-riages, only.

These wheels are both of the same kind and height, and they are fitted to the same axle tree arm; they differ only in the dimen-sions of some of their parts, and consequently in their strength and weight.

WOOD.

One nave, (oak or walnut.) After the nave is turned, two stay bands are put on, for driving the spokes.

Fourteen spokes, (tough young oak.) The heart side of the wood is made the back of the spoke. The body of the spoke has an oval shape, which facilitates turning it by machinery. The tenon in the felly is round; it is shorter than the depth of the felly, in order that the latter may always bear on the shoulder of the spoke.

Seven fellies, (oak.) The inner edges are rounded with a ra-dius of .4 inch.

Seven dowels, (oak.)

IRONS.

Two brow bands. "> The inner edges on the side next to the

Two end bands. J spokes are slightly chamfered, to facilitate the driving; the bands are warmed, and driven on, in place of the stay bands, after the tire has been put on; each band is fastened by three nails.

One tire. Hoop tire, heated and shrunk on; the bolt holes are then bored and countersunk.

Seven tire bolts, seven washei'S, and seven nuts. The bolts should be a little larger than the holes in the fellies.

LIMBER. 21

One nave box, (cast iron.) The castings should be of even thickness, so that the box may be easily set concentric with the circumference of the wheel. The box is driven in hard, and fastened, if necessary, with wooden wedges in the large end of the nave.

Bolts and nails for one wheel.

DESIGNATION. 1 Kind.

LENGTH. Washers for

Nuts.

No. 1. No. 2.

Tire bolts

Nails for nave bands - - -

No. 2. H.

No. 1. C.

In.

4.35

1.5

In.

4.75

1.5

LIMBER.—Plates XI and XII.

The same limber is used for all the field carriages, viz: the gun carriages, the caisson, the forge, and the battery wagon.

WOOD WORK.

One axle body, (white oak.) The lower edges are rounded with a radius of .6 inch, except the part under the pintle hook;

the upper edges, outside of the hounds, are rounded .4 inch.

Two hounds, (white oak.) The upper edges are rounded with a radius of .4 in., to the distance of 17. 15 inches from the front end also, 3.5 inches in rear of the rear foot board, and from the ammu-nition chest stay to the rear end. The lower edges are rounded with the same radius, from the splinter bar to the under strap, and from the rear end to the under strap; the ends are chamfered

.4 inch.

22 PART 2. FIELD CARRIAGES.

One fork, (white oak.) The upper edges are rounded, on the outer sides, like those of the front part of the hounds ; the lower edges are rounded with a radius of .4 inch, between the splinter bar and the axle body.

One splinter bar, (white oak.) The front of the splinter bar is straight. The ends, outside of the hounds, taper equally on the upper and under sides; they are rounded to an oval shape. The upper edges are rounded .4 inch, between the hounds and fork;

the lower edges are chamfered .4 inch between the outsides of the hounds, where the roundings of the ends begin.

The top of the splinter bar is notched square into the bottom of the fork, .25 inch being cut out of each piece. Between the branches of the fork, the splinter bar is notched .5 inch deep, (.25 inch deeper than the notches for the fork,) in order to admit the pole. The hounds rest on the splinter bar, the top of which is notched . 1 inch on the rear side, to fit the slope of the under side of the hounds.

Four foot board brackets, (white oak.) Wood not easy to split is selected for them; their front edges are chamfered .25 inch.

They are fastened to the hounds and fork, each by two wood screws, the heads of which are sunk into the wood.

Two foot boards, (white oak.) The upper edges, the sides and ends are rounded with a radius of .2 inch; the front foot board is fastened by three nails in each bracket; the rear foot board by eight nails. The foot boards are nailed on after the splinter bar, the under straps and the pintle hook are in place.

One pole, (tough white ash, or young oak.) The top of the pole is straight in its whole length, the taper in depth being on the under side alone.—See Plate XI.

One pole prop, (tough white oak.) It is turned in the lathe, to fit the socket and ferrule.

LIMBER. 23

IRONS.

Four rivets, for hounds. One at each end of the hound ; the heads and burrs let into the wood.

Four washer plates, for stay pins of ammunition chest. They are let into the upper and under sides of the hounds, at the holes for the stay pins, and are fastened, each by two nails.

One axletree. The lower edges are rounded with a radius of

. 1 inch. The axletree is forged in two unequal parts, on the longer of which the stop is jumped on and welded, before the two parts are joined ; or, it may be made in three parts, the middle piece being forged with the stop on it and then welded to the arms, which may be turned either before or after the parts are joined together.

One pintle hook. The outer edges of the plate are chamfered

.2 inch; the hook is fastened to the rear of the axle body by three bolts, two of which pass through the holes in the stop on the iron axletr*; the top of the plate is let in flush with the upper surface of the axle body. The inside of the cylindrical part of the hook is plated with steel, by welding a wedge shaped piece of steel into a slit in the iron and spreading it over the inner surface of the hook. •

Three bolts, for pintle hook.

One stay plate, for ammunition chest. The outer edges are chamfered . 15 inch. The plate is inserted between the branches of the fork; the foot, which is bent square to the plate, is fastened on the under side of the fork with two nails, and the plate is held also by the upper bolt of the pintle hook, to which it serves as a washer.

The upper edges of the mortise in the plate are rounded . 1 inch.

Two washers and three nuts, for pintle hook bolts.

One pintle key, attached to the rear of the axle body by a chain and eye pin.

One key chain, composed of eight links. No. 3, and two rings.

No. 2. A.

24 PART 2. FIELD CARRIAGES.

One eye pin, No. 3, for key chain.

One tar bucket hook. The edges of the plate are chamfered . 1 inch; it is fastened to the front of the axle body by two nails.

Two bolts, for connecting the axle body and hounds.

Two washers and two nuts, for the same. The nuts are let into the axle body from the top.

Two under straps. The outer edges are chamfered . 15 inch.

Four bolts, for under straps ; four nuts for these bolts.

Two axle bands. They are shrunk on the ends of the axle body at a low heat, not sufficient to burn the wood, and they are fast-ened, each by three nails.

Two end bands, for splinter bar. They are put on warm, and are fastened to the splinter bar, each by two rivets made of .25 inch wire riveted at both ends.

Two bolts, for the hounds and splinter bar.

Four washers and two nuts, for the same.

One eye plate for pole prop socket. The eye is riveted^to the plate, in a square hole countersunk . 15 inch on the upper side.

The plate is let into the lower side of the splinter bar its whole thickness.

Two middle bands, for splinter bar. 'The bottom plate is cham-fered . 15 inch. The top plate is let into the under side of the fork, flush with the lower surface of the notch which rests on the splin-ter bar.

Four trace hooks. Two in the end bands and two in the mid-dle bands.

On^ f&rk strap. The edges are chamfered .15 inch.

Two bolts, for splinter bar and fork. They pass through the fork strap, the middle bands, and the eye plate for the pole prop.

Two nuts, for these bolts.

One pole prop socket. After the exterior of the socket is turn-ed, the ring is closed in the eye plate. The upper end of the prop is then driven hard into the socket, and fastened by one rivet.

LIMBER. 25

One ferrule^ for pole prop; fastened to the prop by one rivet.

One poleprop chain^ consisting of one ring, No. 1, A; ten links

No. 2, and one straight link, of the same size as No. 2, welded into the eye of the toggle.

One toggle, for pole prop chain.

One eye pin, for pole prop chain. The eye pin is like No. 1, but the stem has no screw thread cut on it; it is made long enough to pass through the splinter bar, and is riveted into a burr let into the upper side of the bar.

Two stay pins, for ammunition chest. The edges of the head are chamfered . 1 inch. The drawing in Plate III. gives the lengths of the stay pins for the limber and for the caisson; the position of the hole for the key is determined by the thickness of the hound or rail, so that the hole may just clear the under side of the wood, when the ammunition chest is in place.

Two keys, for stay pins of ammunition chest.

Two key chains, each consisting of jive links, No. 1, and two rings, No. 1, B.

Two eye pins. No. 1, screwed into the under side of the hounds.

One rivet, for the large end of the pole. The head is let into the upper side of the pole, and the burr into the under side, at

3.5 inches from the end.

One pole bolt; two washers and one nut, for the same. The bolt passes through the fork and the pole, at 11 inches from the front end of the fork.

One pole strap and ring. The strap is fastened on the front end of the pole by three rivets.

Two pole chains. Each consists of nine links. No. 5, and is connected with the ring of the pole strap by an open (lapped) ring.

One muff, for pole yoke. The muff is formed on a mandril of the size of the pole at the part which it is to fit; a ring is welded on it, to form the shoulder, and the whole is finished in the lathe.

4—Part 2.

S6 PART 2.—FIELD CARRIAGES.

One collar, for pole yoke. It is composed of two parts which are connected together by the two bolts that hold the supporting branches of the pole yoke; the holes in the lower half collar are tapped, and the bolts are screwed into them; the edges of the cir-cular part are chamfered . 15 inch, and those of the straight parts are rounded with a radius of . 1 inch.

Two branches, of pole yoke. Each branch is forged in two parts which are welded together near the collar; the sliding ring is then put in place, and the button is welded on the small end.

Two sliding rings, for pole yoke.

Two bolts, for the collar and branches. They have hexagonal heads and are without nuts, being screwed into the lower branch of the collar.

One washer^ for the muff. It fits on the muff, against the front side of the collar; the front edge of the washer is chamfered .12 inch.

One key, for pole yoke. It passes through the muff and the pole, in front of the washer; the key has a hole at the lower end for a leather keeper.

Two shoulder washers.

Two linch washers.

Two linch pins.

Two wheels. No. 1.

One ammunition chest.

LIMBER. 27

Table of holts, rivets, nails and screws, in the limber of field carriages.

DESIGNATION.

Kind.

4…